ORDINARY. see PN Te l pgs EQUATIONS J } ORDINARY AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [For BA, B.Se. and Honours (Mathematics and Physics), M.A., M.Se. (Mathematics and Physics), B.E. Students of Various Universities and for LA.S., P.C.S.,A.M.LE. GATE, C.S.LR. U.G.C. NET and Various Competitive Examinations} Dr. M.D. RAISINGHANIA. M-Se., Ph.D. Formerly Reader and Head, Department of Mathematics SD. College, Micaffarnagan, UP. Hb 2/1161 , ”. 5.CHAND & COMPANY LTD. (AN TEO onnt - 201k COMPANY,S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. Y= (An 180 9001 : 2008 Company) =—_— Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055 Phone: '23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888. 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Sanetiction sal elsputes wih respect fo this publeation shal be Subject tothe jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Dethi, india only. Fist Edition 1976 Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1991, 95, 97, 98, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 2012 Fifteenth Revised Edition 2013 ISBN : 81-219-0892-5 Code : 14C 282 PRINTED IN INDIA i i-110 O55 jendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 end published by S. Chand & Company Ltd, 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055.Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coeffictenis 55 Step III. From the roots of A.E. (3) or (3)', Write down the corresponding, part of the C.F. as given in the following table S| Corresponding part of CF No. _ Nature’of roots of auxiliary equation (AE) () One real root m, (ii) Two real and different roots m,, my (iii) Three real and different roots mi. my. m 2.} (i) Two real and equal roots m,, m, (ii) Three real and equal roots m,, m,, m, 3.| (0 One pair oPcomplex roots 0B (i Two pairs of complex and equal roots 4.] (i) One pair (ii) Two pairs of surd and equal roots ot VB, ot VB een cyemt + cet ce" + ene" + ce" (cy + e,x) 0" (cy + e,x +05x7) e" e* (c, cos Bx +c, sin Br) or ce cos(Bx+c,) or ce sin (Bx +c2) 5.5 Solved examples based on Art 5.4 Ex. 1. Solve (@y/de!) +6 (Py/de}) + 11 (dy/ds) + 6y =0. i Sol. The given equation can be re-written as (D? + 6 D?'+ 11 D+ 6) y=0, where D = d/de «- (1) The auxiliary equation of (1) is or (D+1)(D+2)(D+3)= . . The required general solution is y= Ex. 2. Solve (D? + 3D? +3D + 1) y =0 Sol. The auxiliary equation is D> +3D?+3D+1=0 or - The required solution is yao tox D+6D?+11D+6=0 so that D=-1,-2,-3. | eo* + 6 + ce, €;, cy, , being arbitrary constants. [Delhi Maths. (G) 1994] (O+1P =0 = -1,-1,-1, + ¢3x*) e, ¢), ¢,, c, being arbitrary constants. Ex. 3 Solve (d'y/dx') — (dy/de’) — Sdiy/de) ~ 11(dy/dx) — 4y = 0.\Delhi Maths. (G) 1997] Sol. Let D = d/dx. Then the given equation can be written as (D'- D?-9 D>— 11 D-4)y=0 or The required solution is y= Ex. Solve (a) (D! — SDP +4) y=0 (c) (D - 3D? +2D) y =0 Sol. (a) Here auxiliary equation is or (D4) (DP-1)=0 or = P= 4 The required general solution is © Cy Cy, c, being arbitrary constants (D+1y (D-4)=0 18 + (cy + Ox + CX) EY, Cy Cy, Cys C, being arbitrary constants. or 1 so that Y= ce + oe + cet +c, sothat D=4,-1,-1,-1. (@) (D! + 2D? — 3D? 4D +4) y =0 D'-5D?+4=0 D=2,-2,1,-1. (6) Here auxiliary equation is D'+2D>-3D?-4D+4=0 or (D-1)(D +3D2-4)=0 or (D~1) (D- 1) (D2? +4D +4)} or (D- 17 (D+2P =0 so that D=1, 1,-2,-2. ‘The required solution is y = (¢, + ¢,x) e* + (c, +e.) c,, y, ¢, being arbitrary constants.