MEP 471

Pengetahuan Tentang Bahan

2150
Eng. Materials

Week #10
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test

Type ASTM (USA) BS (United DIN

Specimens Kingdom) (Germany)
Plate 4.5 5.65 11.3
(Lo/√Ao)
Round (Lo/Do) 4.0 5.0 10.0
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
International Standards

ASTM E8: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
ASTM E21: Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
Metallic Materials
Mil-STD-1312-18: superseded by NASM1312-18, Standard Practice, National
Aerospace Standard, Fastener Test Methods; Method 18, Elevated Temperature
Tensile Strength
Mil-STD-1312-8: superseded by, NASM1312-8, Standard Practice, National
Aerospace Standard, Fastener Test Methods, Method 8, Tensile Strength
ASTM A370: Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products, Sections 5-13 Tension
ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Engineering stress – Engineering Strain curve

Stress(E): (E) = F / Ao
F : load
A0: Original cross-sectional area
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Engineering stress – Engineering Strain curve

Strain(E): (E) = l / lo ( 100 %)

l: Change in length (l-lo)
lo: Original length.
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Engineering stress – Engineering Strain curve
• Yield strength :
• y = Fy/Ao
• Tensile strength :
• u = Fmax/Ao
• Elongation :
 Lo  L f 
e (%)    x 100%
 Lo 

• Reduction of Area :
 Ao  A f 
q (%)    x 100%
 Ao 
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
True stress – True Strain curve

Stress(T): (T) = F / Ai
F : load
Ai: Actual cross-sectional area
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
True stress – True Strain curve

True stress and true strain are used for accurate definition of
plastic behaviour of ductile materials by considering the actual
(instantaneous) dimensions.
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – elastic property
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – elastic property
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – elastic property
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test In some materials (many
Tensile Property – elastic property polymers, concrete...),
Higher E  higher elastic deformation is not
“stiffness” linear, but it is still
reversible.
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – elastic property
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – elastic property
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – yield strength
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – yield strength
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – yield strength
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – yield strength
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – plastic deformation
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – plastic deformation
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – Tensile Strength

Yield stress, y ,
usually more
important than tensile
strength. Once yield
stress has been
passed, structure has
deformed beyond
acceptable limits.
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – Tensile Strength
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – Ductility
Tensile properties:
Ductility
Ductility  Deformation at Fracture
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – Toughness
Toughness: ability to
absorb energy up to
fracture (Area under the
strain-stress curve up to
fracture)
Units: the energy per unit
volume, e.g. J/m3
Can be measured by an
impact test (Chapter 8).
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Tensile Property – Resilience
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Types of Failure
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Types of Failure
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Types of Failure
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Design

Stress
For practical engineering design,
the yield strength is usually the
important parameter

Strain
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties
Tension Test
Design