- “Matrices | Eigen Values ond _Eigen ies 5 —_ [Let A be a square wabtixy |__ then there exists scalar and _non-zeve | column vector X such thaby I JAX 2 xP us oe A= Eigen value _ cove ae aie igen —veckor ug et Ti —_ | Noke —> DE igen values are _also called _as_charncteristiel _lotent / proper Values or Rook of Matix iD Eigen vectors _are_chracteristic vectors: Characteristics _egn JA=22[=0 js called CE — | TE Aga y then selving AL AT TSO, _gwes Dade *) Yethaqanal vectors —> ' | Tine eal vectors are _oHtbogonal. iE XTY=O fF z eg Afi y= 2 Lal - Lo h\ “XY = Least 2C-D ¢ aco =O2-9+0 | \ =O \- ' X&Y_ are I: {TO Sos um\ MM - Aig, -cymmneitic_mattix, then eigen > as hors of A are orthooppol 1 “3x | ed _vectors_are_always Linearly re 8 tupes of Finding eigen vectors t= D Al eigen values distinct, A may be unmetric Or _non-suinnetiic: T) Figen values tepeabed, =A: ig Don-symnettic. Z TD) Eigen values repeated, A “ls. symmetric: \ YYVAVAVA ate Act a> 5 tr -t a] 2 ' 2 D_A_is pop -gumeltic matt Al-= 6 #0 = As #0 Lo 42 Al = Dy deo % : = zy 2a —— CE is [A-%Xsl =O 7 a ot tye ! 2-”_ =I a \ vt aD= 2 2 Thick = ee %G CED) t eae A= [Al =O X- 6CND + Capt A= 6 =O B= 6k + HWA-G =O a2 Ayzl Ay =O, Ay 28 D As oll _sigen values are _distinck, it is Tupe~2) CA-2DX=0 es Xx 0 [2 I wa [=] of 3>®& t=} oA IL ey 10 D Pub B= in ® Trick-> Only ip Type+@, ae o 1 - = 7 or = 6 Cette a [8] = Xy th, =O —> eiteonly 2 eqn SF &) =a = 08) Applying Cramers Rules xy = 5 rd _ Xs -\1 Wolfe 2 yt +l le-} ff Sey =x ~ Xa > =a = = 15 Por S420, xy oO, tye cey-cty> Pub X=3 in By Ali} yg =) : 1-1) ch - t L | HOC, =a + eg 20 > © My -Me = Ky =O —> fy =2ar= &y 20 — > hy oN DGPS x) =O) oh =O +2 | -[o] eo 2— | Type =) Eigen values repeated e —|___ A=] 5s -6 -6] __ “14 9 2 -6 +4 Ais nop-cyinnetvic LAI a ee +604 -6) - =8 = 195 Ces A-NI[=O Bor 46 -6] - — -t 485-2 - > | =O _ a) 26 4-4 - CSur of diag AYX + CSun, goss - A 1-1 - JA) =O ~ of - CE)X $4 -2H1OA-4 =O ie -_ = Bx +B: 4=0 f dy = I 29) =o : T) For A=t, ; ; CA-aNX =O—> @ 4 a5 “6 : -6 oc =| 453 2 xy] 0 S- =6 -&5) | &Sad eA Sal 6 Q2 — 6 _ = = X, = 6 “T [3 a ir -2 2 {-l 6 L 3 asl D) Pub x=2, - + As 2=9 is repeal, Nwe= a Find Rank of Matrix. yy yy yyyyyy g 7-6-6 -oo- 9 |X =O a= -6 -6f-e — th =R,y tk, = 1 foo] = Lp a] RO a s = R,-R,, R,-R a) 4 Re oo of XO Lo 8 6 — = ret, p28 tet H-r =o * 2X h-A There ore 2 LI ey for D=9 JOCy=~ 2% -2xqg =O] 23 toke =I 2,20 My =O X=]» Type -Il —> Figen values ore repeated &! A is_symeetric ©) Find eigen value. & eigen vectors of Ay Az eF a =) 8 qe ——|__DeMA)= pA ig cymmelnin CE—» | 4-9] =0 = Ni ; a 6-9-0 0 5 =} =O Q “1 3-H ~ 8 = CSDM + Com) - TAT =0 a X= 1 + CE-FHDA = 39 =O A= S322 ~ _ = ! ~ A-4D% =O: f fi ey 2 0 | Te] Oo] -2 BR = a} = [of 3s PE 2 + 3A} [sf [ol Pub =F in ® er ee Ty 2-5 i 2-1 -5| Sy ae ct _ 6 = PTO r =He a aero 4-3 ~9 } Sho Q 0+ D el P= > 4 xX =O 2-1 | 9 =] LE i eX =o 0 oO) = rel p=Q n-r= 2 There are 2 LI ev for A202 a1 [Doe ‘=20, Fr, =Oo = Hainilton Theoraiy—> Every, A Saude “wolixg highs a ora aia wore sothy so. Hie | Note => By using CHT cot tind _A A“ AL, Q) Nenty CHT tor A ond_hence find AT@A? whore A= [yo a7 r == 4 a Ty DetA = 40 ce —> [A-ar[ =o ~ 8 = CD98 + C-2-10-DA-40 =O = OE +N -18A-40=0 | ~. A’ +At -18A- 401 = 7 Ars [ay 2 eT : Io—_9 0 9. 444 AY = [4a 99 46 —i # Pou Arm Ae 04 In yl .T ! = 59’ g4g [44 23 46] [ig 9 9] [ig ge se 9.4 42a} +5-—9- = lag =-19¢ 39 Sl 1G Bh Eb 244 4 54 18-18 AGP et0-G] mcd 0 1 0 — oc 00 0-0-1]. o 00] PTOA CHT_yerified Maltiply by 2° | = ALFA’ “180-401 =0 —> ®t. = A +A-187 = GOA" ' \ HT Eon Jona Mahim © aw as | By_using CHT, express QA® -5A°-FA46T as a Linear polynomial jn A's tahore A= i | | ay “aE A-\I| =O i" rr Frey ae N= BAD 20 a CID C2-N-G = =OAr = 9h 401 > © “Multiply @ by Ay AY = 38 +98 -\ = : = BC3A49T) HOA - a = GAtGIt2A : Ais WAt6I—>@- 1 3 Multiply @ by Ay A’ = IIAT+GA¥ = IL C3A42T) $6A = 983A 4+00T46A A‘t= 994 +I > @ = Multiply @ by Ay 1A AS = BWA +38I S@ o wa =. ECA = OA*- SAY - FAST: 2 = 2CISIAFFRT) - SCRA HED - FA 46T = 2F8At IS6T-55A - 401 -FAtEI = OIG A-IBDI = KA +PI sole fi 2 7 4 yo ft: OF [zo ot = 7 916 +132 aa >] = {34% G32 432 42s | 432564 = = . ‘A It Ais 2X2 matrix .- then ECAY = kA t PI- p_IE_A is 2x3 matrix, then Pc= aA" + PAT VE SS PTO '[oe Foy = A i _— _ =. Magy > FCAY =®AtBI + : a a . aA + Pr 7 oF “= hAt p> ® | —i| Pub Rel -l in @ | = htP 3 @ a | =-h+P —>@ TA + SS eel ae K=O Pe ps \ Q) Az ft oo S Find A® 0A i J i \ FCA = TPT ANS = hA + PI —> ae = dATP = @ MPat = i é 4 {SSO st DFE @ wrt Ase SS Put =I; 100 CD" = % =k = 100 | “ B=-49 ow ANS = KA +BI i = 100A -99.L eT ? ee <4 a =|pthd tb Ay eine © th aan T A= T1200]1a 74]. 2 7 3-H i CIER) C8-AD_-B =O — S=A-BRFEN -B=0 22-4050 Q= -15 = Let FCA) = AX-AT ECAD = kA EPI _ 450 - D8 - RAT PT SH -O) Put he by “t= CD = -c4+P ~K+P=9 ® b) Pub A=5, = =A Be -E8 HPO ® - By ®-@, - Ck = 5S -BN-D - A = BS - 58-9 6 z B= Ot * =O + 5-54 _p” 6 = 5-540. - ———4 6 z|4¢ + Wet m= 5m 5 1 “A= x2 9 P= x49 PTC 6 G a —NSS oA PT po —& A 1c: L ae — a eprR —2y fo Go ats of—~ ad BS | J Sf =] — = 4 ee Qe-G | a-D— Set 2 A ss ee SN: { eon Pa oe ee ay 5 5m. 58 -5 - <8 , BA) $0 a 8) an pee Fd. ra Ld a PAsat] = Poem 3 ; a. eOU. 34-0 am ~ @-9C-4-—97H1 =O = B-OAAAER HAO = N +2A+1 =O A= 7! 7 =a a One = PayLeb FCAYS MAFPI = 5° =A +P > ©! = Pub Westy 1 = ACHP [= -h $B ® Diff @® wrt Ay Boa = ot BOC-1 = of a = -80 - B= I-49 a > RA TRE 80. Fo 3] $2 C49] 1 ° [-3 -4 oO =100 150] “4 -44 =148 =IS Ts6 = 200] 2 LO Oo -49] 158 ts Find cos CO) . mR CAD =5 Pind eos A i E Fate ‘i =0 [ em = TAPP FO a au Tom im an = a2 WE Wee _| F CAD = cosA_= AA T+PI =OPut A=, : ns O = -a&N +p >A Q = - b) Put 3 z -TK+ BR >® 6266 - = We cosA : Te Ertl oo ls o 4 ee 'n] + [1 0 - ! o | pa cosh = os nL 2@)| A = [5-9] - Za | tind AS QO 2 4 YA zh [oo 4 _ Find CA) = XA’ + BAt YT AN = KATHERAFIT Oe = aM +PAEV > Put X=! Ls X+PHY SO 2 Put R= -1 ! Ls a-f+¥—> E® ) Pub A= o,- ) bet oe = 4ntny om (°™ HK = 4005 xX10%, PHO. Y= -4-225x107 : S = XA? + BAT Y = FB e + OCA + 4.995xI0" “D5 x10" CO » > Put =I Di ® wrt d toe OORT = DKA TP * 1OOC™ = 2KCH+P 106 = 2Kt+8 > D =. K=5O, FeO, Y= 749 AR = 50 [) ner ae yy a—t ! = ORNOmE Le o.T] c a = [50 300 1s) ~ [yi 0 0] ea ~ 49 epee! get tL o 1 oo 80 5—9— PTO— for et oly AMS = [oy 3600 soo J — SO ee Q>| TE A=] | 2: +2] - z QO 2 Af 5+ Find Ars a o oO =I - = H2 Ais uppor A “mobrix + = Let FCA) = Alee A’ 24a Pad YI - Rs at PAE IS @® * Subsbibubing A=] in @, CI = + BEY. : atetY=! —S@ Sub Hikubing E=1 in @y- X-PHY 1 SO ® : Substituting A= 2 in ® Ad +00 +9 = eG ‘ p20 X= i -1 Qa. + y= 4-9" 3 ay Dif: ® 5 we got 1OOA™ = DKA FR Put Ash, we get, QKFB = 100 a A'S = 50A°-49T\ A’ = o. 1.0 Az=[3 Q)_Find 5’, 1 3 [A-2i|_=0 t[.eo CAs | a2 1 3A Gay <= 23-624 N-1 50 ra MN -6AES =O = 954 F = $CAD= XA + PT Bx = ofAt BI sh = fable p >@ ~ 95 = oa tk D® gis= 4x+f >@) = 200, PE -59S8 FCAY_= 800 Ts 1 + 595 !_ 3)XE f95 200 88S 2B — genvalue E Ev Geese Verbor _ "SS Pag 9-209 S45 6 - 300-409 0 S36 #| iP Ag X ore elgenvalues 14 eigarvectars then eV & EV of Aq orey ( a BX of Ay DAS and x iD A’ —> and X iD FCAY—> FCX% ond X Steps to solve—> o) Find di &X- for A by As: FCA FAS ET “FCM = VHT CSubstitute A=AY © EV of A+T ore X, MX. XK, Cs ame ds A: Q) Fing AH SAtST, A=[ roo el _Ceigen yolue g 5] — — OA — a 28 | —____ f= A EBASSTTOE Rit SATE —— FC-D= 1-548 = 2 FC = 710 —T £CD = T : @v —> 9, -10, 50 = ®D| Algebraic _Mulki \= - - lication »/ Multiplicity —> _ A= [On 0 ry Ang] ' XB \ Sa dh, hehe! ete Meh | Sol solve [A=2a] = +9 Avice = i) Tt Ash! AMCAzI) =8 1 Geometric _Mulhiplicity => A= | %W Ory: eal es te “get Aza A, Ny * CA-ADX = GM CAD = D-¥ 1 _=No- of ubknowh re tonk of CA-2DHl » —s © | Diaganable Motrix—> If AM =GM_ for each of - then is za —_ a Similor_Majtices—3 Twa_mobtiges A&B 0 order_ore ae At oes sic if there exists another inal P such Hhaty = Peale A i Th. \ 4 D_| Diagonable ‘en Mix Ais said Lee mtx Bit S M stich that MAM =B: DA is diaganoble in this cose. #®| Modal Maltix—> Let A__he nan-symmetric Find yd, Na_ond XX Xo Peay = Le ad = This M_ig Modal matriy: ) Whenever _M exists s “it isZalway. non-singular, IMI'#O Te M7" existe. Thy —> MAM =D co \ _ - =f, oO 6] YO =a = oes M is_alse_Tronsfarming Mott: a \ #§)| Thn—> Leb A be 9 oe taka’ Find A, Ao Aye Tf oll A ove distin neh then Ais clvanty d ingenable.= yoNote TF A #122 Uihen A abe repeated, Mix: At tay_oF te hay Not he diagonable. _ _ : “Check _ whether given, ven mabrix_is_ dioganable olor nob Th _ diagonable, Hind diagonal or transforming tnatriy. anal A> [4 6 6, \ 9 =) =5 0 f Ate —— reve 4-y 6 6 z aaa = 0 t = =1—=57 EX = 8 = CS AY +C44C DIOR -4=0 WS -SN+8A-4 =O = 1,040 AMC =! AMCA= = 2 “Te find GM_of veckors's CA-AT)X=O 4-3 6 “6 =} EN v7 x =O 8— | eal a) -2- |} PTOa ee ce Ltn Rote — loa LS - -)-5) [ay Rew ‘Froangfornations _ = 5 \ 2 9 . a X_=9 T S ine n= 2) eB : n-a=l : Sn Ne xy (a Ge ~4 | 8 ' ; = ~~ AI 2 Pub A=2, 2 & 6 { | b x =O =T_=B=G 7 lea 3.3 M 7 o 2 [XO 0 ol = > h 22, H=3 - 8 —_n-2=1 eM 7 = AM #GM For 22. A not Dais In_detotl —> Coane Put A=25 2 ¢—6 t t 2 =f 54 yr 3 18 a 6. ==} LX eG) \ R, +R, Cc ot pee - oa ap =O oo Oo “hed, p=, n=l, EMCAD=I AM#OmM for A=2 xc, tx, $34, =O Ox, - 2%, -%, =O X= [3 4Lek renee syne tne a fete 4 tind ev, By, a — = 1 P= CK, X47 = unimodal Zorthegonal robe Thos PAP sed CPP se PD =a b 7 Par = Pay ©} “Xi 2X =%_ = X= ~ ! xl E Oa] -_X is unit vector” —— a Q)|_ Prove that A&B Nh e'- i L diagonable, tahere A= [tT 4 ex Fe Oo] Wig Lo Ome Ay Z AMCA=N =9 E CA-ADK =O _ oe a =O“BD A= 22 | _AMCASDD FD —_ & 0 rx 8 ~ —— Os eee oa del, ps2 p-2l — fee ema =f 2 AM#GM ~_B is nok diagonable- ® As = p of] a 0 oT he = Al = - C=AR =f 2 ae tye L Le-arl 3% g = = NU Vy — —~ 6-5 tN -2 =O N-SA44 =O r=N,4 As all A ore distinct, -C is diag anable: PTOXe ta o X= X AC i (xt ofa ahi, Q til tht = hatralize = ond _diagonable tatrix: Diogonalize following _matti vector = parmCxs - 7 and _hence find fransfpase ~ A= [ts 1 =l2 8). hl 1 -! 3 LAL = 20 [A-AT[ =O R= 52,2 Cevd ape ol f g =p I YX I =} d, —_ DS pt sb ® fF -go 4 -t) 82 -\ al_B) Put Aso in®s - r =+ a a ! o-1 ~R, 3 ! RR, R, -R, * 1 <1 1 oo o| X =O 6 oOo 0 — = ey =, tory =O iz 6 X= ae X= \ ayst ad 1] | REO at - 52 20, Bye aye Pe[%,% Xl = 7 de 6 t 1, |e Uninodol el > gol ¢ matrix ane =t-—t LB VE Va * By Thm, PAP=p = [5 aBh 10128 CUppey «A “mabix) o-a/ 11 6 oe XY =o 8 0. ,9 2A t Put r=2 In Bs 0 ee ee ee “$e 8 [oo oa] [oF = M& -< ey 0 0 o A Bev sims x N= 4 pox) _There_is only one Linearly independent EV for A=2 5 By ae Rule = =e = 2y_ a 9 a Xe iL Ti 6M (QD=1 AM #6M 2 A_is not diogonahle. — SS= CORK $+ Ca +B4H2- 4 =O Xe - ON + 90-420 A=4,h1 A-)il’=0 CA-2DX =O =X 20 ropo | XAOS =D Pub 4 in ®. “30-2 6 1-2 9] X =O )o2 + = ha = a Xe See = 6 — [3 8 Aula PT}Bea ‘| IF : 7 lf : P . | | | oad a 4 5 | | Ala a | 7 @ ja ld a TI: 1 VAs =| 7! ° ~| 14 4 5 =| laa Tt T “L | | Vy Pd ‘ -}O}- | n oi iF HF Jat b 1S oa ‘ 5 4 2 JE 1944 2 = , a . . + | | | i | | =|: 4¢ : EV == There is only 4°12 @ for del, 4 = hy La a =o o- | : | =) a _ | oy BO — | Quadratic Form —> A _humogencous expression of 9°4 en, Ip ony no__of unknowns je called” quodrati« form C9-FD- 2 QB = x8 ty? -2" 42xy +z ~Iyz Every QF cay sse st EO — Hces GQ = oe? = Dery” tBretGr te - Sav, HHO; Q =X AX ' X= [a]: wef i x x= [ert serf ; 5 y Always — S_} _symmstriei |, = Q\= we dy'tzt—> Positively definike =e Oy? =2" —> Negatively ofinike — Q = x? ty"-2°* —> Indefinite - Q, = [x wl] Tao OL 0 Lo aa = oy Ft HOry Hyz-2¥2 — > Dio. . Q= xt-y ry +2Y Diaganstle _"— #)_Cononical Forip —> Index Let 6 be a given CFs then by opslying sgonal transformation, given OF congruent or ort} can he yeduced to CF: In CF square berms: pores Q contoins only z Que oettyrt zt r= Ronk of OF =3 “p= po: of unknowns = 3 P= index of QF =2 Ss Qp-x Signobure = sel = power of +ve sq. terms iN” canonical Form Noture of QF = Value class of OF I &> Q =x ty tz’ tve definite RED=PsS CPer=N)Q) ® Methods to =ve_definite p=O, 2=D A=RD peo es ~ve Setpi_defini be v p= BSD \ Q = indefinite Clast case) IF oll 4 cases fail, © is indofinite convert Q:F to C:F—> | —tianstormation PET Te = D3 ; Kee Type 4 —> Linear transformation or ccongrient. PTOLet Q ie given QF — a ee we: see Ais always symmettic Symmetric matrix ig _alwoys diaganoblee Ry be_L-T____———___4— = oY rT 72 $f 7 : eas — By applying QT & CT, Wwe gots O = PAP - : For A = both Ries ct ~ = _ I,& P= RT only E T,eP = CT only re cE Q = AY ~ g= GY ACY a - = CYPYA CPD = —_ YCPADY — YCDY Z = — a E4-¥-¥f- Feet _Ty, J wa fa ~ “OT Gir [rus 7 Q = o§2 + by + Cyr 7 reg = 7 g: @ Pollo QF . CF D 4 h Ad a L its ronk, index, signabure ond value class_of a : signature here _Q = 9n?- Qy? +22*-2xy-By2zhOn2 —_ a- Let PY be LT, _ T Aly XS oo tt | -tQ 9 o OT a Axa ~4 3 R, <> -R,, PTO~—o ° — O30; 1 +8+-& a rm po Pete oo ae ae as = ee ~— {28 fs = T i : te he, 4 Cy ba Tyo of Fr g gp} : rae %e Ve 3 re Or ol oe & p Q oY = tt i a im On| “Es a le LY 0 3 i + iy R=8 ~~ ps2 aw p22 : aa s =} i Q = Dy? ~ Sy" +dy.*_ = indefinite i aaSd |-oth onal Tunsisintion >. ED a ; ee | Let 8. abe “given QF - = aD — S= Marre Ee Oy On On] eee faa] feasts I [21% onl i : ethene | = Find Dy | J XX Xo { v YX P= [XX Xs Lot X=PY be OT c. rc aru x = ue % [Ts | QO=XAX 3 = CPy)’ ACPY) = CY’PYA cPYD =_YcPrapyy & = PDY Thm—s PAP =D = [4,0 = _ Lory Q = y'py Q = yyy try HAE — =. Req. nical Fo PTO5-% a. Z B= CariCeradn- =O - X70,94 - Pub AsO, CA-2ADX =O “36 a® Pub ded, a 2. 22 - ~_ There ote 2 LI EV for A=49 From 4m, Dory +4 %a=0 Dee eer iO) 2 dD D- a Put sc, ='0 Put x, =! Styl =O sys oc, 21 X= [Oo] = 11] a foolt EV |qeg + LL deg arsBy olab let X= PY be OF iT Le 5 L %a} Q = XAX = CPYYACPYD = Vay = C¥% YD o wan : } (_¥. a Xs Q = dy, +4. Kz2, a8, p= S=Dp-& =2 Q is ve seri definite. ———DQ = Dor! One Hoar fF Om yy Y= XT AX ya AB A=az| =O — — o> o rf ee ot] = 9- To a 7 MN = BAT + C44344)2-6 =O eM EHA-6 =O cmIOm 7 = CA-2DX=0 fax 71s oe ot KO T 0 O-A ' D Put det in ®s rat J: = _ t t 7 1 017 K+ 9 t | xy =X XqPe Oo Ope Ys - Po “ m7 [2s l>q a4 jy OF ooo] 8-41 ~ ‘= By Theorems PAP =D —let YX =PY be = Q = WAL {ot = CPY) APY ; = YAY - 4 =O bwY¥o [1 0 6 AA z ® 2 0 Y } a to 0.3 3 Q =u? + 2y” + By = R=8, n=8, p84 s2I3 , tve definite. @)|_ Reduce Following quadratic Fort inka canonical Form by_tsing congruent seeps add hence find ki a whe © = Soy? +20, + 1" ae ~4pry ty + 6%) Xe = ® =X’AX = EX Xd} 2 od = ty D D 2 ns 7 =}+-3— + tS] Let X= PY js a linear transforination aes || * Oy Fe TT uy, | ~~] Ly mF P uy —Ls [% 5 Ys | —L _ PTO —_ tae Seen el3h] SS s Rat = tt . ak R & Gt oS u Q 29 13, R, Ws Galle andee — “ By theorem _D=PAP Vv _ a — _X=PY VT trey - [2 q t oT et Ru, + 4 [oy 7 x= /g == fy iol — * Vas ay 8 sy [a 4 \[aq_ “2 Q=ytty™ -Y2 peg =o p=2 es! =_indefinike Q)| Verify: Cayley Hamilton Theorery and compute A ond A‘-GA®+IOAT~SA°FAtI where Al 1 | jo 12 |= [eo A-AT_ =O - . LI ~ 8- 6% F104-3 =O By CHT, A> - CA" +104 -2T =O Multiplying both sides “hy A%s A* -GA* + tA? -36A° =0 A+I = | 9 v.97 [1 oO 6 - 3 1] tlo-to to of :0 +O-1] fits) = [o 2 ayo: -| 4 1 Lt oO 8] Axb ——— _(Vector “Spaced: | I w=C8,8,15)_ts_a_fineor_combination of _u &v bub > a= (6,754 ig_ nob_o linear com ination of _U gy. | t_is_hineor combination of 2 &v ToE Oe Ohad) | ——>= aA he. Ue ae [oh us Ch & y= C3,4,0 5 then prove that > [a aa a w= Kut Pv Yo = C5 eID = KCLID +E PCE 4O = A+SP =S 3 L QAFGR =8 _ OK +R 10 =I Tr 3[ rq fs] a 2 4{ |e} “| a 9 6] Cor Loy fi — *RA TOR? , REABR A’ - ; =A ~— & t 8 ial E Ts Oo 2) LEI = aS le ara , ~Ope-2 —> Peb -f ite - cA ; a Lt8R=5 —> K=0 ; i = C5819 = 201,294 1,4,0 ' _ “= Leb to, = Kut By ay i ~ 6,3, -4) =X.Ch2,D +PC3; 4,6) : ~ K+3R= 6 i ~ Dd +4B= 3 i Qae+CR= -G i /yous RoR, Ry-2R, ral pq _te] oO -9}- |P -5 i Lo - 1S. pi= S/o ee -3 ~ OXF OP 4-16 This_is contradictorys So oo, is Hot o linear ambinatisn of u & v- Rank of A =2 Rank of CA: =3 Rank of A # Rank of CA:D 7 System has no solutions - = T Q) oD Determine thether first vector is a linear “combination of other vectors: C2FID= Ty Ch2d su, C-V4=V , CLO I= 0 T=dut put Sw Ca,BID = KCLID +PC-L2.4+ SCLEIO A-B+§ #2 DA FDR +ES=F . = Bo + 4P +108 =13 TF Peto fF aan me) F cf a 4 to] [8 gy] pear rasn mam PTO __—1 ste | 0 4 4 =P - o 9 3] [8] L. ' eho gy’ = piwectataGecal os aS Ona Py [3a ; ot ff e8.] ry a = Ra-Ras (Fy 71 Fog 5 | —— 0 +t P = HE | | coo oj, se} [| | We cannot express $+ in terms: of UV Ye ®) b T=! uh v=€3,5,8 O=CL2,0 T=autPv + Su Spt Qe} = ot SPHOS = ! GR+ 8 =D ES 3 se ot 7 oO 3 r x 7” ; jeer eras ee 0 ¢ | S [2 a ft fo 3 a] F- oo 3fUdtl E = 1 Ca & 0 —_L CAPS) = C73) V3 2 tO) 22 cod +t € FZ EOLO. FESOL0.012,D “= We con express To eae of ujvu le esyours R= {xlxekt : ul = RPE RR = (cxud] ay ER AE ageat= [tees xyz eRt || = Pew t,o, > =P ER Cisha:- 0} MP —> Euclidean Space ») Basic Rules => ) Gb tCod) = Gtd bt) ! Doe IDX Ca,b) = Cra Xb) {iD Cabd - Ce,dd= Ca-c, b-d) iD Cab+C0,9 =Cab VY a,b) + C-ac = co. x Cab) € R? z i = R= folaert atO=oa Olea 3 Additive inverse, 2—> “2 = CAddition = 0) ‘Multiplicative inverse, 9 —> 1 CMultiplication =D. > Also v Shs ld be closes wf 2,345) + acs aa aa n CFor_all wa belonging we L Tenkily should _be a Se iS Vector Space —> £ Let V_be o nom emply sob thn u is called _o vector space if Following axioms are sabished : - dotv=svte Bb Cubdtw = wt Cubud tO Fu = d XCun) = Xu tay =e d4 -ue V_ such that ut(-wW=0 VY wey D Caspu =auUtPu > C&P us ACPUD closed — Ss Pto~~ Clearly, by definition, Ris o'vectbr space t+ 7 “Refolaert v= LD AXR = R= PCupfayers 12 1 fis’ of vector space ! "4 | iii) R® & R” ore vector spacks.? < | ond_sealar _toulbiplication defined by sty = 24 & amp ofesstl Q)_ Lot -V te seb of alll tye cyeal —nunbeistoith oditon | [| ST=5 Vista _vs> a under addition & scalar + mulFiplication. | D Closure Property [ | _TF xy belongs_to, sty sx [ Ris closed under @&O- |! D © lot xy eR sdy say - . LRA [ = yx = ute r D CetDtz= Cxyptz w - re | = Guz aa a: eal ell = xCyz> a | =rut2> = ioe | Sch Gurus! sg a Pak ets | Ei . Pires |. e® xt! srl es : a 1- js identity ‘clement rns mT a seteh motte rye—~|rd of Culd — _ LHS | | | Wh Cott Pu = eutPu LHs= C&P + l eID - yur 2 Xu. Bu — Kua +Bu - = RHS WD) caPu= Ex CPO LHS = @Pu pe RH-S= &- BU es Tt_is hence proved thot V is | o “veckbr space. Se! LAS} ig a vector space + z NV = Ter) er} Ch» (hy cha CLO ce ER operations Cl) + Chu = Chorty and ri D= Ch 20) D_Closure Property —> V is closed under O& © PTOTD @ tok chy CR Z = ch per Chast Ch = Chxtud — bet uw eChe) ond yeChyy& w= Ch® uiv_= Ch +CL Cl sxety> ch yt) : Chyd +CL _ viu ofula TH) Cuppsw = Cc +chyp] +cL> = Chat +¢LD = = Cl, Cxtydtz> = Cl, xtCytz> = UtCvtw {+ Vuyvw €V {= Here, 9 is 7,6) € V 3: ca uto = Ch» + C1 : ! = Ci xt = = C1 =u vos FO =CLOEV st utdo=u_ VY ueV WM 3Ci-) =-u eV. i t = C1 + C12 = Chyoeed a ont = CLO iF fp 26 a = ——ill | D_ To prove thts ws (ye Slt AQ | Oh CutD = KUtey [ns = Keun a = KE +tCLY Y= _ =o¢ CL&twy a Chetty 4S “a CU, l€sety Ch arxctay> Ch ote + Clay AChR +X Cy - KU tav { RHS- WMD CK+Pu =solut Pu LHS =@+Pu 2 2 = CaP CID = Cl, Cot PD Ch, hxctB> a Clots + C1, BS ACID + BCD hu t+ Bu RHS i doe sets a TM G@Pu = ACP) - - LHS = CA—DU - -CasP C1 CLa&RCSD) CL, a CBD % C1, Pe ALR CHOI = ttl = = ACP) ! = = ACPD + V= $C | XERT io a vector space over R ‘ dfalel’)afada “lalalada| Tene | bate Yous Seep ca 4.060 = Coded, bd = —_ X Cab) = Ca, b%> = I; | ryrrryry vy VW = SolN> bet = Cab eV Ve Ce,dd€V = Ce, eV X BER Cscalarsd+ bd, f50 | t | Dc losure_Proporty—> As © Fore close Vy = Gud | ory ER y 20 TH uty = Cab t Codd = Cato, b-dd = Cota, d-b> : = Codd $Casbd. i+ uty = vtu + = Vu ev + = | D Cutvdtw = F cob+Cc,d] + Ces) = Cate, bd + Ces | = Catcte, bdt>- = | W CatCete, bCd tS Ca, +Ccte,d-fS Ut Cvew RHS ID Here O- CONE Vv st cho gv ‘ wtO = (ob +Co,! = Cato bb Beis. » = Co,b = Ris.Sut eS =O) ~ Cab+c = Hen pt ont & 3, Nev st manne Cath + Catt = Cora, uy we r = (Dd utul = @ TD _CarPyu_= xu + Pu LHS = CaAt+PDu — b> Cot Cai ret bo, tbe x Co, b> + BGR aut Bu HS i” ofa fo ja fa fe R ee WD ChBu = &CBUd LHS = COXA 25 A= Col Co bdo = es seu XCa,bd BCa,b 2 - ~ Cha, b Cop bY “CoBa, C4") vps CAcpoa, CLD*T = si! CoA CRa, bOI - & CPCa,bya 7iT ACPO! - aja je |e fa Vis a veckar space overs RB, —_— = .9) | Check ubethe the. Poliwing _space_is— weston let ue belong to R= ts CH 4D = [v= Coy Feo Cathy Bee ooo kus Cie, uy 15) uty =vte Cec tar, yty,)) = = a age) CS Coy #3, ou t4,5 = Cor yy yt cxy> vtu t ofa fe fo 7D Gav too = (Corto b,ty yt Cay.) Cacti g tog, U, HY, HY Csphatrse, y D+ Cotta eu tus ut Cvtu> i) Co, ER® ot utO = O+W=U Wu €R* iy te = Coxy-y) ER st! UEC =O, U eR? TPT lCuty) =tut ay LHS = oCuty) AE Cx UY t+ Cys KC oy tre YitYo) ! ooo fe la A Corte Yt ) = CANA, Y, ty,- ~ y - 7 fe cary + CY — a “= Coe, WS + Cokes Us) ' oan =_ Cory toto, 54, FY,) a = LHS =RHS_--—_ From ‘ovd net 2 vb Cua, =odutPu LHS = Gap Cxpys_ | = GEDCx yd | = Chay $B ,U | RHS = Kudtbu : Ca Alt Paap cucu | == Cor YIFePr yy 9 - = Xx + BY Y $Y) = Cory FPS Dy) | = A LHS #RHS Ks this property foils, ihe Is a a veckor space 9) Ms) fog agent [ jana} q M ector ft x “addtion! & multiplication « A={om Om] , pete, bl ace [en Cn [Oar Ose, feb bf [Su Gao A,B,C EM - = at We know that, AtBEM A-BEM : m is’ closed under additinn_and_mulfplicotions ~—_| 3 = BHA oe AtcBtc) Wolfe 4 Ae ae AtO Z OHA | iW) A+ CA) SATA =O ——_—_— ee*) » CAEP = aA up! vi) ACARD = GAYB vid GEDA = AAFPA + Subspace —> Let V be a. vector sf , tis! “pon =enfiy subset of Ve CW EW os then U0 is colled. ‘cubspace of V_ if W_iksolf’ is a veckor space under sddifon & sealay muliplicotion of Ve gee = 2H a ge tt Thy => Let Vibe ais, “then _W wrt subset of V_ yep W_Is ‘al od! gubspace “of V_if, » Vay ew > ub EW WYuew — > gwew i! \ \ Check whether WO Is re Rgeaa re of R Ry where we {tah [0.€Rp 2M RECA AI] ean Zz v= Cebhi pe Ee uty = CohD +b) D+ Obs P ey = Cath», 9 is_not sone 8 Oi oan y= fas [oer oR} is ss of fe thy. also W_SR* nS eee ut Caodew = lve \ P\ VE ChODEW _vyouva | Ut = Co,OM4Cb,0,9 | 1 nm —_ i _= Gtb,o,9 ew | = © satisted = _b) du =-KCa,0-0,' | = (40,0,0) @) | @) catistied. QL Sek of vectors 1%: ---- of some order ore_sald_to 7 ‘Nnearly dependent if there ‘exists ae a oe Xp not_all zero f Ke vo Me =O ra Sah at hy Ware ai easel find relation het? etn: Set of XX, ,:-- Xq+ oF sarne orders are said As be linearly independent lif 3 sealars A, .%y > Ap all ore zero st AN Aga E Dg =O 7 Tt metas are Lt) -we ions Sal relation het? thers »| | Spon— > Veckors Vi, ,Vo,Va_are cual to span vector _ gpace Vif every vector belongs bo V cap ed ae be oe as lineot- cabination of _V, y, a + = 2V DT | Basis —> fot S = ashe : Val =, 8#O, SER _¢ = basis_if i) FvsMo, = Unt ope Lt — ibe Sig LE ahr PG“il. spans * Led Standard Basis—5_R* ; ee? Space, WwW = @ =€l OO oo Tr te ro Ss #3 =CO,95) Cc T8382 ay are LI “© Cab, = ae, Hhe, + Ce! a cl oo bed, i+ c Co on —— — = 5 f Casbjath) | a 5 ent , PT W isa abate of #R* and. hence “Find dimension of b+ t Sol? 3 1) = Gb, adhd EW Z a1 V = Ca,“ bya, th.) € W gegen &)_€R® a) uty = Cata, yt 2 4, bi aS utveswW, V “uve boku = Cah, atb> = Cota, ob, datoth> ~e€w z + Wis subs SPace i ‘Lot weW W) = (a,b, a¥b) - =Ca oe 40h sa0ab0,1) +6 00,19 - as *F.Chons,CO,,09 A) is iX= 01,0) Xe = TO,II9 ru, $4,%, = EX (all opty Cosi = 9 XI FOR, =O “Dimension_of Wis Q. Q)_W = } Ca, 94,30) o€R} Is subspace of R°2) Find dim Cus | Soh 1) U= Ca, 2a, 8a ew — v= C05 Da, , 0,5 elo / O,,0 eR wer rel tn 4) er? ® uty = Ca +0, | 2a, ap 80a, 805 [uty 6, Yuy eo : = bb hus X00, Da, ad Sa | = = Coa, Dora, SHAY EL) , a Shee eaeegeenennee YS) subspace of Ro ey 7 a = — LD tek ony, we it: a Se Coda Bot cad Sy 8 = ACh, s®) . ; Dimension fo do 4 ss PTOAX =O as: Bai Al #0 5 hen_savd aa CEE vectors Tr [Al =, then nenzoro gal CLD vectors OTF pens unique sol” —S- zero so! CLT) ad) TF ssn infinitely many sol? —> Monzera sol cio) eat et ee —*) _ Homogeneous susten _af equations —>— —— (8) Shor thot the vectors {C1 C25), 5,804 do nat form a basis of Vector space RS+ A={} 1 2 125 L584 IAL = «1 C8-15) = | C 4-25) 4203-10) i lal = 0 . This linplies tho Vi. Va V, ore finearty dependent: ~ Do nok Form basis oe vis RS: QD St 204 >, 10,9 Cody forma base oR OA] I 1 Jte the Lo] O-l-1 [Af = -2 #0 ~ Vectors are LT Sanat )a b> Let Caybic) belongs to R%= Cab, FXCHLO+PCLOD FY COND XEPIOY= Hal rand AtOPtY = b11 o[ fay. fal, Qo -! 1 P b~o Lo o ofly] [rte DY = -oatbte 2 =P+9 = b-o i) p= Vta-b - = ~Otbte sR =} 2 u- AS 4 B= a-bte 2 iD & = ate sens ‘As every vector can be expressed in terms ofeach “other'y it Forms a basis of R*: 8) Find dinenson_of space _colubion 2¢,-20, 45 +254 =O 5 Lay = der, +295 =O 5 Dy ~ 2c, D0, $4, =O ‘ : - PFO a —_Pye Ct, 2 . |v = C1,0,°3,D [y= Ca,-1-2,4> ___— | __ Given _gystes_is_honogereous | _R* — vector space —_ Ws 4V),Ve,Vep {| WER? AX=O a Ry RR tk fi =) ay _ © ot 74 of =O) = nn \ LhO-- in OnlOr Oe ae mee 2 me, N4y HxV=O There ore 2 parameters. Os vt hobt mg 3S oth 2 oe et hob yy txyt Wy =O - . a Xp > 45 © O = Bn-2s | GASH a aneBH-Os] oo! 2 = 4m = nr} 4 4 elerleines reall | 7 Def as-eb. 9 22h — | £8,410, C20,0,0F 5 »_dimCud =2 IS & 0,00} +: a S “py fas} pohek;——— =r eo. 2x2 ‘ UV EMy 5 O=$ ! » M,= fa Lo 6 - Ms To dle 1 Oo. 0 M,+M, = [atb= eo =U is a _subspace_of My. ea Oo of Lo Ot} = -- 7 — QO: a =O i _o tb — Sl 0.0 O- 0} dinCv) = 2 5 Dimension_is De ee ————— PFOTheorem — Dimension of : 4 Us Ch D5 Ue2Ch2,9, Os 2¢2,-h) SPS Y= xv, + yl, +20, utw_ie—_____ gisCut ed = dip CU} +dim CD = dim. Co 9 yy »)_ Express V) “as Ninear_cambinatien of U,V, Us thea” VeCh 25 CD = eChahd ty O29 + 202ED : sxetyto2z=t — xtdy-2 = 2 — ~xtautz = 5S 4 = f Ax =O ‘ — pot 2 L ; — 1 2 -t XS =?) — t g et [S 3 Ry=> B,=R, Ry Ro-Ry Ry > Ry-2R, ; _ = = TJ o pagp ef = oe a ae 5] ee i Pte 2 t . oT =3[-8 —~ o 0. 5 {10 5z = 10 = ze Hit y 82 = 9 z y= 32-8wr | Ss odyhoz =] " 13 | w= 1 -y- 27 - wT z= C 5 —*d _ _ — | x 6! . t — y | ={3 —I Fa [2 t —] N= x, +0, +2U, = 60, + 30, +90, ~~ @)| Express Mas be of A,B,C Me [4 3P VoaeProreee-T1 2 =, Lit is 4] c=fi Las] So > Mz xA tyBt2c [4 at Jaf Weyl fe, fi i] 74 may Ls 4| 45 4.3 =| sty tz xy +2 zq Lect Syt4z octGyt5z| setytz =4 xtytz =F octaytaz =F oct4ytSz =4 Cx =F — TT | TI (a t imal x * [ae t yr | 4 = | 7 3 Lr F { Les] : 2 q 1 eal Po 4. Babe nae —_] ees,D} 5 o # re : 4 u : : w - ac) — h we 2 r TD Rel 4 « et alr St oy ae rly] q . CPt ore ee & —-|o 16 uu! oO] a Q% | 5 —|o| a - I [TT c | 4 | ale {3 al og ~ 9) o ois , Et da || 1 : 2 < ‘ i of F PLeL 5 a 14 74 a1 tad 1214 = 9) oO~ — == ee Te ap : Dot —_ Big ; ~@I- “Show that uy, ae Oh It) ond _u uy W=C, roy omens | Spans. Ro "Le ony Oboek Ca,b,d = xu, + yl, + 24, = Cob, = Ch) + y C29 +z Ch5,8) ——|_ —artyt2 = 60 : ' mtoyte2 =b 14 hoy hv Cb] re tt Bybez ee oc oS : Ax =D z — re t—2 83} =} ]|——— t c} ; 1 ~ ' A, = ! 1 \- ! ; - \ cy R-R \ tt. tt a ! 0 1 ' 4 | tbo |! 0 O- t=) Jor 2bte} | Ze atte Le mtyhen= Ole ded a yt4z = b-ay = {-4 2 ue Qo- tht4e ee -atSb=Be PEO LT |SS vyouvs, | This_ is }tue For_all_volues— rola 43 —$__ 7 ; a “TT. 1 la | \ - bl = Coatsbisa] 1] +C8a-Fb +49] 2) >P Ee tL [13 = tig] k =o 9 De-D -kaaky | s 3B kY2 73 ded Oo GG 5 GP GG 5 YU G&-G oA $- 4 0 O 0 2: = 'k-1 Qk-4- +k-4" ak-3| i ! 2 3 Kr} 6 1-2-9) 2 2 kb - Dk-4 K-48 k-! “6 Dk-9youve on DCR D Cok-D +O C8K-D] 43 FC2K~4 Copy 2 = Ck-D Cak-97] + CK-D P-6 Cok- 4 - Ch-DC-k-45]=0 Yo PD tak - BE FB AN -18T +3 C4R- Gk - 3k 43 mL = 3k? $+ 2k 48k -BD + CED Ck 44K $4 -b-H=0 tb [__ SH k? +35K -25°0 eel k=h5 : —~] For k#! -and k#5 ond [Al #0 —_ |] ' —~ | =. Vectors are linearly independent if K#l and ——|[__k#5 ond _k € R*- thst Shaw that _ my trees A,B,C are tinea independent A=[4 0 p=] t -'] =[o 27 -2 2]? fo sf [i 4 Let UA +r, fB $A,C=0 xA tyBt 20 =o x|4 O] zy L_-'}azl[o -2_-2 2 3 Lt 2 4 4oty +0z =O Ox -yt2z =0 1s ~2x t2ytz =O - z ~Dx +3y4+42=0 AX 50'") 41 0LT. 2 I RB | =] e oO --1 = 9 -2 3 4° Of PTO LTT |MSS S| I+ Ale ele ihe |21. | led alg ao ~| belo! a alo . a} Fle +} | 4 sen [ose ees al il = ala A as “lal=lojol| do f oO} O| OO ae aol fT ree fF 1A IAO|o ‘ alia : El Taal aos B42} 4) |-|a} |) 7 \* ao i wppe 2 l]afulsl (ep |-[z}ial_ | 4 | [-[afelel al | eal - la ‘ a) Hy € Z-\Sdajo tT st} o] of 9 a tho} Ojo} |! ac q “4 -|2 li 4} ff] i i ex 2] iE : ‘. PEt titi td dd baad‘youva ds D=3_ “per, ib is linearly independent: | = C12, | C-2,1,0 aus LC-D)+ 2CD43C0) = 24240 = =0 t! UV are orthogonal or: Pe alp= (Free = 4 - VIE = e-adt+eptt+o" = ve - ® | Th uz Ca,a,,0)) = Chub, bs» This process “gives mothod -of Finding” orthongtmal + vectors: Let _y ho Let b= fut ust then orthonormal basis_of Vis {Vy ,Vo.Vat where Vy ,=U, V5. = Uy = . \- |v “Tiwi a_noh=zero _vectsr space ip R® he ‘othy~ basis -of V- eT au asi) } , = Ug ~ SUy Vj? y= Pi AB fs [S=6 aw Let wa be ecknr_spaces over F or &: ALP ots V=>\, is called’ linear transformation if, Ny T Cun) = TOD+ TCD b) TCauwd = of TCw ViuveV AerWV eg. —> let TR —>R* defined bu TCru=Crtu aS lingor ttansforction : = Leb uv €R u=Cz.u> v_= Cau.) ER ) Teun = T+ TAD etiO ates = TCx 4%, u, tu.) = T Cats, tutu, gdm > © ~ TOW+ TO) = Ter wD tTOny) | = Tex ty pod + TC ty, 3D “Tew = TCuw+Tow) W Tewd=lTO = 2 TCdGr yD =TCay,ay)= = TE = T Colryteiy, 9624) a7 AT CUS py "as Ta! a TE RES RE ic -Linear Toasfonpation- 7 Q-) T RR oe T= a. Tory = Crtdoy joctD - Lek uz Coy) ER | ye Cau eRh) on see nn D TCund = Tau dst Ce us = = = TCoyte Uitued 22-282 ut = TCxy tore toy, $2yy, x,t TCw+TCvy= TCayo + Tru.) - = Tenby, tH tT Cora tay, 24) ET Cot2y tatty, nitot® TCU) _F TOD+TCY) “5 THRE Ris pot LT =Ke T= fuey | teu Of = oT Im T = {[uev, [3 vey tet which TCD -ut Q)> Leb T: R¢—> RK? be LT defined as T Cony z bd o5 Coaytath, iy Ho-b, fy 482-05 Find basis and dim CKer D Leb weR* such that TCw=d AT UF Cxyzb) ER ob TewFO- : zl TC24y,2,D = C0,0,0> Cuybetb, wbdz-t, sefy baz-Bb) = COO, > te -ytztt =O x-2zrt =O + T= Qeuc7 set y t82-9b 2040 nee T = AX=0-, : col ET AW a Ew ETS ep ep & t ¥xtyr2tt =O ytz-24=0 2 variables are Tree dim Cker D_=2 “= To Find > Basis of Ker T Pub +=k z=k ys -2tot y = -k +2k, xe yr2-k & = k,-2k, x \k,-Dk: _y = 2k, -k. z kK Lt Bi =k Tt] ) [2 2 -1 2 \ Ee 0 = Se $CI,2,0,D, C2-LL OTs Bosio of Ker Ts aPage noe Probability & Statistics |_Continuaus Rondam Variable => said to he- continutue bande variable if it tokes infinite bub countable poof values: te | Prcbability _Dighibubien for continuaus tandam \oviohle 3 — TE probobiliky jg defined by FCSD , then — probability disthbution iss Eo eichi eeu _Contingous Prabotility —Disttikution + A random variable iso Vv cf j FCsdse = 1 OO Cx) | babiliby distbutio i PDF). | _Mothemoticol _expressiong t= ECS —, Mean j < tT ECS = [se ppdydoe = =~ Votionce 5! ‘ YarCe) =-E Cx ~ CECsS ECD? Fs ans : \" --FOo.* J vores) ae TCS—=> Standard Deviation Eo = [= Sia ~ : o® IP fx js PDE Then find kk EC D wheres FO =F kCxns) 15 | O geet As FO) is PDFs | FCDde =] Ld: n yey YY sa i ANA i"[te vide =} _ Lo = + CGS u a a a tt aie _, 5 it — = [appesddi it + : H —| = | weiG@de le FF tf — ; : tf — =f 6Corase® doc [t ‘ U {ft = ¢ (t-H= 1 a @® PCagwsb) = Sia === - = Poe oe oe om coe + _QY| Daily cdnrsumption of electric power in million kbd o_yondom voriade °X” vith PDF, E Fe = ae _ 3 #0 = oF { 3 2sd Lt Litt Find_volue_of aM i) Volue = ti Probability thot on a given doy _olecttic consumption is nore! than expected value PCx>EC=S) Since PCa is PDFs — eee PTO 0009. —f poets ly §cadde sl ——~ 9 ——____—_ @ o + je =p eee % 7 fee wen 4 — eer =P ™ a kc er > eT = or) 4 Ug) % be o — ECS) -ECO-8) = | a o + 4k =! e kk = I/g 7 ECx) = Ese Son = f 4 Lyre de _- = oe (oe oN ey Vine A. a a9) ECs) = a CO=-0-55_! : ECs) = é 1 “To find PCx> D PCx6) é ful = ye yo 5 . . = “eo wot Ce Cee leeN gq Ce 13 awe 2\\\\\\_ \ \ \ wrwreres Page We vyouva | =O = t CVG a4 eS) 14 “= OF 49 q iaay = 3c" a > Mean = jae ECX) ! Variance = 7 = ECxD- ECs Standard Deviation = T ety Continuws random Variable se ha Following S Oexel | probability dichiibulien of Cx) = fe aes ce A 4-0: If Find > Dk : ID PCI Ak) Os 4 = keV : ——,ne vyouva = . = 00: a Mean =) = ECX = fie : \ | | __ =— = 5 OB SECA + (af Cadda ; = I- |’ 3 ECx = | x® Fld does 43 seal 8B! [09 to thin? 7dr t 2 = £4 4) 7 gps N é 7 - ' ECX) = 19 e —— Cx - CELSS)* p-9 3 |___ Nov ola ii Vor ¥)| Probability —> : \ OS PCAYS! PCAD += PCAY =I PCAUBD = PCAOB) PCADBY = PCA LBS