DC CIRCUITS MODULE 1: + Blectrical circuit elements (R, L and C) + Voltage and current source + Rirchoff current and voltage laws 5 with DC excitation Analysis of simple circuits + superposition theorem + Thevenin theorem * Norton theorem + Time-domain analysis of 1%t-order RL and RC circuits. CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION! BASED ON ELEMENTS PASSIVE ELEMENTS +R (resistance) jnduckance, +L (sepesame) +c (€apaeitance) + Linear / lumped / Bilateral ACTIVE ELEMENTS + voltage source + current source (CEASSTFICATION |BASED/(ON|"TOPOLOGY/| CONFIGURATION + Branch + Network + Mesh + Loop + Node. Linear elements / parameters (related to constant coefficient) v-i relation is linear with a circuit whose parameters are not changed or constan respect to Current and Voltage is called Linear Circuit (if negated) non-linear A ciitcuit whose paramete and Voltage v= Ri; V= bei/at ; v= fiat/e Lumped elements / parameters 3 are varied with raspect to Current They are physically separable/ isolable otherwise distributed If negated - distributed elements (eg. power line) . Bilateral elements Property independent / invariable / irrespective of orientation (A circuit whose characteristics, behaviour are same irrespective of the direction of current through various elements of it, is called bilateral network) When negated unilateral (diode) ue Ry Forward biased Reversed biased eR, T(Currenty ——> Val characteristics of linear clement, V (Vonage) \ (Votage) scteristics of non-linear clement VeActive Sections / Sources 1. Voltage source 2. cu nt. source fdeal / actual Independent / dependent We will work on actual and independent Terminal voltage (V), is independent of current (I) it i+ ai, V de independent of I Var, independent of Vy =V- Ri: where R is internal resistance i Vr v + Ov, I invariant or independent of terminal voltage for actual circuit, internal resistance need to be incorporated @: &e flowing throughhence, i: = 4 - Vr / R (for actual current source) Now, compare equations -> source conversion V -> 1 (voltage to current) 1 -> V (current to voltage) ve = aR “ik Voltage is divided by internal resistance Vv = Ri [ Ry internal resistance) Voltage is in series connection Current is in parallel connection (* hence, its proved that internal resistance is connected to voltage) DEPENDENT SOURCES ible Four different combinations are po: 1 -& viv ver I-v controlled vokage source (a) Current-controlled current source Wi avis } (c) Voltage-controlled current source (4) Current-controlled voltage sourceCONFIGURATION/ TOPOLOGY Branch: Collection of connected elements ( two terminals active or passive) having Network: Any arbitrary collection of interconnected branches 1, active network (if excitation of source) 2. passive network (network where no active excitation Bs present) Mesh: collection of interconnected br such nches to form a closed path that omission of one branch makes the path open Loop: collection of interconnected branches to form a closed path such that omission of one branch doesn’t make the path open Node: terminal shared by at least two elements / branches KIRCHHOFF’S LAW K.V.L. AKL Ev = 0/ (algebraic sum of any voltage drop in a closed path) K.C.L (Kirchhoff’s Current Law) Zi = @ (algebraic sum of current flowing through a node or junction) let us assume) that Dv 4 0, but its incompatible with the law of conservation of energy, if infinite amount of transmission occurs then infinite amount of energy will be produced Similarly, Let us assume that Ji ¥ 0, but its absurd due to 1 energy, infinite charge cannot be accumulated For K.V.L -> mesh analysis or K.C,L -> node analysisMESH ANALYSIS z, | We can write the algebraic summation of voltages by KVL In Mesh 2, Sit + (Ti Ia) Za -Ex = 0 (2: + 2)Tr +/ (223) Te + (0) 1 = Bx -() (REE, sc. Mo on, =a or, (— 23) Ty (2 + 23 + Zq # Zs) I2 + (Za) Is = 0 >E2) (13-2) Za Hse + By = 0 ox, (07, EPRI) 2. - - xv 5 we con Yel ae 01/2) and (2) in the macrig form a8 on, > Ae [os Bee ett tt ~« |] [] oe dle Ls ,. nado cara tte oe 24 + 26! om mes Bess i Beers 0 hy ~By! APA ate pee rs qhe generalized mesh equations can be written as (z(t) = (2) where, 2 square matrix is impedance matrix, having 21, as elementsBasic Blect ngineering MODULE 1] ES-EE101 | AD de, 2.) mand d= 2) 2, .., E column matrix of input voltages Ei, where i= 1, 2, «+, ™ considering a generalized network with m number of meshes, we can write the mesh equations using KVL Ya(E, = Ba) ~ YoEs = Yabz = 0 or, (> ¥2)Ey + (Ya + Ya + ¥s)E2 = 0 rc (2) equation (1) & (2) maybe written in matrix form hth ty hf) e [i [ Ne yan nlle] i ‘Again, by Cramer's rule, we can find the node voltages:M+h+h he a yh +% + The generalized node equations can be written as tte) = (11 where, Y squaresmatritessadmittance matrix = column MaEEIX GF EME node voltages with respect to the referente node I column matrix/ef input currents Considering a generalized network with (n + 1) node, we can wEite tHelnode equation in mai KCL nodes including the datum x= form of order (n X Aj\using Dir Yaa" Yan] Ea] fh Yes Yea Yan | 1B) _ |e im Ya" Yan Ea Up, Boa Bus totey totic} = [superpesition|itheorent + Theivenins theorem s Nortens theorem Why do we need the theorems? fs always wossible to calculate v, 4] in a network, by mesh analysis and node analysis, but In multi-loop circuit we need Reduction / simplification of the problem, hence we need the theorems. SUPER POSTTION|ITHEOREM, ©" Statement of linearity Proportionality between causes and effect Independent effects can be added up algebraically for independent causes for similar presence of causes * Effects due to individual causes are independent Underlying principle - principle of independence Voltage source - excitation Current - response Cause ~ voltage in a network Effect - source excitation When cause and effect are proportional and effects are copresent / simultaneously presentBasic Electrical Engineering MODULE 1| ES-EE101 | AD ce You? ‘ ce”, e” eo-% (e, e”, e”) the responseBasic Electrica MESH IT: 2212? +23(42' - 41") = 0 z3il! - (22 + 23)i2" = 0 - (ii) Unt, 42") <> 13” Now when E2 is present and £1 absent, by mesh ana 4 ee al , by mesh analysis we get (i1”, e (21 +23) 0 =44) -E2 23)42” = E2 = (ii) es that if we have both left and right hand excitation, ear cirenit equals the (one uurrent in any part of a lin wh source separately.) algebraic sum of the currents produced by eacl (Keep in mind, don’t change the orientation of current, Keep 2n uniform orientation) For any two terminal networks (Linear, Bilaterat) GE Etc guivalent: source equivanent, reaistance/ impedance equivalent connected in series with it le to simplify any linear ¢ voltage and current alent circuit with just a at it is possib. nt and dependen' to an equiv: ‘Thevenin’s Theorem states th. circuit containing independe sources, no matter how complex, 10Single voltage source and a series resistance, between any two points of the circuit, Method: Find open circuit voltage across the concerned terminals [Eeq] Find impedance across the concerned terminals (Zeq] From Voc (open circuit voltage) get Isc (short circuit current) eq = Voc / Isc Thevenin’s theorem is specially very helpful and time- saving when we wish to find the response for different values of the load resistance. HOW TO THEVENIZE A GIVEN CIRCUIT Zz 22 cess Ue Semi = ne iz determinesthroughymesh/ analysis Zz 22 Z3 es Voc = Z3 E/ (Z1 + Zs) ZA Zz in y La ain" => Isc, determine through mesh analysis Voc / Tac = Zag (22 + 21123) Zeq “0 2 i = in (prodfy) NORTON’ S/'THEOREM Equivalent form of Thevenin’s Theorem Replacing voltage and current Most generalized form Teq = tse Yeq = 1 / Zeq Yeq “© Z Z Any two-terminal active network containing voltage sources and resistance when viewed from its output terminals , is equivalent to a constant-current source and a parallel 12 resistance.Method reuit the two terminal the network and determ through this short-circuit urn off all the sources in the network and determine the between the two terminal is is the same resistance that Phevenin's equivaler sivalent circuit's current source Ieq in parallel Yeq. Davo or wa MPU ese) ror an excitation f(t) total response f,(t) or steady state Ep(t) = £(t) - f(t) or transient state c(t) 0,—_+«—> tt Transient Steady State state FIRST ORDER RE CIRCUIT: RISE Ldi/dt + Ri = E di/dt = E -Ri di/(E ~ Ri) = dt/L integrating both sides -1/R( -1/R(1n(E-Ri) = t/ L + c at t-0, i=0, ¢ -1/R((1n(B-Ri) /E) = t/ 1 An{(E-Ri)/B) = -Rt/L B1 -RI/E = ot i = B/R (1 ~ et [*1 is the steady state and e/t is the transient state] i= as(1 = et) (1 ds tou) t= L/R, time constant of the circuit In limit the exponential part is disappearing is = E/R is the steady state value i= 0.63%, FIRSMUORDER|RU [CIRCUIT DECAY/ FALL Ldi/dt + Ri = 0 ai/i = (-R/L)dt 50 C2 = Anis) Ani = -Rt/L + Cp (at t= 0, i= Ani/i, = -Rt/L De en t= L/R, time constant of the circuit. So, i K2 « Ms i 0.371 KI 4FIRST ORDER RC CIRCUIT: CHARGING g/e + Rag/dt = E ats R da/(E - a/ now integrating we get ch IB.C: t= 0, a An(1- q/qe) = -t/oR gp = EC = an{l - ev) time constant) 80, 4 = qe(1 - et") i= dg/ dt Ve(t) = R(t) E - Va(t) = Velt) iy) FIRST ORDER RC CIRCUIT: DISCHARGING a/c + Rda/dt = 0 dg/q = - dt/cR now integrating we get - Ana/qo = -t/cR a= qet/en 1 = cR (time constant) 80, q = que*/* 15a= a(t) it) = dq/ dt R t+ -—«¢ Cc {aie E = 16