SECTION 3.1 61 CHAPTER 3 SECTION 3.1 72) = tim £@+H) = Fle) 4-4 2) = fim SS = fit = = jig = 0 = tim EEN = 2) 2 (2) = im LEAN $8) «ti $= = tim 0= 0 = fi, LEENA 1) py BEA NIB

7q = g- Tangent y pes normal y 2 = —4(2 — 4) Slope of tangent at (4,4) is #"(4) = 8, Tangent y—4=—3(2— 4); normal y~4 = }(2~4) Slope of tangent at (2,—3) is /"(2)= -3(2)? = 12. Tangent y +3-= 122-2); normal y-+3= qh (¢ ~2) Slope of tangent at (2,1) is 1. Tangent y~ t= (+2) lope tangent at (23) 8 Tangent y= = 78 normal y = $= ~4(2 +2) 1 1 2 Tangent y — 3 Ge Tangent Shope of tangent a (-1 2) 2) = a1 49 = : 1 s Meta; normal y— 3 = (2-41) (@) f is not continuous at e= -1 and ¢=1; f has a removable discontinuity at ¢= 1 and a jump discontinuity at ¢= 1 (b) f is continuous but not differentiable at e= 0 and ¢=3. {a) f is not continuous at ¢= 2; f has a jump discontinuity at 2 (b) fis continuous but not differentiable at e= -2 and c= 3. atro-1 28. ate=$ 29. at e=064 30. 33. 34. 35, 36. 37. SECTION 3.1 tim £0 no tim F048) = £0) _ h h 1+h)~fQ)_ $"(-1) does not exist LOVE MAIC ~ higg i = lim a-o % 4 J'(3) does not exist; f is not continuous at 3. vx 38. 4 6 TL 32. 39. atr=3 Ye40. 43. 46. 49. 50. BL. 52. 53. 54, SECTION 3.1 65 41. y 42. f(z) = 44, f(z) = - f@) =a; c=8 AT. f(z) = cosa; 45. flz)= YE e=4 48, f(e) =sinz; c= 7/6 Since f(1) =1and lim, f(2) =2, f is not continuous at 1. Therefore, by (3.1.4), £ is not differentiable at 1. Continuity at f(z) =1= lim fle) = A+B. Thus A+ B=1 tim [0+N-S0) _ 4, GAP a1 f ie a eh aor Therefore, A=3, => B=-2 Differentiability at fO+h) ~ sf) ip a rg) = {22+ D.2<0 ore (E2254) im £024) -F(0) _ (hay? ©) ig = lpg tig, LOFM= £0) _ yg =U =1 a a ar tim 2e+h)— gle) _ fle+h)= FO) _ (iy PBB = ty ALG «pg gle +h) = 9(c) _ [fet h-o) + Fl He) 1g, BES = fig EO r. ‘Therefore, g is differentiable at and g'(e) = f'(c) (b) y J (2) =c, c any constant ney={t; 24566 SECTION 3.1 55. f(z)=|e+h) o no={ reo 56. f(x) =|s*-1) BT. f(z) =22+5 58. 59. (a) tim, f(e) = lim f(z) = f(2) =2 Thus, fis continuous at 2 = 2 (2h)? = (2+ 8) f@+h)-F@) _ Ae = im a (b) fL(2) = lim L2+H)~ 12) _ y,. WWHA—2-2_4 eR AO) i, sin, A () No,since #12) # £4(2). oo. () 1) = fi @2 DNEEB 28 tim 20TH Ve) + hv EER i th 8A+4B+20+D=9 and 1244+4B4+C=18 Solving these equations gives A= 3, B= -6,0=6, Let f(z)=ax?+br+e. Then f'(r)=2ar+b and f(z) = ‘The derivative of p is the quadratic p'(z) = 3az* + 2br +e. Its discriminant is D = (28)? ~ 4(8a)(¢) = 48? ~ 1200 (@) p has two horizontal tangents iff p' has two real roots iff D > 0. (©) p has exactly one horizontal tangent iff p has only one real root iff D = 0. (©) p has no horizontal tangent iff p has no real roots iff D < 0. —2, The secant line through (1, f(—1)) = (~1,0) and (2, f(2)) = (2,6) has slope Now, fi(2)=32*-1 and 32 implies ¢=—1, 1, _(epu)=20) 1 1422 fa)= fo=h = (2+1)? *@+i?! Let fc) = 1/2, x >0. Then f(z) =—1/2%. An equation for the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (a, f(a)), a> 0, is y= (-1/o)x +2/a. The y-intercept is 2/a and the x-intercept = 3 (2/a)(2a) =2 is 2a. The area of the triangle formed by this line and the coordinate axes is: square units. Let (z,y) be the point on the graph that the tangent line passes through. f"(r) = 32, so 2° — 3e2(—2), Thus 2=2orz=—1. The lines are y~8 = 12(2 ~2) and y +1 =3(r +1) Let (z,y) be the point on the graph that the tangent line passes through. f"(z) = 347 —1, 50 ri-2—-2= (82*—1)(2+2). Thus2=Oorz=~3. Thelines arey = ~x and y+24=26(r +3). (@) fle) fi(z) = 32? and f"(c) = 3e2. Tangent line: y— e = 32(2 — ¢) or y = 30x ~ 2c8. (b) We solve the equation 3x ~ 20% = 2? Paszt2A=0 =e (2-Aletter-22)=0 =e (cee +20)=061. 62. 63. 64. 65, 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. m1. SECTION 3.273 ‘Thus, the tangent line at = ¢, ¢ 0 intersects the graph at x = —2c, Since f and f +9 are differentiable, g = (f + 9) — f is differentiable. ‘The functions f(z) = |r| and is differentiable for all || are not differentiable at 2=0 yet their sum f(z) + 9(2) a(2) No. If F and fg ae difereniabe, shen g= 12 wil be diferentiable where f(s) #0 (= 42 =10- 9. az) it follows from the product and reciprocal rules that Qe-( eo = 10 (Fah)'(x) = [(fa)(z) - A(z)!’ = (Fo) @)h'(z) + h(a F9)(z)I" = F(z)g(a\h'(x) + W(a\{f(a)a"(e) + ole) f'@)) = f(z)g(z)h(z) + f(z)o'(z)h(z) + F@)g(@)h'(x) Since aay g2)S'@) )* £0) wer Pz) =22 “( Der-sense (3 F) Qe 24+ +1) 142) (oe? Gia) = ae (Gm) @ e142 (Gate) @reror a(t Jorn ate) = Va)? = fe) fle) 92) = HG) + 12) @ = 24s) Let o(2) = [f(z)]”, where n is a positive integer. Let S be the set of positive integers for which g/(z) = n[f(a)]" f"(@). Then, 1 € $. Assume that the positive integer k € S and let g(a) = [f(2)]**1. Then ate) = Fes and oe) = HAULS) + OIE) = + DUET) ‘Thus, k-+1.€ S, and the result holds forall postive integers ‘To show that the result hold for all negative integers, write g(2) = [/(2), (rm negative) as (2) = me where ~n is a positive integer and use the quotient rule together with the esult above. g((2) = Se? ~ 22? +2 2)%(90? — 42 +1) (42222272) _ 4, 2042) ge@=0 [s) G2 wa FCVEN =F _ yg C14 WP h OB. @) f(-1) = im,74 72. 73. 74. 7. 76. SECTIO! £.8) = (b) If g(e) F(a) = lim, FLD) = This gives Q We also want This gives @ “s B IN 3.2 ig, PORN =I) anent . 1210) eee 4a19. 20. 21. 22. 23, 24, SECTION 3.3 a a os Zer-9)=2 12, Ztr+2)=5 EZ feast 2-120 +5) = Ga? 2+ Re +5)6e at = 18 FB Be? A ee? + 80-*)(22 — 3079) = (2a? + 32-1) (2 + 62°) + (20 — Sa-*) (Ae — Se-8) = 12s? 4 Tat a _ (28 = 14s — (602) _ 288(@° 2) @ BaP ee? 28 +2) te _ (= 2u)2~2u(~2)_ 2 ame EF = a + 12u) — wu) _ u(2-w") * Cs iP = riF (w=DG)-u_ (wt DO)-u uti? 1 1 2a +0) wo1F wt a 4 wow sy = 4 = Qu — ud — Sut + Tu! a WOW) -w)] = Fle! w+ ul] = Qu—du3 — 5ut + Tuo d (i4a?padl) _ (22-22 +2-1)(Ge +2041) - (e+e? Hat 1322-241) & (S233) - See ee _ at +227 41) _ “@eye-1? @-1F a _ (ee? at 1)80? 420 $1) (2 $2? 2-30? - 22 +1) a ~ (3-2? +241) _ 224 +804 +2) * wo eesiP dy a a B= e+ YZ [e+ Me+3) + (e+ V@+9F +) = (c+ Qe +5) + (e+ 2)(243) arvnn, Y= 0) +1019 <4 dy = (e+ Ife? +2)(822) + (w+ 1)(29 + 3)(2z) + (2? + 2)(@* +3)(1)25. 26. 27. 29. 31. 32. 33. 36. 40. Ate =2, a SECTION 3.3 77 = 3(6)(12) + 3(11)(4) + (6)(11) = 414. ay _ 22g lle~ Mle -B)-@-e- 20) = en = (£+2)(22 ~ 3) ~ (e- D(z ~2) (+2 dy _ 4) = 10) 1 a@ 6 4 a Atr=2, dy _ 6(28)~(10)4 _ 32 a” dy _ (2 +2)(429 — 2) (24 — rar 2)(22) #'(z) = 2a? ~ 3024, f(x) = 422-1200 28. f"(x) = 102" — 2429 +2, f"(z) = 4024 — 722? Se) =1482-%, J"(2) = 62°? 80. f(z) =22422-8, J"(z) = 262-4 f(z) = 2s? 22-3, f(z) = Any 4e 3, f"(z) =4—120-4 Sle) = 40-92", f(z) = 4492", f"(2) = 182-8 # aeseti ui 2 =2+102 3s. Y sm &y é&y ae a ~° wy os OY gpa ope 87. = Set + Se 38. = 81? ar? Pu e129 SY Lee paes & Fge-2]- A ett 20) = A fe—aetj 1-42 Sle -a) 2 +2) -fe —32)(1—27?)] = Bet se 143078 SECTION 3.3 a of @ a1. Fy bbr-2t]= Fy 8-42] = Ph ett = 9 tas? + 3h2? 42. Filast + ba® + ca? + de +e] = £5 [laa® + Sha? + 20 +d = Stas! + 6be +24 = Setar +60) = 4 pata) =0 “ e é 7 a. & [aren Z 6-2] =F a +2000) =F [-oe— 1204] =—24 # [lage 44. = 8 [boe- 9] = Sipe 102] = Sn+ 1024] 4 90-3) — 602* = Z (-2ne-3)= 602 1 45. 46. das+e 4a. 48. y=*4 3 -m+0 49. Lot plz) =a2?+br-+e. Then p(z)=2oz+6 and p"(z)=2a. Now pi) =20=4—> a 2 pil) =22)() += 2 p(l) =2(1)* - 61) +e=3 => c=7 Thus plz) = 22% 62 +7. 50. p(2) =a? +bx? ber +d pM(-1)=6 = a=l pi(e) =Saz? + 2be +e p(-=-2 => b=2 pl(x) = 6az + 2b p(-=3 => e=4 pi"(2) = 6a : 2 = d=3 ‘Therefore, p(x) = 2? + 22? + 4x +3. BI. (a) kan, f(z) =nt (bo) e>n, f(r) =0. (IER 0 a= {F 225 gO+h)~9"O) _ yO h = ath 9%(0) = i Since g/(0) # 9"(0), g/"(0) does not exist. @ Ik suffices to give a single counterexample. For instance, if F(z) = g(x) =2, then (f9)(z) =2? so that (f9)"(z) =2 but F(x)g" (2) + f"(2)g(z) = 2-04+0-2=0. é [S@)9'@) — F@al2)] = [F@)9"(@) + f'@)a'(2)] ~ LF @)a'@) + F"@)9)] = S(e)g"(2) ~ f"@alz) "(x)= 6r; (a) z=0 (b) s>0 (0) z<0 F"(e) = 1227; (a) z=0 (b) allz#0 (0) none fq) = 12284 122-24; (a) 2-21 (b) <-2 2>1 () -B 0.82 SECTION 3.3 66. f(z) = 327-1, f(1) = 2) tangent: y = 2(2— 1). (2=2 67. (a) Let f(z) — 32" +4241. (b) Then j'(e) =$22-62+4 and fO=4 Tangent line at ¢=0: y=4e+1 (6) Solving $232" +424+1=42-+1 for z gives 2=6; the graph and the tangent line intersect at (6,25) PROJECT 35 1. fe) = f@) = SOP) 92) = [OPO + POSF'@) = 1B OE) + PES = AFF") 2. Let S be the set of positive integers for which iene = nga) f'(e) We know that 1,2,3,4€ 5. Assume that the postive integer K€ S) that is, assume[f*(z))’ = kf*'(2)f"(z). Let g(z) = f**4(x) = f(z) f¥(z). Then (2) = FOP)! + KS) = Fades ese) + FEN) = ht DPS) and so k+1€S. Thus, we conclude by mathematical induction that the result holds for all positive integers n. 3. We know the resu (2) #0) and 9 holds for all positive integers. If # = 0, then o(2) = [f(2)] = 1 (provided =0=O[f(2)|-". If kis a negative integer, thenSECTION 3.483 1 98) = Fay Fl) #0) where n= —k is a positive integer. Thus nfo (a) f'(z) Pra) ‘Thus the result holds for all integers n. ge) = (ceciprocal rule) nga) e) = RE Hef 4. The result holds for n = 1,2,3. Assume that it holds for the integer n and consider: (Fg)*9 (a) = [CF -9)@N = (Fala) + mf (halo) +--+ (EFM GM) Hot EIQ. ‘The result follows after showing that ‘n n mar ()) +(0,) = (t2) for f= 0,1joyn SECTION 3.4 2 dA _ = 1 Asan? Baer Whenr = 1, da ' = a aad, Bas Whee 5 ye tL, were) Y= Zia) de Ota w =a(e-s)(2~8); Y-one=as. 6 Yr +45=3e-a)le~5; B= Oar 3,5. 45 Vip ofthe 1. Vn grr, SE = Arr = the surface area of the ball ds ds aS 1 =4art, SF a 8arand FS =8argatr=n. Sal = =z. 8. Smaart, Farrand F = Ser atr=re F ze ®. aA 10. $s 1. @) wasV3,V= (%) 2 gy? a 3st 3 2 8 tw? = 3s", 2 = sV3. => a2, = 13.84 4. 15. 16. a7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 32. 37. SECTION 3.4 4 a Hamar +s, Gx a+a dy _ dz TEE if 2ar+b=2e ta. With a7 b, this occurs only at z = rate of change = f(1)g9(1)A'(1) + f(1)g'(1)h(1) + f'(1)g(2)h(1) = 0 +0 + (1)(2)(—2) 2(5) = -6; v(t) = 3~2t so v(5) = ~7 and speed = 7; a(t) = -2s0 a(5) = ~2. (3) = —12; v(t) = 5 — 3? so v(3) = ~22 and speed = 22; a(t) = -6¢ 0 a(3) = -18. (1) =6; v(t) = -18/(¢ + 2)? so v(1) = —2 and speed = 2, a(t) = 36/(t +2) so a(t) = 4/3. 2(3) =; v(t) = ~6/(¢ +3}? so v(3) = 1/6 = speed; a(t) = -12/(¢ + 3)° so a(3) = -1/18. 2(1) =0, v(t) = 44° + 18%? + 6¢ ~ 10 s0 v(1) = 18 and speed = 18, a(t) = 120 + 36¢ +6 so a(1) = 54 -2(2) = =20; u(t) = 4° ~ 18t? so v(2) = —4 and speed a(t) = 120 ~ 18 so a(2) = 30. v(t) = 30? = 643 (t—1)? > 0; the object never changes direction. v(t) <1 wae the object changes direction (from left to right) at t = -1+ V3. 5 *O=1- TF the object changes direction (from left to right) at t = -2 + V5. v(t) = 489 — 128 +84, the object changes direction at ¢ =0 (left to right), t= 1 (ight to let), t= 2 (lee to right) 2. o 29. 4 30. BL. Aand B B 33. 4 34. A 35. AandC 36. B ‘The object is moving right when v(t) > 0. Here, u(t) = 40 — 300 + 56¢ = 4e(¢- 2)(t— 7); v(t) > O when 0. u(t) = 3(¢—5)(¢+1) sign of w(t) — eee 7 a(t) = 6(¢-2) sign of a(t) Thus, 2 0 and a(t) <0. vf) = a(t 5)(t+ 1) sign of u(t) - -- 444 a(@) = 6(t—2) sign of a(t) ttteteetet ‘This never happens, ‘The object is moving right and speeding up when v(t) > Q and a(t) > 0. u(t) = 4n(t— 2)(¢ ~ 4) sign of v(t) beeeesee eee an a(t) = 4(3t? — 12¢ + 8) sign of a(t) teeeeo Thus, 0 the initial velocity was 128 ft/sec At time f, the object’s height is y(t) = — } gt? + uot +yo, and its velocity is u(t) = —gt + vp. Suppose that (ti) =ylle), fi # tz. Then ~}otf toot +y0 =— 3 at} + vot + yo }9(t} — G) = w(t ~ 4) gtz + gti) = 2ue From this equation, we get ~(—gti + to) = —gtz + vo and so |v(t1)| = |v(ta)]. Since yp = 0, we have y(t) = ~4.9t + vot = (v9 ~ 4.94) The object hits the ground at t = vp/4.9 sec,, that is, the object is in the air for up/4.9 sec. At its maximum height, the velocity of the object is 0. Since v(t) = -9.8t + up, we have ~9.8¢-+v =Oand ¢=0/9.8= 3 (v9/4.9). The result follows from this. In the equation ult) = 161? + vot + yo ‘we take vo = 80 and yp = 224. The ball first strikes the ground when —16t" — 804 + 224 = 0; that is, at t= 2. Since v(t) = y(t) = 44 so that the speed of the ball the first time it strikes the 32 ~ 80, wwe have 0(2) =SECTION 3.487 ground is 144 ft/sec. Thus, the speed of the ball the third time it strikes the ground is [}(144)] = 9 fee. 52. Since yo = 0, we have y(t) = ~161 + ut. yQ)=64 => -16(2)? +2 =64 => w=64 and y(t) = 1607 +64 . We already know Now, at the maximum height, v(t) =-32+64=0 => the height at t = 2, namely 64 ft. 53. The equation is y(t) = ~16¢ + 32t. (Here yp = 0 and vp = 32.) (a) We solve y(¢) = 0 to find that the stone strikes the ground at ¢ = 2 seconds, (b) The stone attains its maximum height when u(t) = 0. Solving v(t) = , weget t= (6) We want to choose vp in 32432 = and, thus, the maximum height is y(1) = 16 feet. u(t) = 160? + uot so that y(ts)=36 when v(t) = 0 for some time to. From ff) =—32t+u) =0 we get to =v9/32 0 that -19 (28) +0 (8 48 ft/sec. Thus, vo 54, (a) Measuring height from the water surface, we have y(t) = —160? + yp, since vp(0) = 0. 44, If the stone hits the water 3 seconds later, then y(3) = ~16(3)? + yo = 0. s0 40 (8) It takes yo/1080 seconds for the sound of the splash to reach the man so the stone hits the at time = 3~yo/1080. Thus, v(t) = - fe) tao = wz ia2are. 55. For all three parts of the problem the basic equation is v(t) = 161? + vot + yo with >) (to) for some time to > 0. = 100 and y(t +2) ‘We are asked to find yo for a given value of vo.88 56. 37. 58. 59. 60. 61. SECTION 3.4 From (+) we get 16 ~ 100 = y(to +2) ~ u(to) [-16(to + 2)? + volto +2) +0] — [-16to” + voto + yo] ~G4ty — 64+ 200 so that (vo +10). ‘Substituting this result in the basic equation and noting that (to) = 100, we have 30 (2328) +0 ($22) ve =10 32 32 and therefore = 100-4 ro) w= 10-4 2 ‘We use (++) to find the answer to each part of the problem, (@) um =0s0 y= 2 f(b) w= —Ssoy= MEH —(c)_ wm = 10 50. yp = 100 ft Let vp > O be the initial velocity. The equation of motion prior to the impact is: y(¢) ‘The ball hits the ground at time ¢ = V8E+29°—°0 with velocity v= Vag +256. The equation of =16t?—u9t +4. 2 motion following the impact is: y(t) = —16e+ °° 4, Ie reaches its maximum height at time pa VF Now y(T)=4 3 w= 163. of Let y/o > 0 be the initial height. The equation of motion becomes: ~16(8)? + 5(8) + vo, 50 yo = 984 ft 162 564964, yids 1= 22 ox bons 27 Using Clz) = 200+ 0.02 + 0.000122, C"(z) = 0.02 + 0.0022 Marginal cost at z = 100 units: C’(100) = 0.04 Actual cost of 101st unit: (101) ~ C(100) = 0.0401 Cz) = 1000 + 2x +-0.022? + 0.000123, C'{x) = 2+ 0.04r + 0.00032" Marginal cost at x= 100 units: @'(100) = 9 Actual cost of 10Ist unit: @(101) ~ G(200) = 9.05 ote) =200+ 0012+, cre) =0.01- Marginal cost at z = 100 units: (100) =062. 63. 64. 65. 66. SECTION 3.4 89 Actual cost of producing the 101st unit: C(101) ~ C(100) = 0 1 C(z) = 2000+ 2yz, C'(z) = 100 units: @"(200) = 0.1 Marginal cost at Actual cost of producing the 101st unit: C(101) ~ C(100) = 0.0998 Cz) =1000+252— 55, Oe) =25-2 Marginal cost of producing 10 motors: C"(10) = 23 ‘Actual cost of producing the 10th motor: C(11) ~ C(10) = 22.90 (a) Ri(z) = 24-4 102 — 22, and RY(z) > 0 on (0,12) (b) R"(z) = 10 22, s0 (2) reaches a maximum when 10— 2x = 0, or 2 =5 units. Break-even points: 16s — Z5~ 1400 = 700 units so a? — 8002 + 70,000 Thus x = 100, or 2 = (b) P(e) = 16-55; Pz)=0 => 2 = 400 units. © Y 200 400 600 800 Break-even points at x = 81.11 and z = 631.19 Maximum profit at 2 = 336.1190 SECTION 3.5 67. (a) v(t) =3t 148+ 10, 0¢t<5 (b) The object is moving to the right when 00 f(a) = 20 - 2*)(-2z) = -42(1- 2%); (a) z=-1,0,1 (0) -11 (ce) 2<-1,0<2r<1 rey= doa @) 2-41 (b) -I1 u(t) = 5(t + 1)(t-9)°(t—3); the object changes direction (from left to right) at t = 3. ‘u{t) = (t 8) +t(3)(¢— 8)? = (t-8)°(4t — 8); the object changes direction (from left to right) atn2 v(t) = 126°(¢ —12)°(¢? —4); the object changes direction (from right to left) at and (from left to right) at = 2V8, v(t) = 3(¢2 — 8¢+ 15)*(2t~ 8); the object changes direction (from left to right) at t = 4. ne o. er y=(@+1s+e 62. ya(e-2+0 64. ve -—} 2s wet = PeT H(z) = 2f (x) f'(x) — 29(z)9' (x) = 2F(x)9(2) - 29{x)f(z) = 0 T"(z) = 2f(z) f'(z) + 2g(z) - 9'(z) = 2f(z) - 9(z) — 2g(z)- f(z) =0 (a) Suppose f is even: [f(2)}' = [f(-2)!' = #'(-2)(-1) = ~f"(-2);_ thus. f'(~2)69. 70. n. 72. SECTION 3.5 95 (b) Suppose f is odd: [f(z)]’ = ~[f(-a)]' = -f'(-2)(-1) = f'(-a)s_ thus f'(-2) = f'(2) ‘Suppose p(x) = (x ~a)?q(x), where g(a) # 0. Then (a) = A(x —a)g(z) + (2 a)"q'(z) and p"(x) = 29(2) + 4(2 ~ a)q/(x) + (2 - a)*q"(a), and it follows that p(a) = 7/(a) =0, and p"(a) # 0. Now suppose that p(a) = p/(a) = 0 and p'(a) #0 p(a)=0 =3 pfx) =(e—a)g(2) for some polynomial g Then p(x) = (x) + (x —a)g'(z) and P(a)=0 = gla) =0 and sog(x) = (x ~ a)a(z)for some polynomiale, ‘Therefore, p(2) = (x —a)?9(z). Finally, p"(a) 0 implies g(a) #0. Suppose p(z) = (x ~a)*a(2), where g(a) #0. Then Bi(z) = 3(@—a)*9(z) + (x —a)*4'(z) pl(z) = 6(x — a)g(2) + 6(2 — a)?q'(2) + (x — a)*q"(2) Bl" (z) = Gg(2) + 18(2 — a)q'(x) + 9(2 — a)*g"(2) + (e—a)°"(2) and it follows that p(a) = p/(a) = p"(a) =0, p"(a) #0. Now suppose that p(a) = p/(a) = p"(a)=0 and p(a) £0. pla) =0 => plz) =(2—a)g(2) for some polynomial g. Then p'(z) = g(x) +(-a)g'(z) and Bila) =0 => g(a) =0 and so g(z) = (x—a)h(2) for some polynomial h. ‘Therefore, plz) = ( ~ a)*h(2). Now p(x) = 2h(2) + 4(2—a)h'(2) + (2 ~a)®A"(2) and pi(a)=0 =+ hla) =0 and so A(z) = (x~a)g(z) for some polynomial g. Therefore, p(x) = (x —a)%q(x). Finally, p’(a) #0 implies 9(a) # 0. Let p be a polynomial function of degree n. The number a is a root of p of multiplicity &, (k C+ sinay Wise 7 +8) éy ad _ os Go = (i tsing) 7 (1 + sing) = cose (1+ sin2) we W 2? (Qe) (27) ix tan®(2mz) sec?(2az) <3 tan%(2rz) soc(2n2)(2n) = Gr tan*(2ra) sec(2x2) ey = 6n(2) tan(2nz) sec?(2n2) sec*(2a)(2n) + 6x tan®(2z)(2) sec(2xz)[sec(2na) tan(2nz)|(2x) = 245? tan(2azz) sec? (2nz)[sec?(2nz) + tan®(2nz)] dy = Sos? 2u (cos 2u) = ~6 08? 2usin2u & = 3cos? 2u £ (cos2u) = -6 23 ey 2044 f (cos Gad = Leos? 2u (sin Bu) + sin 2u 7 (cos? 2u)] = ~6[2 cos! 2u + sin 2u(—Aeos 2usin 2u)] = 12.ces2u [2sin® 2u — cos? 2u} 4 5 nt = 15 sin' B = 5 sint(3t) cos(3)(8) = 15 sin(94) cos(3t) FH — 15(4 sin8(8) 5 cos) +15 sin (0[-2 sin( 3] = 4 sn (BA cos) ~ sin?) Hw asectt, a = 450020 4 (soe2t) = Bec? 2¢ tan 2t 2 = 4 esc? du; fy = -4(2) ese(4e)[— ese(4x) cot(4u)(4)] = 32 cse?(4u) cot(du) 48. 22(3c0s32) + 2esin 3x ao FY — (54(-asin de) + 22(8e0832)] + Br(B00s32) + 2(in8z}] = (2-924) sin 3x + 122c0s 3298 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28, 29, 30. 31. 82. 33. 34. 35. SECTION 3.6 dor ae: A te(—ssinse — 3sin8t —9tcos30)] ad = G60? sina ~ 99 cosa] = (-18¢* cos 3t — 12¢sin 3t) + (27¢° sin St ~ 27#2 cos3t) = (27! — 124) sin3t — 454? cos3t apa aay. 4, oe g [& tcost)] = E[-tsine an] = $ [-20 sine] = —4t sin? — 212 cost?(24) = —4t(sin t? + #? cos #2) a vine) - : EZ Ubeind2)] = s(6in32) Z (sindx) = 300832/"(sin 32) E coins] = cos (321482) 8) = 97 Bz) col f(82)] = cosa; slope of tangent at (0,0) is 1; tangent: ay az ~ sect; slope of tangent at (7/6, V3/3) i see%(x/6) = 4/8; tangents y- $v5= (@-3) B= —csctz;_ slope of tangent at (2, v8) is ~4, an equation for tangent; y— V3=—4(2- 5) 6 — sin; slope of tangent at (0,1) is 0; tangent: y=1. secertan, slope of tangent at (7, V2) is V2, an equation for tangent is y~ v3 = v2(e— 4).36. 37. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. SECTION 3.6 99 Ee = 7 ser cote, slope of tangent at (x /3, 2V/3/3) is - 2/3; tangent y= $v =~} dy We sine ea 28 a en We B cose Visinz; = gives tune = ty dy 2x 5a Ha -sine—VBcosx; Lao gives tme=—v3 2-7, F oy = Hc osinzeosz =sinde; 2 96 es # = -asinz cose=- sind; 223, 0, & YL secte 2; WY = Ba sectz-2, Bao gives secz=4vi dy dy | - a Gao gus cere F ay 2 : ® x rsecztanz + sects; since sece is never 220, 2tanz+sccr=0 sothat sinz=-1/% 2= 7 dy 3 dy Ba eset +2esex cots; since exces never exo, SH =o gives Boots —csez=0 sothat cos = 1/2; We want v(t)>0 and a(t) >0. v(t) = Seos3t sign of u(t): a(t) = 9sin3t sign of a(t) Seen CRUST ESTES ES Qe in, dn la Thus, 0 and alt)>0 u(t) = ~2sin2e sign of 0 (as FO gage nnd a(t) = —4cos2t ssign of a(t) ttt +44, rH he et ae zy Ths, F0 and a(t) >0. v(t) = cost +sint a(t) = ~sint + cost Tims, dered ant creas Wewant o(t)>0 and alt) >0. v(t) = cost —siné alt) = ~sint ~ cost thus, Berek a We want v(t)>0 and alt) > 0. v(t) =4—2sing a(t) = -2cost tw, eve Wewant v(t)>0 and a(t) >0. v(t) = 1- vB cost a(t) = v2 sint tim, Eaten Hawa at dude = sec? dy (b) y= sec? mt - 1, ca we @ a= sign of v(t) trtesseeees: sanoseeee Ossserrereses sign of a(t) sign of u(t): sign of a(t) sign of u(t) : sign of a(t) sign of v(t): woo teeee eee sign of a(t): t+tp++t+t o 4 (2u)(seextan z)r = 2rsec? rttanxt 2see nt (seenttan nt} = 2n soc? at tant fe tu) () (= sinz)(2) =3 ie + cont)| (- sin2) =3(cos't}(—2 sint cost) = —6 cos* t sint55. 56. 87. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 65. or. 69. SECTION 3.6 101 = ~6 cost sint [fie cosa] sinae = Asin® t (2sint cose) = 8sin" teost dy 7 2 gsin® tcost Gh = Bsin" tos (ey B= BMS «(a uj(— exo cot (8) = (-2 cxe(8)(— evel) cot()3 = 6 csc? (3t) cot(3t) —eseh(3ty; SY = ~2 ese{Be)[—ese(t) cot(3t)]) = Bese" (Bt) cot(3t) (DY? sing, nodd -1)"/? cos, n even Fiteosay = { sinx(~ sin:z) ~ cos(cos) a 1 sing z)= SB? Lee tans cose | cose 1 cose (cos) = <* . 82 =~ csex cove Sing" Sinz a 4 pou = F toosa) = F sin(Za)) = ~cos($x) = ~ sine. Differentiating both sides, 2cos2z = 2(cos*x — sin?z). Thus cos 2x = cos*x — sin?z, $70) = Bimp go SHO 888 Hang go OM = mea SE $0) = Vieng SOE = O80 ony g MA? = ty ap SER fle) =2sinz + 3008240 64. f(a) =tanz boot +O ‘S(a) = sin2x + secx+C 66. f(z) = =e -S rc Sa) = sin(z2) + cos 22 +C 68. (2) = seals! 130) sec 22 + C (@) fe) = sin(1/2) + 2 cos(1/2)(—1/2") = sin(1/x) ~ (1/2) c0s(1/2)102 SECTION 3.6 g'(2) = 2x sin(1/z) + 2° cos(1/2)(—1/2) = 2x sin(1/) ~ cos(1/2) (©) Bim, o!(2) = Bim [2 sin(1/2) ~ cos(1/2)] = ~ lim cos(1/2) does not exist 70. (a) f must be continuous at 0: lim, f(2) = Jim, cose Differentiable at 0 lim. fe) = lim (a2 + 8) = 0; thus b= 1 sin LOD LO) — gg 28 we alg, ao aor ‘Therefore, f is differentiable at 0 if a = 0 and b= (b) ¥ 71. (a) Continuity v3 im sint= YS, tim (ar+) = eo 7 salle (e+) Differentiability: 1 1 im cosz=—4, lim (a) =a; thus a= — ole Ba fiRyel@) =a 2 ‘Therefore, f is differentiable at 2x/9 if a = 54h (b) y 72.73. 74. 75. 76. 78. SECTION 3.6 103 (b) Let y(t) =A sinwt +B coswt. Then ¥@ =A cosut—wB sinwt and y(t) = eA sinut — UB cosut Thus, fy aye eta. (2) 6 =a costut + do); @ ‘Thus, @ satisfies the equation. aw sin(ut +40); 6" = — ais* cos(ut + do) @ 0 =a cos(ut +60) = 0 c0s(u#) 08 dy ~ a sin(ut) sin dy = Asin(wt) + B cos(wt) where A=—asings, B= a cosgo L qa iy As@sinz, Ba pees de 1 absing = Ver tabwse; SN aad sin) = FRA TAD SE ae Baa Dab cae 2) = TIS Dab ome fe 5 1 01 00. oot @) 88 ois ooiras otras ois ors (©) 7 = o.onrss Let D(ny = LOM = FO) _ e0sA=1 ye, h i ‘D(0.1) = -0.0005 D(0.01) #0 (0.001) =0 D(-0.1) 0.0005 D{-0.01) £0 (0.001) ~0 By the chain rule, f’(z)=—2xsinz?, and '(0) =0.