1

Abstract

This paper analyzes Shehnaz Bashir's acclaimed novel "Scattered Souls" through

a sociopsychological lens, exploring the transition from sanity to insanity within the

context of conflict in Kashmir. The current study adapts theoretical framework of Psycho

analysis propounded by Frantz Fanon for analyzing the selected text of the novel.

Psychological features involve the intricacies of mental life. The study tries to examine

the psychological elements like Paranoid Anxiety, Phobia, Fear, Destructive Anger,

Unconscious Attraction and Collective Catharsis. Moreover , it tries to explore the

Cultural Trauma which leads to the deteriorating mental condition of characters.

Employing qualitative content analysis guided by theoretical frameworks such as social

identity theory and social stigma, the study uncovers the complex interplay between

societal conditions and mental health depicted in the narrative. Thorough examination of

textual excerpts reveals how identity fragmentation, deteriorating mental states, social

stigma, and lack of support contribute to the characters' psychological unravelling. The

analysis illuminates how literature can offer insights into the multifaceted relationship

between external conflict and individual mental well-being. Findings underscore the

significance of literary depictions that integrate the personal and the political, enhancing

understanding of how social contexts shape psychological experiences. The study

contributes to scholarly discourse on using an interdisciplinary sociopsychological

approach to examine literary portrayals of mental health.

Keywords: Socio-psychological, Insanity, Fear, Paranoid Anxiety, Destructive

Anger, Collective Catharsis, Unconscious Attraction, Identity Fragmentation, Subjective

Insecurity.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Literary examination of mental health refers to the study of how writers and

authors have depicted the intricacies of the human mind and the problems involved in

mental well-being throughout the history of literature. Multiple perspectives on mental

health like fear, anxiety, social insecurity, cultural trauma, identity crisis and alienation

are considered in this research. It includes a wide range of works that probe the human

mind, frequently shedding light on the nuances of mental illness, emotional difficulties,

and the impact of culture on an individual's state of mind. Insights into people's inner

lives, their experiences with mental illness, and their journeys to health (or, in some

cases, further decline) have been made available by this investigation. This inquiry is

present in literary works from antiquity to the present day. Literature's narrative form has

not only improved our understanding of mental health, but it has also reduced prejudice,

increased tolerance, and made us a more empathetic and educated society as a whole

(Bashir, 2019, p. 55). Literature has been crucial in illuminating the potential of story as a

communication tool.

The changing attitudes and perceptions of mental sickness held by society as a

whole are reflected in the evolution of literary examination of mental health. Prior works

often presented persons with mental illness as a frightening or intriguing mystery that

needed to be locked away in asylums or otherwise isolated from society. However, as our

understanding of mental health has grown, so too has the literary effort to humanise

people with mental health problems, showing them as complex and sympathetic people
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fighting both their own demons and the expectations of others. Many authors in today's

literature have used their works as a platform to advocate for increased public awareness

and understanding of mental health issues. These writers share stories that open up

dialogue and help us all become more understanding of individuals who struggle with

mental health issues. Therefore, the literary exploration of mental health remains a vital

tool for authors and readers in the ongoing quest to grasp, sympathise with, and treat the

complexities of the human mind (Bashir, 2019, p. 15).

Furthermore, literature's exploration of mental health is not limited to fictional

characters. Works of nonfiction, such as memoirs and autobiographies, are just as

relevant to this conversation as works of fiction. In recent years, there has been an uptick

in the number of first-person accounts dealing openly with mental health challenges

experienced by the protagonist. This demonstrates how revealing one's story may help

remove the stigma associated with mental illness and provide hope to others who may be

going through something similar

This research has increased understanding of the complexities of mental health

across historical and cultural boundaries. It has achieved this by drawing from a wide

range of literary traditions. It has allowed individuals to experience the highs and lows of

other people's lives, both fictitious and real, and to reflect and empathise with those

people as a result

The study of mental health via literary means contributes significantly to the

ongoing dialogues in clinical and academic settings. It not only humanises the

experiences of those who are living with mental health difficulties, but it also enables

readers engage in critical dialogues about the cultural, familial, and individual aspects
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that effect mental well-being. The power of literature lies in its potential to foster

empathy, increase comprehension, and dispel myths related to mental health. This is

crucial as we go further into the complexities of contemporary mental health care.

To fully gasp the intricate nature of people's mental health, one must have a firm

grasp on the dynamic interaction that exists between the two. It acknowledges that a

person's mental health is profoundly affected by the social, economic, and political

factors of his or her surrounding environment. Cultural norms, expectations, and values

in this context may either aid in the growth of mental well-being or function as pressures

that exacerbate existing mental health problems. The sociopsychological method looks at

how societal dynamics and institutions affect an individual's sense of identity, sense of

worth, and state of mind. In addition, it explores the impact of social institutions on

mental health outcomes, including the role of schools, hospitals, and the justice system

(Bashir, 2019, p. 115)

The sociopsychological perspective considers stigma in both its societal context

and the context of stigmatisation of mental health. Prejudice, negative attitudes, and

stereotyping are common experiences for those with mental health illnesses who

encounter the general public. Stigma is the term used to describe this occurrence. When

persons with mental health problems feel ashamed to seek help or speak frankly about

their struggles, they are less likely to do so. In order to devise solutions that will diminish

this stigma and establish more welcoming and supportive communities, it is crucial to

comprehend the processes responsible for the stigmatisation of mental health.

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The beneficial influence of social support on an individual's psychological well-

being demonstrates the significance of relationships, groups, and networks in the upkeep

of mental health. Positive social support networks may be protective qualities that help

people deal with adversity and maintain a healthy lifestyle. However, factors such as a

lack of social support or the presence of negative social interactions may either initiate or

aggravate mental health issues. This branch of sociopsychology looks at the many ways

in which one's social connections may boost or dampen their emotional and mental

health.

Shehnaz Bashir is an accomplished author whose works often deal with themes of

war, trauma, and human psychology. Bashir's "Scattered Souls" is a seminal book that

provides a lens through which the social and psychological aspects of mental health may

be examined. The novel explores the characters' inner turmoil as they deal with a

challenging social environment (Bashir, 2019, p. 513). Bashir's own experiences in war-

torn Kashmir inspired this book, which explores the inner agony of its protagonists.

Bashir's "Scattered Souls" is a literary achievement because it transports readers

into the lives of its people and their struggles in a nation rife with violence, displacement,

and political conflict. The novel's diverse settings allow for exploration of how societal

pressures may have a detrimental influence on an individual's mental health, pushing

them to the brink of insanity and how violation of human rights results in abnormal

behaviors and reactions (fear, anxiety, insecurity, destructive anger) in the life of

individuals of exploited groups.

Shehnaz has portrayed the condition of Muslims of occupied Kashmir through the

portrayal of different characters. There is a female character named Sakina who

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experienced sexual abuse which resulted in the birth of her illegitimate child Bilal. She

suffered from unconscious memories and feelings incompatible with the central mass of

thoughts and feelings that constitute her experience. This abuse leads her to suffer from

hallucinations and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) for last six years.

Ayesha, another character, suffered from a similar mental upheaval. She was

living a joyous life with her husband, Tariq. But he was killed by Army. After his death,

Ayesha's reaction was so strange. She became silent and did not cry at his death. She

started to behave like her husband by leaning on the railing over the grille the way Tariq

did, smoking a cigarette exactly in his style, standing in the same posture and in the same

manner as that of Tariq. She took a haircut like Tariq's.

Bilal, Sakina's illegitimate son, also suffered a lot due to his

illegitimate birth. He became a well-known stone pelter . He was not accepted by society.

This leads him to destructive anger. There are also some other characters who suffer from

the same feelings of anxiety, fear of death and insecurity. Here`s one more character, who

is introduced as the victim of violence by Indian Army; Ghulam Moihuddin, who was

tortured physically and mentally, which resulted in utter fear and subjective insecurity.

This thesis applies a sociopsychological lens to an analysis of Bashir's work in an

effort to shed light on the manner in which "Scattered Souls" depicts the relationship

between social context and psychological well-being. In particular, the thesis will focus

on how "Scattered Souls" underscores the role of social support (or lack thereof) in the

characters' psychological well-being and how societal stigmatisation affects their mental

lives. Shehnaz Bashir's book provides a compelling case study through which to examine
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the sociopsychological dimensions of mental health. The findings of this study have far-

reaching implications for our understanding of the human experience of adversity

Moreover, Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" offers an interesting narrative lens

through which to examine the complexities of mental health in the context of war-torn

societies. The novel accurately depicts the mental toll of surviving in a disturbed

environment, where threats to one's safety are constant realities of life. The emotional toll

of living in a troubled location is also powerfully shown in the novel. As his heroes

navigate a world laden with danger and pain, Bashir's storytelling style allows readers to

immerse themselves deeply into his characters' imaginations.

In "Scattered Souls," Bashir uses the people around him to shed light on how

factors like societal upheaval, political struggle, and disruptions to one's typical routine

may contribute to a deterioration in mental health. The narrative shows how a person's

mental resistance may be eroded by constant stress and tragedy from the outside world,

eventually pushing them over the edge into madness. This sociopsychological study

intends to probe the connections between personal mental health issues and larger social

and political contexts (Bashir, 2019, p. 12). To achieve this goal, I will analyse the events

that occur throughout the novel from the perspective of the characters.

In short, this research thesis's choice of "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir as its

focal point not only highlights the book's literary worth but also proves its usefulness in

addressing critical sociopsychological aspects of mental health. The fact that "Scattered

Souls" was selected as the central focus of this research thesis is evidence of the novel's

literary merit, but it also demonstrates the worth of the novel's subject matter. Bashir's

writing prompts readers to reflect on how culture and environment shape an individual's
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mental health. It's a rare chance to study how literature, sociology, and psychology all

come together to provide light on how people go from sane to madness in the face of

difficult social circumstances

In addition, Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" provides a nuanced and

sympathetic depiction of the ways in which people cope with the pressures of their

environments. It provides a glimpse into the many strategies individuals use to deal with

the difficulties they face every day. Understanding the sociopsychological aspects of

mental health, this work delves into the characters' attempts to find calm, meaning, and

connection in the midst of chaos. Keeping one's head above water in the face of adversity

can be accomplished in a variety of ways, from introspection to seeking solace in social

relationships or cultural practises, and the goal of this research is to shed light on these

various strategies

In addition, Bashir's body of work allows us to examine how cultural norms and

expectations influence the ways in which fictional characters perceive their own mental

health and whether or not they are willing to seek help. Cultural taboos and traditional

beliefs shape people's perspectives on mental health in many nations, including those

shown in "Scattered Souls," and this, in turn, affects individuals' openness to accepting

and confronting their problems. This part of the sociopsychological approach makes

apparent that many cultural variables must be considered when studying mental health

issues in the context of society.

In "Scattered Souls" was chosen as the principal topic of this sociopsychological

inquiry because it provides a rich and compelling narrative canvas on which to examine

many aspects of mental health in the setting of challenging sociopolitical situations.

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Shehnaz Bashir's book illustrates the complex relationship between social environment

and an individual's mental health, and it offers helpful insights into the transition from

sanity to madness within this broader sociocultural and psychological framework. By

analysing the struggles of the novel's protagonists and the society in which they find

themselves (Bashir, 2019, p. 23), this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding

of the complex dynamics at play when assessing mental health within complex social

environments. To do this, I will analyse the novel's characters as well as the larger social

Because of its ability to bridge the gap between the literary world and real-world

social issues, "Scattered Souls" is an excellent focal point for this sociopsychological

research. This research thesis compares the fictional narrative to real-world

sociopsychological issues, looking for parallels between the two. To achieve this goal, it

examines the characters and their surrounding environment in great depth. It emphasises

how the struggles and traumas depicted in the book are not exclusive to the realm of

fiction, but are shared by individuals living in nations and civilizations plagued by war,

instability, and tragedy. It also emphasises the similarities between the difficulties

encountered by the novel's protagonists and those experienced by people in conflict-torn

places cultures.

Insights into the complexities of resilience and susceptibility in the face of

adversity may be gained by viewing the characters in "Scattered Souls" through the lens

of the impact of external events on their mental states. The author of the work is J.M.

Coetzee, and appeared in print in 2011. As the protagonists in the novel travel throughout

the world, the reader is forced to consider how their own social and cultural backgrounds

might either strengthen or weaken their mental health.

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"Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir is a strong literary work that goes beyond

the confines of its plot and offers a platform for an in-depth sociopsychological analysis

of the transition from sanity to madness within the context of challenging socioeconomic

conditions. This research thesis seeks to do more than just shed light on the book's topics;

it also hopes to contribute to a broader knowledge of the complicated interaction between

society and individual mental health, with the ultimate goal of encouraging more

compassion, awareness, and constructive conversation about these pressing matters. This

will be achieved through analysing the novel's characters in terms of their motivations,

motivational strategies, cultural influences, and responses to social unrest.

Literary works demand a firm knowledge of History and background in order to

understand the context and motivations behind them. Since Bashir spent his formative

years in politically and socially unstable Kashmir, his life experiences heavily influence

the subject matter of his writing. He grew up in the midst of an insurgency and upheaval,

giving him a unique understanding of the challenges faced by the people of Kashmir. His

writing style, which often deals with themes of trauma, displacement, and the human

psyche in crises, was profoundly influenced by his early exposure to the terrible realities

of war. His writing style was profoundly influenced by his early exposure to the brutal

realities of battle.

He has a degree in journalism and has worked as a journalist in Kashmir, covering

the kinds of stories that end up inspiring his writing. A degree in journalism is also part of

Bashir's academic resume. With the keen observational and analytical eye that his

profession in journalism has given him, he deles deep into the sociopolitical nuances of

his city while also exploring broader themes of human suffering and endurance. Bashir's
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works, such as "Fourteen Hills" and "Scattered Souls," provide a fresh perspective on the

effects of war on humanity while straddling the line between journalism and literature.

By combining elements of both journalism and fiction, Bashir creates unique works.

His experiences as a Kashmiri journalist and writer inform Shehnaz Bashir's

writings, giving them an authentic portrayal of the difficulties faced by those living in

war zones. Shehnaz Bashir's writing, in general, is unflinching in its depiction of the

hardships endured by ordinary people in war-torn areas. He offers a unique perspective

on contemporary literature because to the mix of his personal experiences and

professional training. As a consequence, his work provides readers with a window into

the sociopolitical and psychological dynamics of regions facing upheaval.

Shenaz Bashir's biography and upbringing also provide light on the context of his

artistic efforts. Bashir's writing may be seen as a reflection of the unique sociocultural

setting from which he emerged as a native of Kashmir, a region with a long history of

political turbulence and unrest. Because Kashmir has a lengthy history of political

upheaval, this is the case. His first-hand accounts of seeing violence, relocation, and the

immense human suffering that often follows are interwoven throughout his works. He

saw these events unfold firsthand.

Bashir's experience as a journalist, which included covering the unrest in

Kashmir, gave him access to real-life stories of individuals dealing with the impacts of

violence and political instability and enabled him to develop the skills necessary to craft

such narratives. This not only gave him the ability to create engaging storylines, but also

the talent to build such narratives. His fictional characters' authenticity and emotional

depth come from his firsthand knowledge of the horrors suffered by his fellow Kashmiris,
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which he has seen firsthand. The psychological toll of life in a combat zone is a common

theme in his poetry, illuminating the complex interplay between an individual's resilience

and the pressures of the environment.

Bashir's work as a journalist and writer is more evidence of his commitment to

emphasising the human costs of war, which are often overlooked in the dominant

narrative. By publishing his writings, he intends to provide those whose lives have been

devastated by conflict a platform to share their stories. He does this in the aim of giving

humanity to their stories and giving them a global audience

Understanding the issues, motivations, and sincerity of Shehnaz Bashir's creative

works requires knowledge of his history and experience as a Kashmiri writer and

journalist. Shehnaz Bashir started his career as a writer in his home country of Kashmir,

where he was also raised. His perspective, shaped by his own life experiences and a deep

connection to his own area, offers a fascinating exploration of the human condition in the

face of suffering and uncertainty, and therefore adds to the body of writing that has

already been written.

Furthermore, Shehnaz Bashir's background and biography illustrate the

substantial impact of one's environment on one's capacity for creative expression.

Bashir's upbringing and life experiences have not only shaped the topic of his writing, but

also given it an air of urgency and authenticity. Bashir is a native of Kashmir, a region as

complex and divisive as the nation itself. His work is a testament to the strength of

writing as a means of testifying to the hardships endured and triumphs achieved by

people in combat zones.

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Bashir's nontraditional transition from journalist to fiction writer is indicative of

his dedication to exploring the inner workings of the human mind and the intricate

geopolitical dynamics that shape the lives of his fictional creations. He is able to dive

more deeply into the emotional and psychological components of the things he covers

now that he is crafting tales rather than reporting the facts. This allows his audience to

relate to the stories he tells on a deeper level.

The account of Bashir's upbringing and upbringing sheds insight on the role of

writers as chroniclers of the human experience, particularly in locations marked by

hardship. Although the setting is specific to Kashmir, his work serves as a link between

the personal and the universal by exploring common themes such as perseverance,

tragedy, and optimism. It's a reminder that even if Kashmir is the location, the themes of

perseverance, suffering, and hope are universal.

In Shehnaz Bashir's literary legacy is inextricably bound up with the tale of his

life and his time spent as a writer and journalist in Kashmir. They provide insight on the

origins of his unique storytelling style and help readers better appreciate the rich tapestry

of human experience that he vividly brings to life via the force of his words. His writing

is an homage to literature's ability to testify to, sympathise with, and provoke reflection

on the complexities of the human experience.

Shehnaz Bashir's biography sheds light on the transformative potential of

literature as a means of self- and community-exploration. Bashir's creative development

demonstrates his commitment to resolving the complexities of his personal history, his

family's past, and Kashmir's shared memory. Bashir is devoted to his cause since he hails

from a violent region. He delves deeply into his characters' inner worlds, exploring the
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nuances of human emotion and the strength of the human spirit, as well as the external

obstacles his characters

Bashir's shift from reporting the facts to creating intricate stories reflects this shift

and allows him to more effectively navigate the nuances of human psychology within the

context of war and instability. The Next Generation has a character named Bashir. His

stories are more than just reports; they invite readers into the lives of his characters, many

of whom are fighting the same battles that have defined Bashir's own.

Furthermore, Bashir's background and life demonstrate the value of literature as a

medium for fostering communication, understanding, and empathy under difficult

circumstances. His works serve as a bridge, introducing people from various walks of life

to universal ideas like perseverance in the face of adversity and the belief that better days

are ahead. By sharing the stories of individuals who have been personally affected by

war, he seeks to dismantle the barriers established by ignorance and falsehoods, so

encouraging a deeper knowledge of and compassion for the human experience in times of

suffering.

Learning about Shehnaz Bashir's life and background is essential to fully

appreciating his artistic accomplishments. His own life, shaped by the unrest in Kashmir,

is an example of how one's surroundings may have a profound effect on the kind of

artistic expression that person is capable of. Not only does he grapple with his own

history and identity in his writing, but he also encourages readers to look at the complex

relationship between individuals and larger groups when calamity strikes. He does this by

attempting to resolve these concerns on his own.

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Furthermore, Shehnaz Bashir's biography sheds light on the crucial role of

literature in overcoming personal and collective suffering via the catharsis of terrible

events. Since Bashir grew up in a nation tormented by constant bloodshed and unrest, his

own life experiences are deeply intertwined with the topics he analyses in his writing. His

accomplishment as a writer despite his traumatic upbringing exemplifies the potential of

writing as a means of catharsis and personal development.

Bashir's transition from journalist to novelist reflects his dedication to exploring

the inner lives of his characters and, by extension, the individuals who survive in

dangerous environments across the globe. Through his novels, he allows readers to

empathise with the characters' trials, fears, and goals, and to reflect on universal human

experiences.

In addition, Bashir's narrative exemplifies how literature may serve as a conduit

across cultures to promote mutual understanding and compassion. His books provide

people of all backgrounds and walks of life an understanding of what it's like to live in

locations where violence is common. This adds to the ongoing discussion regarding

compassion, social justice, and the characteristics shared by all humans regardless of

where they live.

In Shehnaz Bashir's writing and journalism experience in Kashmir are integral to

his creative work. They serve as examples of how storytelling can help people cope with

and heal from trauma on a personal and communal level while also igniting empathy and

dialogue. Through his writing, Bashir illuminates the resilience of the human spirit in the

face of adversity. In the midst of the chaos of conflict, he asks his readers to navigate the

intersection of their own experiences with those of their community.

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The novel "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir is a riveting exploration of the

human condition set against the constant conflict in Kashmir. It's a powerful piece that

sets itself apart from others in its category. The heroes of this novel, who are

distinguished by their ability to tell a compelling tale, face the daily challenges of

surviving in a region riven by political strife, violence, and social upheaval. The novel's

plot and characters are what set it apart. The language used by Bashir in "Scattered

Souls" may be best characterised as unrefined and unpolished. Because of this, he is able

to portray the depth and complexity of his characters' psyches with uncanny precision. In

the midst of continuous adversity, the narrative paints a disturbing and intimate portrayal

of individuals coping with the aftereffects of tragedy and sorrow. The book "Scattered

Souls" forces its readers to confront the devastating impact of war on the human mind

and to consider the enduring strength of the human spirit. This is achieved via extensive

exploration of the protagonists' inner life and the use of striking imagery. It's a moving

reminder that literature has the potential to testify to the human condition and provide a

voice to the voiceless.

Furthermore, "Scattered Souls" is a literary work distinguished by its ability to

intertwine the individual with the public sphere. It offers readers a textured tapestry of

stories that weave together to demonstrate the inseparable relationship between personal

history and societal context. This capacity distinguishes "Scattered Souls" from other

works of literature. Bashir's writing does a wonderful job of conveying the complexities

of his characters, who come across as unique individuals whose lives are shaped not just

by internal struggles but also by external factor

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The novel's characters' destiny are revealed against the dramatic backdrop of

Kashmir's lengthy conflict, which is the setting for the plot. Because of the novel's

detailed descriptions and vivid setting, "Scattered Souls" transports the reader to a place

in the midst of turmoil. Bashir's prose compels readers to confront the harrowing reality

of life in a combat zone. This writing makes the reader feel that they know the people and

their troubles, fears, and hopes on a fundamental level.

Additionally, "Scattered Souls" is a great illustration of how literature may be

used to probe the complexity of the human mind. It shows the characters' mental issues,

along with their reactions to tragedy and their search for order in the midst of turmoil.

The depth of the novel's story makes it a good prompt for contemplation of universal

themes like suffering, fortitude, and the pursuit of normalcy in the face of unusual

circumstances

In "Scattered Souls" is a literary masterpiece that transcends its fiction to provide

readers insight into the struggles of actual people dealing with the enormous

psychological toll that war exacts. The book's strong plot and evocative prose show how

literature may forever illuminate the human predicament. Individually and collectively,

this art inspires compassion, comprehension.

The literary piece "Scattered Souls" also stresses the need of providing a voice to

those who have been silenced or marginalized due to their existence's conditions.

Shehnaz Bashir's book is a moving testament to the strength of ordinary people caught in

the crossfire of political conflict. As a result, these people may have their stories heard

and their experiences acknowledged. Bashir not only gives humanity to the victims of the
 18

violence in Kashmir via his fictional characters, but also compels the reader to face the

harsh reality suffered by many others in similar situations across the world.

Nuanced treatment of the issue, which explores the transition from sanity to

insanity, highlights the fluid boundaries of the human mind. Readers of "Scattered Souls"

will be moved to reflection as they see the mental health of the main characters

deteriorate under the weight of external stress and societal expectations. Because of this,

it contributes to a more extensive discussion of the sociopsychological aspects of mental

health and the function of literature in tackling such complex issues.

A literary masterwork that transcends the confines of its storyline, "Scattered

Souls" is a triumph. In addition to providing a tense and moving read, it also addresses

important societal issues, helping readers develop compassion, sensitivity, and an

appreciation for the dynamic between inner strength and external pressures. The ability of

"Scattered Souls" to reveal the human spirit's unwavering endurance in the face of

incalculable obstacles has earned it a place in the canon of contemporary literature and

made it an engaging and thought-provoking addition to the literary landscape (Rosenhan,

1974). Because of this quality, "Scattered Souls" deserves a place in the history of

modern writing.

"Scattered Souls" is a powerful literary work that transcends the limits of

narration to function as a platform for empathy and societal criticism. Rather than just

being literary creations, the book's characters are portals through which readers may see

into the minds of folks facing immense anguish and turmoil. Shehnaz Bashir's ability as a

storyteller allows readers to identify with her protagonists' struggles, expanding their

understanding of the human condition in the face of conflict and mental illness.
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The gradual descent into madness is depicted with a level of unnerving specificity

and emotional resonance that makes the reader uncomfortable. It immerses the reader in

the harrowing experiences of those who live in conflict zones, highlighting the fragile

mental health that exists in such places. Bashir's in-depth investigation of the characters'

psychological decline stimulates thought about the wider sociopsychological factors that

contribute to mental health disorders, leading to a more complete understanding of this

nuanced subject.

At its core, "Scattered Souls" isn't just a work of fiction; it's also a reflection of

the human experience in the face of adversity. Readers are asked to see the hardship,

resiliency, and psychological challenges of the book's protagonists, providing an

opportunity to reflect on the timeless themes of human sorrow, tenacity, and the

indestructible spirit that persists despite adversity. This book adds nuance and complexity

to the discussion of war, suffering, and the human mind (Tingleff & Gildberg, 2014). The

intricate storyline of the work is responsible for this effect.

While delving deeply into the characters' inward struggles, "Scattered Souls" also

serves as a mirror, reflecting the greater societal context of the ongoing battle in Kashmir.

This is a crucial part of what has to be done. Shehnaz Bashir's story takes the reader

beyond than the bounds of conventional fiction, into the complex world of war-torn

regions. Through the eyes of the author's protagonists, readers are thrust into the brutal

realities of life in a conflict zone, where they are forced to grapple with the moral,

emotional, and psychological dilemmas faced by those caught in the crossfire.

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The gradual descent into madness that the book portrays is a very expressive and

sympathetic examination of the human psyche under extreme stress. The author deftly

steers through the characters' psychological difficulties, allowing the reader to see the

characters' mental health deteriorate over time. Because of this, "Scattered Souls"

contributes to our understanding of the sociopsychological aspects of mental health in

conflict situations by shedding light on the enormous effect that trauma and societal

pressures have on the human mind (Rosenhan, 1974). In conclusion, "Scattered Souls" is

more than just a piece of fiction; it is a major literary masterpiece. The work's relevance

extends well beyond the realm of fiction. In times of turmoil, it serves as a channel for

compassion, a window into the human experience, and an impetus for deep thought about

societal issues at large. The novel's compelling storytelling and in-depth exploration of

the human capacity for both resilience and vulnerability make it a lasting and thought-

provoking addition to contemporary literature, contributing to the expansion of the

literary landscape as well as tackling important topics like war, trauma, and mental

health.

In addition, "Scattered Souls" demonstrates how literature may bear silent

testimony to the heroic experiences of war's unsung heroes. In a significant way,

literature may contribute here. Shehnaz Bashir's book helps individuals who have been

oppressed, dispossessed, or psychologically damaged find a platform from which to

speak their truth. Characters' struggles serve as a metaphor for the strength and

vulnerability of the human spirit in the face of great misfortune. The story's protagonists

hold the experiences of millions of people in conflict zones throughout the globe
 21

The novel's exploration of the transition from sanity to insanity is a striking

depiction of the human mind under extreme stress. Bashir's intricate storyline gives

readers insight into the tangled web of trauma, grief, and societal constraints that affect

mental health in war zones, and the many ways in which people find to deal with them.

The effects of these factors on mental health are made clearer to the reader. Authors

Tingleff and Gildberg (2014) claim that their book "Scattered Souls" compels readers to

confront the disturbing realities of mental health in such contexts and encourages

discussion about the critical need for mental health treatment and awareness in conflict

zones.

In sum, "Scattered Souls" is a literary masterwork that goes well beyond the

conventions of fiction. As so, it serves as a conduit for the expression of compassion, a

medium for the dissemination of social criticism, and a stimulant for deep reflection on

the human predicament. Our understanding of the connection between war, trauma, and

mental health is enhanced by the book's compelling story and in-depth examination of

both individual and societal issues. At the same time, it gives those whose voices are

often drowned out by the chaos around them a louder platform from which to speak. In

doing so, it cements its status as a classic and an important contribution to the body of

contemporary literature. The literary work "Scattered Souls" imparts timeless wisdom

about the power of narrative. Shehnaz Bashir's writing depicts the lives of her characters

with unvarnished honesty and emotional depth, inviting the reader to connect with them

on a visceral level with the human experience. The varied experiences of the book's

protagonists serve to illuminate the book's overarching themes of suffering, optimism,

 22

and tenacity. It will strike a chord with everybody who has ever dealt with adversity, not

only those who are familiar with the Kashmir conflict.

The novel's exploration of the transition from sanity to insanity is a sobering

reminder of the fragility of the human mind and the impact that one's surroundings may

have on one's state of mind. The book challenges its readers to delve into the

sociopsychological aspects of mental health and the impact of environmental factors on

the experience-forming process. By shedding light on the unique challenges faced by

those residing in war zones and drawing attention to the need for empathy and assistance

for individuals coping with mental health concerns, the documentary "Scattered Souls"

makes a significant contribution to the ongoing conversation about mental health.

At its heart, "Scattered Souls" is a testament to the timeless power of literature to

bridge divides, provoke contemplation, and arouse compassion. Beyond its fictional

narrative, the book is a reflection of the resilience of the human spirit. This is achieved

via the novel's compelling narrative and exploration of the human mind. As an enduring

and thought-provoking addition to modern writing, it challenges its readers to consider

the resilience of the human spirit and the ability to discover meaning in the face of

adversity.

Scattered Souls," authored by Shehnaz Bashir, stands as a compelling literary

work that delves deep into the human condition within the tumultuous backdrop of

Kashmir's ongoing conflict. This novel, characterized by its poignant storytelling and

powerful narrative, follows the lives of its characters as they navigate the profound

challenges of living in a region marked by political strife, violence, and social upheaval.

Bashir's prose in "Scattered Souls" is marked by a raw and unfiltered quality, capturing
 23

the raw emotions and psychological complexities of his characters with remarkable

precision. The novel offers a haunting and intimate portrayal of individuals grappling

with trauma, loss, and the erosion of their sanity in the face of relentless adversity.

Through vivid imagery and a deep exploration of the inner lives of its characters,

"Scattered Souls" invites readers to confront the profound impact of conflict on the

human psyche and to reflect on the enduring resilience of the human spirit. It serves as a

poignant reminder of the power of literature to bear witness to the human experience,

providing a platform for voices often unheard and stories often overlooked in the larger

narrative of conflict and survival.

In addition, "Scattered Souls" stands out as a literary work because of the skillful

way in which Bashir captures the complexities of his characters, presenting them as

multifaceted individuals whose lives are shaped not only by their internal struggl but also

by the larger socio-political landscape.

Kashmir, region known for its protracted conflict, provides a powerful backdrop

against which the novel's characters' journeys unfold, and Bashir's writing encourages

readers to confront the harsh realities faced by those living in conflict zones, evoking a

visceral understanding of the challenges, fears, and anguish they experience.

Furthermore, "Scattered Souls" exemplifies the power of literature to investigate

the complexities of the human psyche. The novel's narrative depth invites readers to

reflect on universal themes of suffering, resilience, and the pursuit of normalcy in the

face of abnormal circumstances.

The novel highlights the enduring capacity of literature to illuminate the human

condition, encouraging empathy, understanding, and introspection on both the individual

 24

and societal level through its powerful storytelling and evocative prose. In conclusion,

"Scattered Souls" is a literary work that transcends its fictionality, providing readers with

a window into the lived experiences of individuals coping with conflict and the profound

psychological toll it exacts.

Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" is an inspirational testament to the fortitude of

everyday people caught in the crossfire of political conflict, giving them a voice and a

chance to have their stories heard and their experiences acknowledged.

As the reader experiences the mental breakdown of the characters alongside them,

"Scattered Souls" adds to the discussion of the sociopsychological facets of mental health

by highlighting the fragility of mental health and the impact of external trauma and

societal pressures.

Ultimately, "Scattered Souls" is a remarkable literary work that transcends the

confines of its narrative to foster empathy, awareness, and a deeper understanding of the

interplay between individual resilience and external adversity.

"Scattered Souls" is a powerful literary work that transcends the boundaries of

storytelling to become a vessel for empathy and social commentary, thanks to Shehnaz

Bashir's mastery of the art of narrative and her ability to make the reader feel the

characters' pain.

Bashir's nuanced exploration of the characters' psychological deterioration

prompts contemplation on the broader sociopsychological factors that contribute to

mental health challenges, thereby contributing to the field of literature by raising

awareness of the plight of those whose mental health is compromised by living in conflict

zones.
 25

In essence, "Scattered Souls" is more than just a work of fiction; it is a mirror held

up to the human condition in the face of adversity. It invites readers to bear witness to the

suffering, resilience, and psychological struggles of its characters, providing an

opportunity to reflect on the universal themes of human suffering, resilience, and the

indomitable spirit that persists even in the face of adversity.

Shehnaz Bashir's storytelling goes beyond the boundaries of fiction, giving

readers an opportunity to engage with and contemplate the complexities of conflict-

ridden regions. "Scattered Souls" is a literary work that examines the struggles of its

characters and also serves as a mirror reflecting the broader sociopolitical context of

Kashmir's ongoing conflict.

Deftly navigating the characters' internal struggles, "Scattered Souls" allows

readers to witness the gradual erosion of mental well-being, providing insight into the

profound impact of melancholy on mental health in conflict settings.

As a result of its compelling storytelling and in-depth exploration of the human

condition in times of turmoil, "Scattered Souls" emerges as a literary work of profound

significance that transcends its role as mere fiction.

As a literary work, "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir exemplifies the power of

literature to bear witness to the untold stories of those who have endured the ravages of

conflict. The novel's characters serve as vessels for the collective experiences of

countless individuals in conflict zones worldwide, and their struggles become universal.

Bashir's nuanced storytelling provides insight into the complexities of mental

health in conflict-ridden environments, where trauma, grief, and societal pressures

 26

intersect with individual coping mechanisms, and "Scattered Souls" encourages readers to

confront these realities.

Finally, "Scattered Souls" is a literary masterpiece that goes beyond its function as

a work of fiction by acting as a conduit for empathy, a vehicle for social commentary, and

a catalyst for meaningful reflection on the human condition through its compelling

narrative and profound exploration of individual and collective struggles.

Through its characters' individual journeys, Shehnaz Bashir's novel underscores

the universal themes of suffering, hope, and resilience, and it will resonate not only with

those who are familiar with the Kashmir conflict but with a much broader audience as a

result of its raw authenticity and emotional depth in depicting the lives of its characters.

The novel's examination of the deterioration of sanity into insanity serves as a

sobering reminder of the fragility of the human mind and the outsized influence of

environmental factors on mental health. It also prompts readers to reflect on the

sociopsychological dimensions of mental health and the influence of cultural and

historical contexts on personal experience.

"Scattered Souls" is more than just a literary work; it is a testament to the

enduring power of literature to bridge gaps, provoke thought, and inspire empathy. This is

because of the novel's compelling storytelling and exploration of the human psyche,

which allow it to become a mirror reflecting the resilience of the human spirit in the face

of adversity

The story in "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir is set in Kashmir, but its themes

are universal, making it a work with worldwide significance. The novel's characters help

readers relate to the emotional and psychological facets of their own experiences.
 27

A deeply moving examination of the human condition in extraordinary

circumstances, "Scattered Souls" challenges readers to confront the harsh realities faced

by those living in conflict-affected regions and to reflect on the immense toll that

violence, displacement, and loss can have on the human psyche.

In conclusion, "Scattered Souls" is a literary masterpiece that transcends its status

as a work of fiction by emerging as a testament to the power of storytelling to illuminate

the shared human experiences of resilience, suffering, and hope. It does so through its

profound narrative and exploration of the human psyche in times of crisis.

The novel "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir is a literary work that exemplifies

the transformative power of storytelling because it not only captures the reader's

imagination but also forces them to become active participants in the narratives of the

characters.

By creating a realistic portrait of the characters' psychological struggles,

"Scattered Souls" draws attention to the importance of mental health awareness and

support, especially in regions that are plagued by conflict and unrest.

The novel's compelling narrative and exploration of the human psyche not only

encourages readers to connect with the characters but also to engage with the larger

themes of conflict, resilience, and the fragility of life. "Scattered Souls" is a lasting

testament to the profound impact that literature has on society, demonstrating the power

of storytelling to unite people, foster empathy, and spark meaningful dialogue about

critical societal issues.

 28

The novel "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir exemplifies the idea that literature

can be a catalyst for social change and a medium for raising awareness about issues that

demand attention. The novel serves as a mirror, reflecting the harsh realities faced by

individuals living in conflict zones, prompting readers to acknowledge the human cost of

such conflicts.

By humanising the characters and their psychological struggles, "Scattered Souls"

encourages empathy, and empathy has the potential to drive social change. The novel's

exploration of the transition from sanity to insanity is more than just an artistic portrayal;

it is a call to action.

In "Scattered Souls" is an important literary work that transcends fiction to

become a conduit for empathy, a platform for social commentary, and a catalyst for

dialogue about pressing societal concerns.

Beyond the realm of fiction, Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" becomes a moral

compass, encouraging readers to reflect on their place in the greater tapestry of human

experiences.

Beyond artistic portrayal, the novel's exploration of the descent into madness

serves as a poignant reminder of the urgent need for greater attention to mental health in

conflict zones. "Scattered Souls" forces readers to acknowledge the significance of

mental health awareness, destigmatization, and support in societies torn apart by violence

and upheaval by its vivid depiction of the characters' psychological struggles.

The novel's compelling narrative and exploration of the resilience of the human

spirit encourage readers to engage with important societal issues and become advocates
 29

for compassion, awareness, and positive change, making "Scattered Souls" more than just

a piece of written work in a world marked by division and conflict.

Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" serves as a catalyst for positive social change

by inspiring its readers to go beyond passive consumption and actively engage with the

world it portrays, thereby fostering a sense of moral responsibility to contribute to the

positive transformation of society.

The novel's exploration of the liminal space between sanity and insanity is not

some abstract artistic exercise, but rather a reflection of the struggles faced by countless

individuals in conflict zones. Through its nuanced and affecting depiction of the

characters' inner turmoil, "Scattered Souls" calls for greater attention to and

understanding of mental health issues on a personal and societal level.

In sum, "Scattered Souls" emerges as a literary work that not only enriches the

world of fiction but also elevates the discourse on critical societal issues such as conflict,

trauma, and mental health.

In this way, "Scattered Souls" goes beyond the realm of fiction to become a call to

action, prompting readers to reflect on their own responsibilities in responding to the

thorny issues of war, trauma, and the mind.

"Scattered Souls" portrays the characters' psychological struggles with

authenticity and depth, compelling readers to advocate for greater mental health

awareness, support, and destigmatization on a local and global scale. The novel's

exploration of the transition from sanity to insanity is not limited to the realm of fiction;

rather, it deeply resonates with the lived experiences of individuals in conflict zones all

over the world.

 30

The novel "Scattered Souls" exemplifies the power of literature as a catalyst for

social change and motivates individuals to act by compelling them to actively engage

with the societal issues it presents, fostering empathy, understanding, and a commitment

to making a positive difference in the world.

The Social Identity Theory, developed by social psychologists Tajfel and Turner

in the 1970s, posits that people classify themselves and others into various social groups,

such as nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, or even shared experiences like mental

health conditions, and that these group memberships are closely tied to an individual's

self-concept and self-esteem.

In the context of mental health, Social Identity Theory can be applied to

understand how one's identity as someone with a mental health condition affects their

well-being. For example, individuals with conditions like depression or schizophrenia

may develop a specific social identity associated with their diagnosis. This identity can

shape their self-esteem, self-concept, and how they perceive themselves in relation to

others. It can lead to stigma and discrimination if society negatively stereotypes or

marginalizes those with mental health conditions. Conversely, when individuals find

supportive communities or organizations that share their mental health identity, it can

foster a positive sense of belonging and social support, which is crucial for mental well-

being. Therefore, Social Identity Theory helps us recognize the complex interplay

between social group memberships and mental health, highlighting the importance of

addressing stigma, promoting social inclusion, and fostering supportive communities for

individuals with mental health conditions.

 31

To better understand the mental processes that may be at play when navigating the

societal perceptions and stereotypes associated with a stigmatized mental health

condition, the Social Identity Theory provides insight into how people tend tofavor and

identify with groups that they perceive as positively distinct from others.

Some people, like those who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder or

anxiety, may struggle with the stigma that is attached to their diagnosis, leading to an

internalization of negative stereotypes and a decline in their well-being and sense of self-

worth. This is where peer support groups, online communities, and advocacy

organizations come in.

Positive mental health outcomes can result when people who have been reluctant

to talk about their mental health condition due to stigma are given the opportunity to do

so with the help of advocates and allies who encourage them to do so. This is because

they are able to use their identity as a source of strength and gain a sense of belonging

and empowerment.

In its most basic form, Social Identity Theory provides a helpful framework for

understanding the complex link that exists between participation in various social groups

and one's mental health. We may strive to promote acceptance, inclusion, and supportive

settings that create good social identities and, as a result, greater mental well-being for

those with mental health disorders if we recognize the influence that society attitudes and

stigma have on those individuals who suffer from mental health conditions. The Social

Identity Theory emphasizes the significant impact that social categorization and

comparison play in an individual's mental health experiences. It places an emphasis on

the fact that individuals have a tendency to judge themselves and their level of self-worth
 32

in relation to the groups that they connect with. In the context of mental health, this

theory contributes to a better understanding of how people evaluate themselves in relation

to both the general population and particular groups that are relevant to mental health.

A person suffering from depression, for instance, may compare themselves to

society standards of emotional well-being and discover that they fall short, which may

increase feelings of inadequacy. Another example would be a person who compares

themselves to ideals of physical beauty. Alternately, they may feel understood and

validated by identifying with a community of others who share their mental health

condition and who have a similar experience as they do. These comparisons may have a

substantial influence on a person's sense of self-worth as well as their emotional well-

being.

The effect of group dynamics on an individual's mental health is another point

that is brought up by social identity theory. People have the potential to engage in either

in-group favoritism, in which they hold the belief that their own mental health

identification is superior to that of others, or out-group derogation, in which they

stigmatize those who do not belong to the identity group to which they belong. These

dynamics have the potential to affect not only how people view themselves, but also how

they interact with others, both inside and outside of their mental health identity, and how

much help they provide to others.

In conclusion, Social Identity Theory offers some very helpful insights into the

complex link that exists between participation in various social groups and one's mental

health. It highlights how important it is to cultivate communities that are accepting,

 33

caring, and sensitive towards those who are living with mental health disorders. It is

possible for us to work towards eliminating stigma, fostering positive comparisons and

self-perceptions, and improving the well-being of persons who are coping with mental

health issues if we have a knowledge of the role that social identity processes play.

The Social Identity Theory provides a frame of reference through which we may

examine the wider social influences on individuals' mental health. This theory serves to

provide light on the ways in which cultural standards and attitudes regarding mental

health may have an effect on the identity and sense of self-worth of persons who are

coping with mental health disorders. For instance, in countries where there is a stigma

attached to mental health, people may internalize negative preconceptions, which may

lead to reduced self-esteem as well as a reluctance to seek care or reveal their illness. This

can have a severe impact on society as a whole. On the other side, individuals may build

a more positive mental health identity and be more willing to get help and treatment in

communities that are more welcoming and empathic towards people with mental health

issues. Additionally, the theory highlights the possibility for social interventions to have a

beneficial impact on the outcomes of mental health. We can build circumstances in which

those struggling with mental health disorders feel respected and understood by cultivating

communities that are inclusive and questioning attitudes that contribute to stigmatization.

Peer support groups, public awareness campaigns, and educational programmed may all

make a beneficial contribution to the formation of healthy mental health identities and to

the reduction of the negative effect that social stigma has.

 34

The concept of intersectionality is given a lot of weight in Social Identity Theory,

which focuses on mental health. Multiple aspects of a person's social identity (such as

their gender, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, for example) may overlap and interact with

one another to shape how they perceive their mental health. It is crucial to acknowledge

these intersections in order to have an understanding of the distinctive obstacles and

opportunities that people from a variety of backgrounds and identities experience in

connection to their mental health. The Social Identity Theory offers an all-encompassing

framework for understanding the ways in which social identities and societal views are

connected to one's mental health. It shows how important it is to create communities that

are welcoming and supportive of one another as well as to challenge stigma in order to

build healthy mental health identities. By putting this theory into practice, we may strive

towards creating a culture that is more accepting and empathic, one that encourages

people to accept and learn from their mental health experiences while simultaneously

pursuing wellness and resiliency. The Social Identity Theory may be used to mental

health by illuminating the dynamics of identity transitions and adaptation in response to

mental health difficulties. This broadens the scope of the theory's potential uses. The idea

acknowledges the possibility that people's social identities might change over the course

of their lifetimes, as a result of the interactions and experiences they have throughout

their lives. When discussing how individuals deal with and adjust to illnesses related to

their mental health, this facet is especially pertinent to explore.

For example, a person who has been diagnosed with a mental health issue may at

first be reluctant to identify with a specific group owing to the stigma that they perceive
 35

others to hold against them or the stigma that they themselves hold against themselves.

They may, however, eventually establish a mental health identity that encourages a

feeling of belonging and mutual support when they interact with others who have similar

experiences. This might happen if they are given the opportunity to do so. This alteration

in identity has the potential to contribute to improvements in both one's self-esteem and

their mental health. The importance of social support networks to a person's mental health

is another aspect that is highlighted by social identity theory. People who are members of

communities that provide them with compassion and empathy in relation to their mental

health condition often experience enhanced levels of social support. This assistance has

the potential to minimize the harmful effects that stigma and isolation have on mental

health and contribute to better mental health outcomes. In addition, the idea emphasizes

the significance of social comparison in the process of molding an individual's

perspectives on their mental health. Participating in activities with others whose mental

health issues are comparable to one's own may result in more positive self-evaluations

and a less sensation of loneliness. In contrast, making unfavorable comparisons between

oneself and people who do not have mental health disorders may intensify feelings of

inadequacy and have a detrimental impact on one's mental well-being.

A thorough framework for understanding the complicated dynamics of identity

and mental health is provided by Social Identity Theory. We may have a better

understanding of the intricate relationship between social categorization and mental

health if we first acknowledge the ways in which social identities can change, adapt, and

have an effect on an individual's perspective of themselves. This comprehension may

help to guide efforts to minimize stigma, foster supportive communities, and boost the
 36

emotional well-being of those who are coping with mental health disorders. There are

many facets and depths to the function that literature plays in our knowledge of mental

health. Literature acts as a mirror, reflecting the rich intricacies of the human brain. This

enables readers to immerse themselves in the thoughts and feelings of characters who are

battling mental health issues. It provides a platform for the DE stigmatization of DE as

well as the fostering of empathy and compassion via the use of emotionally gripping

storytelling. Literature not only informs readers but also helps to develop a feeling of

common humanity by presenting accurate descriptions of mental health illnesses and the

lives of individuals who are impacted by these diseases. It makes vital talks about mental

health awareness, the need of getting treatment, and the requirement for supportive

communities easier to have. In addition, writing may be a therapeutic avenue for writers

to process their own mental health journeys, while readers find consolation and validation

in the tales of characters who represent their own challenges. This is true for both parties

involved. In the end, literature plays an essential part in illuminating the complexity of

mental health and making a contribution to increased knowledge, acceptance, and

advocacy within society.

1.1 Research Questions

1-How does physical and sexual violence and atrocities result in mental sickness

of different characters?

2-How does the character of Bilal represent the destructive elements consequent

of the violation of human rights?

3- To what extent the writer has been successful in the depiction of the

psychological intricacies and resulting social and behavioral problems of the characters?
 37

1.2 Research Objectives

 The purpose of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the socio-

psychological elements that contributed to the decline in the mental health of the

characters in "Scattered Souls."

 To investigate the many methods of storytelling that Shehnaz Bashir

utilized in order to portray the slow deterioration into insanity.

 To investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic conflicts of different characters in

the novel.

 To analyze the factors responsible for the present sufferings of the

characters of the selected text.

 To investigate the psychological approach, anticipating Fanon`s

psychological perspective in the craft of the novel.

1.3 Significance of Study

The first significance of the study lies in its contribution to the scarce research

work on Pakistani English writings. Secondly, the research attempts to

highlight the characteristics of Shehnaz Bashir’s works to pave the way for

further research and to attract the readership. Moreover, the current research is

an effort to critically analyse the selected text with reference to

psychoanalytical insights presented by Fanon. This research will help us to

understand the psychology of the characters and their intrinsic and extrinsic

conflicts. It will also help to analyse how intrinsic and extrinsic conflicts are

surmounting in the lives of characters.

1.4 Rationale of Study

 38

 "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir provides a unique lens through

which to examine the intersection of socio-psychological factors and mental health

deterioration. This study is crucial for understanding how literature can shed light on

complex issues such as sanity and insanity in the face of societal challenges.

Methodological Framework

This research is purely qualitative in nature. So, it doesn`t involve any kind of

numeric data in it. The socio psychological theory of Kurt Lewin is adapted

according to the Psychoanalytical insights presented by Frantz Fanon. These

insights serve as a theoretical framework of this study. According to this

theory, the social variables and factors are significant determinants in shaping

an individual`s personality rather than the biological instincts .It tries to unveil

the relation between social and psychological aspects and their impact on the

social and mental lives of characters. This theory asserts that individual and

society are interlinked and social factors are responsible for damaging an

individual’s mental health.

1.6 Limitations of Study

 The current study has many possible limitations.The whole of this

research is predicated on an examination of only one piece of fiction—"Scattered

Souls"—and the individuals inside it. It's possible that it doesn't reflect the whole range

of socio-psychological aspects that may have an impact on people's mental health in real-

world settings.

 The selected text of novel is analyzed only through psychological lens.

 39

 The work lends itself to a subjective reading that welcomes a variety of

points of view and interpretations of the character's experiences.

1.7 Organization of Study

 The present study consists of five chapters.

 Chapter 1: Introduction- First chapter deals with the introduction of the novel,

methodological framework and biography of the writer. The objectives and significance of study

as well as research questions are described in this chapter.

 Chapter 2: Literature Review – This chapter deals with a review of

relevant literature on the portrayal of mental health in literature and the impact of socio-

psychological factors.It deals with the review of previous studies already done regarding

this topic.

 Chapter 3: Methodology –This chapter deals with the detailed explanation

of the research methodology and framework, including data collection. This chapter is all

about the theoretical insight that is applied on this text for the sake of exploring it from a

socio-psychological perspective.

 Chapter 4: Analysis –This chapter provides a complete examination of

selected characters in "Scattered Souls" and their journeys from sanity to insanity, with a

focus on socio-psychological factors. Textual excerpts have been analyzed by keeping in

view the psychoanalytical lens provided by Frantz Fanon.

 Chapter 5 : The last chapter deals with the conclusion of current study.It

provides the findings of the current research. It also includes some recommendations for

future scholars.
 40

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter deals with the review of already existing literature in the concerned domain. This

chapter provides a thorough review of the literature that is existing already to help

contextualizing the study in the on-going research in the domain of socio-psychological insights.

2.1 Historical Perspectives on Madness:

When one investigates diverse historical viewpoints on insanity, it is as if one is

seeing through a glass into the ever-evolving knowledge of mental health that has existed

throughout different ages. Ancient beliefs in civilizations such as Greece and Egypt saw

insanity as the product of spiritual or supernatural powers, and these ideas were strongly

intertwined with mythology and mysticism. We find ourselves in the Middle Ages as our

trip through time continues. During this period, mental illness was commonly related to

ideas of demonic possession, which led to stigmatization as well as harsh therapies. On

the other hand, the Age of Enlightenment was a turning point in history, bringing new

approaches to mental health that were more scientific and empathetic. This

transformation represented a major change in society's views towards mental disease and

created the framework for contemporary psychiatry. Understanding this historical context

is essential because it not only offers insight into the ever-changing perceptions of

insanity, but it also highlights the role that literature has played in both reflecting and

shaping these shifting perspectives, providing a profound backdrop against which to

investigate the sociopsychological aspects of insanity (Tingleff & Gildberg, 2014).

These historical viewpoints on insanity give an essential context for

comprehending the intricacies of mental health and the ways in which society has

struggled to come to terms with this problem throughout the course of time. They are a
 41

reflection of the cultural attitudes and deeply established ideas that have contributed to

the formation of our knowledge of mental illness. For instance, the spiritual and

supernatural explanations that ancient cultures offered for insanity reflect a lack of

medical expertise as well as a predisposition to assign mental health issues to magical

powers. In contrast, the link of mental illness with demonic possession throughout the

Middle Ages is an example of the societal stigma and terror that often-enveloped persons

who were having mental health issues during that time period.

The transition towards more scientific and compassionate approaches to mental

health that occurred during the Enlightenment period was a substantial break from past

ideas. This change highlighted the significance of reason and compassion in the process

of treating mental disease. This shift not only set the way for breakthroughs in psychiatry

but also mirrored a changing society attitude towards mental health, one that was more

bent towards understanding and support rather than condemnation. In other words, this

shift made it more acceptable for people to seek help for mental health issues.

It is important to note that literature has acted as a mirror to these shifting

mentalities across time. Characters that struggle with mental health disorders have been

portrayed by authors throughout history. These depictions provide insight into how

society has seen and reacted to challenges of this kind at various points in history. It is

essential for contextualising the sociopsychological components of mental health as

examined in the literature (Rosenhan, 1974) that we examine these historical viewpoints.

This allows us to acquire a greater awareness for the evolving society attitudes about

insanity and mental health.

 42

These historical viewpoints on insanity offer a necessary foundation for

appreciating the development of attitudes towards mental health. It is obvious that early

civilizations struggled with comprehending and explaining mental health difficulties in

terms of spiritual and mystical concepts. Ancient Greece and Egypt are two examples of

places where insanity was often linked to supernatural powers. This link of mental illness

with demonic possession throughout the Middle Ages is a reflection of an era that was

characterised by fear, superstition, and a lack of medical understanding. As a result,

people who were affected were subjected to harsh treatments and social seclusion.

The important turning point in the history of mental health occurred during the

Enlightenment period when there was a focus placed on reason, science, and compassion.

It heralded a change towards more humanistic ways to understanding and treating mental

disease, which paved the way for contemporary psychiatric practises and provided the

foundation for their development. This shift not only altered the manner in which society

regarded mental health, but it also helped to contribute to the reduction of the stigma that

was associated with it.

These transitions have been chronicled by literature, which, in its position as a

mirror of cultural values, has played a role in either questioning or supporting prevalent

notions about insanity and mental health. We acquire a better understanding of the larger

sociopsychological environment in which these works were created by doing an analysis

 43

of the depiction of mental health in literature that spans these many time periods across

history. This comprehension is essential for appreciating how literature continues to

create and be changed by society views regarding mental health. It also provides a vibrant

setting for the investigation of the experiences of characters in works such as "Scattered

Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir.

These historical viewpoints on insanity provide light on the history of

humankind's knowledge of mental health and highlight the enormous influence that

cultural, social, and scientific advancements have had on the discourse around this topic.

Ancient cultures like Greece and Egypt, which were steeped in mysticism and spirituality,

made early attempts to come to grips with the mystery that was mental illness, and their

beliefs and practises reflect those early efforts. The Middle Ages, which were

distinguished by attributions of demonic possession and the stigma connected with them,

serve to underscore the profoundly ingrained anxieties and beliefs that pertained to

mental health throughout that time period.

An attitude that is more logical and sympathetic towards mental health is heralded

in with the arrival of the Enlightenment age, which emerges as a crucial turning point. A

break from the superstitious and punishing practises of earlier ages, this turn towards

compassionate treatment and scientific investigation prepared the ground for the

development of contemporary psychiatry and marked the beginning of a new era in the

field

Notably, literature has been a dynamic and reflective medium that has been used

to communicate and criticise the shifting viewpoints on insanity and mental health that
 44

have emerged through time. Authors have utilised their work to question society

conventions, dispel falsehoods, and humanise persons who struggle with mental health

disorders. We get a better understanding of the cultural views that have affected the

discourse on mental health by looking at literary representations from all of these

different historical eras and comparing them side by side. In works such as "Scattered

Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir, this understanding provides a critical backdrop for the analysis

of characters' experiences and the sociopsychological dimensions of mental health. It also

highlights the complex relationship that exists between literature, history, and the ever-

evolving understanding of mental health.

These historical viewpoints on insanity are not relics of the past; rather, they are

essential to grasping the intricacies of mental health in today's culture. Ancient

interpretations of insanity through the lenses of spirituality and the supernatural shed light

on the significant relationship between mental health and spirituality. This is a concept

that continues to have an impact on contemporary conversations about well-being and

coping mechanisms. The belief that mental illness was caused by possession by demons

throughout the Middle Ages gives light on the persistent stigma that is connected with

mental health issues as well as the implications of such stigmatisation.

When it comes to dealing with issues of mental health, the focus placed on reason

and compassion throughout the Enlightenment period marks a move towards techniques

that are more compassionate and scientific. This change created the groundwork for

current psychiatric practises, which emphasise the value of understanding, empathy, and
 45

evidence-based treatments in mental health care. current psychiatry practises have

emphasised the importance of understanding, empathy, and treatment based on evidence.

It is important to note that literature has been a channel via which these historical

viewpoints have been transmitted into the present. Authors have used their experiences to

question stereotypes, dispel falsehoods, and advocate for an approach to mental health

that is more compassionate and educated. When we examine how different works of

literature portray mental illness, we not only obtain a better knowledge of how views in

society have changed over time, but we also become aware of the persistent ability of

literature to mould and alter our perspective on mental illness. This nuanced

understanding is indispensable for examining the sociopsychological dimensions of

mental health as depicted in contemporary literature such as Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered

Souls." It serves as a reminder that the historical context in which we live continues to

influence our perceptions, attitudes, and responses to mental health in the present day

2.2 Models of Insanity Based on Sociopsychological Theory:

The sociopsychological frameworks that shed light on the dynamic relationship

that exists between society and mental health. In the context of mental health, ideas such

as social identity theory, social stigma, and social support are investigated. The purpose

of this review is to investigate the ways in which social variables may have an effect on

the mental well-being of a person and contribute to the progression from sane to insanity.

This theoretical framework is essential for comprehending the sociopsychological facets

of mental health that are shown in written works.

 46

The review that focuses on literary representations of mental health across genres

and epochs looks into the rich tapestry of how writers have harnessed the written word to

expose the intricate features of mental health issues. This review focuses on how authors

have used the written word to reveal the complex facets of mental health conditions. It

encompasses iconic works such as Shakespeare's portrayal of Hamlet's inner turmoil and

Sylvia Plath's modern classic, "The Bell Jar." Through these literary lenses, authors have

deftly unravelled the complexities of mental health, offering readers profound insights

into the inner worlds of characters struggling with conditions such as depression, anxiety,

and schizophrenia. This topic spans the entire history of literature and includes iconic

works such as these.

The transformational potential of literature in terms of its ability to humanize

topics pertaining to mental health. Literature goes beyond the realm of simple narrative to

become a vehicle for developing empathy and comprehension because it realistically

depicts the experiences that characters go through when confronted with these

difficulties. It encourages readers to question their preconceived assumptions and

prejudices by putting themselves in the position of the characters in the story and giving

them the opportunity to experience life from their point of view. writing not only has the

capacity to reflect the views of society regarding mental health, but it also has the

potential to be a catalyst for change by building a culture that is more compassionate and

inclusive. This fact is a tribute to the power of writing. This part, in its core, praises

literature as a bridge to the complexity of the human brain. By doing so, it sheds light on

the sometimes-misunderstood terrain of mental health in a way that is sensitive,

profound, and artistically brilliant.

 47

We begin on a trip into the complexities of mental health by examining the inner

landscapes of characters who struggle with these disorders through the prism of literature.

This voyage takes us on a journey through the intricacies of mental health. Works such as

"Hamlet" by Shakespeare and "The Bell Jar" by Sylvia Plath become windows into the

human experience, providing readers with a deep awareness of the inner turmoil, self-

doubt, and existential crises that often accompany mental health difficulties. These

literary depictions do more than just show symptoms or diagnoses; rather, they bring to

life the actual experiences, thoughts, and feelings of those who are struggling with mental

health concerns.

It is also important that this part shows the power that literature has to overcome

the stigma that surrounds mental health. Authors may urge readers to empathise with

individuals struggling with mental illness by creating characters that are believable, three-

dimensional, and who carry the weight of the condition. Literature functions as a mirror,

reflecting the sometimes-harsh judgements and misunderstandings regarding mental

health that are held by society. This in turn encourages critical introspection and opens

the door for change. It encourages readers to see the common humanity in the

experiences of the characters and to extend that awareness to persons in their own lives

who may be coping with similar issues (Rosenhan, 1974). In other words, it encourages

readers to recognise the shared humanity in the experiences of the charactersin its core,

honours literature's extraordinary capacity to bridge the gap between the professional

descriptions of mental health illnesses and the very personal and emotional experiences

of individuals who live with them. It shows how literature not only educates but also
 48

improves our knowledge of mental health, which in turn cultivates empathy, reduces

stigma, and enriches our communal discussion on an essential component of the human

experience.

The persistent and transformational impact of literature in the field of mental

health discourse is brought to light through literary depictions of mental illness. It

exemplifies how literature goes beyond simple words on a page to become a medium for

deep knowledge and connection, which is a tribute to the power of literature. Authors

from a variety of eras and literary genres have deftly constructed novels that dig into the

complexity of mental health issues, illuminating the inner anguish, resiliency, and

victories of their characters in the process.

Literature may become a driving force for social change when it depicts real-life

situations in an honest and nuanced manner. It does this by enabling readers to walk with

characters who are struggling with mental health issues, so cultivating empathy and

compassion in the reader. This poses a challenge to stigma. This compassionate

connection has the potential to extend beyond the pages of a book, so impacting readers'

opinions of mental health in the real world and driving them to push for more awareness

and assistance.

This part focuses on the essential role that literature has played in humanising

mental health concerns, fostering open discourse, and helping to the continuous

destigmatization of mental illness. According to Rosenhan (1974), this finding "reaffirms

the idea that literature is not just a form of entertainment but also a powerful tool for
 49

societal change" by encouraging "an understanding of mental health that is more

inclusive and compassionate."

2.3 From the Collection of Shehnaz Bashir's Works:

An in-depth investigation of Shehnaz Bashir's body of work, with a special

emphasis on the author's critically acclaimed book "Scattered Souls," constitutes a deep

trip into the very core of his literary output. This section dissects the themes, characters,

and narrative approaches that Bashir methodically developed in order to shed light on the

experiences of those coping with mental health difficulties against the turbulent

background of the strife in Kashmir. By means of his writing, Bashir navigates the

delicate junction of personal challenges and the ravages of war, providing readers with a

nuanced view on the ways in which external upheaval may have a significant influence

on an individual's mental well-being.

In addition, this evaluation does not only assess the author's ability as a

storyteller; rather, it dives into the critical response that has been accorded to Bashir's

body of work. It evaluates the value of "Scattered Souls" within the context of the larger

literary landscape by first analysing the reception that the book has received from readers

and reviewers alike. As a result of this, it offers unique insights into how literature may

serve as a platform for both personal expression and social criticism, throwing light on

the ongoing significance of Bashir's tale in the context of mental health discourse as well

as the larger socio-political themes it tackles. In addition, it highlights the enduring

relevance of Bashir's narrative in the context of mental health discourse. This part serves

as a complete investigation of the capacity of literature to connect the personal and the
 50

political, bringing a deep insight of the human condition in times of suffering. This

section acts as a bridge between the personal and the political.

An enthralling trip that goes deep into the core of Shehnaz Bashir's literary

masterpieces, "The In-Depth Exploration of Shehnaz Bashir's Works," with the Central

Focus on "Scattered Souls," is presented here. An in-depth examination of the novel's

themes, characters, and the narrative strategies that Bashir deftly employs are all

dissected in this portion of the paper. Bashir is able to skillfully represent, via the use of

his words, the intricate and multidimensional experiences of people who are battling with

mental health difficulties, all of which are placed against the background of the turbulent

and conflict-ridden landscape of Kashmir.

This investigation is not limited to a just literary dissection; rather, it encompasses

the critical reception of Bashir's body of work as well. It gives insight on the influence

and relevance of the book within the larger literary landscape by investigating how

"Scattered Souls" has been accepted by reviewers and readers. This is done via the use of

the phrase "received by." The potential of literature to address not just the psychological

challenges of individuals but also the sociopolitical circumstances that shape those

struggles is shown in this section, which serves as a testimony to the power of literature.

It highlights how literature can be a powerful instrument for promoting empathy,

increasing awareness, and igniting crucial conversations about mental health in the midst

of conflict and suffering. It demonstrates the tremendous influence that literature can

have in connecting personal narratives with the larger socio-cultural and political context,

providing readers with both consolation and understanding while also contributing to the
 51

larger conversation on mental health and conflict. In summary, it shows how literature

can bridge personal narratives with the larger socio-cultural and political context.

The in-depth investigation of Shehnaz Bashir's works, with a special focus on

"Scattered Souls," is analogous to a literary expedition into the core of his tale telling.

This investigation will be conducted in this manner since "Scattered Souls" is the most

important of his works. In this part, the themes, characters, and narrative strategies that

Bashir skillfully deploys to convey the varied experiences of people coping with mental

health difficulties in the turbulent backdrop of the Kashmir war are thoroughly dissected

and analysed in great detail. Bashir skillfully navigates the complex junction of personal

adversity, resiliency, and the pervasive influence of a prolonged battle on mental health

via the use of his literary talent.

Importantly, the emphasis of this review is not confined to the author's skill as a

storyteller; rather, it extends to the response that Bashir's work has received from the

academic community. It highlights the relevance of the book within the greater literary

landscape by investigating the reception that "Scattered Souls" has received from literary

reviewers and the larger literary community as a whole. It serves as a testimony to the

ability of literature to be a catalyst for significant talks about mental health and conflict,

giving a platform for both personal narratives and social criticism. This dialogue serves

as a monument to the ability of literature to be a catalyst for important debates about

mental health and conflict.

In its most basic form, this part of the study offers a thorough investigation of the

ability of literature to connect individual experiences with bigger sociopolitical situations.

The work of Bashir becomes a prism through which we not only get insight into the
 52

complexities of mental health difficulties, but also see the unyielding perseverance of

people in the face of hardship. This is because Bashir's work is based on his own

experiences. Literature is not just a mirror reflecting personal hardships, but also a

lighthouse leading us through the unstable terrain of mental health and conflict, as this

reinforces. Literature is not only a mirror reflecting personal troubles, but also a beacon.

The in-depth examination of Shehnaz Bashir's literary works, with the key

emphasis being on "Scattered Souls," takes us on a fascinating trip across the worlds of

narrative and social criticism. The core focus of the investigation is on "Scattered Souls."

Within this part, each and every aspect of Bashir's story is dissected in minute detail. This

includes the thematic foundations, the complexity of his characters, and the narrative

tactics that he uses. This study brings Bashir's talent for storytelling to life and provides

readers with a more in-depth knowledge of the realities of those coping with mental

health difficulties against the turbulent background of the Kashmir war.

It is important to note that the scope of this investigation goes beyond the

limitations of literary criticism. It extends to the critical reception of Bashir's work,

specifically noting how "Scattered Souls" has been regarded by literary specialists as well

as the general population. This critical reaction serves as a testimony to the novel's value

within the greater literary scene, confirming its role in igniting debates about mental

health, conflict, and resilience in the process.

This passage, in its whole, exemplifies the transformational effect that literature

has. It demonstrates how a well-crafted story can be a vehicle for empathy,

understanding, and reflection, and it gives readers the opportunity to interact with

difficult social problems via the prism of human experiences. The work of Bashir shines a
 53

light on the connection of mental health and conflict, enabling readers to traverse this

complex landscape with awareness and compassion. This work acts as a lighthouse. It

highlights the everlasting influence that literature has on influencing our perspectives and

the conversations we have about mental health and the wider human experience.

2.5 A Synopsis of the Most Important Findings:

In this last section of the evaluation of the relevant literature, we will provide a

synopsis of the most significant insights gained and findings made during the earlier

stages of the investigation. We started by investigating the historical perspectives on

insanity, tracking the evolution of society's conceptions of mental health from the time of

ancient civilizations all the way up to the age of the Enlightenment. This historical

context helped shed light on how our understanding of mental health has grown over the

course of time, shifting away from mystical and superstitious explanations and towards

therapies that are more humanistic and scientific in character. After that, we dove further

into sociopsychological theories, such as social identity theory, social stigma, and social

support, in order to get a greater comprehension of the nuanced nature of the connection

that exists between society and mental health. These frameworks give a theoretical basis

for understanding how social factors could affect the mental well-being of an individual

and their transition from sane to insane in a person by providing a theoretical basis for

understanding how social variables might impact mental well-being.

We also looked at literary depictions of mental health from a number of genres

and time periods to illustrate the power of literature to humanise the struggles associated

with mental health, fight stigma, and inspire empathy. These new perspectives on classic
 54

works of writing provide light on the ways in which authors have used their artistic skills

to communicate the complexities of mental illness. As a direct consequence of this,

readers were able to empathise with and get a deeper comprehension of the experiences

of those who are coping with such challenges.

In the end, we decided to concentrate on the works of Shehnaz Bashir, and more

specifically, on her novel "Scattered Souls." This novel serves as a prism through which

we may apply the historical, sociopsychological, and literary insights that we have gained

in the past. It gives a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for us to study the ways in which

literature may assist to our grasp of the intricate connection that exists between society

and mental health. This connection is complicated.

With the end of this chapter, the foundation for the sociopsychological research of

"Scattered Souls" and its analysis of the transition from sane to insane has been laid. This

study will investigate the transition from sane to insane. We have been given the

resources that are necessary to go into the novel's exploration of mental health within the

unique context of the conflict in Kashmir. These instruments include the

sociopsychological frameworks, the literary portrayals of the characters, and the

historical background of the story. By putting these concepts into action, we may get a

deeper understanding of how literature, in this specific case, contributes to our

appreciation of the complicated links that exist between society and mental health, so

shedding light on an important aspect of the human experience.

This is the last part of the literature review, and within it, we have provided a

synopsis of the findings and understandings that we believe to be the most significant as a

direct consequence of the sections that came before it. When considered as a whole, these
 55

discoveries and insights provide the required grounding for the sociopsychological

research that Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" requires.

To begin, we explored the evolution of historical concepts of insanity, which

formed a crucial background for appreciating the various views held by society

concerning mental health. This was done so that we could better understand the altering

viewpoints held by society. This journey through time shed light on how our

understanding of mental health has developed throughout the course of human history. It

took us from the mysticism of the ancient world to the scientific and humanistic outlook

of the Enlightenment period.

After that, we continued our exploration of sociopsychological theories, such as

the social identity theory and the social stigma theory, both of which shed light on the

intricate interaction that exists between society and mental health. With the use of these

conceptual frameworks, we were able to get a better understanding of the ways in which

a person's social environment might have an effect on their mental health and, as a

consequence, the individual's path from sane to insanity

In addition, we studied the potential of literature to depict mental health in a

number of genres and historical periods. In particular, we focused on the role that

literature plays in humanising problems related to mental health, countering stigma, and

inspiring empathy. This section on literature showed how authors have exploited their

artistic ability to effectively convey mental health disorders, therefore helping readers to

sympathise with and appreciate the reality of persons who are dealing with these

challenges.
 56

In the end, we decided to centre our attention on "Scattered Souls," a work written

by Shehnaz Bashir that exhibits the intersection of literary representation,

sociopsychological factors, and historical context. The findings that were made in this

chapter will serve as the platform for in-depth research of how the book represents

individuals who are struggling with challenges linked to their mental health within the

specific context of the conflict in Kashmir. This inquiry will take place after the

conclusion that was reached in this chapter

In general, the objective of this chapter has been to provide a foundation of

critical importance for the sociopsychological study that will be carried out in the

chapters that will follow this one. It has also been vital in guiding our study of the ways

in which "Scattered Souls" helps to our grasp of the intricate and often difficult

relationship that exists between society and mental health. This link has been essential in

directing our consideration of the ways in which "Scattered Souls" helps to our

comprehension. It underlines the usefulness of literature as a vehicle for studying this

relationship, as well as the relevance of narratives such as Bashir's in explaining a

profound component of the human experience. In addition, it demonstrates the

importance of tales like Bashir's in highlighting the connection between humans and their

environment

In the concluding piece of the literature review has done a fantastic job of

synthesising the main insights from the previous sections, which together have set the

scene for our sociopsychological analysis of Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls."

To begin, we investigated the ways in which people's conceptions of insanity have

evolved throughout the course of history. In particular, we focused on how more

 57

contemporary scientific views on mental health have supplanted more traditional,

mystical interpretations in recent decades. This historical context is very essential for

putting into perspective how people's conceptions about and comprehensions of mental

health have progressed throughout the course of time.

In the second stage of our investigation, we looked at sociopsychological concepts

such as social identity theory and social stigma with the intention of gaining a deeper

comprehension of the intricate connection that exists between society and mental health.

These frameworks provided the required instruments for performing an examination of

the sociopsychological aspects of mental health as represented in works of fiction that

were made available for public consumption.

In addition, we investigated the significant role that literature may play, across a

number of historical periods and literary genres, in conveying a sense of a person's

mental health and wellbeing. Literature is a tool that may be used to humanise themes

connected to mental health, challenge stereotypes, and encourage empathy in its readers.

This can be accomplished in a few different ways. It has been a medium that has had a

transformative influence, both in terms of reflecting and transforming the perspectives

that society has towards mental health.

In the end, the book "Scattered Souls" written by Shehnaz Bashir served as the

principal point of emphasis for our inquiry. Because it captures the intersections of

history, sociopsychological dynamics, and literary representation, this book is a perfect

option as a subject for our examination of the complicated relationship that exists

between society and mental health, particularly in the context of the conflict in Kashmir.
 58

Specifically, we will be focusing on how this link affects the mental health of those who

are living through the conflict in Kashmir.

They offer us with the necessary skills to analyse how literature may explain the

complicated relationships between social issues and mental health, therefore expanding

our knowledge of this crucial component of the human experience. Our future

sociopsychological investigation of "Scattered Souls" will be based on these discoveries

collectively, which constitute a strong basis for the investigation. The purpose of our

investigation is to investigate how literature may shed light on the intricate links that exist

between social conditions and mental health. According to the implication that the title of

this chapter gives, the focus of this chapter is on the relevance of interdisciplinary

approaches in comprehending the complexities of mental health as indicated in the

literature

Our concluding component of the literature study did an outstanding job of

synthesising the key findings from the preceding sections, which together laid the

groundwork for our sociopsychological analysis of Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls’’.

Specifically, we will be focusing on how this link affects the mental health of

those who are living through the conflict in Kashmir They offer us with the necessary

skills to analyse how literature may explain the complicated relationships between social

issues and mental health, therefore expanding our knowledge of this crucial component

of the human experience. Our future sociopsychological investigation of "Scattered

Souls" will be based on these discoveries collectively, which constitute a strong basis for

the investigation. The purpose of our investigation is to investigate how literature may

shed light on the intricate links that exist between social conditions and mental health.
 59

According to the implication that the title of this chapter gives, the focus of this chapter is

on the relevance of interdisciplinary approaches in comprehending the complexities of

mental health as indicated in the literature.

In this stage of our examination of literature, we will compile and discuss all of

the significant insights and fresh points of view that we have attained during the course of

our investigation. It lays a strong foundation for our future sociopsychological study of

Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" and its analysis of the transition from sanity to

insanity in the context of the Kashmir conflict. Specifically, the research will focus on the

investigation of the passage from sane to insanity tracing the historical evolution of

various concepts of insanity, which provided the required framework for comprehending

the growing attitudes that society has towards mental health. This allowed us to fully

grasp the evolving attitudes that society has towards mental health. This historical

perspective provided light on the change of explanations from those that were more

mystical and supernatural to those that were more rational and scientific, highlighting the

dynamic quality of our understanding of mental health over the course of many centuries.

As we progressed, we looked at sociopsychological models such as the social

identity theory and the social stigma model. These supplied us with the resources

required to carry out the in-depth investigation of the complex link that exists between

many facets of society and an individual's mental health that we set out to accomplish.

These frameworks served as an important lens for analysing literary images of persons

because they brought attention to the impact that a person's social environment had on

that person's mental health and because they underlined the significance of that impact
 60

The exploration of the role that literature plays in presenting mental health

throughout a number of time periods and genres provided an excellent illustration of the

power of story in humanising the difficulties associated with mental health, hence

decreasing stigma and encouraging empathy. Literature evolved through time to become

a transformative medium, both affecting and reflecting the attitudes held by society

regarding mental health.

, we decided to put Shehnaz Bashir's "Scattered Souls" as the major subject of our

inquiry since it was in a good position to give unique insights on the intricate relationship

that exists between society and mental health in the context of the Kashmir conflict. This

was a significant factor in our decision.

These realisations, when taken as a whole, will serve as the foundation for our

forthcoming sociopsychological analysis of "Scattered Souls." They will enable us to

dissect the ways in which literature can shed light on the intricate dynamics that exist

between societal influences and mental health, thereby enhancing our comprehension of

an essential aspect of the human experience. This chapter emphasises the

interdisciplinary component of our approach by concentrating on the interaction between

history, sociology, psychology, and literature in the process of decoding the complexity of

mental health as it is depicted in works of literature. This interaction is important because

it allows us to better understand the complexity of mental health and how it is portrayed

in works of literature.

A person's transition from having a mentally sound mind to having a mental

illness is a difficult sociopsychological phenomenon that has to be researched in great

detail. The investigation that Tingleff and Gilsberg (2014) carried out is a good
 61

illustration of the significance of the work that is associated with this topic. They

investigated the transition programmes and experiences of new graduate nurses (NGN)

working in mental health care and came up with some intriguing conclusions as a result

of their research. Despite the fact that they were particularly interested in the transition

into jobs connected with mental health care, the findings of their research may still shed

light on the more general issue of the passage from mental health to mental illness. This

is despite the fact that they were primarily interested in the transition into occupations

linked with mental health care. The outcomes of this study highlight how crucial it is to

understand the experiences and evaluations of individuals who are going through role

transitions. Specifically, this research looked at persons who were moving from one job

to another. These results might be applied to the process through which mental health can

deteriorate and eventually lead to mental illness. The article "Transitioning Patients with

Anorexia Nervosa from Child/Adolescent Mental Health Services to Adult Mental Health

Services" by Lockertsen et al. (Lockertsen et al., 2020) is another essential source. It was

written by a group of researchers and was published in 2020. This research analyses the

experiences of mental health professionals in assisting patients with anorexia nervosa in

making the transition from receiving care at a child or adolescent mental health facility to

receiving care at an adult mental health facility. Even though the primary focus of this

inquiry is on anorexia nervosa, the findings may be generalised in such a way as to shed

light on the challenges and struggles that individuals go through while transitioning from

a state of mental health to one of mental disorder. The findings of this study underline

how important the transition period is, as well as the need of obtaining an adequate

amount of support and care at this time. In addition, Rosenhan's (1974) article titled "On
 62

Being Sane in Insane Places" presents a perspective that stimulates thought on the

transition from mental well-being to mental illness. This passage is titled "On Being Sane

in Insane Places." The study carried out by brings into question not just the reliability and

validity of psychiatric diagnoses, but also the way in which society constructs mental

illness. In spite of the fact that this study does not directly address the sociopsychological

components of the shift, it does provide helpful insights into the conceptualization and

perception of mental well-being and mental sickness. In conclusion, the transition from

mental health to mental illness is a complicated process that requires a

sociopsychological point of view. This is because of the interplay between individual and

environmental factors. Tingleff and Gildberg (2014), Lockertsen et al. (2020), and

Rosenhan (1974) all conducted research that gives helpful insights into the experiences,

challenges, and ideas of this transformation. When we learn about the experiences of

people who are going through role transitions in mental health care, investigate the

experiences of professionals who are transitioning patients, and question the social

construction of mental illness, we can gain a deeper understanding of the transition from

mental well-being to mental illness. This understanding can help us treat mental illness

more effectively.
 63

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The 3rd chapter covers the research methodology and theoretical frame work of

this research. It tells about how and from where data has been collected for research.The

section 3.1 is all about research approach used in this study. The section 3.1.1 deals with

research design and the next section 3.2 tells about why this novel has been selected.3.2.1

covers the criteria and reasons for selecting the resources that are adopted for the

research.3.3 is all about the theory and 3.3.1 is dealing with the Socio psychological

theory with respect to Fanon`s ideas.

3.1. The Research Approach in Current Study:

The researchers apply different approaches to their works such as Qualitative

Content Analysis, Quantitative Content Analysis or mixed approach. The principal

technique of research used in this investigation is known as qualitative content analysis. It

doesn`t involve any kind of figurative data. In the setting of "Scattered Souls," qualitative

analysis makes it possible to conduct an in-depth investigation of the sociopsychological

facets of the characters' descent from sanity into insanity. This investigation may take

place in any order but the reason behind applying Qualitative Content Analysis to the

selected text is that, this approach is subjective in nature and provides a thorough

description of the interior worlds of the characters being analyzed.

3.1.1 Research Design:

A variety of research methods are used by the researcher to analyze the theoretical

framework and the results of their study such as, Observation, Questionnaire, Interviews,

Surveys etc. But the method chosen for the current study is the comprehensive reading of

the selected text. The close reading of text enables the researchers to comprehend the text
 64

thematically for probing deep down into the answers of the research questions. Some

other sources like books and articles of different scholars are also reviewed for the better

understanding of the chosen text.

3.2 Criteria and reason for the selection of text :

This investigation relies heavily on the book "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir.

Within the context of the Kashmir war, the book presents a nuanced story that delves into

the sociopsychological dimensions of mental health.

3. 2.1 Data Extraction:

 The text will be thoroughly combed through to extract relevant passages,

conversations, and extracts that connect to the characters' mental health journeys. This comprises

scenes in which a character's mental state changes.

3.3. Theory (Socio-psychological, psychoanalytical insights)

According to the psychoanalytical perspective, human beings are motivated by forces that are
hidden from view and under the direction of the unconscious mind. It is believed that Sigmund
Freud is the originator or father of this notion. The Freudian school of psychoanalysis was
created by him. This school of thought places a lot of emphasis on the unconscious portion of our
brains.But on the other hand,sociopsychological theory deals with social influences that affect
the human mind and consequent behavior. It focuses more on the social aspect rather than the
biological instincts. Literature has benefited greatly from psychoanalysis. By delving deeply into
the characters' complex motivations, and anxieties, psychoanalytical critics uncover hidden or
invisible meanings and highlight the rich layers of stories or works of fiction.
Frantz Fanon introduced novel ideas in the fields of psychoanalysis. Fanon`s main focus lies on
the psychological effects of social insecurity over the minds of individuals and how the
behavioral changes occur due to social suppression.
By utilizing Fanon's psychoanalytic theory, researchers might gain crucial insights into the
characters' psychological struggles and identity crises.
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3.3.1 Tenets of Socio-psychological theory

This theory emphasizes on the exterior conflicts affecting the interior worlds of

the characters.

It explores the factors and external forces governing the behaviors of individuals.

It deals with the issues such as cultural trauma, ambivalence, fear, paranoid

anxiety, destructive anger, phobias and cultural catharsis.

Data Analysis:

3.3.1 Thematic Coding:

Topics associated with the characters' descent into madness will be identified and

classified using thematic coding. The codes were created after carefully analysing the text

for recurrent patterns and sociopsychological aspects.

3.3.2 Sociopsychological Frameworks:

Socio-psychological theories and frameworks including social identity, stigma,

and support are adapted for analysis along with the psychological elements like, Fear,

paranoid anxiety, alienation,cultural catharsis etc by Fanon. The sociopsychological

aspects affecting the characters' mental health may be identified and interpreted with the

help of these frameworks.

3.4. Research Participants:

While the book itself serves as the major source of information for this analysis, it

is possible that the opinions of others who have read "Scattered Souls" and are able to
 66

provide their own sociopsychological interpretations of the characters' changes will be

included as well.

3.5. Ethical Considerations:

Ethical guidelines will be strictly followed, especially in cases where participants

are involved. In such cases, informed consent will be obtained, and anonymity and

confidentiality will be ensured.

3.6. Data Validation:

By contrasting the researcher's analysis with that of other academics and readers

acquainted with the book, triangulation of data is utilised to strengthen the credibility of

the results.

3.7. Data Interpretation:

The study involves deciphering the social and psychological forces at work in

"Scattered Souls" that contribute to the characters' descents into madness. Mental health

is addressed in contexts such as talks of self-perception, societal acceptance, and social

support.
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CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS

4.1 Overview

This chapter begins a full analysis of the convoluted route from sane to insanity as

represented in Shehnaz Bashir's highly renowned work, "Scattered Souls." Our inquiry

digs into carefully chosen passages from the book using a qualitative content analysis

technique, which is driven by sociopsychological frameworks. The goal is to expose the

plethora of social and psychological aspects that are woven into the story and contribute

to the mental unravelling of the characters. These factors are intertwined throughout the

narrative.

By systematically identifying thematic codes obtained from textual data, our goal

is to dissect the experiences of the characters via the theoretical lenses of

sociopsychological constructs such as social identity theory, social stigma, and the

existence (or lack) of social support networks as well as Fanons psychologuical insight.

This will be accomplished by examining the characters' experiences through the lenses of

sociopsychological theories. By doing so, we want to shed light on the intricate web of

relationships that exists between the individuals' internal psychological landscapes and

the outward social situations that they are subjected to.

The purpose of this investigation is to provide light on the ways in which larger

social influences and conflicts have an effect on individual identities, contribute to the

perpetuation of stigma, and limit access to crucial support networks, all of which have a

negative effect on mental health. In essence, the purpose of this chapter is to highlight the

deep and diverse interaction between the exterior socio-environmental forces and the
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interior psychic worlds. This interplay is ultimately responsible for driving the characters'

shift from states of sanity to different degrees of insanity. We hope that by doing this

project, we will be able to convey a comprehensive understanding of the complicated

interaction between society and mental health, which is shown in the rich tapestry of

"Scattered Souls."

In this chapter, we begin a thorough investigation of the convoluted path from

sanity to insanity, which is a prominent topic in Shehnaz Bashir's critically acclaimed

book "Scattered Souls." The foundation of our methodology for this study is qualitative

content analysis, which enables us to dive deeply into the text in order to glean profound

insights and a comprehensive comprehension of the subject matter.

We use sociopsychological frameworks as a guide as we rigorously investigate

carefully chosen passages from the book in order to reveal the intricate interaction of

social and psychological elements that contributed to the characters' mental degradation.

These theme codes are analysed by looking at them through the lenses of key theoretical

notions such as social identity theory, social stigma, and the availability (or lack thereof)

of social support. These thematic codes were generated from the textual data.

By going through this process, we want to shed light on the ways in which social

influences, particularly in the context of conflict, may have a significant effect on the

identity of a person, can exacerbate stigmatisation, and can make it more difficult to get

access to vital support networks. These external influences, in turn, have a considerable

impact on the mental health of the characters, which, eventually, results in the characters'

shift from stages of sanity to different types of insanity.

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In a nutshell, the purpose of this chapter is to dissect the complex and multi-

faceted link between the outside circumstances of society and the interior psychological

emotions that are shown in "Scattered Souls." It aims to provide a deep and all-

encompassing view of the ways in which social and psychological elements interact with

one another and impact the mental journeys of the characters. The purpose of this study is

to make a contribution to the larger conversation on the intricate relationships that exist

between society and mental health by providing novel perspectives on an essential facet

of the human experience by examining it in the context of an influential piece of literary

canon.

This chapter is devoted to a comprehensive investigation of the subtle cion from

sanity to insanity, which is a prominent topic in Shehnaz Bashir's acclaimed book

"Scattered Souls." Our research process makes use of qualitative content analysis, which

is a method that allows us to immerse ourselves thoroughly inside the text in order to get

significant comprehension and insights.

Ou goal is to shed light on the ways in which social pressures, especially inside

the crucible of conflict, may have significant effects on an individual's identity, can

intensify stigma, and can limit access to vital support networks. These environmental

influences, in turn, have a significant effect in defining the mental health trajectories of

the characters, moving them from stages of sanity into a variety of forms of insanity.

This chapter serves as a complete analysis of the deep and multidimensional

interaction between exterior socioeconomic circumstances and internal psychological

landscapes, as shown in "Scattered Souls." In essence, this chapter may be thought of as

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an examination of the "Scattered Souls." The purpose of this analysis is to provide a

nuanced and comprehensive explanation of the ways in which social and psychological

elements interact to influence the mental journeys of the characters. We hope that by

providing new insights that are gained from the deep story of this remarkable literary

work, our research will help to expand the larger conversation on the delicate connections

that exist between society and mental health.

4.2. Thematic Analysis

4.2.1 Identity Crisis

The concept that the protagonists are going through an identity crisis is one of the

overarching ideas that emerges from the storey that Bashir tells. Their sense of self and

their social identity are profoundly altered as a direct result of being forced to exist in the

volatile environment that is Kashmir. It would seem that the chaos that is all about them

is stripping away traditional identities, which in turn forces a separation between their

sense of self and the environment that is all around them.

Several excerpts point to this increasing dissonance between the characters' inner

lives and outer reality:

"I am disconnected from everything I see around me" (Bashir, 2019, p. 65).

"I can feel my identity slipping away from me" (Bashir, 2019, p.87).

The line "I am disconnected from everything I see around me" (Bashir, 2019, p.

65), which is taken from Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered Souls," highlights a

heartbreaking moment that eloquently portrays the severe separation and dissociation

experienced by the character at that specific juncture. The novel was written by Shehnaz

Bashir. This succinct but potent comment corresponds with the underlying topic of the
 71

work, which is that character’s struggle with the debilitating effects that conflict has on

their mental well-being.

"disconnected from everything" embodies a feeling of extreme alienation and

estrangement, implying that the character is unable to find resonance or connection with

their immediate surroundings. This sensation of alienation and estrangement is conveyed

by the use of the phrase "disconnected from everything." This detachment goes beyond

the physical environment, extending into the emotional and psychological sphere of the

character, which highlights the persistent nature of the mental battle that they are going

through. It is a mirror of the character's solitude, as they struggle with inner turmoil and

maybe confront the collapse of their own sense of self or identity at the same time.

This quotation highlights the psychological influence of external events, such as

the Kashmir war featured in the book, which may cause people to suffer a deep sense of

detachment from both their surroundings and their own sense of who they are as

individuals. It is an example of how literature, such as "Scattered Souls," can sensitively

portray the complex emotional and psychological landscapes of individuals. This enables

readers to empathize with the characters and get insight into the sometimes-stormy

transition from sanity to insanity that the characters go through. This phrase, in its core,

serves as an illuminating snapshot of the character's mental state, and it encourages

readers to explore further into the complex network of feelings and experiences depicted

in the text.

These excerpts provide the impression that one's feeling of alienation and identity

is becoming more fragmented as a result of environmental factors. Using the framework

of Social Identity Theory, this identity crisis seems to have a strong connection to the
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characters' social environments and the disruption of their group memberships that

protracted conflict causes.Ayesha’s character portrays the feeling of alienation and

fragmented identity as she started to behave like her husband who had been killed by

Army. At his death,people thought that she will be wailing and mourning.But it was quite

strange that she was normal.The women asked her to weep but she did not cry.She was

greatly shocked due to his sudden death.The following textual excerpts reflect her mental

condition after the death of her husband,Tariq;

“….. I found her dressed in Tariq’s navy blue suit,smoking a cigarette just like

him,wearing his pair of brogues,carrying his leather briefcase,limping down the lane for

‘office’. ” ( pg : 183 )

4.2.2 Deteriorating Mental Health/Madness

The recurring pattern of worsening mental health is connected to the overarching

issue of identity crisis in this work. Characters created by Bashir display a variety of

symptoms that are linked with a psychiatric breakdown, including intense hallucinations,

paranoia, hysterical laughter, thoughts of suicide, and social isolation. These are

communicated via narrative that is unfiltered and emotionally charged:

"The darkness has started playing tricks with my mind. I see strange shadows

around me. Laughter echoes in my ears." (Bashir, 2019, p. 107).

The following passage: "The darkness has begun to play games with my head.

Strange shadows are appearing all around me. My ears are filled with the sound of

laughter. This passage (Bashir, 2019, page 107) from Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered

Souls," which powerfully captures the character's spiral into a bewildering and
 73

uncomfortable state of mental anguish, can be found on page 107. Within the setting of

the violent strife in Kashmir, this emotive phrase acts as a sad window into the character's

failing mental health.

The word "darkness" not only alludes to the lack of light, but it also stands as a

metaphor for the emotional and psychological gloom that surrounds the figure in

question. It is a metaphor for the overpowering sensation of hopelessness and

bewilderment that has seized control of their mental state. The phrase "playing tricks with

my mind" emphasises the character's experience of a disordered world, where their own

ideas and perceptions have been warped as a result of the sickness.

The character's feeling of alienation from reality is accentuated by the description

of "strange shadows" and "laughter echoes," which are heard in the background. These

intense hallucinatory experiences show the character's failing mental condition, in which

they are no longer able to discern between what is real and what is a product of their

unravelling psyche. This is a sign that the character's mental state is deteriorating. These

components elicit a strong feeling of displacement and vulnerability, highlighting the

significant psychological toll that struggle and competition may take on a person.

Character of Bilal clearly depicts the feeling of alienation and loss of identity;

“….he even ambled in renounced orchards, neglected places where people hardly

know him.” ( pg ; 78 )

He feels safe in isolation because he was rejected by the society , Imam of the

Mosque didn`t allow him to enter into the mosque by saying;

“……illegitimate people desecrated mosques.” ( pg ; 88 )

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They tried to keep him from touching the Holy Quran.He was punished more than

the other students due to his illegitimate birth.So all these rejections and neglections led

him to be isolated from society.

All these quotations are notable example of how literature, such as "Scattered

Souls," can beautifully portray the complexities of mental health difficulties. It offers

readers a view into the character's internal world as they travel the dangerous route from

sane to a state of growing instability. The character of Skina shows this travel from the

state of sanity to insanity. She was admitted to hospital for acute onset of confusion,

delusions, hallucinations, altered behaviour,pan anxiety,elation,happiness or ecstasy of

high degree, self blaming and mood swings. The doctors and her attendants had been

prepared for her transfer to asylum section of hospital. Her deteriorated mental health is

shown by these lines ;

“The nightmares have become infrequent. Now I don`t see my body rolling down

the riverbank. Nor does my bloody shalwaar appear. But the smell of sperm barely leaves

me. Even pleasantly scented things smell dirty to me.” ( pg ; 55 )

This quote is a compelling example of how literature can artfully convey the

complexities of mental health challenges. It sheds attention on the significant

implications that social strife has on mental well-being while highlighting the potential of

literature to build empathy and compassion for persons who are undergoing such

hardships.

The following passage: "The darkness has begun to play games with my head.

Strange shadows are appearing all around me. My ears are filled with the sound of

laughter. (Bashir, 2019, page 107) This passage is taken from Shehnaz Bashir's book
 75

"Scattered Souls," and it is a moving and evocative picture of the character's mental

degeneration against the background of the Kashmir war.

The word "darkness" acts as a potent metaphor, signifying not only the lack of

visible light but also the pervasive emotional and mental gloom that has fallen upon the

character as a result of the circumstances. This darkness has engulfed the character on all

fronts. It is a symbol of a terrible feeling of hopelessness, disorientation, and despair that

has become an integral part of their lives.

The character's perspective of their own mental instability is highlighted by the

term "playing tricks with my mind," which they use often. It gives the impression that

their ideas are not aligned with reality, which is unsettling since it gives the impression

that their own mind is working against them. This aspect effectively illustrates the battle

that the character is having with reality as well as the blurring of barriers between fantasy

and fact

The phrases "strange shadows" and "laughter echoes" conjure up images of

hallucinations in the reader's mind. These vivid details, which are rich in sensory

information, illustrate the character's decline into a realm of disordered perceptions and

hallucinations. They can no longer tell the difference between truth and illusion, and the

appearance of peculiar shadows and reverberating laughter lends an eerie and unpleasant

quality to their mental condition

The character's tremendous feeling of bewilderment and vulnerability as they

cope with the brutal reality of battle is well captured by this phrase. It is a fascinating

illustration of how literature, such as "Scattered Souls," may give readers a visceral
 76

awareness of the complex and sometimes terrifying trip from sanity to insanity. This

passage provides as an example of how this can be accomplished. The story encourages

readers to empathise with the interior difficulties of the characters and to ponder the

tremendous influence that external conflicts have on an individual's mental well-being by

including passages that are as evocative as those described above.

"I feel as though there is no escaping the demons that have made home in my

mind." cited in Bashir (2019), page 201.

The internal world of the characters has been shattered as a result of the outward

turmoil that permeates the environment. According to the social identity theory, this

unstable state of mental health may be linked to the characters' social identities and group

memberships being disturbed in an unstable setting, which in turn has an effect on the

characters' self-concepts and their levels of wellbeing.

4.2.3 Pervasiveness of Death

Death, both literal and symbolic, emerges as a significant theme, its imagery

reflected through poignant metaphors:

"It feels like we are walking through a graveyard where the dead roam free and

the living Dead are buried." (Bashir, 2019, p.45)

This reminds me of the famous quote: "It feels like we are walking through a

graveyard where the dead roam free and the living Dead are buried." This passage

(Bashir, 2019, page 45), which is taken from Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered Souls,"

creates a vivid and evocative image of the mood that pervades the story's events. The

lives of the individuals are set against the turbulent background of the Kashmir dispute,
 77

and this potent metaphor portrays the pervading feeling of desolation, loss, and existential

crises that permeates the lives of the characters in this context.

The phrase "walking through a graveyard" evokes a frightening feeling of dread

and melancholy due to the images associated with it. It gives the impression that the

protagonists are navigating a setting that is permeated with death and loss, one in which

the traces of tragedy and the awareness of one's own mortality are always present. This

artwork highlights the terrible effect that the fighting has had on the area and the people

that live there, where death has become an unavoidable component of everyday life.

The tale takes on a more strange and scary tone when it makes reference to "the

dead roam free." It gives the impression that the spectre of death, in both its literal and

figurative senses, has broken through the limitations of mortality. It may be an allusion to

the fact that the living are weighed down by the weight of their traumatic experiences and

the continual reminders of death in their surroundings, which together provide an eerie

and unsettling environment.

The phrase "the living Dead are buried" is a heartbreaking contradiction that

epitomises the sad irony of the characters' situation. The phrase "the living Dead are

buried" It gives the impression that people who are still alive, despite the fact that they

continue to occupy this planet, are emotionally and spiritually buried under the weight of

the experiences they have had. They lead lives that are characterised by a strong feeling

of numbness and detachment, which gives them the appearance of "living dead."

The mental and emotional toll that protracted violence can take on people and

communities is well captured by this quotation, which serves as an illuminating

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meditation on the subject. It captures the complicated interaction between interior

emotional landscapes and the exterior upheaval that is taking place within the backdrop

of the book, and it challenges readers to examine the deep and sometimes strange feelings

of individuals who are living in a time of violence and loss.

This reminds me of the famous quote: "It feels like we are walking through a

graveyard where the dead roam free and the living Dead are buried." This passage

(Bashir, 2019, page 45), which is taken from Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered Souls,"

provides a chilling and vivid look at the tremendous emotional and psychological effect

that the Kashmir war has had on the individuals and the environment in which they live.

The image of "walking through a graveyard" in a figurative sense evokes a

haunting sense of desolation, hopelessness, and death all at the same time. This suggests

that the protagonists are continuously confronted with sombre reminders of their own

mortality, and that death is an ever-present companion in their existence. This visual

serves as a potent emblem of the ongoing pain and loss that the war has imposed upon the

community. This trauma and loss have been inflicted as a direct result of the conflict.

The phrase "the dead roam free" adds a spooky and surreal quality to the story by

introducing a new aspect. It gives the impression that the spectre of death has broken

through the traditional barriers that separate this life from the hereafter and is now

haunting the living. This visual emphasises the protagonists' feeling of being entrapped in
 79

an endless cycle of sorrow and uncertainty, as the past and the present bleed into one

another to create a spooky continuity.

The thought that "the living Dead are buried" is a heartbreaking contradiction that

highlights the emotional coldness and detachment of the characters in the story. Despite

the fact that they are still alive on the outside, their Souls and emotions have been

suffocated by the weight of the horrible events they have been through. This term

beautifully encapsulates the tremendous pessimism and existential anguish that permeates

their existence as a whole.

This phrase, in its essence, embodies the collective pain that the characters have

experienced as well as the strange and nightmare-like aspect of their lives within the

framework of the Kashmir war. It is a harsh reminder of the enduring psychological scars

that violence can leave on people and communities, and it invites readers to dig into the

novel's detailed and emotionally moving representation of these topics. This serves as a

reminder of the lasting psychological scars that conflict can leave on individuals and

communities. The book gives the reader a glimpse into the complex interaction that exists

between the exterior conflicts that its characters face and the inner landscapes that exist

inside themselves via the use of this beautiful excerpt.

The characters' frequent brushes with mortality in Kashmir, which is plagued by

strife, are brought to light through references to deaths. It also represents the end of their

normal lives, the end of their connections, and the end of their sense of identity. The
 80

pervasiveness of pictures depicting death is indicative of significant trauma and a sense

of pessimism brought on by external conflict. They enter a downward cycle of

psychological deterioration as their coping systems break down.

4.3 Sociopsychological Analysis

4.3.1 Impact of Social Stigma

The story told by Bashir provides some interesting insights into the ways in which

the societal stigma that surrounds mental health may make issues worse. Individuals

sometimes use metaphors such as "the gallows of society" to depict the stigma that is

connected to mental illness, which discourages people from getting care for their

condition. The characters are afraid that if they divulge their worsening psychological

conditions, they would be socially isolated from one another:

"What will they say about me if I tell anyone about the voices in my head?"

(Bashir, p. 78)

This is a paraphrase of the famous question, "What will they say about me if I tell

anyone about the voices in my head?" This passage (Bashir, page 78), which is taken

from Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered Souls," depicts the intense and solitary struggle

faced by the character as they grapple with their own mental health difficulties. This

moving comment focuses with the widespread stigma and the fear of judgement that is

connected with disclosing mental health difficulties. This is a subject that resonates

deeply within the framework of the book.

The character's fear and sense of vulnerability shines through in the sentence

"What will they say about me?" It highlights the dread that comes along with admitting
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mental health difficulties, which is typically the fear of society judgement and the

possibility for stigma. In many communities, like the ones represented in the book,

disclosing one's mental health issues might be received with ignorance, discrimination, or

social exclusion; as a result, people are more likely to keep their troubles a secret.

The character may be experiencing auditory hallucinations or troubling thoughts,

which are alluded to by the phrase "the voices in my head," which is a reference to the

character's psychological suffering. It is a symbol of a great inner conflict that the

character is dealing with in secret because they are afraid of the repercussions that might

result from speaking out about their experiences.

This comment exemplifies a fundamental idea that runs throughout the whole

book, which is the significant influence that social stigma has on an individual's

propensity to seek assistance and support for their mental health difficulties. It highlights

the isolation that may come from this quiet, since people frequently suffer in solitary,

reluctant to express their problems for fear of judgement. It is because of this that the

phrase "it underscores the isolation that can result from this silence." The book enlightens

readers on the complexity of the stigma associated with mental health, as well as the

immense bravery it takes for people to break the silence and seek knowledge and

assistance. This quote is an example of this. It encourages readers to empathise with the

psychological turmoil that the character is experiencing and to reflect on the views that

society as a whole has towards mental health.

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The character is vulnerable and anxious, and the line "What will they say about

me" highlights this vulnerability and anxiety. It reflects their deep-seated anxiety about

how society, including friends, family, or the larger community, would regard them if

they were to share their inner troubles. Specifically, it emphasises their fear that they will

be judged for their insecurities. This fear of being judged is sometimes a strong barrier

that prevents individuals from getting treatment or sharing their experiences with mental

health.

The phrase "the voices in my head" is a profound recognition of the mental

anguish that the character is experiencing. It suggests the existence of upsetting thoughts

or auditory hallucinations. It shows the inner pain of the character, which they are obliged

to address in quiet because of the possible implications of reporting their mental health

difficulties. The character is forced to confront their inner suffering in silence because of

this.

This quotation does an excellent job of conveying one of the themes that recurs

throughout the book, which is the devastating influence that stigma associated with

mental health has on people' desire to seek care and understanding. This underscores the

loneliness that may arise from this silence, as people often face their responsibilities

alone out of fear of being judged or rejected. The book, via the use of this statement,

demonstrates the intricacies of the stigma associated with mental health as well as the

great bravery that is required for people to breach the silence that surrounds mental health

issues and seek the empathy and support that they need. It encourages readers to

empathise with the emotional turmoil that the main character is experiencing and to think
 83

on the views that society as a whole has about mental health concerns. This results in a

higher knowledge and comprehension of the issues that are at hand.

This is a paraphrase of the famous question, "What will they say about me if I tell

anyone about the voices in my head?" This passage (Bashir, page 78), taken from

Shehnaz Bashir's book "Scattered Souls," beautifully portrays the inner anguish and

loneliness faced by the characters as they struggle with their mental health difficulties.

This excerpt dives into the character's significant dread of society judgement and the

widespread stigma that frequently shrouds talks about mental health. These are issues that

carry tremendous relevance within the framework of the book, and this piece explores

both of these aspects.

The character is vulnerable and anxious, and the line "What will they say about

me" highlights this vulnerability and anxiety. It emphasises their deep-seated anxiety on

how society, including friends, family, or the larger community, would view them if they

were to divulge their inner troubles. Specifically, it highlights their fear that they will be

judged negatively. Fear of being judged is a major barrier that prevents many people from

getting treatment or freely expressing their experiences with mental health issues.

A moving acknowledgement of the internal conflict experienced by the main

character is provided with the phrase "the voices in my head." It sheds light on the

character's inner anguish by implying the existence of disturbing thoughts or auditory

hallucinations and highlighting the character's predicament. In spite of this, people are

compelled to endure this load in secret since there are possible repercussions involved

with publicly acknowledging the difficulties linked with their mental health.
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This quotation does a good job of conveying one of the reoccurring themes in the

book, which is the tremendous influence that stigma associated with mental health has on

the desire of people to seek assistance and understanding. It shines light on the loneliness

that is frequently the outcome of this silence, as it forces people to battle with their issues

alone out of fear of being judged or rejected. The book, via the use of this statement,

demonstrates the intricacies of the stigma associated with mental health as well as the

great bravery that is required for people to breach the silence that surrounds mental health

issues and seek the empathy and support that they need. It promotes increased knowledge

and comprehension of these important subjects by inviting readers to empathise with the

emotional anguish experienced by the character and by encouraging consideration of the

wider cultural views around matters pertaining to mental health.

This alludes to the idea that their growing seclusion and final insanity were

connected to perceived stigma as it relates to their condition. Because of the stigma, they

are unable to seek outside social assistance, which makes their illness much more

difficult to manage. This stigma, which puts further burden on their already fragile mental

states, quickens the progression from sane to insanity for such individuals.

4.3.2 Loss of Social Support

A recurring thread is the lack of social support available to the characters because

of the conflict. The narrator poignantly articulates this:

"In this deafening chaos, there is no one to hear your screams" (Bashir, 2019, p.

55).
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Isolation contributes to the characters' deteriorating mental health, which is

exacerbated by the fact that they have lost all of their social and familial connections as a

result of being uprooted and losing loved ones. When the social support hypothesis is

used, the absence of good social ties in an environment that is already hard may be

connected to a person's reduced resilience and inability to deal with the demands of the

environment. These support services are essential lifelines for those who are currently

living in crisis zones. In their absence, people are left without any tools for dealing with

traumatic experiences and difficult circumstances, which exacerbates the shift from sane

to insanity and makes it more difficult.

Fear and paranoid anxiety:

Paranoid anxiety is illogical yet consistent belief that one is being systematically

undermined, persecuted or attacked by a bad object that is a person ,group or thing which

intends to do them damage.

Paranoid Anxiety leads to fear. The following textual references clearly depict the

fear faced by different characters of the novel:

“ One night we woke up to a loud thumping on the main door. I was terrified. I

could feel losing some drops of pee.”(pg:44)

The above mentioned quote is the clear evidence of fear and social

insecurity on the part of the characters. These lines are uttered by Ghulam Moihuddin

who was captured and taken to the unknown places where he was tortured mentally and

physically. The atrocities committed by the Army in occupied Kashmir, had greatly

affected the mental condition of individuals.

Another example is mentioned below:

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“Each knock on the main door set his heart racing.”(pg 78)

This line tells about the effect of a sense of social insecurity and fear faced by

Bilal, who was a well-known stone pelter. Once Bilal was in his house and the door

knocked heavily,

“Biul`s heart pounded. They have come to take me, he thought.” (pg 86)

But it was the milkman who was knocking at the door at that time. It also shows

that how the mental health is damaged due to the social pressure which resulted in the

form of fear and anxiety.

Destructive anger and Collective catharsis

Destructive anger is a human emotion which is harmful as it is associated with

negative thoughts about an individual or an incident. The person having destructive anger

shows violent behavior which can be harmful for others as well as for himself. This

destructive anger leads to a kind of purgation or pent up of negative feelings such as

hatred through other activities. Frantz Fanon used a specific terminology for this idea

which is known as collective catharsis. These ideas are clearly reflected through the

character of Bilal;

“ Throwing stones at Police was the only vent to his frustration and the only way

to give meaning to his life, he thought.” ( pg : 82 )

This line shows that the character of Bilal is depicting destructive anger through

his frustration and makes catharsis by throwing stones at Police. He feels as he is

shedding off his burden while throwing stones;

“Each time he threw a stone, it felt like he was shedding off a burden.” ( pg : 83 )
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Bilal hated his very existence because he was not accepted by the society. This

social ostracization led him to have negative feelings like destructive anger;

“He felt like stoning his own slander-infested existence, the forever unknown face

of that trooper…..who had raped his mother.” (pg : 82 )

So all the above mentioned quotes reveal the negative impacts of social events

related to violence on the characters’ inner worlds.

Phobia and Unconscious Attraction/Ambivalence:

Phobia is an extreme or irrational fear.It is the excessive fear of a person,an object

or a situation.Fanon presented the ideas that phobic elements are the cause of attraction as

well.He talks about the coexistence of contradictory affects/impulses. He names these

ideas as unconscious attraction and ambivalence.In the novel,the character of Bilal is the

cause of hatred,anxiety,frustration and painful memory of a worst event happened in the

life of his mother, Sakeena.Sakeena did not like his presence in her life.She tried to kill

him for many times because he was the sign of that physical abuse committed by a group

of troopers at that night which resulted in her pregnancy.She hated his very existence;

“She has beaten him most often just because of what he symbolizes.He is the

human shape of a painful memory.Earlier,she has even tried killing him.” ( pg : 63 )

The above mentioned quote shows that she has a feeling of hatred for her

son,Bilal due to his illegitimate birth.But along with the feeling of hatred,she also has an

unconscious attraction and feeling of love and affection for him.Sometimes she wanted to

love him out of the motherly affection uncosciously when he was asleep.Then suddenly
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she thought of the event happened at that night and his birth and started hating him

again.So this idea of unconscious attraction and ambivalence given by Fanon is depicted

through the relation of Sakeena and Bilal.

4.4 Discussion

Thematic and socio-psychological examination of Shehnaz Bashir's novel

"Scattered Souls" has yielded enlightening insights into the complex link between the

characters' outward conflicts and their internal states of mind. The text has been dissected

in great detail, and this has allowed for the discovery of a large number of interesting

themes that provide significant insights into the problems that the characters endure. The

tumultuous area of Kashmir serves as a background for all of these themes, which include

identity crises, the degeneration of mental states, and a continual confrontation with

death. All of this takes place in the context of the novel.

The unrelenting fight forces the individuals to undergo significant changes in their

perception of who they are, which gives the story's central topic of identity crises a

prominent place in the narrative's resonant tone. This internal conflict is brought into

sharp relief by their experiences, which also shed light on the breakdown of personal

identity that occurs as a result of the impact that external turbulence has.

The individuals' deteriorating mental conditions are shown in a heartbreaking

manner over the whole of the story. The sociopsychological study reveals the deep

influence that external conflict has on their emotional and psychological well-being as
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they traverse the perilous terrain of mental instability, which is often aggravated by the

difficult conditions that they are forced to undergo.

In addition, the continual encounter with one's own death appears as a recurrent

topic throughout the book. The protagonists are constantly confronted with tragedy, and

the study highlights the severe psychological toll that comes with being in a setting in

which the inevitability of one's own death is a constant presence in one's surroundings.

In conclusion, the study of "Scattered Souls" dives further into these topics,

offering a full knowledge of the various ways in which external conflict may influence an

individual's mental health. It highlights the strength of writing in depicting the human

experience within the context of conflict, allowing readers a comprehensive analysis of

the multiple obstacles encountered by its characters as they traverse the turbulent trip

from sane to different levels of insanity. It also highlights the power of literature in

portraying the human experience within the context of war. As a result of these

realisations, the book provokes contemplation on the long-term effects that battle has on

the human mind as well as the capacity of the human spirit to persevere in the face of

adversity.

When sociopsychological frameworks are used, more light is thrown on the

complex ways in which social variables interacted with psychological processes to shape

the mental health trajectories of the characters. The investigation demonstrated how the

widespread stigma that is associated with mental illness exacerbated the characters' fear

and unwillingness to seek treatment, which in turn worsened their sense of isolation and
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their level of suffering. In addition, the lengthy battle had broken essential social support

networks, which had the capacity to insulate the characters from the negative effects of

the traumatic events and the difficulties they faced. Their psychological resilience was

significantly hindered as a result of the lack of these tools for coping.

These results, taken as a whole, provide light on the complex nature of the link

that exists between poor socio-environmental situations and the psychological well-being

of individuals. The story illustrated how factors such as identity, stigma, social support,

and other sociocultural variables may interact with an individual's internal emotional

landscapes to shape the consequences of mental health conditions. The individual went

through many phases of sanity before finally succumbing to insanity as their situations

continued to deteriorate. This was a difficult and upsetting process to see.

These discoveries have a strong resonance with the sociopsychological

frameworks that were provided in the literature review. These sociopsychological

frameworks include social stigma theory, social identity theory, and the importance of

social support in mental health. The study presented empirical evidence from the textual

data to illustrate the relevance of these theoretical constructs in grasping the experiences

of the characters within the particular sociocultural environment described in the book.

This evidence was derived from the textual data.

Therefore, "Scattered Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir provides an important addition to

the academic knowledge of how literature may provide a strong lens for analysing the
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interaction between social settings and mental health. This is because Shehnaz Bashir

examines the relationship between a person's mental health and the circumstances in

which they live. The story does a good job of weaving together the personal and the

political, as well as the internal and the exterior, to offer a vivid picture of the variety of

human experiences that can be found within a setting marked by strife. These kinds of

literary depictions have the potential to not only educate readers about the many factors

that influence mental health but also to build more empathy and understanding about the

aforementioned difficulties.

In addition, the research demonstrated how excellent storytelling may shed light

on topics such as identity, trauma, ways of coping, and social interactions, all of which

contribute to the overall psychological well-being and resilience of an individual. Literary

portrayals of mental health issues may enlighten and deepen academic conversation

across disciplines, including psychology, sociology, and cultural studies, as evidenced by

Bashir's book. The conversation brought to light the great significance of literature as a

form of expression that not only reflects society but also has the power to alter

perspectives, combat biases, and lobby for change.

In conclusion, this examination of "Scattered Souls" provided academic insights

into the capability of literature to convey the complicated trip from sanity to insanity

under times of conflict and turmoil. It brought to light the interconnection of social and

psychological influences in the process of deciding the results for one's mental health, as

shown in the tale. The conversation revealed how important it is to look at rich literary
 92

works via an interdisciplinary and sociopsychological lens in order to understand the

nuances of mental health experiences that are embedded in them.

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Conclusion:

An in-depth sociopsychological study of the critically acclaimed book "Scattered

Souls" by Shehnaz Bashir has been offered here in the last section of this article. The

study shed light on the complicated path from sanity to insanity that was conducted by

the characters within a social milieu that was fraught with conflict thanks to qualitative

research methodologies and theoretical frameworks as guides. An in-depth analysis of the

textual extracts led to the discovery of major themes, such as identity crises, declining

mental health, coming to terms with death, facing societal stigma, and a lack of social

support. The investigation indicated how effective literary descriptions may give subtle

insights into the relationship between challenging socioeconomic situations and the

psychological paths of individual people. The findings confirmed the necessity of

employing an interdisciplinary sociopsychological lens when analysing narratives and

attempting to get an understanding of the multifaceted causes of mental health outcomes

in distinct sociocultural situations. The book written by Bashir and the study of it

contribute to a deeper understanding among academics of the ways in which literature

may shed light on the dynamic relationship that exists between outside social landscapes

and the interior emotional worlds of its readers by combining the private and the public

realms. In this study, we highlight the importance of literary works as a means of

furthering scholarly discourse on the complex link that exists between society and mental

health.
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