Alonzo, Gianne Colline N.
 Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese,
2014120429
INFLUENCES:
History
 Immigration via land-bridges as
early as 250,000 years ago, and
later, sea vessels
 Immigrants of Malay origin, food
gatherers and hunters
 3000 BC, joined by advanced
agricultural race from Indonesia,
with barangays as tribal system
 Laws on marriage, inheritance,
ownership, crime and behavior.
 Elaborate animistic religion
Indians in 4th and 5th century BC
Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
Arabs- converted some parts to Islam in
1300 AD
Trade center of the Orient- Sulu was
frequent by ships from China, Cambodia,
Sumatra, Java, India and Arabia
American Rule:
 Island were sold and ceded to
America, as a result of Spanish war
with USA
 Continued fighting
 Democracy was introduced-
allowed a self-government called
Commonwealth Era
Japanese Invasions:
 December 1941
 Established a puppet government
 Liberation when Gen. Mcarthur
returned in July 1945
 Independence in 1946
 3rd largest English-speaking country
in the world
 Citadel of Christianity and
democracy in East Asia
Spanish, American
Religion:
 Islam
 Roman Catholicism
 Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni
Kristo
Geography and Geology:
 Archipelago of 7000 islands-
mountainous and fragmented
 3 main island groups: Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao
 Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean-
strategic position- in the path of Far
East trade
 Major earthquake and volcanic belt
 In the path of typhoons from the
Pacific
Climate:
 Dry and wet season
 Typhoons and tropical storms
Description:
Building Capability:
 Even with ties to nearby countries,
our ancestors saw no need for
large megalithic structures etc.
 Nevertheless showed engineering
capability and prowess with the
Rice terraces of Northern Luzon
Settlements:
 Big villages along key trade centers
 Near the sea-shore, beside rivers
and streams-for purposes of travel,
communication and sanitation.
Filipino Architecture
 Shaped by the climate, terrain,
vegetation, and fauna around it.
 Two elements in making a house.
1.) Tradition or following the
generally accepted form and
 structural patterns; and 2.) Chance
or “playing it by ear”, allowing
minor modifications for the builder
and his family.
 Tropical, Light and Open
Transparent
Spanish Rule:
 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
brought Christianity
 Systematically and efficiently
Christianized most part of the
country
 Introduced European institution
and thought
 Economically linked Manila with
Mexico and the rest of the world-
via the Spanish Galleon Trade
Brief occupation by the British forces
(1762-1764); attempted seizure by Dutch
and Chinese
 Spanish colony until 1900s
 Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal,
unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo
Cave dwellings
 Earliest human habitation
 Tabon Cave, Palawan had been
inhabited for 30,000 years caves in
Agono, Rizal with indent
petroglyphs
Tree houses
 Perched on forked branches of
trees, up to 60 ft above the ground.
 Prevented attack by animal and
human enemies
 By the Gaddang and Kalinga of
Luzon
 Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
 Moros of Lake Lanao
Lean-Tos
 Windbreaks or windscreens as
the first attempt at building
 Served as shelters during a
& hunting or food gathering
journey
 Made of light branches and
fronds, but strong enough to
withstand a storm.
 Negritos of Zambales
 Agtas of Palawan, Isabela
Bahay kubo o Nipa Hut
 Balai and Spanish cubo o cube-
cube shaped house, from its boxy
appearance
 Primitive style of dwelling probably
started around 200 BC, with the
coming of iron tools
 Well-adapted to tropical climate; of
wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm
leaves, cogon and nipa.
Elevated one to five feet from the
ground- silong
 Protection from the moist ground
and floor
 Protection from vermin and other
animals
 Enclosed area as sleeping quarters
 Silong used for storage for tools
and crops, and animal enclosures,
or burial ground.
 Usually with steep thatch roof
 Varies across regional and ethnic
lines
Spanish Houses; Bahay-na-Bato:
Evolved from the Bahay-Kubo; a tropical
house
 Steep, hip roof
 Post and lintel construction
 Elevated living quarters
 Economy of materials
 Space flowing of one room to next
 Light and airy structure
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic and
Baroque influence Morong Church, Rizal
 Grandeur and Solidity -exquisite Spanish Baroque style
 Ornamentation -by Fr. Bias dela Marte

Vigan houses, Antilla houses, Ivatan Panay Church

houses; -large bell, from 30 sacks of coins
donated by townspeople
First floor:
 Zaguan, for caroza Quiapo Church
 Quadra, horse table -restored by Juan Nakpil
 Bodega, store room
Second floor San Agustin Church
 Stairway -by Fr. Juan Macias
 Caida, ante-sala from stairs
Schools
 Sala, living room
 Comedor, dining room
Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes
 Cocina, kitchen Oficio de Manila
 Dispensa, pantry -1980
 Letrina or Comun, toilet -taught by maestros de obras
 Bano, bath
 Azotea, open terrace Liceo de Manila
 Aljibe, water cistern -MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
 Cuatro, Alcoba, Dormitorio -MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”
 Entresuelo, vault
 Balcon, balcony Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura
 Patio, courtyard -closed after one year

Spanish Churches Mapua Institute of Technology (1925)

-first architecture school
Calasiao, Pangasinan Adamson University
-2nd best bell tower -2nd school of architecture
-by Fr. Ramon Dalinao
UST College of Architecture
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte 3rd school of architecture
-by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
-sinking bell tower Organizations:
 Philippine Architects Society
Las Pinas Church  Philippine Institute of Architects
By Fr. Diego Cera  League of Philippine Architects
 Association of Phil. Govn. Architects
Loboc, Bohol  In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA=
-biggest number of murals on walls and United Architects of the Phil.
ceilings
Daniel Burnham- city plan of Manila
Manila Cathedral William Parsons
-by Bishop Domingo Salazar Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua- 1st registered
Miago Church, Iloilo architect in the country
-by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo
Carlos Barredo The Meralco Building
-by Jose Zaragoza
Masonic Temple, Escolta
1st concrete building in Escolta Philippine Heart Center
The Quiapo Monument
Philippine Normal School -Jorge Ramos
Philippined Normal University
The Quezon Monument
University of the Philippines -by Federico Ilustre
Padre Faura

National Museum The Central Bank of the Philippines

1st legislative building Asian Institute of Management
-by Gabriel Formoso
Intendencia Building
Adjacent to the Manila Cathedral SM Megamall
-by Antonio Sindiong
Luneta Hotel
2ND hotel in Asia Robinson’s Galleria
French Baroque style -by William Coscocuella

Army and Navy Club The New Istana, Brunei

Rest and recreation for American Cultural Center of the Philippines
soldiers Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP
Diliman
De La Salle College -by Leandro Locsin
by Tomas Mapua

Rizal Monument PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Obelisk
PRE-SPANISH ERA
Sta. Isabel College
CONTENTS:
One of first steel building
Steel from Belgium by Eiffel CLIMATE

FEU Main building • The provinces in the low lands normally

-by Pablo Antonio near the sea shores are hotter compare
of the places in the high lands where
Metropolitan Theatre they established their group in the
-by Juan Arellano mountains. During the months of March
to June is the dry season and wet season
College of Engineering and Liberal is from July to October; the rest of the
Arts, UP Diliman month is the mixture of both. So as the
-by Cesar Concio houses we're built in accordance to what
the temperature and weather condition.
The Church of the Risen Lord, UP
-by Cesar Concio HISTORY

The Iglesia ni Cristo During the Pre-Spanish

-by Carlos-Santos Viola
 Immigrants of Malay origin, food
gatherers and hunters
 3000 BC, joined by advance
agricultural race from Indonesia
 Barangays as tribal system
 Converted to Islam in 1300 AD
 Trade center of the orient
MATERIALS
BAMBOO NIPA COGON GRASS RATTAN
GUIJO TREE YAKAL TREE
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Tropical Architecture
• Open and transparent
• Light
BONTOC (Fayu)
• Location: Mountain Area of Cordillera
• House within a house shelter for rice,
chickens, pigs and people
• Plan: square in plan and is designed to
facilitate various activities
• Granary (falig) - area of 2.00 square
meters is elevated on four posts of about
5’-0” high
• Has a fireplace located at the rear left
corner
• On the ground floor (cha-la-noii) the
following areas are arranged from the
doorway to the rear as follows:
a. Immediately at the left side of the
main entrance is a rice threshing room of
about 5 square feet in area and sunk
about a foot into the ground. Found at
the center of this room is the mortar
used for threshing rice.
b. At the right side of the entrance is a
bench 4’-O” wide,12’-O” long and l’-O”
high where baskets, utensils and other
tools are placed. Chickens are kept
underneath this bench.
c. Adjacent to the threshing room is the
kitchen. With an area of 5 square feet, it
is provided with three concave stove
stones hacked by a low stone wall,
wooden shelves and water jars.
d. Across the only entrance, at the rear
side of the house is the ang-an, which is
used for sleeping and storage. This is the
only room with wooden flooring and
ceiling.
Structural:
• Four corner posts and the side walls
are built as supports to the roof
• Front and side walls are made of wood
connected to the posts
• Rear wall is made of stone and mud •
Roof framing is made up of a ridge post
which Is supported by two queen posts
• Queen posts are made to rest on a
central horizontal beam
• Decorative Elements:
• The sleeping compartment is provided
with wooden boards or sleeping benches
3-O” x 4-O” in size.
• The board is slightly inclined on one
end to allow the sleepers head be
elevated. On the other end is a pole
where the sleeper can rest his feet.
• Fire can be provided under this pole
when the need for warmth arises in the
occupant.
BONTOC HOUSE OF CORDILLERA
MOUNTAINS
Ifugao
• Location: Mountains of Cordillera
• Built on rice terraces near a spring or
grove entry faces down slope
• Plan: • enclosed structure which is
square in plan
• rests 2.00 high on four tree trunks as
columns
• Contains a single room having an area
of 4x5M
•interior space is used for cooking and
sleeping
• Fireplace is located at the far right hand
corner of the house • Shelves above the
fireplace are provided for the storage of
palay and firewood
• Floor is about 1.50 to 2,00 above the
ground made of wooden planks resting
on solid floor joists which overhang the
floor
Structural
• posts are buried into a hole dug about
half meter into the ground and are
further secured by means of stones
placed on each hole
• Floor girders are carved with mortises
on both ends to fit into the pointed upper
end of the posts which act as the tenons
• Lower part of the wallboards are
mortised into the floor joists while the
upper part are rabbeted above into a
transverse beam • roof is pyramidal
covered with reed and grass PRE-
SPANISH ARCHITECTURE OF LUZON
Structural • Roof framing is made up of
rafters resting on a brace above and
which in turn is supported by a kingpost.
• At the apex of the roof, the grass
covering is made loose in order to allow
the escape of smoke coming from the
kitchen area.
Decorative Elements: • carabao’s skulls
and pig’s jaws are used as indication of
status and keeping peace with the gods
• Ambubulan figure form placed on top of
the roof is used as a protection against
evil spirits and lightning and as a sign of
asking a favour from the god Kabunyan
• These symbolic items rather than the
size of his house are used as induations
of the Ifugao’s wealth.
Ifugao House of Cordillera Mountains
Isneg/ Apayao
• Location: Mountain of Apayao and the
Northern end of Cordillera
• Home of the Isneg boat people;
pyramidal or hipped roof; annex on one
or both ends; removable sidings for
special occasion
• Plan:
• Elevated at approximately 1.50 above
the ground
• a single-room rectangular structure
designed with three levels
• lowest level: datag or xassaran, located
at the center of the room • immediate
level: ramuyon, occupy three sides of the
floor proper (the lowest level) • highest
level: tarakip, located on the remaining
side of the house is an extension.
Structural:
• Fifteen posts of heavy hardwood are
used as supports. Posts are distributed in
the following manner:
• Sinit posts - six of these support the
data g and two support the tarakip
• Adixi posts - six of these support the
roof
• Atobrobo - a single post supporting the
ridgepole
There are no fixed window openings
since wall construction system allow
occupants to remove few wailboards in
case air is needed for the interior.
Isneg of Apayao Mountain and Northern
part of Cordillera
• Ivatan
• Location: Slope of cliffs and villages
built along the sides and tops of rocky
hills of Batanes Island
Plan: • stand directly on the ground to
withstand strong winds or typhoons •
made up of two houses - the rakuh (big
house) consists of the living room and
sleeping quarters and the kusina
(kitchen)
Structural: • The walls, made of lime and
stone, is sometimes embedded with
wooden reinforcements in order to resist
the effect of a strong earthquake. The
reinforcements run from the hase up to
the roof frame.
Doors and windows are provided in the
rakuh house but the wall facing the
direction of the strongest winds are left
solidly closed.
Kalinga
• Location: Steep mountain slope of the
Cordillera
• Plan: • rectangular or octagonal form •
octagonal shaped house is called binayon
or finatyon • living area is elevated at
1.20 meters
Attic is located underneath the roof which
is also used as granary, elevated
fireplace is found at the left rear side,
flooring of the elevated portions of the
house is made of removable reed mats
resting on floor joists.
Structural
Total of 12 posts used as supports to the
binayon house • square central portion of
the house is defined and supported by
four posts while the other eight posts are
distributed on the four corners
The lower part of the wall is made of
plaited bamboo or Sawali which rises up
to the floor level, while the upper portion
up to the eaves are made of wooden
boards rabetted to the exterior floor.The
approach to the house is through a
ladder which leads to a narrow platform
at the front
Mangyan
• Location: Mountainside or hillside of
Mindoro
• Plan: communal house is elevated from
the ground at 1.50 meters to the
surrounding platform. One-room
structure measures 6.00 x 10.00 and is
rectangular in plan
• Palaganan - passageway At the central
part of the house leading from the main
door. Visitors may sleep along the
palaganan but most of the time this is
used as an extra storage space for the
families Individual families are not
separated from one another by
partitions. Rather, their space allotment
is defined by a mat spread on the floor
and also by their individual fireplaces.
Structural: • walls are made of the bark
of trees and are constructed a meter or
less above the floor
Tagbanua
• Location: Coastal and Near-Coastal
plains and valleys of Central Palawan •
Plan: Elevated on stilts about 8’-O” high
usually made of eight levels • Each level
corresponds to certain function such as
entrance, cooking or hearth, dining,
sleeping and various levels for storage
Badjao
• Location: Mindanao and Sulu Region •
Plan: • Ladder serve as wash area •
Mirror symbolize the number of children •
Considered houseboats
Badjao Houses of Mindanao
Manobo • Location: Lowland of Agusan,
Bukidnon, Davao, Misamis Oriental,
Cotabato • Plan: • Flooring is made of
withered bark of the mahogany tree or
split bamboo • No decorations at all in
the Manobo house because the Manobos
stay outdoors most of the time • Four or
more corner posts are used as main
supports to the house • The main house
is covered with sun-dried cogon grass
gabled roof shaped like an inverted V •
The roof for the kitchen is considerably
lower than that of the main roof and is
placed at right angles to the main house
The only entrance to the house is located
at the kitchen area. The ladder is made
of the trunk of the tree cut with notches
to serve as its steps.
Maranao Torogan • Location: Hills, along
the river, road or lakeshore of Mindanao •
An ancestral house for the datu and his
family • Special Parts: • Tapaan – found
at the Kitchen, made of plaited bamboo
used for smoking fish and meat. • Kodal
or the carabao corral – found underneath
the Kitchen • Gibon or Paga - rooms not
exposed to visitors; used as hiding place
for the datu’s daughter • Lamin - a tower
atop the brogan where the princess and
her ladies in waiting hide during
occasions • Panggao – datu’s ceremonial
bed.
Structural: • The torogan house is
constructed by first putting up the center
post called rapuwilih followed by four
corner posts called lukud. • Flouse posts
are made from bunga wood and are
placed on top of large stones for
protection against the devastating effect
of earthquakes • floor beams are
supported by 25 thick posts • end beams
are called panolong and are ornately
carved with piako (fern-like) or naga
(dragon-like) motifs • Walls are made of
gisuk wooden panels carved with ornate
okir designs
Maranao House of Mindanao
Samal • Location: Coastal waters of Jolo •
Plan: • consisting of one or more small
rooms and a kitchen are built partially
above the ground and water on wooden
posts • Structural: • Stilts are usually
made of bamboo poles while walls are
made of wooden boards or sawali • Roof
thatching is held securely by placing
flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it
Samal House of Jolo
Tausug • Location: Coastal water of Tapul,
Siasi, Basilan, Malaysian, Borneo, Tawi-
Tawi, Zamboanga del Sur, Cotabato •
Bay-smug – their native name for
traditional Tausug house • Plan: •
Elevated above the ground, it consists of
the following parts: entrance porch or
salos, sleeping quarters and kitchen •
Panran – an open extended platform used
as a family area • The kitchen, whose
flooring is a foot lower than that of the
main house, is a separate area linked to
the main house by a bridge made of
bamboo or wooden planks • flooring of
the house is made of thin strips of
bamboo material • Bilik – sleeping area •
Found at the roof top is the tajuk pusung.
It is a wood carving in the form of the
manuk manuk bird showing a stylized
head and neck of a rooster or a stylized
design of a naga dragon
Structural: • sleeping area or the bilik is
the only room in the house proper and is
supported by 9 posts while the porch and
the kusina are supported by separate
posts • posts are made of heavy timber
or bamboo • Except for the center post,
all posts rise up to the roof • Wooden
floor beams or hanglad attached to the
posts together with other smaller beams
support the floor joists • Beams and
girders are joined together either by
joints or by tying both members with
hijuk vines or lagtang and haun vines •
Walls are made of split bamboo or woven
coconut palms wall does not reach up to
the roof. An opening of about 0.45
meters is provided for ventilation
Tausug House of Mindanao
T’Boli • Location: Hilltops and
mountaintops in the Lake Sebu area in
Cotabato • Plan: • house is built on 6-O”
high stilts, built with various levels • with
an approximate area of 900 to 1,350 sq.
ft.
• Lowa - it is the central space used as
sleeping area for overnight guests. It has
an area of 15e-O” x 20’-0” and 8” lower
than the areas alongside it.
• BIaba - it is the side area, usually 6’-O”
wide, used as working and conversational
space. • Desyung - this is located
opposite the Iowa and the blaba. This is
regarded as the area of honor because
here the head of the house entertains
guests and performs rites under a
curtained canopy.
• Dofil - located on both sides of the
desyung and sometimes elevated at a
height of 3’-O” over the iowa, this is the
sleeping quarters for the wives and
children of the headman.
Bakdol - this is the entrance to the house
• Kohu - this is the hearth made of
beaten-earth floor. It has a shelf where
pots and pans, baskets and other utensils
are kept
. • Dol - this is an area used for the kohu
and stair landing.
• Fato Hu - located at the rearmost part
of the house, it is the utility area.
• Kotel - a detached structure located
some few feet away from the house
which functions as a toilet
Structural • Bamboo is generally used for
the house posts • Walls are made of
sawali or woven bamboo strips • The low
biaba wall is hinged to the floor at its
lower side so that it can be opened
towards the outside in case an extended
floor area is needed • The dofils are
separated from one another by means of
a sawali wall which extends up to the
roof.
Yakan • Location: Mountainous interior of
Basilan • Plan: • Elevated 2 to 3 meters
above the ground • single-room structure
rectangular in plan with approximately 50
to 100 sq. mts. floor area • does not have
partitions • kitchen is used as the
family’s dining area • porch is used for
entertaining guests and as a resting
place for the household • In the Living
room, one will find a cloth-weaving Loom
located near the door which leads to the
porch outside.
Structural: • Posts are made of sturdy
wood onto which floor beams are
attached • walls are made of sawali or
horizontal wooden boards or bamboo
poles attached to one another by rattan
lashings • Roof eaves overhang the wall
at .50 meters.
Doors are oriented towards the east for
prosperity while few and small windows
are provided because of the belief that
bad spirits cannot pass through the small
openings quite easily. A small window is
often provided at the end wall opposite
the kitchen.
An indigenous house used relatively all
over the Philippines before the Spaniards.
• Traditionally made of Bamboo tied
together covered with thatched roof of
Anahaw Leaves or Nipa • Originally, the
bahay kubo is a one-room dwelling
structure with porch provided on all sides
of the house. Then, the bahay kubo
graduated into a more sophisticated type
of dwelling NIPA HUT (BAHAY-KUBO)
Parts: • Bulgan - is the area reserved for
entertaining guests • Silid - is a private
room used for sleeping • Paglutuan or
gilir - ¡s the kitchen or cooking area •
Silong - is the space found underneath
the house used as a storage space for
the farming and fishing implements and
also for the animals kept • Parts of the
Kitchen:
• Dapogan - is a table on top of which is
the river stone, shoe- shaped stove or
kalan.
• Ban gahan - this was later called ban
gguera or banggerahan and is used as a
place for drying and storing pots and
pans, drinking glasses, plates and other
kitchen utensils.
• Batakui - this is the unroofed area
where water jars (used for drinking,
washing and bathing) are kept. NIPA HUT
(BAHAY-KUBO)
Exterior of a “Bahay-Kubo” NIPA HUT
(BAHAY-KUBO)
Dining Area of a Bahay-Kubo” NIPA HUT
(BAHAY-KUBO)
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE;
AMERICAN PERIOD
After the Spanish American war in 1898
the Americans took over rule of the
Philippines until after the second world
war. During this period the Americans
constructed many Art Nouveaux
buildings in Manila. In 1902 Judge William
Howard Taft was appointed to head the
Philippine Commission to evaluate the
needs of the new territory. Taft, who later
became the Philippines' first civilian
Governor-General, decided that Manila,
the capital, should be a planned town. He
hired as his architect and city planner
Daniel Hudson Burnham, who had built
Union Station and the post office in
Washington. In Manila, Mr. Burnham had
in mind a long wide, tree-lined boulevard
along the bay, beginning at a park area
dominated by a magnificent hotel. To
design, what is now known as, the Manila
Hotel Taft hired William E. Parsons, a New
York architect, who envisioned an
impressive, but comfortable hotel, along
the lines of a California mission, but
grander. The original design was an H-
shaped plan that focused on well-
ventilated rooms on two wings, providing
grand vistas of the harbor, the Luneta,
and Intramuros. The top floor was, in
fact, a large viewing deck that was used
for various functions, including watching
the American navy steam into the harbor.
Many of these buildings were heavily
damaged during the Battle of Manila in
1945. After the second world war many
were rebuilt. Many buildings in Manila
were designed by the Filipino architect
Juan M. de Guzman Arellano.
In 1911 the Army Corps of Engineers
constructed the Manila Army and Navy
Club at the shore of Manila Bay bordering
the Luneta Park. The building consisits of
a Grand entrance and has three stories
that housed the various function rooms
and the Hotel rooms. It has been in use
far into the eighties however it has fallen
into dacay and is in need of restoration.
At T.M. Kalaw Street stands on of the
remaining structures that survived the
liberation of Manila in 1945 ,
the "Luneta Hotel."
The Hotel was completed in 1918 .
According to study by Dean Joseph
Fernandez of the University of Santo
Tomas, the hotel was designed by the
Spanish architect-engineer Salvador
Farre. The structure is the only remaining
example of the French Renaissance
architecture with Filipino stylized beaux
arts in the Philippines to date. This
famous landmark fell gradually into
decay. In 2007 the renovation activities
have started and it is hoped that this
building will be restored to its old
grandeur.
The Manila Metropolitan Theatre is an
art deco building designed by the Filipino
architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano,
and built in 1935. During the liberation of
Manila by the Americans in 1945, the
theatre we totally destroyed. After
reconstruction by the Americans it
gradually fell into disuse in the 1960’s. In
the following decade it was meticulously
restored but again fell into decay.
Recently a bus station has been
constructed at the back of the theatre.
The City of Manila is planning a
renovation of this once magnificent
building.
The sculptures in the façade of the
Theatre are from the Italian sculptor
Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in
Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958,
and worked closely together with J.M. de
Guzman Arellano. Highly stylized relief
carving of Philippine plants executed by
the artist Isabelo Tampingco decorate the
lobby walls and interior surfaces of the
building.
In 1940 the Jai Alai building was
constructed along Taft avenue, designed
by architect Welton Becket. It has been
built in the Philippine Art Deco style. In
addition to the Jai Alai game it included
the famous " Sky Lounge". Unfortunately,
demolition began on July 15, 2000 on the
orders of Mayor Lito Atienza. The building
is now gone for ever.
The [Far Eastern University (FEU)] FEU
was awarded the UNESCO Heritage
Award in 2005 for being the only
preserved and enduring Art Deco
structure in the Philippines. Although the
FEU was totally damaged during World
War II, the university was restored to its
original Art Deco design in the American
Period.
National Monument of Jose Rizal
The bronze and granite Rizal monument
located in Rizal Park, Manila, has long
been considered among the most famous
sculptural landmarks in the Philippines.
The monument is located near the very
spot where Dr. Jose Rizal was executed
December 30, 1896.
On 28 September 1901, the Philippine
Assembly approved Act No. 243,
“granting the right to use public land
upon the Luneta in the city of Manila”
where a monument shall be erected to
Jose Rizal.” As conceived by the Act, the
monument would not merely consist of a
statue, but also a mausoleum to house
Rizal’s remains. A Committee on the Rizal
Mausoleum consisting of Poblete, Paciano
Rizal (the hero’s brother), Juan Tuason,
Teodoro R. Yangco, Mariano Limjap, Dr.
Maximo Paterno, Ramon Genato, Tomas
G. del Rosario and Dr. Ariston Bautista
was created. The members were tasked,
among others, with raising funds through
popular subscriptions. The estimated cost
of the monument was P100,000. By
January 1905, that goal had been
oversubscribed. When the campaign
closed in August 1912, the amount
collected had reached P135,195.61 More
than twelve years after the Philippine
Assembly approved Act No. 243, the
shrine was finally unveiled on December
30, 1913 during Rizal’s 17th death
anniversary.
The Rizal Monument in Luneta was the
work of a Swiss sculptor named Richard
Kissling. Kissling was only the second
placer in the international art competition
held between 1905 – 1907 for the
monument design. The first-prize winner
was Professor Carlos Nicoli of Carrara,
Italy. His scaled plaster model titled “Al
Martir de Bagumbayan” (To the Martyr of
Bagumbayan) bested 40 other accepted
entries. Among his plans were the use of
marble from Italy (in contrast to the
unpolished granite now at Luneta) and
the incorporation of more elaborate
figurative elements.
Standalone movie theaters of the
Philippines
During the advent and continuous growth
of Philippine cinema in the early 90's,
came with the establishment of
Philippine theaters in the Metropolitan
Manila along with those in the Philippine
provinces during the said period. Regular
live performances, film showings, and
festivals used to be held on the theaters
that lead to significant improvements on
Philippine culture including film, and
performing arts. A number of Philippine
cinemas were built within the City of
Manila in the 90's, and were designed by
prominent architects and currently
recognized as Philippine National Artists,
but are closed due to post-World War
damages and to give way to these days'
city developments.
Examples of Filipino Architecture
Parish of the Holy Sacrifice
The Church of the Holy Sacrifice
The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the first
circular church and the first thin-shell
concrete dome in the Philippines The
Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the
landmark Catholic chapel in the
University of the Philippines, Diliman.
Known for its architectural design, the
church is recognized as a National
Historical Landmark and a Cultural
Treasure by the National Historical
Institute and the National Museum
respectively.
It was designed by the late National
Artist for Architecture, Leandro Locsin,
which was only one of the five national
artists who collaborated on the project.
Alfredo Juinio served as the structural
engineer for the project. Other Filipino
artists contributed to the design of the
interior of the church:
Around the Chapel are fifteen large
murals painted by Vicente Manansala
depicting the Stations of the Cross;
The marble altar and the large wooden
cross above it were sculpted by Napoleon
Abueva; The mosaic floor mural called
the “River of Life” was designed by
Arturo Luz.
The church is adjacent to the U.P. Health
Service Building and the U.P. Shopping
Center Bahay Kubo mansion National
artist for architecture Francisco Manosa,
on May, 2008 built his own Ayala alabang
village Bahay Kubo mansion. With only 3
posts or "haligi", it has 5 one-inch
coconut shell doors, 2nd floor, a "silong",
Muslim room, sala, and master's
bedroom with a fish pond therein.
Antipolo Church
The image of "Our Lady of Peace and
Good Voyage" has been venerated in the
church of Antipolo for centuries. The old
church that housed the virgin was
destroyed in February 1945 when the
Americans bombed Antipolo as part of
the liberation campaign of Manila. In
1954 a new church was build designed
by the renowned Filipino architect Jose de
Ocampo. This church is of a coupular
design centered around the image of the
Virgin. It functions as the center point of
the pilgrimages to Antipolo.
The Mansion is located on the eastern
part of the city along the Leonard Wood
Road and right across from Wright Park. It
was built in 1908 for U.S government
generals and destroyed in 1945, during
the battle for the liberation of the
Philippines.
American Period Structure:
The Siliman Hall of Siliman University,
found in Dumaguete City, is the oldest
standing stricture in the Philippine.
The Central Philippines University Church
in Iloilo City is a fine and unique example
of Malay design and motif with American
elements.
Emilio Aguinaldo’s house in Kawit, Cavite,
renovations designed by Aguinaldo
himself, the first President of the
Philippines.
POST WAR PERIOD
post·war
post-war; occurring or existing after a
war (especially World War II).
In 1946, the independent Philippines,
expressed its identity by implementing
Modernism through the utilization of
reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the
predominance of cubic forms, geometric
shapes and Cartesian grids, and the
absence of applied decoration
In 1947, a corps of architects and
engineers were tasked to study the
modern US and Latin American capitals
and formulate a master plan for Manila.
The 1950’s and 60’s staple architectural
element were the brise-soleil, glass walls,
piercedscreens, and thin concrete shells.
Federico Ilustre, consulting architect from
the 1950s to 1970s worked on the
building at the Elliptical Road in Q.C. He
started his career as a draftsman for Juan
Nakpil. He graduated from MIT. Passed
his licensure examinations for 1937.
The centerpiece is the 65- meter high Art
Deco Quezon Memorial Monument,
composed of 3 pylons topped by winged
figures representing the 3 island groups.
Cesar Homero Concio, Sr. November 30,
1907- April 27, 2003 • First University
Architect of the University of the
Philippines. When the University
transferred to Diliman from Padre Faura
in the late 1940’s, Cesar Concio was
tasked to continue what Louis Croft has
started. • He is also one of the architects
selected by President Roxas in 1947 to
study the trends in Architecture and
Engineering to design the buildings of the
Capital City, especially in his position as
the chief architect of the UP Diliman
Campus.
Melchor Hall, University of the
Philippines, Diliman The Church of the
Risen Lord located at the University of
the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
Angel E. Nakpil
(February 20 1914 - November 2 1980 )
was a leading Filipino architect.
• Nephew of architect and national artist
of the Philippines Juan Nakpil.
• He graduated from the UST in 1931.
• Harvard-trained architect.
• He served as the City Planning
Commissioner of Manila during the post-
war reconstruction years, from 1947 -
1949.
• He was a charter member of the United
Architects of the Philippines, which was
founded in 1975.
The National Press Club building was
inaugurated on December 30, 1955 with
President Magsaysay as sponsor, along
with several cabinet members and other
government officials and other donors.
The NPC building became a historic
monument to the ideals of press freedom
and unity among colleagues in the
country's newspaper industry It was
designed by Architect Angel E. Nakpil and
was constructed by Alberto T. Abaya.
Alfredo J. Luz • brother of National Artist
for Sculpture Arturo J. Luz. • AJ Luz was at
the cutting edge of Philippine modernism
in the late ’50s and early ’60s. • His body
of work includes the Menzi Building on
Ayala Avenue, the Amon Trading building
on Buendia, the L & S Building on Roxas
Blvd., Dewey Blvd., Manila, and the Fil-Oil
Refinery Service Building in Limay,
Bataan.
Quisumbing Building World Health
Organization located at U.N ave. Manila
Otillo Arellano
• Born in Manila on 1916
• He is the son of Arcadio Arellano and
the nephew of Juan Arellano.
• He rose into the Architectural
Profession during the 50s to 60s,
becoming the one of the architects
representing the Philippines in some
International Expositions.
• He was also chosen by Imelda Marcos
to restore the Metropolitan Theater.
• Awards Patnubay ng Sining at
Kalinangan, 1970 PRC Outstanding
Architect of the Year, 1977 Buildings
National Bureau of Investigations
Philippine Pavilion 1964, New York Otillo
Arellano
National Bureau of Investigation
(Philippines) Formed November 13, 1936
Headquarters Taft Avenue, Ermita,
Manila, Philippines
Felipe Mendoza • also an Physical
Planner
• He formed a partnership with Gabino
de Leon and Homero Ingles but formed
his own architectural firm in 1951.
• AWARDS Patnubay ng Sining at
Kalinangan, 1976 UAP Likha Award, 1982
PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year,
1982 Buildings Batasang Pambansa The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints Development Academy of the
Philippines Philippine Veterans Bank.
Felipe M. Mendoza
Philippine Veterans Bank in Manila The
concept of a bank for veterans of World
War II was conceived in 1956, when a
war reparations agreement was signed
between Japan and the Philippines. the
Philippine Veterans Bank was born on
June 18, 1963 through Republic Act No.
3518.
Gabriel Formoso Soft Modernism: Church of the Holy
Sacrifice, and Phil Atomic Research
• started his career in the 1950’s and by
Center
the 1960’s, he was already successful
and became the most popular architect
of the residences of the posh Makati
In the 1950’s the height of buildings was
villages.
limited to 30 meters by law. With the
• he was also one of the people selected amendment of Manila ordinance No.
in 1963 to the planning and working 4131, a high-rise fever redefined Manila’s
committee for the future Pamantasan ng skyline:
Lungsod ng Maynila. -Angel Nakpil’s 12-storey Picache
Building, considered as the 1st
• AWARDS
skyscraper in thePhils.
PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year, -Cesar Concio’s Insular Life Building, the
1979 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan, 1st office building to surpass the old 30-
1977 Republic Cultural Heritage Awards, meterheight restriction.
1973 United Architects of the Philippines
Likha Award, 1990.
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
La Tondena Building
Carlos Arguelles
• He studied abroad,
• He served as a professor in Design at
the UST College of Architecture and Fine
Arts.
• Appointment as Dean of the UST
College of Architecture and Fine Arts from
1954 to 1959. • American Institute of
Architects(AIA) and the Philippine
Institute of Architects(PIA)
Philam Life Building U.N Ave. St. Ermita
Manila International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) IN Los banos
The 1950’s also witnessed Space Age
aesthetics and Soft modernism, which
experimentedwith the sculptural
plasticity of poured concrete to come up
with soft and sinuous organicforms with
the use of thin shell technology.
Examples are:
Space Age-Victor Tiotuycos’s UP
International Center and Jose Zaragoza’s
UnionChurch