Huzb` M`tds Mdt`

_ebtdr`

L`kg`rhds Mekezes H`p`

Qr÷-_ebtdr` ce Qesqubs`, Q÷s-Fr`cu`æçd e Bkdv`æçd

Nr`kge Nerrebr` ce Wduz` @rk`ut

Gddrcek`cdr Fer`h

@kcreb` W`ktds _boebrd Wbhv`

@ssbstekte ce Gddrcek`æçd

Gdksehjd Ecbtdrb`h
(Qdrt`rb` ?.:?: ce 5 ce setemord ce ?102)

Sbtuh`res
@k` _bt` Wbhv` @hmebc` Gjb`r`
C`vb Kdv`es H`ceb` Ndf`æ`
Cebse C`kbehhe Keves Cb`s Qb`u
Nerk`kcd ce @zevecd @hves Orbtd
Lenersdk F`orbeh c` Ekg`rk`æçd
Hubz @ktdkbd Qbmekteh G`v`hg`ktb
M`rbl`ke ce Dhbvebr` Gdrreb`
M`urbgbd Mbtsud Mdkæçd
Wehm` _dz`ke ^bebr`
Wuphektes
Ldgehm` @hmebc` _bds
Ldsâ Fdmes Nbhjd
Hedk`rcd _`kfeh cds _ebs
M`kueh @hves ce Wdus` Lukbdr
_dmbhsdk Hdpes W`mp`bd
Sârgbd Fr`gb`kd M`gj`cd
 O@SE NDHJ@<
S_@LES×_B@ E MEM×_B@ CD
G@KCDMOHÂ
G@K CDMOHÂ CE
CE OE_K@_C
OE_K@_ CBKD

BNO@

W`hv`cdr ‗ ?1?1
©(?1?1) BKWSBSUSD NECE_@H C@ O@JB@‗ W`hv`cdr
W`hv`cdr,, O@.
0. ecbæçd ‗ ?1?1

Qrdcuæçd ecbtdrb`h< Ecbtdr` Wefukcd Wehd

Ecbtdr` gjene< Nerk`kc` W`ktb`fd
_evbsçd< W`
W`ktb`fd
ktb`fd Ndktdur`
Ndktdur`
G`p`< ^`kess` Dhbvebr`
Qrdletd fràgd e Cb`fr`m`æçd< Hívb` M`rb` Wdus`

K26? KUKEW, Erbv`hcd W`hes.

O`te ndhj`< tr`let÷rb` e mem÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ ce
Oerk`rcbkd/ Erbv`hcd W`hes Kukes. W`hv`cdr< Bkstbtutd Necer`h
ce Ecug`æçd, Gbìkgb` e Segkdhdfb`
Segkdhdfb` c` O`jb`,
O`j b`, ?1?1.
7?: p. bh.< ?7 gm
BWOK< 26:-:5->65>?-35
26:-:5->65>?-35-?
-?
0. G`kcdmohâ ‗ Jbst÷rb` e mem÷rb` ‗ W`hv`cdr (O@) ‗
020> -023> ?. Jbst÷rb` ‗ W`hv`cdr (O@) 7. Jbst÷rb` sdgb`h
3. _epresekt`æões sdgb`bs B. Kukes, Erbv`hcd W`hes BB. Sítuhd

GCC< 761

Sdcds ds cbrebtds ce reprdcuæçd e exphdr`æçd egdkómbg` cest` dor` estçd reserv`cds, kds
termds c` Heb 2.>01/2:, que refuh`mekt` ds cbrebtds ce `utdr e gdkexds.
WUMÀ_BD

Q_ENÀGBD 05

@Q_EWEKS@ÆÇD 02

0 QDKSD CE Q@_SBC@ ?0

? EKS_E EWS_@SÂFB@W E SÀSBG@W EK^DH^EKCD LUW

LUWSBÆ@, QDHÍGB@, BMQ_EKW@
SBÆ@
E G@KCDMOHÂW C@ O@JB@ K@ Q_BMEB_@ MES@CE CD WÂGUHD ZZ 35

7 @ @SU@ÆÇD CDW G@KCDMOHÂW O@B@KDW E D BBBB GDKF_EWWD @N_D-O_@WBHEB_D<

N_D
_EH@ÆÕEW CE S_DG@W EKS_E @KFDH@W, LELEW E K@FÓW 26

3 JBWS×_B@ E S_@LES×_B@ CD SE__EB_D O@SE NDHJ@<

SE__@W, ESBMDHDFB@ E Q_ÀSBG@W _EHBFBDW@W 0?0

5 HUF@_EW CE _EQ_EWEKS@ÆÕEW E _ECEW CE WDGB@OBHBC@CEW KD

SE__EB_D O@SE NDHJ@< @Q_DZBM@ÆÕEW E GDKNHBSDW WDGB@BW 066

> @W S_@M@W E NBDW C@ JBWS×_B@ E C@ MEM×_B@ CE

M@KDEH OE_K@_CBKD C@ Q@BZÇD ‗ S@@SS@ @MQUM@KCE\U (0
(0:2?-023>)
:2?-023>) ?02

6 QDKSD CE GJEF@C@ ?655

?6

QDWNÀGBD ?:6

_ENE_ÌKGB@W ?200
?2

NDKSEW CDGUMEKS@BW 710

FHDWWÀ_BD 70?

@QÌKCBGEW 702
 @d Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd
‗ S`t` @mpum`kcezu
@mpum `kcezu e tdc`s `s su`s

fer`æões, mbkj` `cmbr`æçd, respebtd e

reverìkgb`.
reverìkgb`. Qeæd su` oekæçd
o ekæçd e cds meus
`kgestr`bs. @wetd! (Erbv`hcd Kukes)

Ndkte< Gdpyrbfjt oy W`mdr` @mdrbm W`ktb`fd Hdpes. W`hv`cdr, ?10>.

 HBWS@ CE NBFU_@W

Nbfur` 0 - @ c`kæ` cds nebtbgebrds. D sdm cd o`tuque fubdu ds p`ssds c` pdhígb`.

Nbfur` ? ‗ @ pdhígb` cà gergd ` um G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ,
hâ, k` Estr`c` c` Hboerc`ce.
Nbfur` 7 ‗ Bgdkdfr`` c` Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte W`kt` Oàro`r` -
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 3 ‗ Cb`fr`m`
Cb`fr` m` síktese cds títuhds c`s repdrt`feks em ldrk`bs
o`b`kds ` respebtd c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s ‗ 020> ` 023:.
Nbfur` 5 ‗ Cehbmbt`æçd terrbtdrb`h etkd-hbkfuístbg` Ibgdkfd/Pubgdkfd.
Nbfur` > - Gdmbssçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd em vbsbt` `d
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` em 0276. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd (gektrd),
Ecbsdk G`rkebrd (ce (ce pâ e `d h`cd esquercd)
esquercd) e Ehbseu M`rtbkb`kd
M` rtbkb`kd Odkm
O dkm
(sefukcd ` esquerc` ce Oerk`rcbkd).
Nbfur` 6 ‗ G`ceb` sugess÷rb` cds prdprbetàrbds
prdprbetàrbds em terr`s nrdkte
nrdktebr`s
br`s
e ektdrkd c` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s (0::0-020>).
Nbfur` : ‗ D sítb
sítbdd ce W`hv`c
W` hv`cdr
dr cur`kte ` W`obk`c` e `
cem`rg`æçd ce um Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ k` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj` (0:76).
Nbfur` 2 - Hev`kt`mektd Qh`kbmâtrbgd ‗ N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 01 ‗ _efbstrd cd `ht`r gektr`h e retàouhd kd O`rr`gçd cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 00 ‗ Nrdktbspígbd c` G`s`/Semphd e _esbcìkgb` cd O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 0? ‗ Nrdktbspígbd cd O`rr`gçd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
lust`pdstd
lust`pds td ` g`s`/temphd
g`s`/temphd..
Nbfur` 07 ‗ Bkterbdr cd O`rr`gçd kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
lust`pdstd
lust`pds td ` g`s`/temphd
g`s`/temphd..

Nbfur` 03 ‗ Wímodhd grbstçd kd `ht`r prbkgbp`h cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.

Nbfur` 05 - @ssekt`mektd ce Fdkfdobr`/Mut`hdmoó kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 0> ‗ @ssekt`mek
@ssekt`mektdtd ce G`vukfd kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 06 ‗ @ g`s` cd O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 0: ‗ @ssekt`mektd Lele kd @htd cd Suktum ‗ Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 02 ‗ Qrbmebrd O`rgd ce Bkbgb`æçd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.

2
Nbfur` ?1 ‗ _efbstrd ce hjd e hj`s
 hj`s ce s`ktds cd prbmebrd e cd tergebrd o`rqub-
o`rqub-
ges re`hbz`cds pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.
Nbfur` ?0 ‗ _efbstrd cd Pubktd O`rgd
O` rgd ce Bkbgb`æçd ce O`kc`kfu`me.
Nbfur` ?? ‗ @ssekt`mek
@ssekt`mektdstds ce @kfdró, G`vukfd
G`vukfd e Bkidssb.
Nbfur` ?7 ‗ @ssekt`mek
@ssekt`mektdstds ce H`le Fr`kce (`gbm`) e Umzeg`í (`o`bxd).
Nbfur` ?3 ‗ @ssekt`mektds ce I`tekcì (`gbm`) e Fdkfdobr`/Mut`g`hdmoó
(`o`bxd).
Nbfur` ?5 ‗ @ssekt`mektd ce Sempd/Pubtemoe.
Nbfur` ?> ‗ @ssekt`mek
@ssekt`mektdstds ce Hu`kfd (`gbm` esquerc`) e Ukfbr` (cem`bs).
Nbfur` ?6 ‗ @s n`míhb`s ce s`ktd
s` ktd ce K`æões @kfdh`
@kfdh` e Gdkfd gdm o`se k` tr`cbæçd
dr`h.
Nbfur` ?: ‗ M`rb` Esgdhàstbg` c` Gdkgebæçd K`z`râ ‗ Mçe Mekbkbkj` cd F`k- F` k-
tdbs ‗ 0244
Nbfur` ?2 ‗ Qrdg÷pbd cd Bhì @xâ Dfuklà ‗ 0244
Nbfur` 71 ‗ M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd‗ S`t` @mpum`kcezu.
Nbfur` 70 ‗ _esbcìkgb` ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, k` _u` Qdrtd c` Hekj` ‗ Odk-
m.
Nbfur` 7? ‗ @ prbmebr` estrutur` cd o`rr`gçd
o` rr`gçd O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.
Nbfur` 77 ‗ Cdk` M`rb` Fekdvev` cd Odkm/M`rb` Kekì (M`metd Sujekc`
Kz`mob).
Nbfur` 73 ‗ Feke`hdfb` c`s n`míhb`s ce s`ktds kd G`kcdmohâ @kfdh` k` O`jb`
e d O`te Ndhj` k`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd
sâg uhd ZZ.
Nbfur` 75 ‗ Ldçdzbkjd c` Fdmeb` ‗ _eb cd G`kcdmohâ (0244)
Nbfur` 7> ‗ Cdk` W`mo` Cb`mukfd (Ecbte @pdhbkàrb`).
Nbfur` 76 ‗ D estbhd cd furbkd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd (S`t` @mpu-
m`kcezu).
Nbfur` 7: ‗ Nbhjds ce s`ktd e `cmbr`cdres kd gdrteld cd sepuht`mektd ce M`-
kdeh Oerk`rcbkd.
Nbfur` 72 ‗ Gdrteld nükeore cd s`gercdte M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.
Nbfur` 31 ‗ _efbstrd cd sepuht`mektd
sepuht`mektd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.Q`bxçd.
Nbfur` 30 ‗ @ssbk`tur` ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.
Nbfur` 3? ‗ @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` (S`t` O`kc`kfu`me
O`kc `kfu`me).
Nbfur` 37 ‗ Wete m`rgds
m` rgds c`s tr`let÷rb`s
tr`let÷rb`s cds S`t`s ce Kibses cd O`te Ndhj` (0:2?-
02>5).

01
 HBWS@
HBWS@ CE F_ÀNBGDW
F_À NBGDW
Fràgd 0 ‗ Pu`ktbt`tb
P u`ktbt`tbvd
vd ce pessd`s bkbgb`c`s e gdkrm`c`s cur`kte ds s`gerc÷gbds
ce Oerk`rcbkd e O`kc`kfu`me ektre 02?2 ` 02>1.
Fràgd ? ‗ Fìkerds bkbgb`cds e gdkrm`cds
gdk rm`cds cur`kte ds s`gerc÷gbds
s`gerc÷gbds ce Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk` rcbkd
e O`kc`kfu`me - 02?2 ` 02>1.

00
 HBWS@ CE PU@C_DW
Pu`crd 0 ‗ @utdrbz`æões c` CLG-WWQ/O@ `d Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.
Pu`crd ? ‗ @utdrbz`æões c` Necer`æçd O`jb`k` cd Guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd ‗ NE-
O@G@O.
Pu`crd 7 ‗ @hfuks veroetes cd `rtbfd ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd. ^dg`ouhàrbd Pub-
gdkfd-Pubmoukcd-Qdrtufuìs.
Pu`crd 3 ‗ O`rgds ce bkbgb`æçd cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd
(02?2-023?).
Pu`crd 5 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce xbg`r`kfdm`s e g`nurbkfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce
M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd.
Pu`crd > ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce xbg`r`kfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c`
Q`bxçd (02?2-023?).
Pu`crd 6 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce m`idt`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd
(02?2-023?).
Pu`crd : ‗ O`rgds ce Bkbgb`æçd e Gdkrm`æçd cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce @ktdkbd
Ldsâ c` Wbhv` (0232 ‗ 02>1).
Pu`crd 2 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce g`nurbkfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce @ktdkbd Ldsâ c`
Wbhv` (0232 ‗ 02>1).
Pu`crd 01 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce xbg`r`kfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce @ktdkbd Ldsâ
c` Wbhv` (0232 ‗ 02>1).
Pu`crd 00 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce m`idt`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce @ktdkbd Ldsâ c`
Wbhv` (0232 ‗ 02>1).
Pu`crd 0? ‗ Qregebtds re`hbz`cds cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv`
(0232 ‗ 02>1).

0?
 HBWS@
HBWS@ CE S@OEH
@OEH@W
@W
S`oeh` 0 ‗ Qessd`s Bkbgb`c`s / Gdkrm`c`s kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ektre 02?2 `
02>1.
S`oeh` ? ‗ Kümerd ce Bkbgb`æõe
B kbgb`æõess kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te
O `te Ndhj` ektre 02?2 ` 02>1.
S`oeh` 7 ‗ Kümerd ce Gdkrm`æões kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ektre 02?2 ` 02>1.

07
HBWS@
HBWS@ CE @O_E^B@SU_@W
@ O_E^B@SU_@W

@JU ‗ @rqubvd Jbst÷rbgd Uhtr`m`rbkd

@MKE ‗ @rqubvd cd Mbkbstârbd cds Kef÷gbds Estr`kfebrds
@K ‗ @rqubvd K`gbdk`h
@KSS ‗ @rqubvd K`gbdk`h Sdrre cd Sdmod
@QEO ‗ @rqubvd Qüohbgd cd Est`cd c` O`jb`
@QE_L ‗ @rqubvd Qüohbgd cd Est`cd cd _bd _ bd ce L`kebrd
OK ‗ Obohbdteg` K`gbdk`h ce Hbsod`
OK/_L
OK/ _L ‗ Obohbdteg` K`gbdk`h cd _bd
_ bd ce L`kebrd
G@QEW ‗ Gddrcek`æçd ce @pernebæd`mek
@per nebæd`mektdtd ce Qessd`h ce Kíveh
Kíveh Wuperbdr
GECQ ‗ Gddrcek`æçd ce Est`tístbg` e Cdgumekt`æçd Qdhbgb`h
GDO@KSU ‗ Gdknecer`æçd c`s Sr`cbæões e Guhtur`s O`ktu kd Or`sbh
CLG‗ Cehef`gb` ce Ldfds e Gdstumes
CDM ‗ Cbàrbd Dgb`h cd Mukbgípbd
CDU ‗ Cbàrbd Dgb`h c` Ukbçd
N@QEWO ‗ Nukc`æçd ce @mp`rd á Qesqubs` cd Est`cd c` O`jb`
NEO@G@O ‗ Necer`æçd O`jb`k` cd Guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd
NEK@G@O
NEK@ G@O ‗ Necer`æçd K`gbdk`h ce Guhtd @nrd-o
@n rd-or`sbhebrd
r`sbhebrd
NGWJ ‗ N`guhc`ce ce Gbìkgb`s Wdgb`bs e Jum`k`s
NNGJ ‗ N`guhc`ce ce Nbhdsd` e Gbìkgb`s Jum`k`s
BNO@ ‗ Bkstbtutd Necer`h c` O`jb`
BFJO ‗ Bkstbtutd Fedfràgd e Jbst÷rbgd c` O`jb`
BQJ@K ‗ Bkstbtutd cd Q`trbmókbd Jbst÷rbgd e @rtístbgd K`gbdk`h
QQFJ ‗ Qrdfr`m` ce Q÷s-fr`cu`æçd em Jbst÷rb`
WGGB@ ‗ Wervbæds ce Gektr`hbz`æçd, Gddrcek`æçd e Bkndrm`æões ce @kfdh`
WWQ/O@ ‗ Wegret`rb` ce Wefur`kæ` Qüohbg` c` O`jb`
UNO@ ‗ Ukbversbc`ce Necer`h c` O`jb`
UKH ‗ Ukbversbc`ce Kdv` ce Hbsod`

03
Q_ENÀGBD

D hbvrd que vdgì tem k`s mçds, prez`cd hebtdr, tr`z um cds m`bs
n`sgbk`ktes pers c` tr`cbæçd ce Bkqubge, ^dcuk e Drbxà k`
O`jb`. Sr`t`-se ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, du, gdmd â m`bs
gdkjegbcd, Oerk`rcbkd cd O`te Ndhj`. Ce 020> ` 023>, ndb d zeh`cdr
m`bdr cesse Serrebrd cd pdvd Gdkfd-@kfdh`. @m`cd, respebt`cd e
tembcd, cesempekjdu um p`peh cest`g`cd kçd sdmekte kd est`oehe-
gbmektd ce su` g`s` ce s`ktd, gdmd k` hefbtbm`æçd e gdksdhbc`æçd cd
G`kcdmohâ kum perídcd em que ` persefubæçd se n`zb` sektbr cdhd-
rds`mekte, sekcd `bkc` jdle hemor`c` pdr mubtds vehjds que ` expe-
rbmekt`r`m em su` bknïkgb` e luvektuce.
D Qrdnessdr Erbv`hcd W`hes Kukes tem d gubc`cd ce tr`æ`r d
btbkeràrbd cd S`t` Oerk`
Oerk`rcbkd
rcbkd cesce
cesce su` drbfem em W`ktd @m`rd c`
Qurbg`æçd, dkce ndb bkbgb`cd kd Gdkfd. Là `í pergeoemds ` cehbg`-
cehbg`-
cez` e sutbhez` c` gdkstruæçd c` persdk`hbc`ce místbg` cesse jdmem
que cehbkedu um` gdkverfìkgb` e gdktbkubc`ce ektre cu`s tr`cbæões
mubtd pr÷xbm`s. O`st` dhj`r ` jbst÷rb` c` g`s` cd O`te Ndhj` p`r`
pergeoer que est` bktern`ge se mdstrdu exbtds`.
@d jbstdrb`cdr, kçd â c`cd gdkjeger ds sefrecds que kçd gdks-
t`m, cbret` du bkcbret`mekte, kds cdgumektds. Ektret`ktd, gdmd
kçd sdu d `utdr cd hbvrd, peæd hbgekæ` p`r` gdkness`r mbkj` `cmbr`-
æçd cb`kte cd que kçd està cbtd, m`s pdssd gdksbcer`r suferbcd peh`
pesqubs`.
Nbgdd ` peks`r k` `rte gdm que Oerk`rcbkd gdmpós
Nbg gdmpós d seu ecbnígbd
ec bnígbd
rehbfbdsd, k` sutbhez` gdm que gdmobkdu ehemektds ce drbfem Gdkfd
e @kfdh`, k` exbobhbc`ce que m`kteve kd reh`gbdk`mektd gdm g`- g`-
s`s ce dutr`s k`æões e k` ehefïkgb` e cbsgrbæçd gdm que se reh`gbdkdu
gdm cbversds setdres c` sdgbec`ce ce jefemdkb` or`kg` e g`t÷hbg` c`
W`hv`cdr c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ. Wu` p`rtbgbp`æçd kd BB

05
Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd, em 0276, kds gdkvbc` ` peks`r em su`
est`tur` ce hícer, gdmd pdcemds t`moâm ver peh`s ndtdfr``s gubc`-
gubc`-
cds`mekte esgdhjbc`s p`r` bhustr`r este vdhume.
@ rbquez` ce pdrmekdres sdore ` vbc` ce Oerk`rcbkd, bkghusbve
`spegtds cd gdtbcb`kd, me hev` ` bm`fbk`r ds tr`letds que n`zb` peh`
gbc`ce, gdksbcer`kcd `s cbstïkgb`s, ` tdpdfr`` e d sbstem` ce tr`ks-
tr`ks -
pdrtes ce ektçd. Â prdvàveh que pef`sse d odkce kd Odkm, zesse
um` gdkexçd kd @qubc`oç e c`hb se cbrbfbsse `d _etbrd, ce dkce suob`
um` pbr`moebr` p`r` ter `gessd `d O`te Ndhj`. D mesmd g`mbkjd
us`cd pdr hjds cd @xâ Dpó @ndklà, pdbs esses cdbs Serrebrds n`zem
D pó @ndklà
hbmbte pehds nukcds.
Oerk`rcbkd sduoe hefbtbm`r su` g`s`, su` rehbfbçd e su` nâ t`m-
oâm `tr`vâs cd gdkt`td gdm ds sekjdres e sekjdr`s que, sem serem
prdprb`mekte pr`tbg`ktes
pr`tbg`ktes cd G`kcdmohâ, regdrrb`m `ds seus servbæds
ser vbæds
ce `gdksehj`mektd, cbvbk`æçd e gur`. Ndb t`moâm `ssbm que d G`k-
cdmohâ gresgeu e se gdksdhbcdu k` O`jb`. Bstd me hev` ` peks`r um`
gdktbkubc`ce ektre `s estr`tâfb`s cesekvdhvbc`s pdr Oerk`rcbkd e pdr
dutrds híceres c` âpdg`, gdmd Mçe @kbkj` cd @xâ Dpó @n dklà e Mçe
@ndklà
Mekbkbkj` cd F`ktdbs. Grebd que ds Serrebrds que se m`ktbver`m
e perekbz`r`m, tdrk`kcd-se gdkjegbcds ‗ e em `hfuks g`sds mesmd
n`mdsds ‗ sçd `quehes que sduoer`m tr`æ`r pdktes ektre `s tr`cbæões
ce drbfem `nrbg`k` e ds prdgecbmektds doserv`cds kds gírguhds cds
m`bs gh`rds, m`bs ekcbkjebr`cds e m`bs estuc`cds. Ds trïmbtes re-
h`tbvds á `qubsbæçd cd terrekd dkce se erfueu d Serrebrd, verbg`cds
peh` pesqubs` ce Erbv`hcd W`hes Kukes, mdstr`m gdmd Oerk`rcbkd
sduoe mdkbtdr`r seus prdgecbmektds ce `gdrcd gdm ` hefbsh`æçd, bks-
grevekcd-se `ssbm, t`moâm, kd ukbversd c` dgb`hbc`ce.
Kçd ndr`m mubtds seus o`rgds ce bkbgb`cds. Bstd p`rege `pdkt`r
um zehd e um` prucìkgb` gul` gdksbcer`æçd `luc` ` gdmpreekcer d
ìxbtd c` hbcer`kæ` ce um jdmem gdmd ehe.

0>
 ^dhtd ` me perfukt`r, prez`cd hebtdr< d que peks`v` p`r` tdm`r
cegbsões, p`r` n`zer e m`kter gdkexões gdm d mukcd extr`murds cd
O`te Ndhj`, p`r` esgdhjer que pessd`s pdcerb`m ser bkbgb`c`s4 W`ger-
cdtes gdmd ehe gdkstru
gdkstruír`m
ír`m um`
u m` s`oecdrb` pr÷prb` kd eknrekt`mektd
cesses ces`ds. We ess` s`oecdrb` prdvâm cd guhtbvd c`s tr`cbæões ce
drbfem `nrbg`k` e c` cbsgbphbk` e doservïkgb` cds pregebtds ce @kfd-
h`, pdcemds t`moâm `rm`r que pregbsdu regdkfur`r-se gdktbku`-
gdktbku`-
mekte k` gdksbcer`æçd ce kegessbc`ces e ces`ds que se gdhdg`v`m `
g`c` mdmek
mdmektd.td.
 pdssíveh
pdssíveh bm`fbk`r
bm`fb k`r Oerk`rcbkd
O erk`rcbkd sekt`cd
sekt`cd em su` g`s` k` H`ceb
H`ceb--
r` c` Hekj`, persgrut`kcd `s pdssbobhbc`ces e tdm`kcd cegbsões. @
ndtdfr`` que d tr`z sdhekemekte sekt`cd, pdce prdvdg`r d hebtdr `
bkc`f`r< d que est`rb` peks`kcd d S`t` k`quehe mdmektd,
mdmektd, gdm `que-
h` bkcumektàrb` ekverf`c` gdm t`kt` ehefïkgb`4
Pu`ktds sefrecds estçd gdktbcds kesses rdstds sârbds, gbrguks-
pegtds4 D que cbrb`m
cbrb` m est`s pessd`s
pess d`s sdore ds cbhem`s eknrekt`cds jdle
jdle
pehd pdvd ce s`ktd em W`hv`cdr e t`ktds dutrds huf`res4 Werb` equb-
vdg`cd pretekcer cecuzbr ce su`s tr`let÷rb`s e pdsbgbdk`mektds `s
estr`tâfb`s ` serem ekget`c`s kds kdssds cb`s. Qdr dutrd h`cd, perm`-
kege secutdr seu perh, mdvbmekt`kcd-se pdr mukcds tçd cbversds
qu`ktd pr÷xbmds, kd sektbcd ce p`ss`r `cb`kte `s kughe`rbc`ces cd
gdkjegbmektd ce que er`m sulebtds e pdrt`cdres. Weu vuhtd emerfe
c`s pàfbk`s ceste hbvrd cespert`kcd `cmbr`æçd e respebtd, gdmd k`s
ndtdfr``s que `s g`s`s ce G`kcdmohâ gdstum`m fu`rc`r gbds`- gbds`-
mekte, em pdses sdhekes, gdmd rebs e r`bkj`s. Wbm, rebs e r`bkj`s ce
um mukcd que, se pdce ser gdksbcer`cd p`r`hehd du mesmd suo`h-
terkd em reh`æçd `d mukcd cds m`bs gh`rds, m`bs ekcbkjebr`cds e
m`bs estuc`cds, sduoe, em gdktr`p`rtbc`, n`zer-se t`moâm gektr`h,
gdktrboubkcd p`r` d ekfekcr`mektd ce um` mühtbph` kughe`rbc`ce
k` sdgbec`ce o`b`k`. Esse mukcd prdgurdu cehbke`r-se jbstdrbg`-
mekte gdmd um` vbfdrds` renerìkgb` rehbfbds`, místbg`, n`mbhb`r, ce

06
`gdhjbmektd e sektbcd, resf`t`kcd c` bfkdmíkb` e c` bksbfkbgïkgb`
mbhj`res e mbhj`res ce cesgekcektes c`quehes que `qub vber`m ter
em tumoebrds bmukcds. M`bs `bkc`< esses kügheds sduoer`m n`zer
sektbcd t`moâm p`r` mubtds que, kçd sekcd cesgekcektes ce g`tbvds
`nrbg`kds, pucer`m ekxerf`r `í g`mbkjds ce sektbcd.
Kçd me p`rege ser t`ren` ce um prenàgbd suostbtubr d textd cd
hbvrd, kem suferbr um fub` p`r` su` hebtur`. Està k` jdr` ce gdmeæ`r
` hebtur`, ektçd. @ktes, pdrâm, fdst`rb` ce express`r á ^bc` meu sbk-
gerd `fr`cegbmektd pdr ter `gdmp`kj`cd d n`zbmektd cest` pesqubs`
cesce su` bktekæçd e prdletd e gdkness`r que â gdm ` mesm` emdæçd
que reveld `hfum`s p`ss`feks cd textd ce Erbv`hcd W`hes Kukes e `h-
fum`s cess`s ndtdfr``s que `fu`rc`m d prez`cd hebtdr.
Gdrcb`hmekte,

Qrdn. Cr. Mbhtdk Mdur`

QQFJ/UNO@

0:
@Q_EWEKS@ÆÇD

E ste hbvrd `presekt` resuht`cds ce pesqubs`

pes qubs` kd Cdutdr`cd em Jbs-
t÷rb`, re`hbz`c` ektre ds `kds ?107 e ?106, kd Qrdfr`m` ce Q÷s-
-fr`cu`æçd em Jbst÷rb`-
Jbst÷rb `-QQFJ,
QQFJ, c` N`guhc`ce ce Nbhdsd` e Gbìkgb`s
Jum`k`s-NNGJ, luktd á Ukbversbc`ce Necer`h c` O`jb`-UNO@. @
tese ndb bktbtuh`c` Gdktrboubæçd p`r` ` Jbst÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ Gdk-
fd-@kfdh`
fd-@ kfdh` k`
k ` O`jb`
O`jb`<< d Serrebrd ce Oerk`rcbkd cd O`te Ndhj` (020
(020>-
>-
023>), dkce gdkteb gdm ` drbekt`æçd cd Qrdn. Cr. Mbhtdk @r`üld
Mdur`, e tbve d esmerd, ` fekerdsbc`ce e d odm jumdr cb`kte ce td-
cds ds p`ssds vbvekgb`cds `d hdkfd c`s mbkj`s bkvestbf`æões. @ p`r-
tbr cd ndrm`td `presekt`cd k` tese, enetueb `hfuks `lustes prdgur`kcd
dnereger `d hebtdr `hfum`s bkterpret`æões e `kàhbses sdore ` jbst÷rb`
sdgb`h cd G`kcdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` k` O`jb`, em espegb`h ` cd Ser-
rebrd M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ ‗ d O`te Ndhj`. @fr`ceæd bmeks`mekte á
o`kg` ex`mbk`cdr`
ex` mbk`cdr` e `v`hbc`cdr` c` tese, gdmpdst` pehds prdnessdres
@kfeh` Ehbs`oetj Højkbkf, @ktdkbd Nerk`kcd Fuerrebrd ce Nrebt`s,
Hubs Kbgdh`u Q`râs e V`hter c` Wbhv` Nr`f` Nbhjd pdr terem gdh`od-
r`cd p`r` que d textd k`h ndsse rek`cd. Sr`let÷rb`s, experbìkgb`s,
mem÷rb`s, k`rr`tbv`s, resbstìkgb`s sçd `hfum`s c`s pdssbobhbc`ces bk-
terpret`tbv`s regdrrektes `d hdkfd c` jbst÷rb` `qub ` ser cesgdrtbk`c`.
Esperd que esse meu ‘dhj`r” sdore um` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h cd g`kcdm-
ohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` pdssbobhbte dutrds t`ktds ‘dhj`res” kçd s÷ sdore `
jbst÷rb` c`s rehbfbões `nrd-or`sbhebr`s gdmd t`moâm p`r` ` cbnusçd
ce v`hdres gbvbhbz`t÷rbds `nrbg`kds, t`bs gdmd ` `kgestr`hbc`ce, ` dr`hb-

02
c`ce, ` rehbfbdsbc`ce e ` mem÷rb` ‗ ehemektds tçd bmpdrt`ktes p`r` `
vbc` cd pdvd `nrd-o`b`kd.
Meus `fr`cegbmektds ás hbcer`kæ`s e represekt`ktes `tu`bs cd
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ Ndhj` e ce dutrds Serrebrds peh` `tekæçd, ce-
cbg`æçd e gdk`kæ` ` mbm cepdsbt`cds. Em espegb`h `d S`t` Muk-
fu`xb, ` Kekfu` Fu`kfu`sesse, ` Idt` Kecemou, ` Idt` Su`kcehì,
` M`metd M`oelb, `d S`t` Ibssekcu, ` M`idt` Muoekibà (bk me-
mdrb`k), `d S`t` Kemo`i`hà, `d S`t` Mbk`tdly, ` Nr`kgbsgd Hbm`,
` Cdk` Ghâ` _boebrd e ` Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete (bk memdrb`k). Qeæd
` oekæçd ce g`c` um ce vdgìs. @ds cem`bs memords bktefr`ktes cd
Serrebrd, sdu eterk`mekte
eterk` mekte fr`td pdr terem `grecbt`cd e suferbcd cbg`s
e doserv`æões gdkstrutbv`s p`r` ` ‘kdss`” pesqubs`9 `d gdrpd cdgekte
cd QQFJ-UNO@9 `d Bkstbtutd Necer`h c` O`jb`-BNO@, á Gddrce-
k`æçd ce @pernebæd`mektd ce Qessd`h ce Kíveh Wuperbdr (G@QEW)9 á
Nukc`æçd ce @mp`rd á Qesqubs` cd Est`cd c` O`j O`jb`b` (N@QEWO)
(N@QEWO),, pehd
ndmektd
ndmek td `tr`vâs ce odhs`s ce pesqubs`s
pe squbs`s dkce puce gdkt`r gdm `uxbhbd
`uxb hbd
c` cbsgekte M`fk` W`ktds 9 `d gdhef`s ce prdssçd que cecbg`r`m
seu pregbdsd tempd p`r` hebtur`s e sufestões - H`ís ^bek`, @h`k Q`s-
sds e M`rhdk M`rgds, sereb eterk`mekte fr`td9 `ds `mbfds cd gdr`æçd
F`orbeh`, Mbhtdk Lühbd, Bsr`eh, Ibhm`, Ldyge, ^bvb`ke, `ds gdhef`s ce
cdgìkgb` kd BNO@ e `ds `hukds cd eksbkd oàsbgd e superbdr ‗ d bkgek-
tbvd ce vdgìs v`heu ` pek`9 e, sdoretucd, á mbkj` n`míhb` que t`ktd
me ekgdr`ldu p`r` tr`zer ess` jbst÷rb` á tdk`. Bssd ekfhdo` ` mem÷rb`
cds meus p`bs @ktdkb` e Ldsâ que là estçd kum dutrd ph`kd
ph`kd espbrbtu`h,
espbrbtu` h,
ás mbkj`s brmçs Jehekbge e Wbckâb`, `ds meus sdorbkjds Bfdr, Nbhbp,
R`k, _`n`eh e C`vb< que d `mdr kds m`ktekj` ukbcds. E, pdr m, `d
meu gdmp`kjebrd M`rgehd Qbres, que sduoe vbver bkteks`mekte g`c`
mbkutd `d meu h`cd, t`ktd `qub gdmd p`r` `hâm cd @thïktbgd< kds
`m`mds e gdktbku`mds sekcd `m`cds. Wdu fr`td ` tdcds e pdr tucd!
@wetd!!
@wetd
Erbv`hcd W`hes Kukes

?1
 B
QDKSD CE Q@_SBC@
Q dugd se tem vbsbobhbz`cd sdore ` jbst÷rb` c` ndrm`æçd cds G`k-
cdmohâs Gdkfd-@kfdh` k` O`jb`, `bkc` que sel`m, kds cb`s ce
jdle, ds m`bs kumerdsds, gdkndrme bkcbg` Hugbheke _efbk`hcd.0 Ce
`gdrcd gdm ` su` pesqubs`, kestes esp`æds guhtbv`-se um` mem÷rb`
gektrd-`nrbg`k` dgbcekt`h, `pes`r ce tdc` bkvbsbobhbc`ce dpdrtukbz`c`
pehds estucbdsds cd tem`, cesce d bkígbd cd sâguhd ZZ. S`h sbtu`æçd
põe em rehevïkgb` ` sefubkte questçd< ds pdugds estucds exbstektes
sdore ` tr`let÷rb` e `s experbìkgb`s cds G`kcdmohâs Gdkfd-@kfdh`
em W`hv`cdr g`regem ce m`bdr vbsbobhbc`ce4 Em 0276, cds >6 G`k-
cdmohâs bksgrbtds k` Ukbçd c`s Webt`s @nrd-or`sbhebr`s c` O`jb`, 05
er`m @kfdh`9 3, Gdkfd9 0 er` Mdxb-Gdkfd9 0, @kfdh`-Gdkfd9 0,
Gdkfd-G`odghd9 e 05 er`m G`kcdmohâs ce G`odghd. J`vb`m `bkc`
dutrds 01
01 G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâshâs ce Ietu
Iet u e : Leles.?
Ce `gdrcd gdm Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, ds G`kcdmohâs m`bs bmpdr-
t`ktes kd gekàrbd
gekà rbd sdgb`h c` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr
W` hv`cdr,, k` prbmebr` met`ce cd
sâguhd ZZ, er`m ds sefubktes
sef ubktes<<
Y...] ds c` k`æçd ietd, e ektre ehes ds cd Ekfekjd ^ehjd, cd Dpó @ndklà, cd
F`ktdbs, cd @h`iìtd e cd Dfuklà
Dfu klà ce Wr. Qrdg÷pbd.
Qrdg÷pbd. Ektre ds Leles `vuht`m ds cd
Oófük (Embhb`k`), ce M`kdeh Mekez e ce M`kueh N`henà9 Y...] Ektre ds ce blì-
x`, d ce Ecu`rcd M`kf`oebr`. Ektre ds ce @kfdh`, d c` n`hegbc` M`rb` Kekì
e cd Sumo` Lukæ`r` (Gbrí`gd). Ektre ds cd Gdkfd, d cd O`te Ndhj` (cd n`he-
gbcd Oerk`rcbkd, `fdr` sdo ` gje` ce Q`ezbkjd). Ektre ds ce G`odghd, d ce
0 Gn. _EFBK@HCD, H. ‘Uks trìs gdkfds e `hfuks `kfdh`s” du ds dutrds `nrbg`kds
c` O`jb`. _evbst` Jbst÷rb` Ukbsbkds,
Ukbsbkds, v03(7),
v03(7), p.
p.?56
?56-?>5,
-?>5, set/ cez ?1019 Ds _dsàrbds
se t/cez
cds @kfdh`s< brm`kc`ces kefr`s, experbìkgb`s esgr`v`s e bcektbc`ces `nrbg`k`s k`
O`jb` setegektbst`. Sese
Sese (Cdutdr`cd) Ukbversbc`ce
Ukbversbc`ce Est`cu`h ce G`mpbk`s. Bkstbtutd
ce Nbhdsd` e Gbìkgb`s Jum`k`s. G`mpbk`s-WQ<
G `mpbk`s-WQ< Ys.k.],
Ys.k.], ?115.
? Gn. G@_KEB_D
G@_K EB_D,, E. G`kcdmohâs c` O`jb`. O`jb`. _bd ce L`kebrd< Ecbdurd, 02>6. p.33.

?7
 ×câ S`yógì (Dtàvbd), d ce W`obk`, d c` @reb` c` Gruz cd Gdsme (Mbüc`). Jà
sdmekte um G`kcdmohâ Muæurbmbm (M`hì), ` Webt` @nrbg`k` Qdtektbds` c`
O`jb` ce Qecrd M`kueh
M` kueh cd Espírbtd W`ktd, k` Estr`c` c` Hboerc`ce.7

@ exbstìkgb` ce um` prdcuæçd gbektíg` `d hdkfd cd sâguhd

ZZ, gektr`c` em tr`o`hjds que gdtel`r`m, sdoretucd, G`kcdmohâs
K`fós, merege que se n`æ` um` revbsçd cd huf`r c`s tr`cbæões gek-
trd-`nrbg`k`s dgbcekt`bs. Wekcd `ssbm, gdh`odr`r p`r` um` mehjdr
gdmpreeksçd c` jbst÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ em su`s cbnerektes vertektes
e `d mesmd tempd h`kæ`r kdv`s questões, tdrk`kcd-`s vbsívebs k` bk-
vestbf`æçd c` rehbfbdsbc`ce `nrd-o`b`k`, se gdkstbtub t`ren` rehev`kte.
Qdrt`ktd, lustbgd, em prbmebrd huf`r,
huf`r, pdr c`r vbsbobhbc`ce
vb sbobhbc`ce á jbst÷rb` e
á mem÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ ce tr`cbæçd gektrd-`nrbg`k` dgbcek dg bcekt`h
t`h3 e, ce
mdcd espegb`h,
espegb` h, `d Gdkfd-@kfdh`. Em sefukcd huf`r, ` gdmpreeksçd
c`s pràtbg`s e represekt`æões rehbfbds`s c` tr`cbæçd Gdkfd-@kfdh`,
`ssdgb`c`s á jbst÷rb` c` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr kd perídcd repuohbg`kd,
pdce susgbt`r kdv`s cesgdoert`s ` respebtd c` gdktrboubæçd jbst÷rbg` e
guhtur`h c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s. E, em tergebrd huf`r, reb-
terd ` bmpdrtïkgb` em `tekcer `hfum`s expegt`tbv`s c`s Cbretrbzes
Gurrbguh`res K`gbdk`bs
K`gbdk`bs p`r` ` Ecu
E cug`æçd
g`æçd c`s _eh`æões Âtkbgd-_`gb`bs
Âtkbgd-_`gb`bs
e p`r` d Eksbkd ce Jbst÷rb`
Jbst÷rb` e Guhtur` @nrd-
@ nrd-Or`sbhebr`
Or`sbhebr` e @nrbg`k`.5 @ @dd
prdmdver ` cbnusçd ce v`hdres p`ut`cds k` jbst÷rb` cds pdvds `nrbg`-
7 Bobc. p. 35.
3 @ jbstdrbdfr``
jbstdrbdfr` ` e ` etkdfr``
etkdfr` ` gdkgektr`r`m cbversds estucds sdore ds G`kcdmohâs
o`b`kds em k`bs cd sâguhd ZBZ e cur`kte od` p`rte cd sâguhd ZZ, cem`rg`kcd gdk- gdk-
gebtu`hmekte ` cekdmbk`æçd ce pdvd e k`æçd O`ktd. Esse termd servb` p`r` cesbfk`r
`quehes `nrbg`kds que mbfr`r`m cd terrbt÷rbd c` Ànrbg` Gektr`h p`r` d Or`sbh ektre ds
sâguhds Z^B e ZBZ. Utbhbz`remds d termd k`æçd Gdkfd-@kfdh` du pdvds c` Ànrbg`
Gektr`h p`r` cesbfk`r ds estucds gdktempdrïkeds sdore ds G`kcdmohâs Gdkfd-@k-
fdh` k` O`jb`. @ híkfu` â o`ktd, m`s ds pdvds estçd cbret`mekte hbf`cds á su` gdkcb-
æçd cd pdktd ce p`rtbc`,
p`r tbc`, kesse g`sd, ds p`íses
p` íses cd Gdkfd e ce @kfdh` (Kdt` cd `utdr).
`utdr).
E p`r` M`rb` @rgjer, O`ktd â um` p`h`vr` que sbfkbg` ‘jdmem” em gert`s híkfu`s
`nrbg`k`s.
`nrbg`k `s. Cesbfk`-se gdm eh` esse ekdrme frupd ce kefrds que j`obt`, frdssd mdcd,
`d kdrte c` refbçd cds jdtektdtes e `d suh cds pdvds suc`keses, ektre d @thïktbgd e d
Íkcbgd. Gn. @_GJE_, M. Or`sbh, nrdktebr` c` Ànrbg`. Ànrbg`. Wçd Q`uhd< Nehm`k-_efd,
02>7. p.0:6.
5 @s hebs 01.>72/?117 e 00.>35/?11: sçd bkstrumektds hef`bs pehds qu`bs se est`oehe-
gem `s o`ses p`r` um` ecug`æçd e eksbkd que prdmdv`m um` ecug`æçd kd ïmobtd
c`s reh`æões âtkbgd-r`gb`bs.
?3
kds e seus cesgekcektes kd Or`sbh, `s pdhítbg`s ecug`gbdk`bs `mphb-
`mphb-
g`m ` gdktrboubæçd
gdktrboubæçd ce `hfum`s
` hfum`s cbsgbphbk`s, ektre
ektre eh`s, ` Hbter
Hbter`tur`,
`tur`, `
@rte e ` Jbst÷rb`, `phbg`c`s á ecug`æçd mâcb` e á ndrm`æçd tâgkbg`.
Wdo d pdktd ce vbst` pessd`h, tr`cuzd `qub d víkguhd hbf`cd á
mbkj` `kgestr`hbc`ce. Nbhjd ce um` n`míhb` ce drbfem c` refbçd cd
_egókg`vd O`b`kd, tr`fd m`rg`s cd meu pertekgbmektd guhtur`h e
rehbfbdsd hbf`cds `d G`kcdmohâ. Meu `vó p`terkd ndr` Dfç/G`nurbk-
fdm` em um Serrebrd em W`ktd @ktdkbd ce Lesus. Emodr` kçd sel`
bkbgb`cd k` rehbfbçd, meus kibses prdterdres sçd Hemo` e Mut`hdmoó.
Cdbs sdorbkjds c` sefukc` fer`æçd ce mbkj` n`míhb` gds`kfuíke`
re`hbz`r`m pregeb
pregebtds
tds kd M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ ‗ Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
e esses víkguhds s`fr`cds `gdmp`kj`m ` mbkj` tr`let÷rb` ekqu`ktd
jdmem, hjd e memord `gdhjbcd pdr ess` g`s` ce kibses. Pu`kcd
d doletd ce pesqubs` gjefdu `tâ mbm, kçd vbshumor`v` gdmd um`
dorbf`æçd, jdmek`fem du cetermbk`æçd s`fr`c`. J`vb` um ceseld
ce mbkj` p`rte em cestrbkgj`r e merfuhj`r kum` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h re-
phet` ce `mobfubc`ces, gdkbtds e gdktr`cbæões. C` esgdhj` cd regdr-
regdr -
te tempdr`h `d gdkt`td gdm `s ndktes ce pesqubs`s, ` tdcd bkst`kte, ds
memords c` g`s` reveroer`v`m que, ektre t`ktds esgdhjbcds, gduoe
` mbm, sbstem`tbz`r e prdmdver um` ndrm` ce vbsbobhbz`r ` jbst÷rb`
e ` tr`let÷rb` ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, s`gercdte nukc`cdr
cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Gert`mekte em tempds kçd tçd hdkfíkquds,
dutrds sulebtds t`moâm tr`rçd gdktrboubæões p`r` ` jbst÷rb` c` k`æçd
ce G`kcdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh`. Pue `ssbm sel`.
D esgdpd cesekj`cd kesse hbvrd â gdmpreekcer `s ndrm`s ce
represekt`æões rehbfbds`s e sdgb`bs cd Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te
Ndhj`, em W`hv`cdr, kd perídcd gdmpreekcbcd ektre 020> e 023>. Bssd
bmphbg` `v`hb`r `hfum`s estr`tâfb`s `cdt`c`s pehd Est`cd, peh` Lustb-
æ`, peh` Qdhígb` e peh` Bmpreks` O`b`k`, oem gdmd `hfum`s tàtbg`s ce
resbstìkgb`s `cdt`c`s pehds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd `d hdkfd
c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ. Em termds espegígds, prdgureb
bkvestbf`r ` tr`let÷rb` cd O`te Ndhj` qu`ktd á p`ss`fem ce terrekd
?5
(prdprbec`ce) ` terrebrd (esp`æd ce resbstìkgb`s e pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s)9
gdmpreekcer `s experbìkgb`s c`s fer`æões bkbgb`bs cd Serrebrd e su`s
reh`æões gdm ndrm`æçd cd G`kcdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` k` gbc`ce ce
W`hv`cdr, sdoretucd p`ut`c`s k`s vbsões obkàrb`s purez`-nr`quez`/
`nrbg`kd-grbduhd9 e, pdr m, m`pe`r ` tr`let÷rb` rehbfbds` cd prbmebrd
s`gercdte/t`t` ce kibses> cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`< M`kdeh
M` kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
Oer k`rcbkd
c` Q`bxçd.
@ jbstdrbdfr`` gdktempdrïke` tem grbtbg`cd veemektemekte
ds estucds ce g`sds, ds
d s mdcehds te÷rbgds e gdkgebtu`bs, gdhdg`kcd, pdr
exemphd, ` questçd< d que n`zer gdm t`kt`s ndktes gdksuht`c`s4 Pue
mdcehds e/du gdkgebtds gdktrbouem p`r` um cesekvdhvbmektd ce
um` od` pesqubs`4 Empbrb` e tedrb` kds estucds jbst÷rbgds... `s pes-
qubs`s est`rb`m se drbekt`kcd m`bs pdr um vetdr du pdr dutrd4 Q`r-
tbkcd cd ektekcbmektd prdpdstd pdr Ecw`rc Sjdmpsdk,6 sefukcd
d qu`h jbstdrb`c
jbstdrb`cdres
dres pregbs`m tr`o`hj`r `s ‘experbìkgb`s
‘experbìkgb`s”” c`s gh`sses
sdgb`bs, e gul` tedrb` kçd ceve ser um` espâgbe ce ‘g`mbs` ce ndræ`”
cb`kte cds doletds pesqubs`cds, â que `s pesqubs`s hbf`c`s á àre` c`
Jbst÷rb` Wdgb`h tìm ekvdhvbcd cbsgussões que perp`ss`m g`tefdrb`s
t`bs gdmd gh`sse, jefemdkb`, experbìkgb`9 gdstumes, hebs, lustbæ`,
j`obtus, bkcbvícud e sdgbec`ce9 k`rr`tbv`s, bkterpret`æões, `fìkgb` e
tempdr`hbc`ce.
@hfum`s temàtbg`s k`s àre`s c` @ktrdpdhdfb` e c` Jbst÷rb`
vìm sekcd cesekvdhvbc`s e gdrrespdkcem ` cbsgussões sdore ` tr`cb-
æçd cds estucds ‘`nrd-or`sbhb`kbst`s”, ` exemphd c`quehes `mp`r`cds

> Ds G`kcdmohâs ce @kfdh` e cd Gdkfd tìm ds mesmds ceuses ce uses (kibses) que ds
G`kcdmohâs K`fós, m`s gdm dutrds kdmes, e t`hvez gdm cbnerekæ`s supergb`bs
superg b`bs ce
`presekt`æçd. @ssbm, Dfük â Wumod du Kióge Muiumoe9 K`kç, Iìrì-Iìrì9 R`k-
sç, O`mouregem`9 Dx÷ge, S`umbk,
S`umbk, M`t`humoó du Gdkfdobr`9 Dmdhü, Ourukfukæd
du Iuquìte9 Z`kfó, \`ze, G`mo`r`fu`kle du Ibouid9 Hóid, I`tekcì, bcektbg`cd
gdmd Wçd Weo`stbçd, du Sempd9 Dx`hà, Hemoà du I`æuoâià9 Dxukm`rì, @kfdró9
Exü, @huv`bà du Odmodklbr` Y...] Jà dutrd kibse, `pek`s ce grb`æçd @kfdh` du Gdk-
fd, e ektre estes @kfórdmâ`, cerbv`cd ce @kfdró e bcektbg`cd gdm W`kt` Bz`oeh9
^umoe, `s `hm`s cds mdrtds. Gn. G@_KEB_D, E. dp. gbt., p. >5.
6 Gn. SDMQWDK, E. Q. Gdstumes em gdmum. Wçd Q`uhd< Gb` c`s Hetr`s, ?11?.

?>
pdr _dfer O`stbce, Embhe Curijebm e Ev`ks-Qrbtgj`rc9: gdkt`-se
`bkc` gdm cbsgussões sdore ` ndrm`æçd c`s guhtur`s `nrd-`merbg`-
k`s e `s teses grbduhbst`s, ` p`rtbr ce hebtur`s ce Wbckey Mbktz e _b-
gj`rc Qrbge92 ` grdkdtdpb` (d tempd e d esp`æd) cd Mukcd @thïktbgd
kum` perspegtbv` te÷rbg` ce Q`uh Fbhrdy901 ` gbrguh`rbc`ce `thïktbg`
cd netbgje (rehbfbçd e nebtbæ`rb`) gdm negukc`s gdktrboubæões ce _d-
fer W`ksb.00 Jà t`moâm ds estucds que gdktemph`m `s reh`æões ektre
`gdmdc`æçd e resbstìkgb` cd @nrd-g`tdhbgbsmd e Brm`kc`ces9 tr`let÷-
rb`s e experbìkgb`s drbukc`s c` esgr`vbcçd, c` mem÷rb` e c` rehbfbçd.
Wçd temàtbg`s `odrc`c`s, ektre dutrds, pdr _dk`hcd ^`bkn`s, M`rbk`
ce Mehhd e Wduz`, Hubs Kbgdh`u Q`râs, Ldçd Ldsâ _ebs, L`mes Wweet
e M`kueh` G`rkebrd c` Gukj`90? pdr ühtbmd, ` etkdfìkese Bdruoà,
purez` rbtu`h e sbkgretbsmd k`s rehbfbões `nrd-`thïktbg`s, gdm perspeg-
tbv`s ce `kàhbses `mph`mekte cbsgutbc`s pdr Hdr`kc M`tdry, Hubs
Kbgdh`u Q`râs e Wten`kb` G`pdke.07
: Gn. O@WSBCE. _. @s rehbfbões `nrbg`k`s kd Or`sbh< gdktrboubæões ` um` sdgbdhd-
fb` c`s bkterpeketr`æões ce gbvbhbz`æões. Wçd Q`uhd< Ecusp. 02609 E^@KW-Q_BS-
GJ@_CW, E.E. H`s tedrb`s ce H` rehbfbdk prbmbtbv`. M`crbc< Wbfhd ZZB Ecbtdres.
02219 CU_IJEBM, E. Hes ndrmes âhâmekt`bres ce h`vberehbfbeuse. Q`rbs< Pu`crb-
fe-QUN, 022:.
2 Gn. MBKS\, W. V9 Q_BGE, _. D k`sgbmektd c` guhtur` `nrd-`merbg`k`. Um`
perspegtbv` `ktrdpdh÷fbg`.
` ktrdpdh÷fbg`. _bd ce L`kebrd< Ukbversbc`ce Gïkcbcd Mekces, ?117.
01 Gn. FBH_DR, Q. Q. D @thïktbgd Kefrd. Mdcerkbc`ce e cuph` gdksgbìkgb`. Wçd Q`u-
hd-_bd ce L`kebrd< Ec. 73, UG@M, ?110.
00 Gn. W@KWB, _. ‘Sje Netbsj bk tje Husdpjdke @th`ktbg” bk K@_D, K.Q.9 W@KWB,
_.9 S_EEGE, C. J.(drfs) GuhtureGuhturess dn tje Husdpjdke Oh`gi @th`ktbg. Kew Rdri<
Q`hfr`ve M`gmbhh`k, ?116, p. 06-31.
0? Gn. ^@BKN@W,
^@BKN@W, _.9 WDU\@, M. ce M. e. G`tdhbz`æçd
G`tdhbz`æ çd e pdcer kd tempd cd tràgd<
t ràgd<
d rebkd cd Gdkfd c` gdkversçd gdrd`c` `d mdvbmektd @ktdkb`kd. Wâguhds Wâgu hds Z^-Z^BB.
Z^-Z^BB.
Sempd, >, 022:, p. 25-00:9 Q@_ÂW, H. K. Mem÷rb`s c` esgr`vbcçd kd rbtu`h rehbfbd-
sd< um` gdmp`r`æçd ektre d guhtd `ds vdcuks kd Oekbm e kd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd. Bk<
_EBW, L. L.9 @\E^ECD, E. (drfs). Esgr`vbcçd e su`s sdmor`s< estucds ce um frupd
ce pesqubs`. W`hv`cdr< Ecuno`, ?10?. p. 000-03?9 _EBW, L. L. Cdmbkfds Wdcrâ, um
s`gercdte `nrbg`kd< esgr`vbcçd, hboerc`ce e G`kcdmohâ k` O`jb` cd sâguhd ZBZ. Wçd
Q`uhd< Gb` c`s Hetr`s, ?11:9 WVEES, L. Cdmbkfds @hv`rez, @nrbg`k Je`hbkf, `kc
tje Bktehhegtu`h
Bktehhegtu` h Jbstdry dn @th`ktbg Vdrhc.
Vdrhc. Gj`peh Jbhh< Sje
S je Ukbversbtydn
Ukbversbtydn Kdrtj G`-
rdhbk` Qress, ?1009
?1009 GUKJ@, M. G. c`. Kefrds, estr`kfebrds<
e str`kfebrds< ds esgr`vds
esgr `vds e su` vdht`
vdht`
á Ànrbg`.
Àn rbg`. Wçd Q`uhd
Q`uhd<< Or`sbhbekse,
Or`sbh bekse, 02:5.
02:5.
07 Gn. M@
M@SD_SD_R R, L. H. @s rdt`s e `s r`ízes k` k`æçd tr`ks`thïktbg`, 0:71-0251. ^er.
^er.
Jdrbzdktes @ktrdpdh÷fbgds, Qdrtd @hefre, `kd 3, k.2, p.?>7-?2?, dutuord ce 022:9
Oh`gi @th`ktbg rehbfbdk. Sr`cbtbdk, Sr`ks-K`tbdk`hbsm `kc M`trb`rgjb bk tje Or`zb-
?6
 Kd g`mpd cds estucds c` jbst÷rb` ce `nrbg`kds hboertds, m`bs
regektemekte, d gdkgebtd ce h`cbkbz`æçd vem sekcd regdrrekte kds
estucds cd jbstdrb`cdr Ldçd Ldsâ _ebs, em espegb`h `quehes reh`gbdk`-
cds `d s`gercdte
s`gercdte `nrbg`kd Cdmbkfds Wdcrâ e `d `nrbg`kd rbgd e hboertd
M`kdeh Ld`qubm _bg`rcd.03 Em sum`, d `rg`oduæd te÷rbgd ekvdh-
vekcd cbsgussões `ktrdpdh÷fbg`s e jbst÷rbg`s ` respebtd c`s rehbfbões
`nrbg`k`s, `nrd-`merbg`k`s e `nrd-or`sbhebr`s està bkserbcd kd gdktex-
td cds estucds sdore rehbfbões kd mukcd `thïktbgd. Keste mdmektd
c` reexçd, `odrc`m-se `s teses ekvdhvekcd ` cbkïmbg` c`s rehbfbões
`nrbg`k`s kd gdktbkekte `merbg`kd, su`s gdktbkubc`ces, tr`ksndrm`-
æões, `c`pt`æões e rebkterpret`æões, nrutds ce `kàhbses ektre cbversds
espegb`hbst`s k`s àre`s c` @ktrdpdhdfb`, c` Wdgbdhdfb` c`s _ehbfbões
e c` Jbst÷rb`.
D G`kcdmohâ ekqu`ktd vertekte c`s rehbfbões `nrd-or`sbhebr`s
f`kjdu fr`kce prdleæçd cepdbs cd m cd g`tbvebrd em 0:::. Ce
`gdrcd gdm Nr`f` e @houquerque, mesmd d G`kcdmohâ tekcd se cb-
nukcbcd k` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr` e o`b`k`, gdktbkudu ` ser vítbm` c`
repressçd pdhbgb`h e cd pregdkgebtd. Cur`kte ` prbmebr` met`ce
met` ce cd sâ-
guhd ZZ, `s persefubæões se c`v`m peh`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s gdksbce-
r`c`s superstbgbds`s, bkgbvbhbz`c`s e `ktbgrbstçs. Cbvers`s hbcer`kæ`s
rehbfbds`s cd G`kcdmohâ hut`r`m gdktr` ` bktdherïkgb` e ousg`r`m d
regdkjegbmektd ce su`s pràtbg`s, du sel`, ousg`r`m hefbtbm`r d G`k-
cdmohâ ekqu`ktd um` rehbfbçd kd seu sektbcd estrebtd.05

hb`k G`kcdmohâ. Qrbgetdk Ukbversty Qress, ?115.9 Q@_ÂW, H. K. D mukcd `thïktbgd

e ` gdkstbtubæçd c` jefemdkb` K`fó kd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd. _evbst` Esodæds. ^dh. ^dh. 06,
k¼ ?7, p. 0>5-0:5, ?1019 G@QDKE, W. @ ousg` c` Ànrbg` kd G`kcdmohâ. Sr`cbæçd e
pdcer kd Or`sbh. _bd ce L`kebrd< Q`hh`s, ?113.
03 Gn. _EBW, L. L. Cdmbkfds Wdcrâ, um s`gercdte `nrbg`kd< esgr`vbcçd, hboerc`ce e
G`kcdmohâ k` O`jb` cd sâguhd ZBZ. Wçd Q`uhd< Gb` c`s Hetr`s, ?11:9 Ce esgr`vd `
rbgd hboertd< ` tr`let÷rb` cd `nrbg`kd M`kdeh Ld`qubm _bg`rcd k` O`jb` dbtdgektbst`.
_evbst` Jbst÷rb`. Wçd Q`uhd, k. 063, p-05->:, l`k-luk, ?1-0>. Cbspdkbveh em 8jttp<//
8jttp<//
cx.cdb.drf/01.00>1>/bssk.?70>-2030.rj.?10>.01:035;.
cx.cdb.drf/01.00>1>/bssk.?70>-2030.rj.?10>.01:035 ;. @gessd< 0? set. ?10>.
05 Gn. N_@F@, V.9 @HOUPUE_PUE, V. _. ce. Um` jbst÷rb` c` guhtur` `nrd-
-or`sbhebr`. Wçd Q`uhd< Mdcerk`, ?112. p. 5>-56.

?:
 We ousg`rmds `s ndktes ce pesqubs`s que tìm drbekt`cd ds es-
tucds sdore `s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s kd Or`sbh, ce mdcd es-
pegb`h k` O`jb`, v`mds pergdrrer um h`strd te÷rbgd que tem gdmd
cbvbsdr ce àfu`s ` tr`ksbæçd cd sâguhd ZBZ p`r` d ZZ. Em k`bs cd
sâguhd ZBZ, ds estucds cesekvdhvbcds pdr _`ymukcd Kbk` _dcrb-
fues tbver`m
tbver`m egd `d hdkfd
hdkfd cd sâguhd ZZ,
Z Z, em espegb`h k` su` prbmebr`
met`ce. M`kueh Puerbkd, Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, @rtjur _`mds, _utj
H`kces, Mehvbhhe Jeridvbts, Cdk`hc Qbersdk, _dfer O`stbce, Qberre
^erfer e, m`bs t`rce, là k`s câg`c`s ce 0261 e 02:1, Lu`k` Ehoebk cds
W`ktds, ^bv`hcd c` Gdst` Hbm`, Drcep Werr` e _ek`td c` Wbhvebr` sçd
`hfuks cds bktehegtu`bs que k`vef`r`m sdore ds estucds `nrbg`kbst`s
kd Or`sbh. Fr`kce p`rte cesses `utdres gektrdu esndræds kds estucds
sdore ds pdvds c` Ànrbg` Dgbcekt`h, em espegb`h `quehes cekdmbk`-
cds K`fós, ce híkfu` Bdruoà, e que tbver`m gdmd refekte bkbgb`h Kbk`
_dcrbfues.
Cektre ds `utdres `gbm` gbt`cds, `hfum`s gdktrboubæões gdksb-
cer`c`s ghàssbg`s p`r` ` jbst÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ sçd retdm`c`s e re-
vbst`c`s `d hdkfd cd presekte hbvrd, kd sektbcd ce se `v`hb`r d huf`r
cd ekukgb`cd cbsgursbvd (quem n`h`, p`r` dkce n`h`, ce dkce se n`h`),
ekvdhvekcd `kàhbses te÷rbg`s sdore d G`kcdmohâ ekqu`ktd gdstume
e pràtbg` rehbfbds` `nrbg`k`, grbduh` (`nrd-`merbg`k`), e ce mdcd espe-
gb`h ` gdktrboubæçd cd G`kcdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`. Gdkt`-se gdm `kàhbses ce _utj H`kces, Ecbsdk G`rkebrd,
Cdk`hc Qbersdk e Mehvbhhe L. Jersidvbts. Sdcds esses `utdres `uxb-
hb`r`m k` gdmpreeksçd `gerg` c`s reces sdgb`bs est`oehegbc`s ektre
G`kcdmohâs Gdkfd-@kfdh`, Leles e K`fós9 kds víkguhds est`oehegb-
cds ektre
ektre `s hbcer`kæ`s ce bmpdrt`ktes terrebrds
terrebrds k` g`pbt`h o`b`k`9 k`s
reh`æões ce prestífbds sdgb`bs e pdhítbgds ektre híceres `nrd-o`b`kds e `s
esner`s püohbg` e prbv`c` c` sdgbec`ce o`b`k`. Wçd gdktrboubæões ce
bkvestbf`cdres kds ïmobtds c` sdgbdhdfb` e c` `ktrdpdhdfb` jbst÷rbg`
que trduxer`m cescdor`mektds p`r` ds g`mpds c` jbst÷rb` rehbfbd-

?2
s` c`s pdpuh`æões `nrdcesgekcektes k` O`jb`, sdoretucd, cur`kte `s
câg`c`s ce 0271 e 0231. S`bs estucds prdgur`r`m rendræ`r ` ousg`
c`qubhd que â `nrbg`kd kds guhtds ce G`kcdmohâ kd Or`sbh e que nd-
r`m bkgess`ktes `d hdkfd c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, e `hvd ce
cbsgussões gdktempdrïke`s.
@ p`rtbr c` câg`c` ce 0261 cespdktdu kd Or`sbh um` kdv` ob-
ohbdfr`` `nrbg`kbst`, tr`zekcd `rfumektds p`r` `k`hbs`r ` presek-
presek-
æ` `nrbg`k` k`s @mârbg`s e dneregekcd o`ses p`r` ` cbsgussçd sdore
um cbàhdfd pdssíveh ektre gektrd-`nrbg`kds. Ce `gdrcd gdm `s `kà-
hbses tegbc`s pdr @kcre` Mekces,0> cevemds hev`r em gdksbcer`æçd
que um pdktd nukc`mekt`h ` ser hev`cd em gdkt` p`r` ds estucds
sdore `s rehbfbdsbc`ces `nrbg`k`s kd Or`sbh `cvâm cd jbstdrb`cdr L`k
^`ksbk`,06 mdstr`kcd que ` Ànrbg` Gektrd-Dgbcekt`h gdkstbtub um`
ükbg` e fr`kce àre` guhtur`h, hbf`c` kçd sdmekte peh` sbmbh`rbc`ce
hbkfuístbg` O`ktd, m`s t`moâm pehd gdmp`rtbhj`mektd c` mesm`
gdsmdhdfb` e bcedhdfb` pdhítbg`. Dutrd bmpdrt`kte mdvbmektd c`
kdv` jbstdrbdfr`` `nrbg`kbst` ceu cest`que ` cbvers`s ndktes prbmà-
prbmà-
rb`s prdcuzbc`s pdr exphdr`cdres e mbssbdkàrbds eurdpeus. _ehbfbd-
sds gdmd Dhnert C`pper e Fbdv`kkb @któkbd G`v`zzb0: sçd `hfuks
exemphds ce `mph`s cdgumekt`æões bmpress`s exbstektes sdore ds
gdstumes e pràtbg`s ce pdvds gektrd-`nrbg`kds.02 G`oe `bkc` cest`g`r
d tr`o`hjd ce pesqubs` ce Ldjk Sjdrktdk,?1 que prdpõe um mâtdcd
gj`m`cd prdgessd ce trb`kfuh`æçd, pehd qu`h t`bs cdgumektds cevem
0> Gn. MEKCEW, @. H. _ ^estbcds ce re`hez`< gdktrboubæões gektrd-`nrbg`k`s cd
G`kcdmohâ ce Ldçdzbkjd c` Fdmeb` (0276-02>6). Cbssert`æçd ce Mestr`cd. Ukbver-
sbc`ce Est`cu`h ce G`mpbk`s.
G` mpbk`s. G`mpbk`s, ?10?, p. 75.
06 Gn. ^@KWBK@,
^@KWBK@, L. Ceep cdw tbme< pdhítbg`h tr`cbtbdk
tr`c btbdk bk Gektr`h @nrbg`,
@n rbg`, Jbstdry bk
bk
@nrbg`, k¼ 0>, 02:2, p. 730-7>?.
0: Gn. ndktes
ndktes bmpress`s
bmpre ss`s ce< C@QQE_, D. Cesgrbptbdk
Cesgr bptbdk ce h³@nr
h³@nrbque.
bque. @msterc`
@mst erc`k<k< Vdh-
Vdh-
nf`kf, V`esoerf, Odm & ^`k Wdmerek, 0>:>9 G@^@\\B C@ MDKSEGÜGGD-
HD. F. @. Cesgrbæçd jbst÷rbg` cds trìs rebkds cd Gdkfd, M`t`mo` e @kfdh` (0>:6).
Sr`cuæçd, kdt`s e bkcíges pehd Qe. Fr`gb`kd M`rb` ce Hefuzz`kd. Hbsod`. Lukt` ce
Bkvestbf`æões cd Uhtr`m`r, 02>5. ^dh. 0.
02 Gn. MEKCEW, @. H. _., dp. gbt., p. 7>
?1 Gn. SJD_KSDK, L. L. I. @ Ànrbg`
Àn rbg` e ds `nrbg`kds
` nrbg`kds k` ndrm`æçd cd mukcd @thïktbgd
(0311-0:11). _bd ce L`kebrd< Ehsevber, ?113.

71
ser revbs`cds
revbs`cds ` p`rtbr ce perspegtbv
perspegtbv`s
`s cegdrrektes
cegdrrektes ce `kàhbses
`kà hbses c` @k-
@ k-
trdpdhdfb` Mdcerk`.?0 ^`he s`hbekt`r `s bkvestbf`æões cd jbstdrb`cdr
_doert V. Whekes que vem gdkgektr`kcd tr`o`hjds gdm mem÷rb`s
guhtur`bs ce gektrd-`nrbg`kds kd Or`sbh.??
Wekcd `ssbm, e peks`kcd k`s tr`cbæões guhtur`bs e rehbfbds`s
ce cesgekcìkgb` `nrbg`k` em Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, `ssdgb`c`s á
k`æçd Gdkfd-@kfdh`,
Gdkfd-@kfdh`, tr`fd p`r` d ukbversd cd ceo`te gbektígd es- es-
tucds sdore ` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h ce um cds m`bs bmpdrt`ktes gektrds re-
hbfbdsds ce m`trbz `nrbg`k` gdm ndrm`æçd kd Or`sbh< d Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj` ‗ M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ. Est`oehegbcd k` Sr`vess` Wçd Ldrfe,
kümerd >5, k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, kd o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur`, este
terrebrd geheordu kd `kd ce ?10> d gektekàrbd ce su` nukc`æçd. @d se
tr`t`r c`s bkvestbf`æões que t`kfekgb`m ` jbst÷rb` cds pdvds gektrd-
-`nrbg`kds,
-`nrbg` kds, @kfdh` e Gdkfd, e seus cescdor`mektds kd terrbt÷rbd or`-
sbhebrd, pdce-se gdkt`r gdm `s bkvestbf`æões re`hbz`c`s pdr Hugbheke
_efbk`hcd e que tdm`mds gdmd um` renerìkgb` p`r` ` jbstdrbdfr`-
` gdktempdrïke` keste ïmobtd ce estucds, pdbs se gdtel` ` jbst÷rb`
cds pdvds gektrd-`nrbg`kds dgbcekt`bs k` guhtur` e k` rehbfbdsbc`ce
grbstç e `nrd-o`b`k`.?7 @cbgbdk`m-se `s bkvestbf`æões `ktrdpdh÷fbg`s
re`hbz`c`s pdr Ldgâhbd Sehes sdore ds G`odghds e ds resuht`cds ce pes-
qubs`s sdore sdgbec`ce e guhtur` ce ^`hârb` @mbm, que bkvestbf` `
gdktrboubæçd guhtur`h cds @kfdh`s k` refbçd ce Bhjâus. ?3 Dutr` bm-
pdrt`kte bkvestbf`æçd ndb re`hbz`c` pdr @kcre` Mekces, que est`oe-
hege `kàhbses sdore ` gdktrboubæçd `nrd-rehbfbds` ce Ldçd c` Fdmeb`,
?0 Gn. MEKCEW, @. H. _ dp. gbt., p. 76.
?? Gn. WHEKEW, _. V. V. K` sekz`h` um` dr< esper`kæ` e regdrc`æões k` ndrm`æçd c`
n`míhb` esgr`v` - Or`sbh, Wuceste, sâguhd ZBZ. ?`. ec, G`mpbk`s< Ec. Ukbg`mp, ?105.
?7 Gn. _EFBK@HCD, H. Ds _dsàrbds cds @kfdh`s< brm`kc`ces kefr`s, experbìk-
gb`s esgr`v`s e bcektbc`ces `nrbg`k`s k` O`jb`
O`j b` setegektbst`. Sese (Cdutdr`cd) Ukbver-
Ukbver-
sbc`ce Est`cu`h ce G`mpbk`s. Bkstbtutd ce Nbhdsd` e Gbìkgb`s Jum`k`s. G`mpb- G`mpb-
k`s-WQ< Ys.k.], ?115.
?3 Gn. W@KSDW, L. S. cds. D cdkd c` terr`< d g`odghd kds G`kcdmohâs c` O`jb`.
W`hv`cdr, O@< W`r`j Hetr`s,
H etr`s, 02259
02259 @MBM, ^. Àfu`s ce @kfdh` em Bhjâus< um estu-
cd sdore gdkstruæões bcektbtàrb`s kd G`kcdmohâ cd Wuh c` O`jb`. ?112. 717 . Sese
(Cdutdr`cd).
(Cdutdr`cd ). Qrdfr`m` Muhtbcbsgbphbk`r ce Q÷s-fr`cu`æçd em Guhtur` e Wdgbec`ce.
Ukbversbc`ce
Ukbversb c`ce Necer`h c` O`jb`. W`hv`cdr, ?112.
?112.
70
hbcer`kæ` rehbfbds` cd G`kcdmohâ @kfdh`
@kfdh` que tr`ksbtdu peh`s gbc`ces
ce W`hv`cdr e _bd L`kebrd ektre 0231 ` 0261.?5 Kçd pdcemds percer ce
vbst` `s gdktrboubæões re`hbz`c`s pdr Ecbsdk G`rkebrd k` etkdfr``
ce G`kcdmohâs @kfdh` e pdr Rìc` Qessd` ce G`strd kds estucds et-
kd-hbkfuístbgds.?> Sdcds esses pesqubs`cdres ndr`m nukc`mekt`bs kd
`uxíhbd tâdrbgd, pdr se tr`t`rem ce tr`o`hjds que em `hfum mdmektd
estçd reh`gbdk`cds ás gdktbkubc`ces e/du cesgdktbkubc`ces c`s guh-
tur`s e c`s ndrm`s ce rehbfbdsbc`ces, `cvbkc`s cds pdvds gektrd-`nrb-
g`kds e ds seus ressbfkbg`cds kd ukbversd sdgb`h k` O`jb`, sdoretu-
sdoretu-
cd, k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr.
Pu`ktd `ds rumds c`s bkvestbf`æões persefubcds, p`rtb c`
pressupdsbæçd ce que `s reces ce reh`æões ektre ds Serrebrds ce G`k-
cdmohââ k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr
cdmoh W `hv`cdr ektre 020
020> e 023> ‗ perídcd
p erídcd ce bkteks`s
persefubæões pdr p`rte c` pdhígb` o`b`k`, `mp`r`c` pehds G÷cbfds
Grbmbk`bs ce 0:21 e 0231 ‗ esteve p`rgb`hmekte sustekt`c` peh` tese
c` supdst` jefemdkb` K`fó e nr`quez` Gdkfd-@kfdh`. @ supdst`
suprem`gb` K`fó, mesmd que tekj` sbcd prepdkcer`kte kd bm`fb-
kàrbd `nrd-rehbfbdsd, kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, kçd ndb cegbsb-
v`, t`mpdugd exghucekte. Dutr` pressupdsbæçd â `tâ que pdktd ds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ zer`m usd ce estr`tâfb`s e tàtbg`s p`r` se
ndrt`hegerem cb`kte c`s bkstbtubæões lucbgbàrb`s kd Or`sbh, sdoretucd,
kd perídcd cd Est`cd Kdvd, bkcepekcektemekte ce su` feke`hdfb`
`nrbg`k` e cd prestífbd sdgb`h que cetermbk`cds s`gercdtes du s`ger-
cdtbs`s fdz`v`m. Qersefubæões `ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs se prd-
gess`r`m cds terrebrds m`bs `n`m`cds áquehes ce mekdr vbsbobhbc`ce.
D que n`vdrege ` gdksdhbc`æçd cds G`kcdmohâs k` O`jb`, k` prbmeb-
r` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, kçd cepekce t`ktd c`s reh`æões bkterfrup`bs
e sbm c` su` g`p`gbc`ce e `rtbguh`æçd gdm d gdkluktd c` sdgbec`ce
?5 Gn. MEKCEW, @. H. _., dp. gbt.
?> G@_KEB_D,
G@_ KEB_D, E. G`kcdmohâs c` O`jb`. O` jb`. _bd
_ bd ce L`kebrd< Ecbdurd, 02>69
02>69 _ehbfbões
Kefr`s/Kefrds O`ktds. ?ª ec., _bd ce L`kebrd/Or`síhb`, Gbvbhbz`æçd Or`sbhebr`/BKH,
02:0
2:099 G@WS_D,
G @WS_D, R.
R. Q.
Q. ce. N`h`res `nrbg`kds
`nrbg` kds k` O`jb`< um vdg`ouhàrbd `nrd-or`sbhebrd.
` nrd-or`sbhebrd.
Sdpoddis< _bd ce L`kebrd, ?115.

7?
o`b`k` c` âpdg`. @hâm cbssd, perfukt`-se t`moâm se ds sulebtds que
`tu`r`m ekqu`ktd `fektes ce bkndrm`æões p`r` ds pesqubs`cdres es-
tr`kfebrds est`rb`m gdkgektr`cds tçd sdmekte kd ebxd K`fós/Bdru-
oàs< bkndrm`ktes c` k`æçd Gdkfd-@kfdh` t`moâm tbver`m p`rtbgb-
p`æões enetbv`s kesses prdgessds4
@ cehbmbt`æçd tempdr`h gdmpreekce cdbs mdmektds espegí- espegí-
gds. D prbmebrd v`b cesce ds `kds bkbgb`bs ce nukc`æçd cd Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`, dgdrrbc` em 020>, estekcekcd-se `tâ 023>. Ess` grdkd-
hdfb` gdktemph` d perídcd ce s`gerc÷gbd cd p`b ce s`ktd nukc`cdr
cd Serrebrd, d Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd. Ektret`ktd, d o`hb-
z`mektd grdkdh÷fbgd prdgurdu estekcer-se ás n`ses que `ktegecem `
nukc`æçd cd Serrebrd bkcd `tâ d n`hegbmektd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd.
Gdmpreekcer `hfuks `spegtds
` spegtds hbf`cds
h bf`cds `ds gdktextds que ekvdhvem
ekvdhvem `s
gbrgukstïkgb`s c` `odhbæçd c` esgr`v`tur` e d p÷s-@odhbæçd `luc`m `
hev`kt`r `hfuks kexds g`us`bs que tbver`m repergussões k`s n`ses ce
repressçd pdhbgb`h `ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds, e que `tbk-
fbr`m,
fbr` m, sdoretucd, `s câg`c`s
câ g`c`s ce 02?1
02?1 ` 0251.
0251. D g`sd
g`s d cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj` pdce ser `k`hbs`cd gdmd sekcd um mdcehd ce experbìkgb`s
ce sulebtds que ndr`m respdksàvebs peh` hut` ce um` hboerc`ce rehb-
fbds`. Qdce-se, gdm bssd, gdmpreekcer ce que mdcd `s pdpuh`æões
`nrd-cesgekc
`nrd-ces gekcektes
ektes hbc`r`m gdm `s expegt`tb
expegt`tbv`s
v`s grb`c`s gdm d m
 m c`
esgr`vbcçd.
D sefukcd m`rgd grdkdh÷fbgd `o`rg` d pergursd ce Oerk`rcb-
kd c` Q`bxçd que teve ` su` tr`let÷rb` ce vbc` ektre 0:2? e 023>. @s
ndktes cdgumekt`bs ekvdhvekcd d hícer rehbfbdsd á nrekte cd Serrebrd
`g`o`r`m reukbkcd-se em um gdrpus cdgumekt`h m`bs `pur`cd, c`í
gdkgektreb d m`rgd grdkdh÷fbgd c`s bkvestbf`æões ektre 020> e 023>.
S`bs cdgumektds se gdkstbtuem em< esgrbtur`s ce `qubsbæçd, `mphb`-
æçd ce terr`s c` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s9 gdkstruæçd c` g`s`-temphd e
o`rr`gçd ce nest`s cd Serrebrd9 refbstrds ce `utdrbz`æões c` Cehef`gb`
ce Ldfds e Gdstumes ‗ CLG p`r` re`hbz`æçd ce nest`s9 `qubsbæçd ce

77
terrekd e resbcìkgb`
resbcìkgb` p`rtbguh`r hdg`hbz`c` k` _u` c` Hekj`,
H ekj`, kd o`brrd
o`br rd
cd Odkm, Gbc`ce O`bx`9 p`rtbgbp`æçd cd Serrebrd e cd s`gercdte
M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd kd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd em 023>9 refbs-
trds ce o`tbsmd, ÷obtd9 refbstrds ce ndtdfr``s em `gervd cd Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`9 repergussçd cd sepuht`mektd e sugessçd ce Oerk`rcbkd
em ldrk`bs/perb÷cbgds k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr9 refbstrds etkdfràgds
re`hbz`cds pdr _utj H`kces, Cdk`hc Qbersdk e Ecbsdk G`rkebrd ek-
vdhvekcd d Serrebrd, Oerk`rcbkd e ds G`kcdmohâs @kfdh` e Gdkfd-
-@kfdh`.
@ `tu`æçd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd á nrekte cd Serreb-
rd ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâhâ O`te Ndhj`
Ndhj` terà
te rà um p`peh expressbvd e sbfkbg`tbvd
sbfkb g`tbvd,,
kçd s÷ pehd seu cesempekjd em pràtbg`s ce gur` e `cbvbkj`æçd, gdmd
t`moâm peh`s reces ce `prdxbm`æçd, kefdgb`æçd e gdkbtds est`oehe-
est`oehe -
gbcds ektre `s k`æões cds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, ` Lustbæ`, ` Qdhígb`
e ` bmpreks`
b mpreks` o`b`k`.
o`b`k `. @ hbkj`
h bkj` cd tempd, ekvdhv
ekvdhvekcd
ekcd ` jbst÷rb` cd Ser-
Ser-
rebrd O`te Ndhj` e cbversds n`tds e gbrgukstïkgb`s sbfkbg`tbv`s p`r`
` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h cd G`kcdmohâ, ekgdktr`-se sum`rbz`c` kd @pìkcb-
ge 0. Cb`kte cd que expus `tâ `qub, ds resuht`cds ` serem `presekt`-
cds k`s pàfbk`s sefubktes estçd bkserbcds kum` `kàhbse que gdtel`,
` p`rtbr ce um` perspegtbv` bktercbsgbphbk`r, d usd ce metdcdhdfb`s
que cb`hdf`m ce um huf`r cbsgursbvd/dr`h, cdgumekt`h e bgdkdfrà-
gd, gdktemph`kcd `odrc`feks jbst÷rbgd-`ktrdpdh÷fbg`s sdore gdk- gdk-
fref`æões `nrd-rehbfbds`s hdg`hbz`c`s k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, k` prb-
mebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ. Ce mdcd espegb`h, pergdrrb evbcìkgb`s
e bkcígbds cds reh`tds c` dr`hbc`ce ‗ ds que gdkcuzem á gdkstruæçd
ce um` k`rr`tbv` jbst÷rbg` ‗ ce mdcd que ds r`strds cdgumekt`bs
exbstektes `uxbhb`ssem ` pergdrrer d h`obrbktd c`qubhd que terb` sbcd `
pdssíveh re`hbc`ce.?6 D exergígbd ce cestrbkgj`r d ektreh`æ`mektd ce
verc`cebrd, n`hsd e gtígbd `g`o` sekcd ` tr`m` ` ser cesekvdhvbc` kd
dnígbd cds jbstdrb`cdres. @ vbkguh`æçd ektre ret÷rbg` e prdv`, `odrc`-
?6 Gn. FBK\OU_F, G. Ds ds e ds r`stds< verc`cebrd, n`hsd, gtígbd. Wçd Q`uhd< Gb`
c`s Hetr`s, ?116. p. 6.

73
c` pdr G`rhd Fbkzourf, `hert` p`r` d gubc`cd que d jbstdrb`cdr ceve
m`kter p`r` que d seu tr`o`hjd sel` um` gdkstruæçd ce um` ret÷rbg`
o`se`c` k` prdv`, m`s g`kcd `tektd p`r` kçd est`oeheger sektekæ`s,
t`bs gdmd n`zem ds luízes.
Gdm reh`æçd `ds r`strds e ás ndktes cdgumekt`bs que sustek-
t`m ds resuht`cds c` mbkj` bkvestbf`æçd, sçd drbukcds ce cbversds
`gervds hdg`hbz`cds k`s gbc`ces ce Hbsod` (Qdrtuf`h), _bd ce L`kebrd,
`hâm ce W`hv`cdr,
W`hv`cdr, W`ktd
W` ktd @m`rd c` Qurbg`æçd
Qurb g`æçd e G`gjdebr`, k` O`j
O`j--
b`. K` gbc`ce ce Hbsod`, ndb pdssíveh bcektbg`r refbstrds etkdfràgds
sdore gdstumes gektrd-`nrbg`kds ‗ nebtbæ`rb` e m`fb` ‗ hdg`hbz`cds kd
@rqubvd K`gbdk`h Sdrre
Sdrre cd Sdmod
Sdmod ‗ @KS
@KSS S e kd @rqubvd Jbst÷rbgd
Uhtr`m`rbkd ‗ @JU. @mphbdu-se d gdkluktd c`s ndktes gdkt`kcd-se
gdm `gervds exbstektes k` gbc`ce ce Hbsod`, kd @rqubvd cd Mbkbs-
târbd cds Kef÷gbds Estr`kfebrds ‗ @MKE, cd `gervd c` Obohbdteg`
K`gbdk`h ‗ OK e c` Obohbdteg` c` N`guhc`ce ce Gbìkgb`s Wdgb`bs e
Jum`k`s ‗ NGWJ/UKH.
Kd Or`sbh e k` O`jb`, `gesseb refbstrds ce cbversds `gervds cd-
gumekt`bs. Kd `gervd cd @rqubvd K`gbdk`h (@K), z gdksuht`s sdore
d kdme ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd e d ce @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbh-
v`. Kds `rqubvds c` Obohbdteg` Qüohbg` cd Est`cd c` O`jb`, `gesseb
d setdr ce dor`s r`r`s, `s puohbg`æões cds ldrk`bs @ S`rce
S`rce,, Cbàrbd
Cb àrbd ce
Kdtbgb`s e D Est`cd c` O`jb`, ektre 020> ` 0251. Kess` g`t`hdf`æçd,
enetudu-se ` gdhet` ce cbvers`s repdrt`feks ekvdhvekcd guhtd, perse-
fubæçd e regh`m`æões sdore `s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cd G`kcdmohâ k`
gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr. Cektre t`bs ndktes, kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Nd-
hj`, repdrt`feks sdore nest`s, regh`m`æões, n`hegbmektd cd prbmebrd
s`gercdte Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd e su` sugessçd.
Kds `rqubvds c` Gürb` Metrdpdhbt`k` c` @rqubcbdgese ce Wçd
W`hv`cdr c` O`jb`, puce hev`kt`r r`strds e pbst`s sdore d k`sgbmektd
e/du o`tbsmd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd kds hbvrds ce refbstrds ce o`tbs-
mds mbgrdhm`cds. @cbgbdkem-se `bkc` ` ousg` ce hbvrds ce `ssek- `ssek-

75
t`mektds k`s Bfrel`s ce Kdss` Wekjdr` cd _dsàrbd e Kdss` Wekjdr`
c` Qurbg`æçd k` gbc`ce ce W`ktd @m`rd c` Qurbg`æçd e cd hbvrd
ce refbstrds ce o`tbsmd c` Bfrel` ce Kdss` Wekjdr` c` Gdkgebæçd
cd _dsàrbd ce G`gjdebr`. Kd G`rt÷rbd ce _efbstrd Gbvbh ce Qessd`s
K`tur`bs cd suocbstrbtd c` Qekj`, tbve `gessd `d Hbvrd ce _efbstrd e
Gertbcçd ce ×obtd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.
Là k` Gddrc
Gddrcek`æçd
ek`æçd ce Est`tístb
Est`tístbg`
g` e Cdgumek
Cdgumekt`æçd
t`æçd QdQdhbgb`h
hbgb`h c`
Wegret`rb` ce Wefur`kæ` Qüohbg` cd Est`cd c` O`jb` (GECQ-WWQ-
-O@), ndr`m gdksuht`c`s `s bcektbg`æões gbvbs e grbmbk`bs cds se- se-
kjdres M`kueh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd e @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` (suges-
sdr ce Oerk`rcb
Oer k`rcbkd
kd),
), dkce d k`c` gdkst` ndb `verbfu`cd. Là kd Bkstbtutd
Fedfràgd e Jbst÷rbgd c` O`jb` (BFJO) tbve `gessd `ds @k`bs cd BB
Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd ce 0276, re`hbz`cd em W`hv`cdr, em que
hdg`hbzeb d textd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, bktbtuh`cd Hbfebr`
exphbg`æçd sdore ` k`æçd Gdkfd. @cbgbdk`m-se `d presekte hbvrd ndk-
tes cdgumekt`bs pertekgektes `d `gervd ce cdgumektds cd pr÷prbd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (esgrbtur`s ce gdmpr` e vekc` ce terr`,
terr` , esp÷hbd ce
oeks ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, termds ce `utdrbz`æões p`r`
re`hbz`æçd
re`hb z`æçd ce gerbmókb`s
gerb mókb`s)) e ndktes
ndktes bgdkdfràg`s
bgdkdfràg` s (ndtdfr``s
(ndtdfr``s cd `gervd
`ger vd
cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`).
Gdmd là mekgbdk`cd, um cds regursds metdcdh÷fbgds utbhbz`-
cds ndb d usd c` ndkte dr`h, que servbu ce o`hbz`mektd p`r` gdknrdkt`r
dutr`s ndktes, t`bs gdmd ndtdfr``s, cdgumektds esgrbtds, etkdfr`- etkdfr`-
`s e obohbdfr``s sdore ` jbst÷rb` cd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd. Sdm`kcd
gdmd renerìkgb` d usd c` jbst÷rb` dr`h, pdce-se `rm`r, ` p`rtbr ce He
Fdnn, que ` tr`ksbæçd c` mem÷rb` c` dr`hbc`ce p`r` ` esgrbt` `presek-
t` gdmd nukc`mekt`h d `p`regbmektd c` esgrbt` e ` tr`ksndrm`æçd c`
mem÷rb` gdhetbv`.?: Jbst÷rb` e mem÷rb` se gdknukcem k` pràtbg`. @
Jbst÷rb` â, sefukcd He Fdnn, ‘nermekt` ` p`rtbr cd estucd cds huf`-

?: Gn. HE FDNN, L. Mem÷rb`. Bk< Ekgbghdpâcb` Ebk`ucb. Qdrtd< Bmpreks` K`gbdk`h-

-G`s` c` Mdec`, 02:3. ^.
^. 0, p. 06.

7>
res c` mem÷rb` gdhetbv`”.?2 D usd c` dr`hbc`ce ekqu`ktd ndkte se ceu
` p`rtbr c` eh`odr`æçd ce um rdtebrd ce ektrevbst` sembestrutur`cd,
gdktemph`kcd `spegtds hbf`cds á nukc`æçd c` g`s`, tr`let÷rb`, gdkb- gdkb-
tds, persefubæões t`ktd em reh`æçd á jbst÷rb` sdgb`h cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj` qu`ktd á jbst÷rb` rehbfbds` cd prbmebrd s`gercdte cess` g`s`.
Ndb pdssíveh regdhjer cepdbmektds ce cez sulebtds que exergem nuk-
æões gdktempdrïke`s ce hbcer`kæ`s
h bcer`kæ`s cektrd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd e/du
e/du pdssuem
reh`æões ce prdxbmbc`ce pdr gdkt` ce víkguhds `kgestr`bs, t`bs gdmd
nebtur` ce s`ktd, memords `ssdgb`cds e prdvecdres. Wçd t`tetds, m`-
metds, kekfu`, m`idt`s, s÷gbds oekemârbtds. D perh s÷gbd-jbst÷rbgd
ce g`c` um cds ektrevbst`cds bktefr` d @pìkcbge ?.
Dutrd regursd metdcdh÷fbgd gdrrespdkce
gdrrespdkce `d usd c`s ndtdfr``s
‗ qu`kcd tdm`c`s gdmd nd ndkte
kte jbst÷rb
jbst÷rbg`,
g`, fer`hmek
fer`hmekte, te, sçd utbhbz`c`s
gdmd bhustr`æões, `gresgekt`kcd-se `hfuks gdmektàrbds du rebter`k-
cd-se d que `s ndktes cdgumekt`bs là j`vb`m evbcekgb`cd. Jbstdrb`-
cdres sdgb`bs gdmd _`pj`eh W`mueh, pdr exemphd, `s cesgrevb` gdmd
nrutd ce um` fer`æçd ce ‘`k`hn`oetds
‘`k`hn`oe tds vbsu`bs”
vbsu` bs”,,71 pdbs su` ndrm`æçd se
o`se`v` k` hebtur` ce textds, r`r`mekte k` hebtur` ce bm`feks. Est`
`g`o` pdr dnereger nr`fmektds ce evbcìkgb`s ce pràtbg`s sdgb`bs, du
mehjdr, estucds drbukcds ce evbcìkgb`s vbsu`bs. Kçd se tr`t`, ce es-
gdhjer, ce gdknerbr ` prbdrb ` prbm`zb` c`s ndktes esgrbt`s, dr`bs du
ndtdfràg`s. Sr`t`-se, `ktes, ce gdkstrubr um` metdcdhdfb` que, `r- `r-
tbguh`kcd ds regursds `pdrt`cds peh`s ndktes cbspdkívebs, permbt` d
`gerg`mektd mehjdr pdssíveh cd doletd em questçd.
Kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, kçd jà refbstrds sdore d ndt÷-
fr`nd e m`bdres cet`hjes c`s gbrgukstïkgb`s. E qu`kcd se gdksefue
bcektbg`r `s gbrgukstïkgb`s, sçd bkgbpbektes. Â prdvàveh que d s`ger- s`ger-
cdte nukc`cdr,
nukc`cdr, M`kdeh Oerk`
O erk`rcbkd,
rcbkd, `pes`r ce kçd ser hbter`td,
h bter`td, s`ob` d
qu`ktd er` bmpdrt`kte e sbfkbg`tbvd refbstr`r cetermbk`c`s evektds
?2 Bobc.
71 Gn. W@MUEH, _. Sje Ey dn Jbstdry. Bk< Sje`tres dn memdry. Hdkcdk, ^ersd,
0223. v.0, p.705-77>.

76
e gbrgukstïkgb`s cektrd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Esses refbstrds estçd
mubtd m`bs presektes em mdmektds ce sdgb`obhbc`ce cd que ce prà-
tbg`s rehbfbds`s. Ndr` ds refbstrds ndtdfràgds ekvdhvekcd memords
bktefr`ktes cds o`rgds ce bkbgb`æçd e nebtur` ce s`ktds kds G`kcdmo-
hâs, `s ndktes bgdkdfràg`s que n`zem p`rte cest` bkvestbf`æçd retr`-
retr`-
t`m mdmektds ce gdkvívbd sdgb`h, ektretekbmektd, bkndrm`hbc`ces.
Ektekcer d usd e d sbfkbg`cd c`s bm`feks cepekce cd seu gdktextd
sdgb`h, guhtur`h, pdhítbgd e egdkómbgd9
egdkómbgd9 s÷ `ssbm pdcemds bm`fbk`r `s
gbrgukstïkgb`s k`s qu`bs t`bs bm`feks ndr`m ekgdmekc`c`s e refbs-
tr`c`s, e gdm bssd pdcemds gdmpreekcer d seu gdktextd m`terb`h, du
sel`, d huf`r nísbgd dkce se pretekcb` exbob-h`s. Ektret`ktd, kem sem-
pre bssd ndb pdssíveh ce se `tbkfbr.
Gdktdu-se t`moâm gdm d supdrte te÷rbgd `cvbkcd c` prdpdst`
ce _dfer Gj`rtber. Q`r` n`zer usd c`s kdæões e cds gdkgebtds sdore
pràtbg`s e represekt`æões, d jbstdrb`cdr esteve bkserbcd kum ceo`te
`gerg` c` bks`tbsn`æçd cds jbstdrb`cdres nr`kgeses ektre `s câg`c`s
02>1 e 0261 cd sâguhd ZZ, kd que se renere á prbm`zb` ce estucds que
prbvbhefb`v`m, `tâ ektçd, `odrc`feks vdht`c`s ás gdkluktur`s egdkó-
mbg`s e cemdfràg`s du ás estrutur`s sdgb`bs.70 ^`he ` pek` ress`ht`r
que `s pergepæões sdgb`bs kçd sçd nrutds ce pràtbg`s cbsgursbv`s keu-
tr`s e que, sefukcd Gj`rtber
Gj`r tber,, prdcuzem estr`tâfb`s e pràtbg`s (sdgb`bs,
(sdgb`bs,
esgdh`res, pdhítbg`s) que, pdr su` vez, tekcem ` bmpdr um` `utdrbc`-
ce á gust` cds dutrds, ` hefbtbm`r um prdletd rendrm`cdr, ` lustbg`r
p`r` cetermbk`cds bkcbvícuds `s esgdhj`s e gdkcut`s.7? Ess` dpæçd
pdr ousg`r um kdvd g`mbkjd p`r` prdcuzbr d gdkjegbmektd jbst÷rb-
gd repergutbu k` câg`c` ce 02:1 cd sâguhd ZZ, fer`kcd um` espâgbe
ce ldfd ce ndræ`s
ndræ`s ektre ds ceneksdres c` mbgrd-jbst÷rb`
m bgrd-jbst÷rb` du cds estucds
ce g`sd e ds c` jbst÷rb` sdgbdguhtur`h serb`h, jercebr` cbret` c` jbst÷rb`
sdgb`h. Em sum`, ` reh`æçd ce represekt`æçd gdksbste em est`oeheger
70 Gn. GJ@_SBE_, _.@ jbst÷rb` guhtur`h< ektre pràtbg`s e represekt`æões. Hbsod`<
Cbneh, 02::. p. 03.
7? Bobc. p. 06.

7:
p`r`hehds ektre um` bm`fem presekte e um doletd `usekte. @ cbstbk-
æçd nukc`mekt`h ektre represekt`æçd e represekt`cd, ektre sbfkd e
sbfkbg`cd, està ce `hfum mdcd `ssdgb`c`
`ssdgb`c` ás ndrm
ndrm`s`s ce te`tr`hbz`æçd
te`tr`hb z`æçd
c` vbc` sdgb`h, ousg`kcd `ssbm n`zer gdm que ` bcektbc`ce cd ser kçd
sel` dutr` gdbs` sekçd ` `p`rìkgb` c` represekt`æçd. @ reh`æçd c` re-
presekt`æçd g` cbret`mekte `ssdgb`c` e ás vezes se gdknukce gdm `
c` bm`fbk`æçd.
@ represekt`æçd, kd seu `spegtd k`rr`tbvd, se `gresgekt` ce ndr`
á n`se cdgumekt`h e á n`se exphbg`tbv`, m`s `s `gdmp`kj` e `s sustek-
t`. @ k`rr`tbv` kçd preekgjerà ` h`guk` c` exphbg`æçd/gdmpreeksçd.
D `gdktegbmektd â doletd c` k`rr`tbv`, e em p`rtbguh`r, `s k`rr`tb-
v`s cds gdktempdrïkeds dgup`m huf`r prbvbhefb`cd ektre `s ndktes
cdgumekt`bs.77 Ektret`ktd, ` k`rr`tbv` mubt`s vezes ndb tbc` gdmd
um gdmpdkekte mekdr e `tâ m`rfbk`h cd gdkjegbmektd jbst÷rbgd,
lust`mekte
lust`me kte pehd n`td ce d `gdk
`gdktegbmek
tegbmektd
td ser d doletd cd prdgessd ce
k`rr`tbv`. @hâm cbssd, ekqu`ktd ndrm` cbsgursbv` e fer`hmekte hbf`-
c` á tr`cbæçd, á hekc`, `d ndhghdre, `d mbtd, er` vbst` gdmd sekcd um
gdkgebtd pdore ce `gdktegbmektd e que gdrrespdkcb` ` um gdkgebtd
pdore ce k`rr`tbv`. D `gdktegbmektd, em sum`, serb` um prdgessd
supârud.73 Ess` gdkst`t`æçd t`hvez sel` um` gdksequìkgb` cbret` cd
mdcehd ce bkvestbf`æçd jbst÷rbg` `cdt`cd peh` jbst÷rb` pdhítbg` que
percurdu `tâ ` Esgdh` cds @kk`hes. Q`uh _bgduer gdkst`t`<
Em reh`æçd `d gdkbtd
gdk btd ektre gdmpreekcer
gdmpreekcer e exphbg`r, `s bkterpret`æões k`rr`tb
k` rr`tb--
vbst`s tekcem ` regus`r ` pertbkìkgb` cest` cbstbkæçd k` mecbc` em que gdm-
preekcer um` k`rr`tbv` â, gdksequektemekte, pdr gdksefubkte s`oer `tâ que
pdktd ` bkterpret`æçd k`rr`tbvbst` c` gdkt` cd gdrte epbstemdh÷fbgd surfbcd
ektre `s jbst÷rb`s gdkt`c`s (stdrbes) e ` jbst÷rb` que â ecbg`c` sdore ds r`stds
cdgumekt`bs (jbstdry).75

77 Gn. _BGDUE_, Q. @ mem÷rb`, ` jbst÷rb`, d esquegbmektd. Sr`c. @h`bk Nr`ædbs

Yet. @h.]. G`mpbk`s, WQ< Ec. Ukbg`mp, ?116, p. ?50.
73 Bobc.
75 Gn. _BGDUE_, Q. dp. gbt., p. ?57.

72
 Dutr` o`hbz` te÷rbg` se ekgdktr` k` cbstbkæçd ektre estr`tâfb`s
e tàtbg`s est`oehegbc`s pdr Mbgjeh ce Gerte`u,7> vbkcd ` gdkstbtubr
um regursd te÷rbgd-metdcdh÷fbgd bkteress`kte p`r` peks`r ` teksçd
ektre cdbs huf`res cbstbktds dgup`cds pehd Est`cd repuohbg`kd e ds
G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds. D prbmebrd cehes â d huf`r c`s estr`tâfb`s, que,
qu`kcd x`c`s, supõem ` exbstìkgb` ce huf`res e bkstbtubæões que
prdcuzem doletds, kdrm`s e mdcehds que, pdr su` vez, `gumuh`m e
g`pbt`hbz`m. Là `s tàtbg`s, cesprdvbc`s ce st`tus pr÷prbd e ce cdmíkbd
cd tempd, sçd ‘mdcds ce n`zer”. Qdrt`ktd, ` gdmpreeksçd e `kàhbse
cd usd ce bm`feks ndtdfràg`s ‗ ekqu`ktd um ‘mdcd ce n`zer” guh- guh-
tur`h ‗ `hâm ce cepdbmektds e etkdfr``s `cvbkcds ce um gdtbcb`kd
rehbfbdsd e guhtur`h, pdcem `luc`r ` gdmpreekcer dutr`s ndrm`s cd
re`h e `uxbhb`m kd tr`td c`s ndkndktes
tes cdgumekt`bs.
cdgumekt`bs. Ess` hebtur` cd re`h `
p`rtbr cd testemukjd dguh`r, vbsu`h e dr`h â t`ren` empreekcbc`, prd-
gur`kcd bcektbg`r pdssívebs estr`tâfb`s e tàtbg`s g`p`zes ce suosb-suosb-
cb`r d ektekcbmektd ce ndrm`s ce represekt`æões ce um` jbst÷rb` sd-
gb`h ‗ kd g`sd, ` jbst÷rb`
j bst÷rb` sdgb`h
sdgb` h cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ
hâ O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.
Q`rtbkcd cd ektekcbmektd c`s reh`æões ce pdcer est`oehegbc`s
k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr p÷s-@odhbæçd, sdoretucd kd perídcd ce 0::2
` 0271, cekdmbk`cd ce Qrbmebr` _epüohbg`, e seus cescdor`mektds
que egd`m k` ndrm`æçd cd Est`cd Kdvd, surfe gdmd t`ren` prbmeb-
r` cesgdrtbk`r evbcìkgb`s e r`strds jbst÷rbgds, `kgdr`c` em `kàhbses
c`s represekt`æões sdgb`bs ce gdmukbc`ces rehbfbds`s, em espegb`h
`queh`s hbf`c`s `ds guhtds ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s. Ess`s m`trbzes tìm
p`rtbgbp`æçd enetbv` k` gdkstruæçd e m`kutekæçd c` jbst÷rb` e c` me-
m÷rb` `nrd-or`sbhebr` e `nrd-o`b`k`. @s ndtdfr``s utbhbz`c`s `d hdk- hdk-
fd c`s `kàhbses tegbc`s cçd testemukjd c` `tu`æçd ce s`gercdtes ce
G`kcdmohâs Gdkfd-@kfdh` kum gdktextd jbst÷rbgd, sdgb`h, pdhítbgd
e rehbfbdsd que se estekce ektre 020> e 023>. @s g`tefdrb`s ce `kàhb-
ses reg`brçd sdore bm`feks e represekt`æões sdgb`bs. Gbektbst`s sdgb`bs
7> Gn. GE_SE@
GE_SE@U,
U, M. ce. @ bkvekæçd cd gdtbcb`kd. Qetr÷pdhbs< ^dzes,
^dzes, ?10?. p. 22-
011.

31
que se cecbg`m `ds estucds sdore `s cbkïmbg`s sdgb`bs kçd pdcem
cesgdkjeger d pdcer c`s bm`feks. Q`r` `hâm c` estâtbg`, kds põem
em gdkt`td gdm ds sbstem`s ce sbfkbg`æçd c`s sdgbec`ces, gdm ndr- ndr -
m`s ce represekt`æçd e seus bm`fbkàrbds, gdmp`rtbhj`kcd, pdrt`ktd,
nr`fmektds
nr`fmek tds cd re`h. @ pesqubs` jbst÷rb
jbst÷rbg`
g` kçd pdce `orbr mçd c` `kà-
` kà-
hbse cds sbstem`s ce sbfkbg`æçd e represekt`æçd sdgb`h que d testemu-
testemu-
kjd dguh`r dnerege.
Ekqu`ktd resuht`cd bkvestbf`tbvds, `odrcd, kd g`pítuhd ?, ce
que mdcd bkstbtubæões gdmd ` Lustbæ`, Qdhígb` e bmpreks` o`b`k` es-
t`oehegem prdgessds ce resbstìkgb`s e gdknrdktds cb`kte cds pr`tb-
g`ktes cds G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds. Cetermbk`r um` drcem terrbtdrb`h,
gbvbhbz`cdr` e hef`h, ceshdg`kcd um cbsgursd c` bmpreks` sdterdpd-
hbt`k` ce repressçd ` gbvbhbz`cdr ce gdstumes, ndb um` c`s prbkgbp`bs
estr`tâfb`s est`oehegbc`s peh`s ehbtes hdg`bs que exergb`m gdktrdhe ce
drcem pdhítbg` e sdgb`h k` O`jb` _epuohbg`k`, k`s prbmebr`s câg`-
c`s cd sâguhd ZZ. Ds G`kcdmohâs e su`s hbcer`kæ`s h`kæ`m mçd ce
estr`tâfb`s e tàtbg`s que tdg`m em `spegtds hbf`cds á hef`hbz`æçd lu-
rícbg`, á hb`æçd ce memords kds terrebrds memords c` Qdhígb` e `d
usd ce prestífbd sdgb`h e pdhítbgd pdr p`rte ce hbcer`kæ`s ce G`kcdm-
ohâs o`b`kds, e bssd t`moâm nez p`rte c` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h cd Serrebrd ce
G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`.
Là kd g`pí
g`pítuhd
tuhd 7, prdgur
prdgurdd gdm
gdmpreek
preekcer
cer d p`peh ce `tu`æçd cd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` cb`kte ce huf`res ce `trbtds e trdg`s te÷rbg`s (pu-
rez`, mbstur`, jefemdkb` K`fó) que f`kj`m m`bdr vbsbobhbc`ce pdr
gdkt` c` su` p`rtbgbp`æçd, oem gdmd ce dutrds terrebrds ce G`kcdm-
ohâ o`b`kd, kd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. @ bktekæçd serà reetbr
sdore ` gdmpreeksçd ce que ` gdkstruæçd sdgb`h ce um huf`r ce pràtb-
g`s rehbfbds`s `nrd-o`b`k`s â nrutd ce huf`res cbsgursbvds `mobv`hek-
tes, rephetds ce represekt`æões
represekt`æões t`ktd
t` ktd ce drcem
drcem sdgb`h qu`ktd
qu` ktd rehbfbds`.
@ re`hbz`æçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd me p`rege ser um cbvb-
sdr ce àfu`s p`r` ceo`tes ekvdhvekcd d jdmem e ` muhjer `nrd-or`-

30
sbhebrds, em su`s pràtbg`s, seus usds e gdstumes rehbfbdsds hdg`hbz`cds
k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ. Z Z.
Kd g`pítuhd 3, ` ìkn`se c`s `kàhbses reg`b sdore ` jbst÷rb` sd-
gb`h cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, gdk-
temph`kcd ` su` gdkstbtubæçd ekqu`ktd gdkfref`æçd `nrd-rehbfbds`
o`b`k`. Gdkt`-se `bkc` gdm `kàhbses sdore ` feke`hdfb` c` expressçd
M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ. @cbgbdk`m-se `kàhbses sdore `s pràtbg`s rehb-
fbds`s ce bkbgb`æçd e gdkrm`æçd
gdkr m`æçd c`s prbmebr`s fer`æões ce s`gercd
s`gercd-
tes cd Serrebrd. Qdr gdksefubkte,
gdksefub kte, kd g`pítuhd 5, prdgureb gdmpreekc
gdmpreekcer er
ds kexds g`us`bs est`oehegbcds peh` p`ss`fem
p` ss`fem ce terrekd (prdprbec`ce
prbv`c`) ` terrebrd (esp`æd ce pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s). Ousqueb `o`rg`r `
ndrm`æçd ce reces ce reh`æões bktr`frup`bs
b ktr`frup`bs (@kfd
(@kfdh`
h` e Gdkfd-
G dkfd-@kfdh`
@kfdh`))
e bkterfrup`bs (Lele e K`fó). @k`hbseb gdmd `s nest`s `ds kibses e ds
`ssekt`mektds bkterkds/exterkds se tr`ksndrm`r`m em símodhds ce
pertekgbmektd
pertekgb mektd bcektbtàrbd
bcektbtàrbd p`r`
p` r` ds memords cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te
O `te Ndhj`.
Pu`ktd `d g`pítuhd >, `k`hbseb ` tr`let÷rb` ce hbcer`kæ` cd prb-
mebrd s`gercdte cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`< M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`b-
xçd (S`t` @mpum`cezu). Bkghuem-se ds prdgessds bkcbvbcu`bs ek-
vdhvekcd gbrgukstïkgb`s ce bkbgb`æçd, gdkbtds bkterkds, sugessçd,
gdktbkubc`ces e cesgdktbkubc`ces em pràtbg`s sdgb`bs e rehbfbds`s.
S`bs prdgessds zer`m p`rte cds prbmebrds gbkquekt` `kds ce exbs- exbs-
tìkgb` cesse esp`æd ce guhtds `ds kibses Gdkfd-
Gdkfd-@kfdh`.
@kfdh`. @hâm cbssd,
cbss d, `
p`rtbr ce k`rr`tbv`s e c` mem÷rb` cds cepdektes, `v`hbeb ` gdktrboub-
æçd rehbfbds` que d s`gercdte M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd prdmdveu e que â
renerìkgb` p`r` `s `tu`bs fer`æões.
Ektekcd que ` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr e su` refbçd metrdpdhbt`k`,
bkterhbf`c`s `d rest`kte
rest` kte cd _egókg`vd,
_egókg`vd, terçd, kd odld c` prbmebr` me-
t`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, em espegb`h ektre `s câg`c`s ce 0201 e 02>1, um
gekàrbd egdkómbgd, pdhítbgd, sdgb`h, guhtur`h e rehbfbdsd ekgdoertd pdr
mdvbmektds ce teksçd, nr`tur`s, gdkbtds, kefdgb`æões, estr`tâfb`s,
tàtbg`s e resbstìkgb`s. Um Est`cd que n`rà usd c`s hebs e cd `p`r`td
`p` r`td re-

3?
pressbvd, gdkgektr`cd ektre 0271 ` 0235, c`rà râfu` e gdmp`ssd p`r`
`s tekt`tbv`s ce gdmo`ter, cesqu`hbg`r, gdbobr e grbmbk`hbz`r ds gds-
gds-
tumes `nrbg`kds, `nrd-or`sbhebrds e `nrd-o`b`kds, ousg`kcd gdm bssd,
` tdcd bkst`kte, keutr`hbz`r qu`hquer tbpd ce `sgeksçd, `mphb`æçd e
vbsbobhbc`ce c`s rehbfbões `nrd-or`sbhebr`s. Ektret`ktd, `s regdrrektes
quebx`s e regh`m`æões, `d bkvâs ce bkbobr du bktbmbc`r `s hbcer`kæ`s
cds G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds, `g`o`m, gdmd um oddmer`kf, ndrt`hegek-
cd e cbk`mbz`kcd d prdgessd ce hefbtbm`æçd c`s gdkfref`æões rehb-
fbds`s `nrd-or`sbhebr`s. Là ektre 023> e 02>>, d `p`r`td repressbvd bks-
tbtugbdk`hbz`cd teve gdktbkubc`ce. Ektret`ktd, ÷rfçds sg`hbz`cdres
f`kj`r`m esp`æd p`r` `fref`r ektbc`ces rehbfbds`s `nrd-or`sbhebr`s,
` exemphd c` Necer`æçd O`b`k` cd Guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd ‗ NEO@-
G@O.
G`oe `qub cem`rg`r que k`s repdrt`feks, quebx`s, regh`m`-
æões du cekükgb`s, g`t`hdf`c`s ektre 020> ` 023>, luktd `d perb÷cbgd
Ldrk`h @ S`rce, kçd jà renerìkgb`s cbret`s que espegbquem ` k`æçd
bcektbtàrb` c` qu`h ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs sel`m pertekgektes
du cesgekcektes. @ g`tefdrb` sdgb`h e bcektbtàrb` ‘k`æçd ce G`kcdm-
ohâ” pdugd bmpdrt` p`r` d Est`cd, ` Qdhígb` du ` Bmpreks`. @ repre-
sekt`æçd que se gdkstbtub sdore d G`kcdmohâ ekqu`ktd ‘sebt`” er`
uk`, du sel`, G`kcdmohâ â um` ükbg` sebt` rehbfbds`. Gdktucd, kd
g`mpd bktehegtu`h, em espegb`h `quehe c`s Gbìkgb`s Wdgb`bs, `s cbs-
gussões sdore `nrbg`kbsmd e purez` `nrd-rehbfbds` f`kj`m gdktdrkds
espegb`bs, m`bs espegbg`mekte ` p`rtbr
p`r tbr cds `kds 02>1
02>1 cd sâguhd ZZ.
Z Z.
@ gdkstruæçd ce um huf`r cbsgursbvd resuht`kte ce mbgrdpdhítbg`s ce
pdcer ektre `hfuks
` hfuks terrebrds
t errebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, ekvdh
ekvdhvekcd
vekcd ` suprem`gb`
rehbfbds` kds G`kcdmohâs exbstektes, sdoretucd k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`-
cdr, serà `hvd ce cbvers`s `odrc`feks kds g`mpds c` Wdgbdhdfb`, c`
@ktrdpdhdfb` e c` Etkdhdfb`.
Ebs, pdrt`ktd, d gekàrbd est`oehegbcd sdo ` ndrm` ce gdktextd
jbst÷rbgd k`gbdk`h e hdg`h, ekvdhvekcd `spegtds reh`gbdk`cds ` md-

37
cerkbc`ce, hebs, pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s e reh`æões r`gb`bs, gdktemph`kcd
d esgdpd cd presekte hbvrd. D g`pítuhd sefubkte c`rà gdkt` ce gdm-
preekcer ce que mdcd
mdcd `s Bkstbtubæões
Bkstbtubæõe s hbf`c`s `d Est`cd
E st`cd _epuohbg`kd,
e ce mdcd espegígd, ` Lustbæ`, ` Qdhígb` e ` Bmpreks` gdklegtur`r`m
estr`tâfb`s p`r` prdbobr e reprbmbr `s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s e ds gdstu-
mes c`s pdpuh`æões `nrd-or`sbhebr`s. E pdr su` vez, ce que mdcd ds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs hdg`hbz`cds k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, _efbões
Metrdpdhbt`k` e cd _egókg`vd zer`m usd ce tàtbg`s ce resbstìkgb`s,
perm`kìkgb`s e gdktbkubc`ces ce su`s pràtbg`s e represekt`æões rehb-
fbds`s e guhtur`bs.
Wer mdvbcd peh` bm`fbk`æçd â um exergígbd ce gdmpreeksçd
c`s reh`æões ce ndræ` ektre d prdvàveh e d verdssímbh. ^el`mds ` se-
fubrr ds ds e ds r`strds que ds g`pítuhds pdcem kds prdpdrgbdk`r
fub prdpdrgbdk`r p`r`
se gdmpreekcer ce que mdcd d Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`,
ekqu`ktd represekt`kte ce um` gdkfref`æçd rehbfbds` ce m`trbz `nrb-
g`k`, se est`oehegeu kum gekàrbd uro`kd k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, k`
prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, qu`kcd vbgel`v`m cescdor`mek-
tds ce tedrb`s r`gbst`s `hbgeræ`c`s cesce ` sefukc` met`ce cd sâguhd
ZBZ. @ssdgb`cd ` t`bs tedrb`s ‗ mdcehds ce jbfbekbz`æçd kds gektrds
uro`kds e bceb`s ce gdstumes gbvbhbz`cdres ‗, `g`o` pdr gdkstbtubr um
gekàrbd jbst÷rbgd e pdhítbgd, ektre gdkbtds, kefdgb`æões e resbstìkgb`s
cd pdvd kefrd o`b`kd.

33
 BB
EKS_E EWS_@SÂFB@W E SÀSBG@W
EK^DH^EKCD LUWS
LUWSBÆ
BÆ@@, QDHÍGB@,
BMQ_EKW@ E G @KCDMOHÂW C@
O@JB@ K@ Q_BMEB_@ MES@CE
CD WÂGUHD ZZZZ

35
 O`tuques. Gdktbku`mds ` prdtest`r gdktr` d o`ruhjd eksurcege-
cdr que uks sulebtds m`gu`s e em kdme ce um` rehbfbçd ce p`-
fdce que kçd p`ss` `k`h ce um p`fdce m`sg`r`cd gdm d kdme k dme
rehbfbçd, n`zem á kdbte k` Mukju`k`, dkce tdc` kdbte se jduve
uks ‘j`-j`-j`-j`”, k³um` g`s` sem `r, ce pdrt`s negj`c`s, gdm
muhjeres cektrd. We ` `cmbkbstr`æçd qubzer prest`r um servbæd
hbmpd, pdce m`kc`r gerg`r em cetermbk`c` kdbte `quehhe `ktrd
e prekcer `quehhes rehbfbdsds... F`r`ktbmds um` oeh` g`æ`c` ce
v`cbds e o`tdtebrds. Nbg`mds ` esper` ce prdvbcìkgb`s. (Ldrk`h D
@nrbg`kd. Hdurekæd M`rques. Mdæ`mobque. ?7 cez. 0212.)

Nbfur` 0 - @ c`kæ` cds nebtbgebrds. D sdm cd o`tuque fubdu ds p`ssds c` pdhígb`.

Ndkte< Ldrk`h @ S`rce. W`hv`cdr. 0? kdv. 02?>.

@ epífr`ne `gbm` repdrt`-me d dhj`r gdhdkbz`cdr cb`kte ce pràtb-

g`s rehbfbds`s cds pdvds M`gu`s, hdg`hbz`cds k` gbc`ce ce Hdu-
rekæd M`rques, kdme `kterbdr c` g`pbt`h ce Mdæ`mobque, `tu`h M`-
putd.. Est`
putd Est ` refbçd ndb gdhókb` pdrtufues`
pdrtuf ues` ektre 0:2:
0:2: e 026
265.
5. D prdtestd
dgdrrbcdd em `kds bkbgb`bs
dgdrrbc bk bgb`bs cd sâguhd ZZ ekn`tbz` ` ousg` pdr mecbc`s
pukbtbv`s e prdvbcìkgb`s bmecb`t`s gdktr` ds o`tuques em`k`cds
pdr pdpuh`æões hdg`bs. Negj`cds kum` g`s` e kum` gdmpdsbæçd pre-
cdmbk`ktemekte nembkbk`, ` drcem â gerg`r d esp`æd ce t`h pràtbg`
rehbfbds` e m`kc`r prekcer ds sulebtds pr`tbg`ktes. Ds `cletbvds que

36
cesqu`hbg`v`m ds o`tuques
o`tuques e que tbkj`m k`hbc`ces
 k`hbc`ces rehbfbds`s
rehbfbds`s p`s-
p`s-
s`v`m pdr v`cbds, o`tdtebrds (tr`p`gebrd, ldf`cdr), m`sg`r`cds. Ndr`m
esses `hfuks
` hfuks `rfumek
` rfumektds
tds utbhbz`cds peh` bmpr
b mpreks`
eks` mdæ`mobg`k` p`r`
cesqu`hbg`r ce ndrm` recugbdkbst` cetermbk`c`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s
kd suceste cd gdktbkekte `nrbg`kd. S`bs gbrgukstïkgb`s t`moâm es-
tçd retr`t`c`s k` Nbfur` 0 e kçd brçd cbnerbr mubtd c`queh`s em que
` pdpuh`æçd `nrd-or`sbhebr` e `nrd-o`b`k` est`rçd bkserbc`s cur`kte `
jbst÷rb` sdgb`h c`s rehbfbões `nrd-or`sbhebr`s, sdoretucd, k` prbmebr`
met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.
D gdktextd jbst÷rbgd-sdgb`h c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s
est`oehegbc`s kd Or`sbh kd perídcd p÷s-@odhbæçd, em espegb`h `s prb-
mebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ, ekgdktr`-se m`rg`cd pdr ndrtes re`-
æões cds setdres jefemókbgds c` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr` e o`b`k` gdktr`
`s tekt`tbv`s cd kefrd ce se prdtefer cb`kte cd cbsgursd ce bknerbdrb-
c`ce r`gb`h e rehbfbds`. Jdmeks e muhjeres kefrds se vbr`m dorbf`cds
` est`oeheger estr`tâfb`s e tàtbg`s que hjes vb`obhbz`ssem ` gdkqubst`
ce um esp`æd que pdssbobhbt`sse su` `rm`æçd bcektbtàrb`, rehbfbds`,
egdkómbg` e, kum` p`h`vr`, pdhítbg`.
D prdletd repuohbg`kd sbfkbgdu um` s`íc` hefítbm` cb`kte
c` n`hìkgb` cd Bmpârbd. M`bs cd que um` questçd bkstbtugbdk`h, ehe
vbkj` ce ekgdktrd ` um` `mphb`æçd bmpdrt`kte cd esp`æd püohbgd
cur`kte ` câg`c` ce 0::1, d que hevdu ` `æçd pdhítbg` p`r` ndr` cd
Q`rh`mektd. Kd Kd g`mpd c`s bceb`s, pergeoem-se tr`æds cetermbk`ktes
cetermbk `ktes
cds bktehegtu`bs c` âpdg`, p`ut`cds k`s tedrb`s cd evdhugbdkbsmd, cd
m`terb`hbsmd e cd pdsbtbvbsmd. C`í ` bm`fem e ` represekt`æçd sd-
gb`h cd prdfressd e ` gdkgepæçd ce mdcerkbz`æçd serb`m `ssdgb`c`s
á p`h`vr`
p` h`vr` ‘repüohbg`”
‘repüohbg`”.. @ gdmobk`æçd cesses kdvkdvdsds ehemektds (esp`æd
püohbgd, bktehegtu`bs e bceb`s) `g`odu pdr ndrm`r um` guhtur` pdhítbg`
kdv` e que mdcehdu kdvds símodhds e ldfdu àfu` p`r` d mdbkjd c`
_epüohbg`.0 Ds G÷cbfds Qek`bs Or`sbhebrds ce 0:71, 0:21 e 0231 brçd
0 Gn. WGJV
WGJV@_G\,
@_G\, H. M.9 WS WS@_HBKF,
@_HBKF, J. M. Or`sbh< um` obdfr``. Hbsod`< Se
Se-
m`s e Ceo`tes ‗ Gbrguhd ce Hebtdres, ?105. p. 7?1-7?0.

3:
tr`t`r cd ektekcbmektd lurícbgd sdore `s pràtbg`s e ds guhtds rehbfbdsds
cbstbktds e gdksbcer`cds kçd dgb`bs.
Cesce ` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ, `s pràtbg`s e ds guhtds
gu htds
rehbfbdsds kçd dgb`bs kd terrbt÷rbd or`sbhebrd er`m vbstds ekqu`ktd
g`sds ce pdhígb` e ce lustbæ`. Ce `gdrcd gdm d G÷cbfd Qek`h Or`sbhebrd
ce 0:71,? `tds ce dneks`s á rehbfbçd, á mdr`h e `ds odks gdstumes er`m
ekqu`cr`cds gdmd grbmes pdhbgb`bs, sdoretucd qu`kcd estbvessem `
estes `ssdgb`cds. Kds @rtbfds ?6> ` ?:0, rendræ`-se d g`ràter ce que â
prdbobcd geheor`r em g`s`, kum ecbnígbd que tekj` um` estrutur` ce
temphd, du `tâ mesmd em hdg`bs püohbgds, tdcd e qu`hquer guhtd que
kçd sel` ` rehbfbçd cd Est`cd ‗ d Grbstb`kbsmd. @hâm cbssd, `ous`r du
prdp`f`r `tr`vâs ce puohbgbc`ces bmpress`s, hbtdfr`n`c`s e fr`v`c`s,
pdr cbsgursds prdnerbcds em reukbões püohbg`s que `gusem e `netem
` exbstìkgb` ce Ceus e ` bmdrt`hbc`ce c` `hm`, t`moâm se ekqu`-
cr`v`m kds `rtbfds gdmd cehbtd grbmbkdsd. Qdrt`ktd, pràtbg`s sdgb`bs
qu`bsquer hbf`c`s `ds guhtds rehbfbdsds, gul`s `æões pdr vektur` nds-
sem gdksbcer`c`s dneksbv`s á mdr`h e `ds odks gdstumes, ceverb`m
ser pukbc`s. Bkghuí`-se, `bkc`, dutrd g`sd que er` d nukgbdk`mektd
ce g`s`s püohbg`s ce t`odh`fem p`r` ldfds. Jà `qub um` `ssdgb`æçd
cbret` ektre nukgbdk`mektds ce esp`æds p`r` ldfds e nukgbdk`mektds
ce esp`æds p`r` guhtds rehbfbdsds kçd dgb`bs, sbtu`æões em que `mods
ndr`m gdksbcer`cds esp`æds ce pràtbg`s sdgb`bs bhígbt`s.
Ds nukc`mektds lurícbgds est`oehegbcds pehd renerbcd G÷cbfd
Qek`h `bkc` `pdkt`v`m que `s pek`s `phbg`c`s ceverb`m v`rb`r ektre
` cemdhbæçd cd temphd e ` prbsçd pdr perídcds gdmpreekcbcds ce cez
cb`s `tâ um `kd, doecegekcd `ds grbtârbds ce ekqu`cr`mektds cds
`tds bknr`gbdk`bs. @hâm cbssd, bkgbcb`-se muht` k`kgebr` du `gres-
`gres-
gekt`v`-se gdmd pukbæçd met`ce c` pek` `d bknr`tdr. @tâ d presekte
G÷cbfd, kçd j`vb` `ssdgb`æçd ce pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s `ds grbmes gdktr`
? Gn. G÷cbfd Grbmbk`h cd Bmpârbd cd Or`sbh, p`rte B^, G`pítuhd B, @rtbfds ?6> ` ?:0,
ce 0> cez.0:71. G`rt` ce Heb s`kgbdk`c`, refbstr`c` e puohbg`c` em 16 e 1: l`k. 0:70.
Cbspdkíveh em 8jttps<//www
8jttps<//www.ph`k`htd.fdv
.ph`k`htd.fdv.or/ggbvbhT17/hebs/hbm/hbm-0>-0?-0:71.
.or/ggbvbhT17/hebs/hbm/hbm-0>-0?-0:71.
jtm;.
jtm ;. @gessd< ?6 `fd. ?105.
32
` s`üce püohbg` du `d exergígbd bhef`h c` mecbgbk`. @ hefbsh`æçd pek`h
bkgbcb` ` p`rtbr ce grbtârbds doletbvds c` m`terb`hbc`ce cd esp`æd p`r`
guhtd, ` exemphd ce g`s`s du temphds, e grbtârbds suoletbvds ce dneks`s
á mdr`h e `ds odks gdstumes. @ mdr`h `qub â ektekcbc` ekqu`ktd
respebtd ukbh`ter`h e kçd mütud, ektre pr`tbg`ktes ce dutrds grecds e
grekæ`s que kçd ndssem `queh`s `ssdgb`c`s
`ssdgb` c`s `d Grbstb`kbsmd.
Grbstb` kbsmd. Là kd
kd que
se renere `ds odks gdstumes, estçd vbkguh`cds `d mdcehd eurdpeu-gb-
vbhbz`cdr, ce gukjd prdfressbst` e que ceverb`m servbr ce p`rïmetrd
sdgbdguhtur`h p`r` bkbobr e gdbobr tdcd e qu`hquer dutrd gdstume que
kçd estbvesse hbf`cd cbret`mekte `ds v`hdres bmput`cds peh` sdgbec`-
ce ce renerìkgb` eurdpeb`.
@ p`rtbr cd est`oehegbmektd c` Qrbmebr` _epüohbg`, gdm ` prd-
muhf`æçd cd Cegretd k¼ :36, ce 00 dutuord ce 0:21, ceu-se ` prb-
mebr` rendrm` cd refbme pek`h or`sbhebrd.7 Gdm d cegretd, ds grbmes
que ekvdhvb`m d hbvre fdzd e d exergígbd cds cbrebtds bkcbvbcu`bs kds
tr`zem `spegtds que cemdkstr`m ` gdktbkubc`ce em grbmbk`hbz`r
pràtbg`s sdgb`bs reh`gbdk`c`s `ds gdstumes, sdoretucd ce g`ràter re-
hbfbdsd. D prbmebrd `spegtd c` heb `ssdgb`cd `d usd e `d gdstume rehb-
fbdsd eso`rr` gdktr` d hbvre exergígbd cds guhtds. Kd G`pítuhd BB, que
`odrc`v` ` mdc`hbc`ce ce grbme gdktr` ` hboerc`ce pessd`h, d @rtbfd
062 gh`ssbg`v` gdmd grbme persefubr `hfuâm pdr mdtbvd rehbfbdsd
du pdhítbgd, bmput`kcd um` pek` ce um ` sebs meses ce cetekæçd. E
ce `gdrcd gdm d G`pítuhd BBB, dutrd `spegtd renere-se á mdc`hbc`ce
ce grbmes gdktr` d hbvre exergígbd ce guhtds. Gdkst`v` kd @rtbfd 0:5
que qu`hquer gdkssçd rehbfbds` cesprez`kcd `tds du doletds ce seu
guhtd, sel` ces`g`t`kcd du prdn`k`kcd ds seus símodhds puohbg`mek-
te, t`moâm terb` gdmd mecbc` pek`hbz`kte ` reghusçd em geh`, ce um
` sebs meses. @gresgekt`-se, `bkc`, ce `gdrcd gdm d @rtbfd 0:>, que
7 Gn. G÷cbfd Qek`h Or`sbhebrd< @rtbfds 05> ` 0>39 0629 0:5 ` 0::9 722 ` 313. Cegretd
kd. :36 ce 00 dut.0:21. Cbspdkíveh em8jttp<//www?.g`m`r`.hef.or/hefbk/nec/ce-
em8 jttp<//www?.g`m`r`.hef.or/hefbk/nec/ce-
gret/0:?3-0:22/cegretd-:36-00-dutuord-0:21-5171:>-kdrm`-pe.jtmh;.
gret/0:?3-0:22/cegretd-:36-00-dutuord-0:21-5171:>-kdrm`-pe.jtmh ;. @gessd
em ?6 `fd.?105.

51
bmpecb r, pdr qu`hquer mdcd, ` geheor`æçd ce gerbmókb`s,
bmpecbr gerb mókb`s, sdhekbc`ces
e rbtds rehbfbdsds du perturo`æões d exergígbd ce seus guhtds, ` pek`
`phbg`c` pdcerb` v`rb`r ce cdbs ` um `kd ce reghusçd. Qdr gdksefubk-
te, kd @rtbfd 0:6 cd renerbcd g÷cbfd, áquehe que us`r ce `me`æ`s du
bklürb`s gdktr` ds mbkbstrds ce qu`hquer gdkssçd rehbfbds`, em phekd
exergígbd ce su`s nukæões rehbfbds`s, g`oerb` pek` ce prbsçd em geh` ce
sebs meses ` um `kd ce reghusçd. Jà `bkc` que cest`g`r, là kd @rtbfd
0::, p`r` ` gdkcbæçd ce que, sempre que jduvesse `me`æ`s du bklü-
rb`s `gdmp`kj`c`s ce vbdhìkgb`s gdktr` ` pessd`, ` pek` serb` `cbgbd-
k`c` em m`bs 0/7.
Dutr` tbpdhdfb` que n`zb` p`rte cd G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0:21 e es-
t`v` p`ut`c` k` mdc`hbc`ce ce grbmes er` `queh` gdksbcer`c` gdktr`
` tr`kqubhbc`ce püohbg`. Gdkst`v` kd G`pítuhd BBB, que tr`t`v` cds
grbmes gdktr` ` s`üce püohbg`, ce `gdrcd gdm d @rtbfd 05>, que d
exergígbd c` Mecbgbk` em qu`hquer cds seus r`mds, ` exemphd c`
Dcdktdhdfb`, N`rmàgb`, sdoretucd gdm pràtbg`s ce jdmedp`tb`, ce
cdsbmetrb`, cd jbpkdtbsmd du m`fketbsmd `kbm`h, sem est`r j`obhb-
t`cd per`kte ds refuh`mektds e `s hebs, serb`m gdksbcer`cds grbmes.
Ds sulebtds pdcb`m ser `pek`cds gdm prbsçd em geh`, ektre um e sebs
meses, `hâm ce p`f`mektd ce muht`. _ez` `bkc` ` heb que ds `utdres
cds `ousds gdrrespdkcektes `d exergígbd bhef`h c` Mecbgbk` em fer`h
sdnrerçd, `hâm c`s pek`hbc`ces là mekgbdk`c`s, `queh`s que ndrem
bmpdst`s `ds grbmes ` que cerem g`us`.
^`he ress`ht`r
ress` ht`r que, ce `gdrcd gdm d @r
@rtbfd
tbfd 056
056,, quem pr`tbg`sse
pr`tbg`s se
d espbrbtbsmd, ` m`fb` e ds seus sdrtbhâfbds, us`kcd t`hbsmçs e g`rtd-
m`kgb`s p`r` cespert`r sektbmektd ce ÷cbd du ce `mdr, m`kbnest`sse
gur`s ce mdhâstb`s guràvebs du bkguràvebs, ce mdcd que suoluf`sse
` grecuhbc`ce püohbg`, serb` `pek`cd em prbsçd gehuh`r, ce um ` sebs
meses, `hâm ce p`f`mektd ce muht`. Ektret`ktd, se ess`s pràtbg`s
resuht`rem p`r` d p`gbekte, sel` pdr bkuìkgb` du pdr gdksequìkgb`,
prbv`æçd du `hter`æçd tempdràrb` du perm`kekte c`s `tbvbc`ces psí-

50
qubg`s, ` prbsçd em geh` ` ser `phbg`c` pdce v`rb`r ce um ` sebs `kds,
`gresgbcd ce p`f`mektd ce muht`. Ess` pek` prbsbdk`h t`moâm se
`phbg` ás sbtu`æões em que d mâcbgd tekj` pr`tbg`cd qu`bsquer cds
`tds `gbm` mekgbdk`cds, du vekj` ` `ssumbr `s respdks`obhbc`ces
cehes, `hâm ce hje `cbgbdk`r ` suspeksçd cd exergígbd c` prdssçd pehd
tempd bfu`h `d c` gdkcek`æçd.
Là kd @rtbfd 05:, â `odrc
`odrc`cd
`cd que mbkbstr`r, du sbmphesmekte
presgrever, gdmd mebd gur`tbvd p`r` usd bkterkd du exterkd, e sdo
qu`hquer ndrm` prep`r`c`, suostïkgb` ce qu`hquer cds rebkds c` k`-
turez`, n`zekcd du exergekcd `ssbm d dnígbd cd cekdmbk`cd gur`k-
cebrd, se ekqu`cr` kum` pek` ce um ` sebs meses ce reghusçd, `hâm
ce p`f`mektd ce muht`. E g`sd d emprefd ce qu`hquer suostïkgb`
resuht`r á pessd` prbv`æçd, du `hter`æçd tempdràrb` du perm`kekte ce
su`s n`guhc`ces psíqubg`s du nukæões psbgdh÷fbg`s, `hâm ce cendrmb-
c`ce, bk`obhbt`æçd cd exergígbd ce ÷rfçd du `p`rehjd drfïkbgd, fer`k-
cd `hfum` eknermbc`ce,
eknermbc`ce, g`oe ` pek` em geh`, kum pr`zd ce um ` sebs
`kds, `cbgbdk`kcd p`f`mektd ce muht`. We resuht`r em mdrte, ` pek`
p`ss`rà p`r` um perídcd ce sebs ` vbkte e qu`trd `kds ce reghusçd.
Wdore ` expdsbæçd em vekc`s e `phbg`æçd ce prdcutds vekdsds
sem ` hefítbm` `utdrbz`æçd e ndrm`hbc`ce cds ÷rfçds ce refuh`mek-
tds s`kbtàrbds, `phbg`r-se-b` pek` `tr`vâs ce muht`, ce `gdrcd gdm d
@rtbfd 052. Dutr`s sbtu`æões t`bs gdmd `hter`r du n`hsbg`r suostïk-
suostïk-
gb`s cestbk`c`s á `hbmekt`æçd, `hbmektds e oeobc`s, du expdr á vekc`
suostïkgb`s
suostï kgb`s `hbmektígb`s,
`hbmektígb`s, `hter`c`s du n`hsbg`c`s, fer`rçd pek`s gdm
reghusçd ce trìs meses ` um `kd, `hâm cd p`f`mektd ce muht`, tucd
bssd ce `gdrcd gdm ds @rtbfds 0>7 e 0>3, respegtbv`mekte.
Qdr su` vez, ds @rtbfds 0>1, 0>0 e 0>? tr`t`m respegtbv`mek-
te cds grbmes em suostbtubr d n`rm`gìutbgd du odtbgàrbd, um mecb-
g`mektd pdr dutrd, `hter`r d regebtuàrbd cd n`guht`tbvd, du empref`r
mecbg`mektds `hter`cds9 ekvekek`r ndktes püohbg`s du p`rtbguh`res,
t`kques du vbvebrds ce pebxe, oem gdmd víveres cestbk`cds ` gdksu-

5?
md püohbgd9 e gdrrdmper du m`kgj`r ` àfu` pdtàveh ce usd gdmum
du p`rtbguh`r, tdrk`kcd-` bmpdssíveh ce oeoer du kdgbv` á s`üce.
Kestes g`sds, ds bknr`tdres serçd `pek`cds gdm prbsões que pdcem
v`rb`r gdkndrme g`c` g`sd, ektre qubkze cb`s e qubkze `kds, `hâm cd
p`f`mektd ce muht`s.
Dutr` mdc`hbc`ce grbmbk`h estbpuh`c` kd G÷cbfd Qek`h _epu-
ohbg`kd ce 0:21 cbz respebtd `ds grbmes gdktr` ` pessd` e ` prdprbe-
c`ce. Ce `gdrcd gdm d G`pítuhd ZBBB, cekdmbk`cd ‘Cds v`cbds e
g`pdebr`s”, kd @rtbfd 31?, n`zer k`s ru`s e pr`æ`s püohbg`s exergígbds
ce `fbhbc`ce e cestrez` gdrpdr`bs gdkjegbcds peh` cekdmbk`æçd g`-
pdebr`fem99 `kc`r
pdebr`fem ` kc`r em gdrrerb`s, gdm `rm`s du bkstrumektds
bkstrumektds g`p`zes
ce prdcuzbr um` hesçd gdrpdr`h, prdvdg`kcd tumuhtds du cesdrceks,
`me`æ`kcd pessd` gert` du bkgert`, du bkgutbkcd temdr ce `hfum
m`h, serb` ekqu`cr`cd em t`h mdc`hbc`ce grbmbk`h. @ pek` `phbg`-
c` serb` ce prbsçd em geh` ce cdbs ` sebs meses. E se pdr pertekger
d g`pdebr` (g`pdebrbst`) ` `hfum` o`kc` du m`ht`, ` gbrgukstïkgb` â
gdksbcer`c` fr`ve. @ds gjenes du g`oeæ`s, bmpdr-se-à ` pek` em cd-
ord. Kds g`sds ce rebkgbcìkgb`s, serà `phbg`c` `d g`pdebr`, kd fr`u
màxbmd, ` pek` ce `gdrcd gdm d @rtbfd 311. Kehe se espegbg` que
d bknr`tdr serà regdhjbcd, pdr um ` trìs `kds, ` gdhókb`s pek`bs que se
nukc`rem em bhj`s m`rítbm`s, du k`s nrdktebr`s cd terrbt÷rbd k`gbd-
k`h, pdcekcd p`r` esse m serem `prdvebt`cds ds presícbds mbhbt`res
exbstektes. E `bkc`, k` gdkcbæçd ce estr`kfebrd, este serà cepdrt`cd
cepdbs ce gumprbc` ` pek`.
Gdkndrme d @rtbfd
@r tbfd 313, se kesses exergígbds ce g`pdebr`fem `h-
fuâm perpetr`r jdmbgícbd, pr`tbg`r `hfum` hesçd gdrpdr`h, uhtr`l`r d
pucdr püohbgd e p`rtbguh`r, perturo`r ` drcem, ` tr`kqubhbc`ce du se-
fur`kæ` püohbg`, du ndr ekgdktr`cd gdm `rm`s, bkgdrrerà gumuh`tb-
v`mekte k`s pek`s guhmbk`c`s p`r` t`bs grbmes. Qdrt`ktd, d G÷cbfd
Grbmbk`h Qek`h ce 0:21 est`oehege ndrm`s pukbtbv`s hef`bs ekvdhvek-
cd d exergígbd hbvre cds guhtds, ` tr`kqubhbc`ce püohbg`, ` pràtbg` cd

57
espbrbtbsmd, m`fb` e sdrtbhâfbds, ` mecbg`hbz`æçd k`tur`h e kçd n`r-
m`gdh÷fbg` e ` v`cb`fem. Ess`s pràtbg`s sdgb`bs e rehbfbds`s est`v`m
cbret`mekte hbf`c`s `d mukcd `nrbg`kd, `nrd-or`sbhebrd e `nrd-o`b`kd
que bktefr`v`m p`rte cd gdtbcb`kd c` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr` vbfekte em
k`bs cd sâguhd ZBZ.
Q`ss`cds gbkquekt` `kds ce prdmuhf`æçd cd G÷cbfd Qek`h
Or`sbhebrd ce 0:21, este serà `tu`hbz`cd `tr`vâs ce um` rendrm` lurí-
cbg` em 0231, puohbg`cd em 023?.3 Brà tr`t`r ds grbmes gdktr` d sek-
tbmektd rehbfbdsd, sdoretucd `quehes reh`gbdk`cds `d uhtr`le ` guhtds
e bmpecbmektd du perturo`æçd ce `td reh`tbvd ` ehes. D @rtbfd ?1:
esgh`rege que zdmo`r ce `hfuâm puohbg`mekte, sel` pdr mdtbvd ce
grekæ` du pdr nukæçd rehbfbds`9 bmpecbr du perturo`r gerbmókb` du
pràtbg` ce guhtd rehbfbdsd9 `ssbm gdmd cesprez`r puohbg`mekte um
`td du doletd ce guhtd rehbfbdsd, terà gdmd mecbc` ce `phbg`æçd pek`h
` cetekæçd ce um mìs ` um `kd, `hâm cd p`f`mektd ce muht`. E
kd g`sd em que pdr vektur` j`l` emprefd ce vbdhìkgb`, t`h pek` serà
`cbgbdk`c` ce um teræd, sem preluízd c` gdrrespdkcekte á vbdhìkgb`.
Kd G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0231,0231, cest`g`m-se
cest`g` m-se e sçd cesgrbt`s `s mdc`-
hbc`ces ce grbmes gdktr` ds gdstumes. Kds @rtbfds ?07 ` ?73, ekuk-
gb`m-se grbmes gdktr` ` hboerc`ce
h boerc`ce sexu`h, t`bs
t` bs gdmd estuprd,
estuprd, `tekt`cd
vbdhektd `d pucdr, pdsse sexu`h mecb`kte nr`uce, `tekt`cd `d pucdr
mecb`kte nr`uce9 grbmes c` secuæçd e gdrrupæçd ce mekdres9 grbmes
ce r`ptd, sel` ehe vbdhektd, nr`uce du gdkseksu`h9 cd hekdgíkbd (prdstb-
tubæçd) du tràgd ce muhjeres, e bssd bkghub
b kghub mecb`æçd e n`vdregbmektd
c` prdstbtubæçd, m`kter g`s`s ce prdstbtubæçd, tbr`r prdvebtd c` prds-
tbtubæçd `hjeb` (ru`kbsmd) e d tràgd ce muhjeres. Dutrd grbme gdk- gdk -
tr` ds gdstumes â `quehe est`oehegbcd pdr pr`tbg`r `tds dosgekds em
hdg`bs püohbgds, bkghusbve sel`m ehes esgrbtds du cbstrboubæçd ce do-
3 Gn. G÷cbfd Qek`h Or`sbhebrd< @rtbfds< ?1:9 ?07 ` ?739 ?5:9 ?>6 ` ?:5. Cegretd k¼ ?.:3:
ce 16 cez. 0231. Ektrdu em vbfdr ` p`rtbr ce 10 l`k.023?. Cbspdkíveh em 8jttp<//
8 jttp<//
www?.g`m`r`.hef.or/hefbk/nec/cegheb/0231
www?.g`m`r`.hef.or/h efbk/nec/cegheb/0231-0232/cegretd-heb-?
-0232/cegretd-heb-?:3:-6-cezemord-
:3:-6-cezemord-
-0231-30?:>:-puohbg`g`ddrbfbk`h-0-pe.jtmh;.
-0231-30?:>:-puohbg`g`ddrbfbk`h-0-pe.jtmh ;. @gessd< ?6 `fd. ?105.

53
letds gdksbcer`cds
gdksbcer`cds dosgekds. S`bs
S`bs cbstrboub
cbstrboubæões
æões ce dol
doletds
etds dosgek
dosgekds
ds
serb`m `queh`s exphbgbt`c`s em cesekjds, pbktur`s, textds, represek-
t`æões te`tr`bs, ndtdfr``s, ràcbd du exbobæçd gbkem`tdfràg`. Kds
grbmes gdktr` ds gdstumes, kçd se n`z mekæçd ` rbtds du grekæ`s.
Là em reh`æçd
reh`æçd `d ekqu`cr`mek
ekqu`cr`mektd td cds grbmes gdktr`
gdktr` ` s`üce
s`üce pü-
pü-
ohbg`, d G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0231 ektre ds @rtbfds ?>6 ` ?:1 cetermbk`
que g`us`r epbcemb`, bknrbkfbr mecbc` s`kbtàrb` prevektbv`, dmb-
tbr kdtbg`æçd ce cdekæ`, ekvekek`r àfu` pdtàveh du ce suostïkgb`
`hbmektígb` du mecbgbk`h (gdrrdmpekcd, `cuhter`kcd, n`hsbg`kcd,
empref`kcd prdgessds prdbobcds du kçd permbtbcds) sçd tdc`s ess`s
gbrgukstïkgb`s p`ssívebs ce grbmes. @cbgbdk`m-se `bkc` `ds grbmes
gdktr` ` s`üce püohbg` ` n`orbg`æçd, vekc` e cbstrboubæçd ce suostïk-
gb`s cestbk`c`s á n`hsbg`æçd, `v`rb`c`s e kdgbv`s á s`üce9 d gdmârgbd
gh`kcestbkd du n`gbhbt`æçd cd usd ce ektdrpegektes9 e d usd ce mecb-
g`mektds em ces`gdrcd gdm ` regebt` mâcbg`. @s pek`s v`rb`v`m
ce `gdrcd gdm g`c` sbtu`æçd ekqu`cr`c`, em pek`s míkbm`s ce ?
meses e màxbm`s ce `tâ 05 `kds.
Ce mdcd semehj`kte, ` Gdkstbtubæçd ce 0:21, cektre ds grbmes
gdktr` ` s`üce püohbg`, oem gdmd d G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0231, `tr`vâs
cds @rtbfds ?:?, ?:7 e ?:3, m`ktâm grbmbk`hbz`c`
grbmbk` hbz`c`ss sbtu`æões reh`gbd-
k`cds `d exergígbd bhef`h c` mecbgbk`, `rte cektàrb` du n`rm`gìutbg`9
d gj`rh`t`kbsmd9 e d gur`kcebrbsmd<
Exergígbd bhef`h c` mecbgbk`, `rte cektàrb` du n`rm`gìutbg`
@rt ?:?. Exerger, `bkc` que ` títuhd fr`tubtd, ` prdssçd ce mâcbgd, cektbst`
du n`rm`gìutbgd, sem `utdrbz`æçd hef`h du exgecekcd-hje ds hbmbtes<
Qek` - cetekæçd, ce sebs meses ` cdbs `kds.
Q`ràfr`nd ükbgd. We d grbme â pr`tbg`cd gdm d m ce hugrd, `phbg`-se t`moem
muht`, ce um ` gbkgd gdktds ce râbs.
Gj`rh`t`kbsmd
@rt. ?:7. Bkguhg`r du `kukgb`r gur` pdr mebd segretd du bkn`híveh<
Qek` - cetekæçd, ce trìs meses ` um `kd, e muht`, ce um ` gbkgd
gb kgd gdktds ce râbs.
Gur`kcebrbsmd
@rt. ?:3. Exerger d gur`kcebrbsmd<
gur` kcebrbsmd<
B - presgrevekcd, mbkbstr`kcd du `phbg`kcd, j`obtu`hmekte, qu`hquer suos-
tïkgb`9
BB - us`kcd festds, p`h`vr`s du qu`hquer dutrd mebd9
mebd9
BBB - n`zekcd cb`fk÷stbgds<

55
 Qek` - cetekæçd, ce sebs meses ` cdbs `kds.
Q`ràfr`nd ükbgd. We d grbme â pr`tbg`cd mecb`kte remuker`æçd, d `fekte g`
t`moâm sulebtd ` muht`, ce um ` gbkgd gdktds ce râbs.

Ds grbmes prevbstds k` mdc`hbc`ce gdktr` ` s`üce püohbg`

t`moâm se `phbg`m `d cbspdstd kd @rtbfd ?5: cd renerbcd g÷cbfd. We
jduver grbme cdhdsd ce perbfd gdmum resuht`kte em hesçd gdrpdr`h
ce k`turez` fr`ve, ` pek` prbv`tbv` ce hboerc`ce â `umekt`c` k` me-
t`ce9 se resuht` em mdrte, â `phbg`c` em cdord. Kd g`sd ce guhp`, se
cd n`td resuht`r hesçd gdrpdr`h, ` pek` `umekt` met`ce9 se resuht` tçd
sdmekte ` mdrte, `phbg`-se ` pek` gdmbk`c` `d jdmbgícbd guhpdsd,
`gresgbc` ce um teræd. Ektret`ktd, jà exgeæões, s`hvd ` sbtu`æçd prd-
vekbekte ce epbcemb`s. Ce `gdrcd gdm d @r @rtbfd
tbfd ?>6
?>6, g`us`r
g`us` r epbcemb`,
mecb`kte ` prdp`f`æçd ce fermeks p`tdfìkbgds, fer` pek`-reghusçd,
ce gbkgd ` qubkze `kds9 se cd n`td resuht` mdrte, ` pek` â `phbg`c` em
cdord99 e kd g`sd
cdord g` sd ce guhp`, ` pek` â ce cetekæçd, ce um
u m ` cdbs `kds, du,
se resuht` mdrte, ce cdbs ` qu`trd `kds. Em sum`, ds G÷cbfds Qek`bs
or`sbhebrds ektre 0:71-0231 servbrçd ce bkstrumektds estr`tâfbgds
cd Est`cd p`r` est`oeheger ndrm`s ce repressçd, gdktrdhe e pukbæçd
á pdpuh`æçd kefr` e/du p`rc`, `tbkfbkcd cbret` du bkcbret`mekte ds
`ceptds e pr`tbg`ktes c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrd-or`sbhebr`s e ce
mdcd espegígd, `s `nrd-
`nrd-o`b`k`s.
o`b`k`s.
Gdm d m c` esgr`vbcçd e ` cesdrf`kbz`æçd gbrgukst`kgb`h cd
sbstem` ce mçd ce dor`, doserv`-se kd Or`sbh um` sârbe ce esndræds
p`r` `tr`br bmbfr`ktes eurdpeus e `sbàtbgds.
`sbàtbgds. Ekf`k`cds pdr um` prd-
p`f`kc` bhus÷rb`, pdpuh`æões pdhdkes`s, `hemçs, esp`kjdh`s, bt`hb`-
k`s, pdrtufues`s e l`pdkes`s vìm ` se bkserbr kesse gdktextd. J`vb`
k`quehe mdmektd ` gdkstruæçd cd mbtd c` `oukcïkgb` cds tr÷pbgds
e que em ousg` c` hboerc`ce, vbshumor`v`m doter prdprbec`ces e
emprefd.5 Â gertd que, `pes`r c`s cbnerekæ`s kds jàobtds e gdstu-
mes, ` nâ se mbsturdu ektre ds bmbfr`ktes e or`sbhebrds. Gur`kcebrds,
oekzecebr`s, jero`kàrbds pergdrrb`m n`zekc`s e dgup`v`m ds esp`-
5 Gn. WGJV@_G\, H. M.9 WS@_HBKF, J. M. dp. gbt., p. 7?6.
5>
æds cds mâcbgds e remâcbds. K` O`jb`, er`m ds bnàs ‗ pdrt` vdzes
c`s cbvbkc`ces ‗ que gumprb`m t`h p`peh, tr`zekcd erv`s c` Ànrbg`.
S`h prdgecbmektd t`moâm dgdrrb` k` refbçd Kdrte cd p`ís, dkce d
gdkjegbmektd `meríkcbd e d usd c`s ph`kt`s e erv`s mecbgbk`bs se
n`zb`m gdmuks.> Wdmekte ` p`rtbr ce 0271 â que ess` `gektu`c` bmb-
fr`æçd tr`ksdgeïkbg` gdmeæ` ` percer nóhefd. Nbg` evbcekte que, ce
0::1 `tâ ds `kds
` kds ce 0271,
0271, ` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr` cbk`
cbk`mbzdu-se
mbzdu-se o`st`k-
te. @ gdkfur`æçd sdgb`h represekt`v` d resuht`cd bmecb`td ce um`
pdhítbg` ce gresgbmektd
gresgb mektd pdpuh`gbdk`h, bkgremekt`cd pehd bkgektbvd
bkgektbvd c`
bmbfr`æçd estr`kfebr`. E esse gresgbmektd pdpuh`gbdk`h vem `gdm-
p`kj`cd t`moâm ce um` gresgekgresgekte
te uro`kbz`æçd, que pdr su` vez v`b
`hter`r ` nebæçd cd p`ís.6
Er` pregbsd emoehez`r `s prbkgbp`bs gbc`ces, gubc`kcd cds ecb-
nígbds püohbgds, `n`st`kcd
`n`st` kcd ` pdorez` p`r` ds suoürobds, bmphemekt`k-
bmphemekt`k-
cd tr`kspdrte gdhetbvd, gdkstrubkcd bkstbtubæões represekt`tbv`s. Ldr-
fe Uzìc` `rm` que ` mdcerkbc`ce gjef` á O`jb` gdm ` _epüohbg`.
Gdmd um ‘`fu`gebrd”, mdcbgdu-se r`pbc`mekte ` gbc`ce gdhdkb`h
que er` um` gbc`ce ndrt`hez` o`hu`rte. Jà vàrbds mdkumektds que
pdcem sbmodhbz`r ` gdkstbtubæçd cess` mdcerkbc`ce em W`hv`cdr. @
títuhd ce exemphds, pdcemds gbt`r<
Dor`s ce mehjdr`mektd cd pdrtd c` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr (0::2-0271)9 gdks-
truæçd c` @vekbc` Wete ce Wetemord (020?-020>)9 cerruo`c` c` Bfrel` ce Wçd
Qecrd ^ehj` e ` bmph`kt`æçd cd _eh÷fbd ce Wçd Qecrd (020>), `hâm c` rendrm`
gdmphet` cd Ehev`cdr H`gerc` e bk`ufur`æçd
bk`ufur`æ çd em 0271.
0271. Qdrt`ktd, kd bkígbd cds
`kds trbkt`,
trb kt`, esses símodhds c` mdcerkbc`ce c` màqubk` k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr
ndr`m m`rgds, sdoretucd, c` `mphb`æçd cds tr`kspdrtes püohbgds, prbkgbp`h-
mekte d `utdmdtdr.:

@ gbc`ce c` O`jb`, que se h`kæ`r`

h`kæ` r` p`r` ` mdcerkbc`ce, `presek-
t`rà em seus `spegtds
`sp egtds reh`gbdk`bs ektre sdgbec`ce e guhtur`, sdoretucd
> Bobc. p. 7?2.
6 Bobc. p. 771.
: Gn. U\ÌC@, L. @. D `fu`gebrd c` mdcerkbc`ce k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr 0277-
0235.. Ukbversbc`ce Necer`h c` O`jb`, N`guhc`ce ce Nbhdsd` e Gbìkgb`s Jum`k`s,
0235
Qrdfr`m` ce Q÷s-fr`cu`æçd em Jbst÷rb`. Sese
Sese ce Cdutdr`cd. Drbekt`cdr. Qrdn. Cr.
@któkbd Nerk`kcd Fuerrebrd ce Nrebt`s. W`hv`cdr, ?11>, p. 0:.

56
kd que se renere `d ukbversd cds `nrdcesgekcektes, ndrm`s `mph`s ce
resbstìkgb`s. Ess`s sbtu`æões `mph`s ce resbstìkgb` estçd gdrreh`gbdk`-
c`s `d prdletd ce mdcerkbz`æçd,
mdcerkbz`æç d, jbfbekbz`æçd
jbfbekbz`æ çd e cesekvdhvbmektd
cesekvdhvbmektd egd-
kómbgd e sdgb`h
sdgb` h phebte`cd pehds fdverk`ktes repuohbg`kds. S`h
S`h prdletd
n`rà usd ce hefbsh`æões, bkghusbve ce drcem grbmbk`h, p`r` est`oeheger
um `mphd gdktrdhe cd Est`cd sdore cbvers`s pràtbg`s sdgb`bs, rehbfbd-
s`s e guhtur`bs, presektes kd gdtbcb`kd c` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr` em - -
k`bs cd sâguhd ZBZ.
D prdletd ce mdcerkbc`ce kd Or`sbh est`oehegbcd `p÷s d `cvek-
td c` _epüohbg` ` p`rtbr ce 0::2, ce `gdrcd gdm `s `kàhbses tegbc`s
pdr Ldrfe Uzìc`, teve gdmd um cds meg`kbsmds ce bmph`kt`æçd c`
`æçd mdcerkbz`cdr` ` heb ‗ e m`bs pregbs`mekte, ` heb pek`h e seu `p`-
r`td repressbvd sdore ds bkcbvícuds. @ mdcerkbc`ce c` màqubk` e cd
gdkgretd `rm`cd gjefdu ás gbc`ces or`sbhebr`s, e bssd bkghub ` gbc`ce
cd W`hv`cdr, t`moâm gdm ` heb pek`h e su` `æçd sdgb`hbz`cdr`. @ heb
pek`h ndb um cds veíguhds ce bkstbtugbdk`hbz`æçd c` mdcerkbc`ce k`
gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr, sdoretucd ektre 0275 e 0235.2
Kd gdktextd k`gbdk`h e hdg`h, revestbcd pdr mdcehds e prdle-
tds ce mdcerkbc`ce, `mp`r`cd pdr um drcek`mektd lurícbgd-hef`h,
g`oerà `d Est`cd, pdr um h`cd, gdmo`ter, cesest`obhbz`r, reprbmbr e
gdktrboubr p`r` d ces`p`regbmektd fr`cu`h ce pràtbg`s `nrd-rehbfbd-
s`s. Qdr dutrd h`cd, g`oerà ás rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s, em es-
pegb`h d G`kcdmohâ, est`oehegerem ndrm`s ce resbstìkgb`s, eknrekt`-
mektds e tàtbg`s ce gdmo`tes estr`tâfbg`s cb`kte d Est`cd or`sbhebrd,
kd perídcd gdmpreekcbcd ektre 0:21 e 02>1. D cesekjd fed-terrbtd-
rb`h c` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr e su`s cekbæões terrbtdrb`bs ce pdhígb` e ce-
ce-
hef`gb`s `uxbhb`res que gdmo`tb`m bkgess`ktemekte ds G`kcdmohâs
est`rà vbsíveh `tr`vâs cds refbstrds enetu`cds peh` bmpreks` o`b`k`,
que gbrguh`r`m em perb÷cbgds ` exemphd cds ldrk`bs @ S`rce S`rce,, Cbàrbd
ce Kdtígb`s e D Est`cd c` O`jb`, ektre 02?1 ` 0251. Wçd gdkbtds ce
2 Bobc.p.055-05>.

5:
drcem r`gb`h e sdgb`h, mesmd que em `hfuks g`sds tekj`m sbcd est`-
oehegbcds ce mdcd veh`cd.
@s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cds G`kcdmohâs k` O`jb`, k` prbmebr`
met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, er`m kdtbgb`c`s gdmd equbv`hektes ` prdohe-
m`s ce drcem s`kbtàrb`, püohbg`, mdr`hbz`kte e, pdrt`ktd, r`gbst`. @s
bkstbtubæões repressdr`s cd Est`cd, represekt`c`s peh` Lustbæ` e peh`
Qdhígb` e `mp`r`c`s pehds cbsgursds que gbrguh`v`m peh` bmpreks`
o`b`k`, est`oehegb`m estr`tâfb`s ce eknrekt`mektds e `phbg`æçd c`s
hebs em prdh cds v`hdres mdcerkds ce gbvbhbz`æçd. Bcektbg`remds
t`moâm `hfum`s tàtbg`s ce resbstìkgb`s `cdt`c`s pehds terrebrds ce
G`kcdmohâ k` O`jb`, cb`kte cess` mdcerk` repüohbg` que se est`oe-
hegb` e ousg`v` se gdksdhbc`r.
@ mdcerkbc`ce k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr k` prbmebr` met`ce cd
sâguhd ZZ, m`bs espegbg`mekte ektre 0275 e 0235, se nez presekte
enetbv`mekte ` p`rtbr c` gjef`c` c` màqubk`, sdoretucd cd `utdm÷-
veh. @cbgbdk`-se
@cbgbdk`-se `bkc` d tr`ks`thïktbgd
tr` ks`thïktbgd e d k`vbd g`rfuebrd, oem gdmd
d `vbçd. Ess`s màqubk`s vìm `gdmp`kj`c`s pehd cbsgursd uro`kbs-
t`, gjef`m á gbc`ce e pdr su` vez, `g`o`m gdrrdekcd reh`æões sdgb`bs
e egdkómbg`s jà mubtd tempd est`oehegbc`s. S`bs reh`æões vçd exbfbr
r`gbdk`hbc`ce egdkómbg`, lurícbg`, pdhítbg` e guhtur`h em kbgjds ce
sdgb`obhbc`ce em que precdmbk`v` ` empres` n`mbhb`r du ` tr`cbgbd-
k`h, d m`kcd e d gdmp`crbd `ssdgb`cds `d cdmíkbd dhbfàrqubgd e gd-
rdkehbst`.01
M`s ` muc`kæ` t`moâm ndb pdhítbg` gdm d mdvbmektd ce 0271, 0271,
que `hterdu d mdcehd ce drf`kbz`æçd egdkómbg` e sdgb`h or`sbhebr`,
ceshdg`kcd d cdmíkbd `osdhutd c` egdkdmb` `fràrbd-expdrt`cdr`
p`r` bkteksbg`r d cesekvdhvbmektd cd merg`cd bkterkd e c` bkcüs- bkcüs-
trb`. Gdm ` gjef`c` ce Fetühbd ^`rf`s `d pdcer pdhítbgd, ndb grb`cd
d Mbkbstârbd cd Sr`o`hjd, c` Bkcüstrb` e cd Gdmârgbd, `treh`cds á
sbkcbg`hbz`æçd ndræ`c`. Qdr gdksefubkte, `hterdu-se ` drcem lurícbg`
01 Gn. U\ÌC@, L. @. p.06.

52
or`sbhebr`, gdm cu`s gdkstbtubæões,
g dkstbtubæões, em 0273 e 0276
0276.. ^`he cest`g`r
cest`g` r `bk-
`b k-
c` que d gekàrbd bkterk`gbdk`h gdkvbvb` gdm ` quec` cd hboer`hbsmd
e ` `sgeksçd cd k`zb-n`sgbsmd `kgdr`cd k` ndræ` c`s màqubk`s e k`
bkcüstrb`
bkcüs trb` guhtur`h, d que n`zb` c` câg`c` ce trbkt` um `mob
` mobekte
ekte p`r`
` muc`kæ` cd Or`sbh e c`s gbc`ces or`sbhebr`s.00
@d gdktrdh`r d o`kcbtbsmd, ces`rm`kcd `s dhbf`rqub`s e ds gd-
rdkâbs, ^`rf`s `g`o` grb`kcd gdkcbæões pdhítbg`s mbhbt`res p`r` que
d Est`cd K`gbdk`h ndsse d ükbgd cetektdr c` vbdhìkgb` hefítbm`.0? @
p`rtbr
p`r tbr c`s `kàhbs
` kàhbses
es ce Ldrfe
Ldrfe Uzìc`, g` evbcekte que ^`rf`s
^`rf`s prdgurdu
exprdprb`r d o`kcbtbsmd e su`s dhbf`rqub`s c`s su`s `rm`s e jdmeks
á su` cbspdsbæçd. @hâm cbssd, jduve, pdr gdksefubkte, ` prdcuæçd ce
um drcek`mektd lurícbgd or`sbhebrd repressbvd, ` p`rtbr c` Gdksdhb-
c`æçd c`s Hebs Qek`bs ce 027?, e m`bs t`rce d G÷cbfd Qek`h e d G÷-
cbfd Qrdgessu`h Qek`h ce 0231 e 0230, respegtbv`mekte. D `p`r`td
hef`h-repressbvd
hef`h-rep ressbvd v`b f`r`ktbr
f`r`ktb r ` mdcerkbc`ce k` su` expressçd pdhítbg`.
p dhítbg`.
Esse `p`r`td hef`h-repressbvd terà kdrm` pek`h pdsbtbv` k`s gdkcut`s
sdgb`bs, ce mdcd que gdksefubsse grb`r gdkcbæões p`r` sdgb`obhbc`ce
uro`k`. Kd g`sd cd terrbt÷rbd o`b`kd, gduoe á Wegret`rb` ce Wefu-
r`kæ` Qüohbg` cd Est`cd c` O`jb` ser ` bkstbtubæçd respdksàveh pdr
dper`gbdk`hbz`r d `p`r`td repressbvd, f`r`ktbkcd, pdr su` vez, um`
kdv` gdkcut` sdgb`h kd mebd uro`kd.07
D `p`r`td repressbvd k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr er` oem drf`kbz`-
cd e gdkt`v` gdm `s sefubktes pdhígb`s e fu`rc`s< ` Fu`rc` Gbvbh, `
00 Bobc. p. 02.
0? Kd g`sd cd Est`cd Kdvd bmpdstd pdr ^`rf`s, kçd pdcemds `ssdgbà-hd sbmphes-
mekte ` um refbme n`sgbst`, e mekds `bkc`, `ds mdcehds eurdpeus (pdrtufuìs, bt`hb`-
kd du esp`kjdh). ^`rf`s
^`rf`s tr`zb` um` k`turez` `utdrbtàrb`, mdcerkbz`kte e pr`fmàtbg`.
Er` um prdletd ce um` sdgbec`ce `utdrbt`rb`mekte gdktrdh`c` pehd Est`cd, `ssdgb`cd
` um sbstem` repressbvd g`p`z ce m`kter gdm sugessd ` eouhbæçd ce ndræ`s dpdsbgbd-
kbst`s. D sbstem` ce repressçd pdhbgb`h cd Est`cd Kdvd ndb bkstbtuícd `ktes cd fdhpe
ce 0276, á mecbc` que ` Gdkstbtubæçd ce 0273 se cesbktefr`v`. @ heb ce Wefur`kæ`
K`gbdk`h ce 0275 cekb` ds grbmes gdktr` ` drcem pdhítbg` e sdgb`h e d Srbouk`h ce
Wefur`kæ` K`gbdk`h, bkst`h`cd em 027>, luhf`v` ds `tds e gdkcek`v` ` prbsçd. Gn.
WGJV@_G\,
WGJV @_G\, H. M9 WS WS@_HBKF,
@_HBKF, J. M. dp. gbt., p. 7:1.
07 Gn. U\ÌC@, L. @. dp. gbt., p. ?1-?0.

>1
Fu`rc` Kdturk`, ` Qdhígb` Mbhbt`r e ` Qdhígb` Lucbgbàrb`. @fb`m sbk-
grdkbz`c`s peh` Wegret`rb` ce Wefur`kæ` Qüohbg` cd Est`cd c` O`j-
b`. Ce `gdrcd gdm Uzìc`, gdm reh`æçd ás ndræ`s pdhbgb`bs repressbv`s,
` Fu`rc` Gbvbh vbfb`v` d gdmpdrt`mektd cds j`obt`ktes c` gbc`ce,
gdkstbtubkcd-se em um` pdhígb` cds gdstumes. N`zb`m-se gdkst`k-
tes kds hdg`bs püohbgds, espegb`hmekte k`s nebr`s hbvres e pr`æ`s, m`bs
`bkc` em dg`sbões ce nest`s. @hâm cbssd, tbkj` que est`r `tektd `d
trïksbtd e seus mdtdrbst`s, `ds g`o`râs c` gbc`ce e á vbc` kdturk`,
oem gdmd ás pdssbobhbc`ces ce `hgddhbsmd. Gdm bssd, t`moâm tdm`-
v` gdkt` c`s reh`æões ektre ds vbzbkjds.03
@ vbfbhïkgb` er` um` c`s `rm`s cd Est`cd, que ousg`v` bkstb-
tugbdk`hbz`r d refbme, sdoretucd cur`kte d perídcd gdrrespdkcekte
`d Est`cd Kdvd. Qretekcb`-se grb`r um` guhtur` ce doecbìkgb` k` gb-
c`ce. @ `tu`æçd c` Fu`rc` Gbvbh se drbekt`v` kd sektbcd ce `gdmp`-
kj`r d gdmpdrt`mektd cds mdr`cdres e, `d mekdr ceshbze, reprbmbr.
@ vbfbhïkgb` c` Fu`rc` Gbvbh kçd se hbmbt`v` `ds gbkem`s e pr`æ`s9
su`s kdrm`s du ` etbquet` cd oem g`v`hf`r `tbkfb` ds guhtds rehbfbd-
sds c` gbc`ce, em espegb`h, ds rbtds cd G`kcdmohâ. @ Fu`rc` Gbvbh
prdgur`v` bcektbg`r `quehes que pr`tbg`v`m ds ‘nebtbæds”. Nbg`v` `
g`rfd c` Cehef`gb` @uxbhb`r em m`terb`hbz`r d gdktrdhe cd Est`cd sd-
ore d G`kcdmohâ, e tucd que `fhdmer`sse ` pdpuh`æçd c` gbc`ce, `
exemphdd ce gdkv
exemph gdkvesgdtes
esgdtes (pbqubkbques
(pbqubkbques),
), o`bhes
o`b hes e nuteodh.05
Ce `gdrcd gdm `s `kàhbses tegbc`s pdr Luhbd Or`f`,0> `s ndktes
drbukc`s ce repdrt`feks ldrk`hístbg`s e dutrds cdgumektds cbspdkí-
vebs pehd `utdr ‗ ` exemphd
exemphd ce prdgessd-grbme ‗ gdksefuem
gdksef uem bcektbg`r
cbnerektes estr`tâfb`s e tàtbg`s ce kefdgb`æçd utbhbz`c`s peh`s hbcer`k-
æ`s cd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd, cb`kte c`s persefubæões pdhbgb`bs enetu`-
c`s `d hdkfd c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.06 @ tekt`tbv` serb`
03Bobc. p. 0>7-0>6.
05 Bobc. 0>:-0>2.
0> Gn. O_@F@, L. W.W. K` f`meh` cd nebtbæd<
nebtbæd< repressçd e resbstìkgb` kds G`kcdmohâs
c` O`jb`. W`hv`cdr< ECUNO@, 0225. p.02.
06 Ess`s `odrc`feks tbver`m bmpdrt`ktes gdktrboubæões
gdktrboubæões ce HØJKBKF, @. ‘@g`oe‘@g`oe

>0
super`r ` jefemdkb` g`t÷hbg` e d mdcehd ce rehbfbçd gdkstbtugbdk`h ce
um est`cd kçd h`bgd, `tâ ektçd cbret`mekte hbf`c`s ás gh`sses sdgb`bs
m`bs expressbv`s e cetektdr`s cd pdcer sdgbdegdkómbgd hdg`h, prdle-
t`kcd um` rehbfbçd pdpuh`r ` setdres c`s gh`sses m`bs empdoregbc`s
c` sdgbec`ce o`b`k` repuohbg`k`. Q`r` Or`f`, kd g`mpd c`s repre-
sekt`æões sdgb`bs, d G`kcdmohâ `g`o` exergekcd um` espâgbe ce ndgd
ce resbstìkgb` gdktr`-`guhtur`tbv` c` pdpuh`æçd kefr` o`b`k` cb`k-
te cd mdcehd jefemókbgd jerc`cd cd prdgessd gdhdkb`h dgbcekt`h.0:
Q`r` merfuhj`rmds kum` `kàhbse sdore `hfuks ndgds ce resbs-
tìkgb`s gdktr`-`guhtur`tbv`s, utbhbz`reb `qub, gdkgebtds ce estr`tâfb`s
e tàtbg`s ` p`rtbr cd n`zer ce Mbgjeh ce Gerte`u.02 D huf`r c`s estr`-
tâfb`s â `quehe dgup`cd pehd gàhguhd c`s reh`æões ce ndræ`s e que se
tdrk` pdssíveh ` p`rtbr cd mdmektd em que um sulebtd ce querer e
pdcer (um` empres`, um exârgbtd, um` bkstbtubæçd) pdce ser bsdh`cd.
 um huf`r g`p`z ce prdmdver `me`æ`s, sustekt`kcd pehd pdstuh`-
cd ce um pdcer. Là `s tàtbg`s `ssumem d huf`r ce um` `æçd g`hguh`-
c` cetermbk`c` peh` `usìkgb` ce um pr÷prbd ‗ â d huf`r cd ‘dutrd”.
@gektu`-se `bkc` que d sbstem` rehbfbdsd cd G`kcdmohâ se nukc`-
mekt` em v`hdres gbvbhbz`t÷rbds `nrbg`kds t`bs gdmd ` `kgestr`hbc`ce,
` rehbfbdsbc`ce, ` dr`hbc`ce, ` sdhbc`rbec`ce/gddper`tbvbsmd, ` hucb-
gbc`ce, ` musbg`hbc`ce, ` gdrpdrebc`ce, ` gbrguh`rbc`ce, ` mem÷rb`
e, sdoretucd, ` ndræ` vbt`h (`xâ) e t`bs v`hdres cestd`v`m cds mdcehds
gbvbhbz`t÷rbds eurdpeus.
@ repressçd pdhbgb`h `ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs k` O`jb` se
ceu ce mdcd bkgbsbvd pdr câg`c`s. Cehef`cds, `fektes pdhbgb`bs, re-
p÷rteres e ldrk`hbst`s ce perb÷cbgds ce fr`kce gbrguh`æçd sçd `hfuks
gdm este s`ktd, Qecrbtd vem `í...”. Mbtd e re`hbc`ce c` persefubæçd pdhbgb`h `d G`k-
cdmohâ o`b`kd ektre 02?1-023?. _evbst` UWQ,UWQ, Wçd Q`uhd, v. ?:, Cdssbì 711 `kds
pdvd kefrd, p. 023-??1. 0225/2>9 O_@F@, L. W. dp. gbt.9 C@KS@W, O. F. ^dv÷
K`fó e Q`p`b Or`kgd. Usds e `ousds c` Ànrbg` kd Or`sbh,Or`sbh , _bd ce L`kebrd, Fr``h,
02::.
0: Gn. O_@F@, L. W. dp. gbt., p.02.
02 Gn. GE_SE@U,
GE_SE@U, M. ce. dp. gbt., p.22-011.

>?
exemphds ce sulebtds sdgb`bs que gdrrdodr`r`m p`r` gdmo`ter `qub-
hd que serb` ` o`se ce um` ‘gbc`c`kb` cbnerekgb`c`”.?1 @ repressçd
pdhbgb`h serà `k`hbs`c` kesse gdktextd gdmd um` estr`tâfb` cd Est`-
cd repuohbg`kd ce eknrekt`mektd rehbfbdsd, prdbobkcd e persefubk-
cd cbvers`s pràtbg`s ce guhtd, d usd cds esp`æds püohbgds e prbv`cds,
ds rbtds e seus doletds ce guhtds. Ekqu`ktd tàtbg`s ce gdknrdktd ás
estr`tâfb`s ce repressçd pdhbgb`h, ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd
n`rçd usd ce bkstrumektds ce cenes`, ce resbstìkgb` p`r` kefdgb`r pdr
dg`sbçd cds gdkst`ktes gdkbtds ektre ds G`kcdmohâs, ce um h`cd, e
` Lustbæ`, ` bmpreks` e ` Qdhígb`, ce dutrd, que gerge`v`m `s pràtbg`s
ce gur` e `cbvbkj`æçd ce bkümer`s g`s`s ce s`ktd
s` ktd est`oehegbc`s
est`oehegbc`s k` g`-
pbt`h o`b`k`, kd seu ektdrkd e k` refbçd cd _egókg`vd, cektre dutr`s.
Dutrd regursd que serà h`kæ`cd p`r` renerekc`r mbkj`s `kàhbses â `
jbst÷rb` dr`h. S`h regursd prdgur` `rtbguh`r k`rr`tbv`s vbvekgb`c`s e/
du tr`ksmbtbc`s ektre cbvers`s fer`æões, ` pdktd ce `uxbhb`r kd n`zer
c` mem÷rb`, e `ssbm `luc`r k` gdmpreeksçd c`/cest` jbst÷rb`.
Lühbdd Or`f`
Lühb Or`f` ekn`tbz`
ekn`tbz` que ` Ànrbg` Dgbcek
Dgbcekt`ht`h p`ssdu pdr cbvers
cbvers`s
`s
tr`ksndrm`æões gdhdkbz`cdr`s ` p`rtbr c` sefukc` met`ce cd sâguhd
ZBZ, tekc
tekcdd ` `æçd gdhdkb`h
gdhdkb`h utbhbz`cd ce estr`tâfb`s ce persu`sçd p`r`
gdkverter `nrbg`kds ás su`s respegtbv`s rehbfbões. @s rehbfbões tr`cb-
gbdk`bs `nrbg`k`s `g`o`r`m percekcd mubtd ce su` ndræ` e g`p`gbc`ce
ce bktervbr cbret`mekte kds kef÷gbds pdhítbgds c` sdgbec`ce `nrbg`k`.
Ess` sbtu`æçd kçd ndb cbnerekte kd Est`cd c` O`jb`, dkce `s pràtb-
g`s rehbfbds`s ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s ndr`m relebt`c`s sdo ` `hef`æçd
ce que er`m nebtbæ`rb`s e, sekcd `ssbm, ceverb`m ser `n`st`c`s ce um
mebd sdgb`h que est`v` `rr`bf`cd pdr um mdcehd ce ‘gbvbhbz`æçd dgb-
cekt`h”.?0 Er`, pdrt`ktd, ` prbmebr` c`s estr`tâfb`s drf`kbz`c`s pehd
Est`cd or`sbhebrd kd sektbcd ce suoluf`r, ehbmbk`r, jbfbekbz`r ` sdgbe-
c`ce or`sbhebr` p÷s-@odhbæçd. Kçd se pdce cebx`r ce hev`r em gdkt`
que `s tedrb`s r`gb`bs prdmdvbc`s cur`kte ` sefukc` met`ce cd sâgu-
?1 Gn. O_@F@, L. W. dp. gbt., p, ?1-?0
?0 Gn. O_@F@, L. W. p.?7.

>7
hd ZBZ, que ektre k÷s m`ktbver`m vbfdr `d hdkfd c` prbmebr` met`ce
cd sâguhd ZZ, gdk
gdktrbouír`m
trbouír`m p`r` hefb
hefbtbm`r
tbm`r e ren
rendræ`r
dræ`r ess`s pdhítbg`s.
Ecm`r W`ktds kds gj`m` `tekæçd p`r` d n`td ce que, kd Or`sbh
_epuohbg`kd, ` Bfrel` G`t÷hbg` perce ` tr`kqubhbc`ce ce su` gdkcbæçd
ce rehbfbçd dgb`h or`sbhebr` bkgdktestàveh,
bkgdktestàveh, d que vbkj` kçd sdmekte
cesce d prdgessd ce gdhdkbz`æçd gdmd c` pr÷prb` bcektbg`æçd ektre
Est`cd e Bfrel` kd perídcd mdkàrqubgd. Est` gdkcbæçd est`v` ceses-
t`obhbz`c` cesce ` Gdkstbtubæçd ce 0:20, que em seu @rtbfd 6?, p`rà-
fr`nd sâtbmd, cest`g` d n`td ce que kekjum guhtd du bfrel` fdz`rà ce
suovekæçd dgb`h. Est` muc`kæ` se ceve em fr`kce p`rte `d bkuxd
pdsbtbvbst` e `ktbgherbg`h que g`r`gterbzdu d mdvbmektd repuohbg`kd
kd k`h cd sâguhd ZBZ
ZB Z e, em p`rte, percurdu
percurdu kd sâguhd ZZ. D p`peh
c` Bfrel` est`v` cbregbdk`cd ` s`hv`r `hm`s, `hâm ce est`r cbret`mek-
te gdhbf`c` `ds pdceres sdgbdegdkómbgds c` âpdg`.?? Ce `gdrcd gdm
W`ktds,
Ekqu`ktd ` Bfrel` dneregerb` um` s`hv`æçd cepdbs c` mdrte, ds G`kcdmohâs
prdpdrgbdk`rb`m um` cbkïmbg` ce vbc` que ektreh`æ` ds kívebs ce exbstìkgb`,
du sel`, jum`kds, `kgestr`bs e cbvbkc`ces gdmp`rtbhj`rb`m kívebs cbnerektes
ce um` mesm` experbìkgb`. Esses kívebs estçd em gdkst`kte gdmukbg`æçd,
mdtbvd pehd
pehd qu`h kçd â kegessàrbd esper`r
esper` r ` mdrte p`r` `hg`kæ`r
`hg`kæ` r d oem-est`r.?7

Dutrd `spegtd bmpdrt`kte ress`ht`cd pdr Ecm`r W`ktds està

vdht`c
vd ht`cdd p`r` d cbsgursd gbvbhbz`cdr que se bkst`h` kd Or`sbh k` sefuk-
c` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ, sdoretucd ` p`rtbr ce 0:51. S`h cbsgursd
està `mp`r`cd pehd cesf`ste c` bkstbtubæçd esgr`vbst`, `hâm ce que `s
ehbtes or`sbhebr`s prdgur`v`m est`r em rbtmd gdmp`ss`cd gdm cbs-
gursd gbvbhbz`cdr eurdpeu. Â bmpdrt`kte ekn`tbz`r que j`vb`, pdr um
h`cd, d prdgessd fr`cu`h ce hboert`æçd cds esgr`vds que hev`v` `s ehb-
tes ` ndrl`rem kdv`s ndrm`s ce gdktrdhe e m`kutekæçd c` drcem,?3 e
pdr dutrd h`cd, um cbsgursd mâcbgd-jbfbekbst` que se est`oehegb` kd
?? Gn. W@KSDW, E. N. Ds o`tuques c` gbc`ce< geheor`æões kefr`s e bceb`s ce gbvb-
hbz`æçd. Bk< D pdcer cds G`kcdmohâs<
G`kcdmohâs< persefubæçd e resbstìkgb` kd _egókg`vd c`
O`jb`. W`hv`cdr< ECUNO@, ?112. p. 72-31.
?7 Bobc. p.31.
?3 Bobc. p.30.

>3
Or`sbh `ssdgb`cd ás prdmess`s ce mdcerkbc`ce e s`üce mecb`kte `s
rendrm`s uro`k`s e cds gdstumes. G`oe `qub evbcekgb`r `s experbìk-
gb`s cds o`tuques cur`kte ` esgr`vbcçd `nrbg`k` kd Or`sbh, sdoretucd
k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ. Ektre prdbobr e tdher`r, ` tókbg`
que se pdce doserv`r kds pdsbgbdk`mektds c`s ehbtes ‗ bkghusbve ds
fdverk`ktes e ds mâcbgds ‗ dsgbh`v` ektre `pert`r d gergd, prdbobkcd
`s pràtbg`s cds o`tuques, e `nrdux`r `s pràtbg`s cds o`tuques, permb-
tbkcd `ssbm ` re`hbz`æçd ce geheor`æões e nestbvbc`ces ektre `s pdpu-
h`æões kefr`s. Wçd estr`tâfb`s ce pdcer ce um` sdgbec`ce esgr`vbst`
que est`oehegb` mdcehds ce gdktrdhe e m`kutekæçd c` drcem.
K` sefukc` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ, `s geheor`æões nestbv`s que
ekvdhvb`m d G`kcdmohâ k` Gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr tìm kd perb÷cbgd
@h`o`m` um veíguhd ce cesgrbæões que `ssdgb`m ds o`tuques ` nes-
t`s oàro`r`s, superstbgbds`s e prdmísgu`s, est`oehegekcd um` verc`-
cebr` g`mp`kj` ce cekükgb`s e `pertds ce o`tbc`s pdhbgb`bs, sel` em
terrebrds hdg`hbz`cds kd gektrd c` gbc`ce, sel` em hdg`bs cbst`ktes. D
est`oehegbmektd cd prdgessd cd p÷s-@odhbæçd v`b gdkvbver gdm `s
pràtbg`s cds o`tuques (s`mo`s, gdkf`c`s, g`kcdmohâs). Kd g`sd cd
_egókg`vd, d m cd est`tutd hef`h c` `odhbæçd ndb gdmemdr`cd gdm
` re`hbz`æçd cds o`tuques, sekcd que esse evektd cespertdu predgu-
p`æões pdr p`rte c`s `utdrbc`ces hdg`bs, sdoretucd `quehes que cbs-
pukj`m ce empreekcbmektds gdmergb`bs. @s nest`s ce geheor`æçd `d
m cd perídcd esgr`vbst`, ndr`m gdkgeobc`s e `ssdgb`c`s `d prekük-
prekük-
gbd ce v`cb`fem e ` `ucàgb` cds kefrds, nrutd ce espírbtds oàro`rds e
bknerbdres.?5 C`í d p`peh cd Mbkbstârbd c` Lustbæ`, que regdmekcdu
que se gumprbssem `s hebs em g`sds ce cbspersões ce reukbões e `luk-
t`mektds bhígbtds.?>
Kds prbmebrds `kds c` _epüohbg`, ce `gdrcd gdm Ecm`r W`ktds,
W` ktds,

?5 Gn. W@KSDW, E. N. dp. gbt., p. 50-5?.

?> Gn. @HOUPUE_PUE, V. V. @ ex`ht`æçd c`s cbnerekæ`s< r`gb`hbz`æçd, guhtur` e
gbc`c`kb` kefr` (O`jb`, 0::1-0211). ?113. Sese
Sese ce Cdutdr`cd - Bkstbtutd ce Nbhdsd`
e Gbìkgb`s Jum`k`s. Ukbversbc`ce Est`uc`h ce G`mpbk`s. G`mpbk`s, ?113. p. 62-
0?3, @puc< W@KSDW, E. N. dp. gbt., p.57.
>5
 Y...] kdt`-se que ` pdpuh`æçd `nrd-or`sbhebr` vbkj` sekcd ‘gdkvbc`c`” ` esque-
ger su`s mem÷rb`s, gdksbcer`c`s sehv`feks, `m ce kçd m`guh`r ` gdkstru- gdkstru-
æçd ce dutr` gdmukbc`ce bm`fbk`c`< D Or`sbh gbvbhbz`cd, mdceh`cd ` p`rtbr
cds p`crões eurdpeus. @ bmpreks` `ssumbu, kdt`c`mekte, `s trbkgjebr`s c`
gbvbhbz`æçd. Qdr dutrd h`cd, `s pràtbg`s guhtur`bs e rehbfbds`s `nrd-or`sbhebr`s
preserv`v`m e regdkfur`v`m s`oeres ce m`trbz `nrbg`k`, `d tempd em que
`luc`v`m seus p`rtbgbp`ktes k`s eh`odr`æões ce o`hbz`s ce dutr`s bcektbc`ces,
que rebkterpret`v`m jer`kæ`s `nrbg`k`s k` cbàspdr`, bksuodrcbk`kcd-se mub-
t`s vezes gdktr` cbsgrbmbk`æões ce gh`sse, r`æ` e ce g`ràter rehbfbdsd. ?6

Em sum`, se, k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ, `s ehbtes se

predgup`v`m em gdktrdh`r ds o`tuques e m`kter ` drcem esgr`vbs-
t`, là k` sefukc` met`ce c`quehe sâguhd, sdoretucd, `p÷s d prdgessd
ce `odhbæçd esgr`vbst`, ` predgup`æçd cds frupds cdmbk`ktes est`v`
gektr`c` k` gdkstruæçd ce um mdcehd bm`fbk`cd ce k`æçd. Wefukcd
W`ktds, j`vb` um` ‘p`rte sç e gbvbhbz`c`” c` k`æçd ‗ `s ehbtes e dutr`
p`rte gdmpdst` pdr bktefr`ktes c`s g`m`c`s pdpuh`res, respdksàveh
pehds ‘gdstumes oàro`rds” ‗, ds kefrds e su`s jer`kæ`s `nrbg`k`s. ?:
Er` um mukcd ce ‘gdstumes oàro`rds” que ` bmpreks` o`b`k` re-
presekt`v` em su`s m`târb`s, gdktekcd cekükgb`s e quebx`s. Ess`
mesm` bmpreks`
bmpreks` p`rege que tr`z
tr` z um cbsgursd que prdgur` ‘gbvbhbz`r
‘gbvbhbz`r
ds gdstumes”.
Ce `gdrcd gdm Ecm`r W`ktds, em ldrk`bs que gbrguh`v`m, pdr
exemphd,
exemph d, k` gbc`ce ce G`gjdebr` k`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s
câg `c`s cd sâguhd ZZ,
Z Z,
tr`zb`m ` experbìkgb` cds pdpuh`res e pdce ser gh`ssbg`c` em cu`s
g`tefdrb`s< ` cd mukcd cd tr`o`hjd e ` cd h`zer. @ prbmebr` g`tefdrb`
â vbst` gdmd p`rïmetrd ce gbc`c`kb`, ce mdr`h, ce drcem püohbg`,
ce gbvbhbz`æçd9 là ` sefukc` g`tefdrb` suocbvbce-se em cu`s< ` hucbgb-
c`ce rehbfbds` grbstç (nest`s c`s brm`kc`ces g`t÷hbg`s) e ` hucbgbc`ce
prdn`k`, fer`cdr` ce cesdrcem e bmdr`hbc`ces.?2 @ bmpb mpreks`
reks` o`b`k`,
`tr`vâs cds seus frupds cdmbk`ktes, `ssdgb`v` e regh`m`v` cds cb-
vertbmektds pdpuh`res, sdoretucd c`quehes gdksbcer`cds prdn`kds,
gdmd sekcd ce `tekt`cd á mdr`h, bkcepekcektemekte ce `gdkteger
em esp`æds püohbgds du prbv`cds. C`í `s cekükgb`s puohbg`c`s peh`
?6 Gn. W@KSDW, E. N. dp. gbt., p.53.
?: Bobc.
?2 Gn. W@KSDW, E. N. dp. gbt., p. 5:.
>>
bmpreks` nukgbdk`rem gdmd `h`rmes p`r` ndrm`r ` dpbkbçd püohbg`,
ce mdcd que ` pdhígb` ceverb` ser `gbdk`c` p`r` pdr um pdktd k`h
kds ekgdktrds nestbvds
nestbvds ektre `ds pdvds kefrds e su`s pràtbg`s guhtur`bs
guhtu r`bs
e rehbfbds`s.71
Là @kfeh` Højkbkf
Højk bkf cbstbkfue d n`gtu`h c`qubhd que er` hekcà-
rbd, kd que cbz respebtd ás puohbg`æões em ldrk`bs o`b`kds kd perídcd
gdmpreekcbcd ektre 02?1 e 023?. @s repdrt`feks bkgbcem cb`kte cd
p`peh e c` `tu`æçd cd cehef`cd ce pdhígb` Qecrd @zevecd Fdrcbhjd
‗ pdpuh
pdpuh`rmekte
`rmekte gdkjegbcd gdmd Qecrbtd ‗, em `æões cekd cekdmbk`c`s
mbk`c`s
‘o`tbc`s ce G`kcdmohâs”. @ `utdr` prdgur` cesgdkstrubr d mbtd ce
Qecrbtd `k`hbs`kcd ndktes que remetem á repressçd pdhbgb`h ce mdcd
fer`h, `presekt`kcd um` hebtur` que gdtel` textds e cbsgursds ldrk`-
hístbgds sdore
sdore ` sdgbec`ce o`b`k` k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.70
Wefukcd Højkbkf, ` jbst÷rb` ce Qecrbtd ekqu`ktd Cehef`cd
@uxbhb`r k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, ektre 02?1 e 02?>, serve gdmd o`-
hbz` tempdr`h p`r` gdmpreekcer tàtbg`s e estr`tâfb`s cbsgursbv`s que
reetem sdore `s reh`æões ektre sdgbec`ce e G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds.7?
Mesmd pdr dg`sbçd c` re`hbz`æçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd,
dgdrrbcd em 0276 k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, guld gektrd ce cbsgussões
reg`í` sdore `s persefubæões `ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds,
Qecrbtd gdktbku`v` ` ser hemor`cd pehd pdvd ce s`ktd, dr` gdmd um
sulebtd que eknrekt`v` Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, ` exemphd c`s g`s`s
ce Qrdg÷pbd cd Dfuklà e ce M`rb` Kekì, kd Oebru, dr` gdmd `hb`cd
ce g`s`s gdmd ` ce Mçe Wbhv`k`, em Qerbperb, gdm quem supdst`-
mekte terb` tbcd um reh`gbdk`mektd `mdrdsd. Qdrt`ktd, ce `gdrcd
gdm Højkbkf, ` su` gdkcut` ce temíveh pdhbgb`h est`v` `treh`c` ás
sbtu`æões t`bs gdmd ‘`g`o`r gdm p`sse`t`s estuc`ktbs utbhbz`kcd g`-
v`h`rb` c` pdhígb`, cbssdhver reukbões ce G`kcdmohâs kum ghbm` ce

71 Gn. W@KSDW, E. N. dp. gbt., p. 5:.

70 Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p.02>.
7? Bobc.

>6
terrdr, sefubcd ce prbsões cds p`bs-ce-s`ktd”.77 Ce gert` ndrm`, Qe-
crbtd `g`odu gubc`kcd
gubc` kcd c` drcem
drcem c` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr `d est`oeheger
g`mp`kj`s gdktr` ` prdstbtubæçd, bkbobkcd `tu`æões ce v`hektões e
cesdrcebrds9 e d nez empref`kcd mâtdcds vbdhektds k`s `odrc`feks
ce pessd`s bkdgektes, bkghusbve qu`kcd `hfuks est`v`m vdht`kcd c`s
nest`s ce Serrebrds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâs.
hâs.73 Bssd tucd est`v` ce `gdrcd gdm
`s kdrm`s e refr`s
refr` s est`oehegbc`s pehd G÷cbfd
G÷c bfd Qek`h
Qek`h Or`sbhebrd
Or` sbhebrd ce 0:21.
0:21.
Gdkbtds gdm ` pdhígb` ndr`m gdmuks kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
sdoretucd cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd e em
mekdr bkteksbc`ce gdm d sefukcd s`gercdte, @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbh-
v`. J`vb` kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` um `rmàrbd dkce se fu`rc`v`m
ds doletds ce guhtds, sekcd mubtd utbhbz`cd pdr dg`sbçd ce evektu`bs
o`tbc`s e gergds pdhbgb`bs. Cdk` Dhf` (Kekfu` Fu`kfu`sesse) k`rr`
um` p`ss`fem bkteress`kte sdore ` vbsbt` ce Qecrd Fdrcbhjd `d O`te
Ndhj`. G`oe `qub ress`ht`r que kçd sçd mem÷rb`s vbvbc`s pdr eh` e
sbm duvbc`s e tr`ksmbtbc`s pdr tergebrds<
Y...] jduve um cb` que Oerk`rcbkd s`bu esgdkcbcd cd terrebrd e teve que p`s-
s`r pdr ceo`bxd c` gerg`. Dutr` sbtu`æçd ndb qu`kcd Qecrbtd tektdu gjef`r `
g`v`hd peh`s m`t`s cd O`te Ndhj`. Ehe duvb` ds tdques cds `t`o`ques, m`s kçd
gdksefub` gjef`r `d hdg`h. Ehe persefubu mubtd d Wr. Oerk`rcbkd.75

Pu`ktd ás persefubæões `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` `tâ ` câg`c` ce

0231, Gígerd Hbm` ‗ S`t` Mufu`kxb7> kds tr`z um` sbtu`æçd oem
peguhb`r cd Cehef`cd Qecrd Fdrcbhjd e que ` tr`cbæçd dr`h regdrre
gdkst`ktemekte<
K` kdss` g`s` ce Bkidssb, temds ` jbst÷rb` ce um` esp`c` que ndb cd`c` `d
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` pdr Qecrbtd. Ess` sbtu`æçd se ceu cepdbs que d cehef`cd
tektdu n`zer um` o`tbc` pdhbgb`h kd terrebrd e kd g`mbkjd ce m`t` negj`c`
`g`odu se percekcd, g`kcd jdr`s sem ekgdktr`r um hdg`h ce s`íc` k`s m`t`s
c` n`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s. Ehe esgut`v` ds `t`o`ques m`bs kçd gdksefub` gjef`r
`d pdktd ce renerìkgb` c` g`s`. Gdmd ndrm` ce `fr`cegbmektd pdr k`c` ter
hje `gdktegbcd cur`kte ess` cbhbfìkgb`, Qecrd Fdrcbhjd presekteb` Oerk`rcbkd
77 Bobc. p.02:.
73 Bobc. p.022.
75 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr Cdk` Dhf` Gdkgebæçd Gruz ‗ Kekfu` Fu`fu`kses-
se. Cur`æçd c` ektrevbst`< 0j, 32mbk e :s. W`hv`cdr. 17 nev.
nev. ?103.
7> Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr pdr Gígerd _dcrbfues Nr`kgd
Nr`kgd Hbm` - S`t` Mufu`kxb.
Cur`æçd ce 0j, 0:mbk e 13s. W`hv`cdr. 07 nev.
nev. ?103.
>:
 gdm um` esp`c`. K` âpdg`, t`h `tbtuce ndb ektekcbc` gdmd sekcd um` trâ-
fu` ás persefubæões bmph`gàvebs cds pdhbgb`bs `ds guhtds cds kibses cektrd c`s
terr`s cd O`te Ndhj`. @ p`rtbr c`hb, Qecrbtd cebxdu ce persefubr ds guhtds ce
Oerk`rcbkd.
Oerk`rcb kd. Cesgdkjeæd refbstrds ce `preeksçd ce doletds ce guhtds du prbsçd
ce memords cd O`te Ndhj` cur`kte d perídcd m`bs repressdr cds guhtds `nrd-
-o`b`kds.
Y...] Ce `gdrcd gdm `s mem÷rb`s ce Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete, jduve um períd-
cd que ds s`ktds cd O`te Ndhj` g`r`m fu`rc`cds em su` g`s`, hdg`hbz`c` k`
_boebr`. Gdm regebd c` repressçd pdhbgb`h, bssd `g`odu sekcd um` ndrm` ce
evbt`r c`kds m`bdres
m` bdres `ds doletds ce guhtds exbstektes kds `ssekt`mektds. Kem
k` g`s` ce Oerk`rcbkd
O erk`rcbkd se fu`rcdu doletds ce guhtd, pdbs ` pdhígb` s`ob` dkce ehe
resbcb` e pdcb` estekcer um` o`tbc` pdhbgb`h `tâ ` _u` c` Hekj` kd Odkm. Â
prdvàveh
prdvà veh que kesse perídcd, exbstb`m pdugds `ssekt`mektds e kçd se tbkj`
tb kj` um
hdg`h mubtd sefurd p`r` fu`rc`r ds doletds.

Wdore ` p`ss`fem
p`ss` fem cd Cehef`cd ce Qdhígb`, Qecrd
Qecrd Fdrcbhjd,
Fdrcb hjd, peh`
jbst÷rb` cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete kds `presek-
t` ` sefubkte `kàhbse<
Qecrbtd er` gdktr` d G`kcdmohâ. M`s cepdbs `g`odu sekcd cenekcbcd pdr
Oerk`rcbkd. D Qecrbtd persefubu mubtd ds G`kcdmohâs ce W`hv`cdr. Kum`
gert` dg`sbçd, Oeoâ (Oerk`rcbkd)
(O erk`rcbkd) m`kcdu odt`r um `t`o`que ndr` cdcd o`rr`gçd
p`r` que se tdg`sse.
tdg `sse. D cehef`cd Qecrbtd tektdu ekgdktr`r
ekgdktr`r ce dkce est`v` vbkcd
`quehe sdm. E gdm ` g`v`h`rb` mdkt`c`, d cehef`cd p`ss`v` ce um h`cd p`r` d
dutrd, sem `gj`r ` ektr`c` cd O`te Ndhj`. Ndb
Ndb `í que Oerk`rcbkd
O erk`rcbkd mekgbdkdu< -
Cdutdr â `qub ` ektr`c`! D cehef`cd ektrdu, gdkversdu gdm Oeoâ e cepdbs ce
`hfum tempd, resdhveu br emodr`. Ektret`ktd, kçd ndb pdssíveh, pdbs d g`v`hd
gdu emp`g`cd. E Qecrbtd `g`odu cbzekcd< - Oerk`rcbkd me sdhte! Ndb kesse
mdmektd que Oeoâ pefdu cu`s ndhj`s ce g`là, m`stbfdu e odtdu k` odg` cd
g`v`hd. Cepdbs cbssd, Qecrbtd e seu g`v`hd s`ír`m
s`ír` m ` f`hdpe.76

Dutr` sbtu`æçd k`rr`c` pdr Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete, em que ek-

ek-
vdhve d cehef`cd Qecrd Fdrcbhjd e Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, `presekt`
` sefubkte
sefub kte gbrgukstïkgb`<
gbrgukstïkgb`<
@gdktegeu kd Merg`cd c`s Wete Qdrt`s. @hfuâm mekgbdkdu em vdz `ht`< -
G`cì Qecrbtd4 E prdkt`mekte dutr` pessd` respdkceu< - D f`td gdmeu! Oeoâ
`gjdu estr`kjd e perfuktdu d que j`vb` `gdktegbcd. @ respdst` ndb< - Qecrbtd
està presd. M`s kçd â k` prbsçd e sbm kum k`vbd ndr` cd pdrtd, â oem cbst`kte
c`qub e kbkfuâm pdcerà pef`r ehe. @d s`oer cess` sbtu`æçd, Oeoâ ndb cbretd p`r`
p` r`
rdæ`, nez um tr`o`hjd p`r` Qecrbtd e gdhdgdu k` g`s` ce Bkidssb. Y...] Cepdbs
cesse epbs÷cbd, Qecrbtd p`ssdu ` ser tucd p`r` Oerk`rcbkd e vbge-vers`. Exbste
t`moâm um` esp`c` que Qecrbtd dneregeu ` Bkidssb e eh` està `tâ jdle kd O`te
Ndhj`.7:

76 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete Od`vektur` Gdst` , s÷gb`-
oekemârbt` cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Cur`æçd ce 0j, 3:mbk e 0?s. O`brrd c` O`rr`,
W`hv`cdr. ?1 m`r. ?10>.
7: Bobc.
>2
 @hfum`s mecbc`s ndr`m `cdt`c`s pdr Oerk`rcbkd p`r` evbt`r
o`tbc`s pdhbgb`bs sel` em su` resbcìkgb` du k`s terr`s cd Serrebrd ce
G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`. @hâm ce ds s`ktds serem fu`rc`cds k` re-
sbcìkgb` ce Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete, Oerk`rcbkd sdhbgbtdu `bkc` que
se esgdkcesse seu ‘g`cerkd ce `kdt`æões”. @s mbkj`s bkvestbf`æões
p`r` se ekgdktr`r esse supdstd g`cerkd ce `kdt`æões kçd tbver`m ìxb-
td. Emodr` d cepdbmektd ce Cdk` Oerk`cete sel` eknàtbgd, kd `gervd
cdgumekt`h exbstekte kd O`te Ndhj`, k`c` ndb hdg`hbz`cd e que ser-
vbsse ce supdrte. Cdk` Bz`ur`, ` mçe ce Cdk` Oerk`cete, ndb um`
fr`kce `mbf` ce Oerk`rcbkd. Esse h`æd ce `mbz`ce ce Cdk` Bz`ur`
se estekceu ` Cdk` Oerk`cete
Oer k`cete que se `nebæddu e se `prdxbmdu
`prdxbmdu ce Oer-
k`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.
Dutr` k`rr`tbv` sdore ` persefubæçd e `s o`tbc`s ce pdhbgb`bs
k`s terr`s pertekgektes `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` `cvâm ce Cdk` _bt`
Gerquebr` (Idt` Kecemou) que kds reh`t` d sefubkte gdktextd e que â
nrutd cds egds ce jbst÷rb`s tegbc`s peh` dr`hbc`ce<
Eu bkghusbve gjefueb ` gdkjeger d gjene ce pdhígb` Qecrd Fdrcbhjd, d Qecrb-
td. Jdle d G`kcdmohâ â cbsgrbmbk`cd, m`s k`queh` âpdg` er` pbdr. Qecrbtd
persefubu mubtd d Wr. Oerk`rcbkd e d seu G`kcdmohâ. Wefukcd `s pessd`s c`
g`s`, kum cetermbk`cd cb`, Qecrbtd resdhveu `g`o`r gdm d G`kcdmohâ O`te
Ndhj`. Ehe e su` g`v`h`rb` g`r`m gdknusds gdm `s o`tbc`s cds `t`o`ques k`
tekt`tbv` ce gjef`r `d O`te Ndhj`, e kçd gdksefub` `hg`kæ`r d pdrtçd c` g`s`.
Ehe cesbstbu. Eu gresgb duvbkcd ess` jbst÷rb`. Cepdbs cesse epbs÷cbd ehe vdh-
tdu `d O`te Ndhj`, pdr dg`sbçd ce um` nest` e cbsse `d Wr. Oerk`rcbkd< Kefrd,
`fdr` eu seb que vdgì tem s`ktd. Eu vbm `qub p`r` `g`o`r d seu G`kcdmohâ e
kçd gdksefub. Um cds pdhbgb`bs que bktefr`v` ` gdmbtbv`, `ssbstbkcd ess` nest`,
`g`odu g`bkcd kd s`ktd. Â d que seb c` p`ss`fem ce Qecrbtd pehd O`te Ndhj`.
Ehe persefub` g`s`bs ce k`mdr`cds, gdbs`s que d pdvd n`h`v` t`moâm.72

E gdmphemekt`kcd ds gdktextds ce gdkbtds exbstektes `d hdk-

hdk-
fd c` jbst÷rb` cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, Ldçd @ktdkbd (S`t` Ibssekcu)
rendræ`
rendræ` m`bs
m` bs um evektd bmpdrt`kte, t`moâm
t` moâm ekvdhvek
ekvdhvekcd
cd d Cehef`cd
Qecrd Fdrcbhjd e Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd<
@kísbd Nâhbx, ldrk`hbst`, n`hegeu ` gerg` ce cez `kds. Ehe tbkj` gdmeæ`cd ` n`-
zer um` pesqubs` sdore Qecrbtd. E pdr gdkt` cbssd, gjefdu `d O`te Ndhj`. Eu
72 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr _bt` Gerquebr` Hbm` ‗ Idt` Kecemou. Cur`æçd
ce 0j, 06mbk, 7:s em 12 `orb. ?1039 cur`æçd ce 52mbk 3?s, em ?7 m`r. ?10>. O`brrd
cd G`ouh`, W`hv`cdr. Frbnds meus.
61
 dutrd cb`, em gdkvers` gdm Mdhukfà (Cdk` Wteh`Wt eh`),
), eh` me gdktdu que Qecrbtd
regeob` s`ktd. E @kbsbd mekgbdkdu kds seus m`kusgrbtds ce que Qecrbtd gje-
fdu ` us`r s`b` kd O`te Ndhj`. Eu retruqueb< ^dgì kçd
kç d odte bssd!
b ssd! Kd O`te Ndhj`,
hjd ce s`ktd kçd us` s`b`! Qecrbtd gdu gdkjegbcd pdr
p dr ‘queor`r”
‘queor`r” mubtds G`k-
G`k-
cdmohâs em W`hv`cdr. 31

Cb`kte cds cepdbmektds gdhet`cds sdore ds `spegtds reh`gbd-

k`bs ektre Qecrd Fdrcbhjd e d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, n`z-se kegessà-
rbd cesekvdhver `hfum`s reexões. Q`rtbmds ce bkc`f`æões eh`odr`-
eh`odr`-
c`s pdr @kfeh` Højkbkf, kd que cbz respebtd ` tekt`r gdmpreekcer
gdmd pdcerb` ` gdkcut` cd pdhbgb`h ser vbdhekt` e `d mesmd tempd
ter um ekvdhvbmektd pessd`h gdm um` mçe du p`b ce s`ktd9 qu`h d
reh`gbdk`mektd ektre sdgbec`ce e rehbfbçd k`quehe perídcd jbst÷rbgd9
se `s `tbtuces cd pdhbgb`h reg`í`m sdore `spegtds ce drcem pessd`h
(bktdherïkgb` e/du vbkf`kæ` pessd`h) du se er` um` gdkcut` gdmum
`ds cehef`cds ce pdhígb` `kterbdres á su` `tu`æçd.30 K`s `kàhbses tegb-
c`s pdr Højkbkf, resuht`m evbcìkgb`s kds cbsgursds tr`t`cds peh`s
repdrt`feks ldrk`hístbg`s que f`kj`m um tedr m`bs bcedh÷fbgd, pdr-
t`ktd, luízds ce v`hdres mubtd m`bs drf`kbz`cds peh` pr÷prb` bmprek-
s` cd que peh` pr÷prb` pdhígb`. Wçd nrequektes quebx`s c` pdpuh`æçd
gdktr` d gj`m`cd ‘o`ruhjd bknerk`h” cds o`tuques9 sbtu`æões ce ce-
kükgb`s ce que j`vb` g`kcdmohezebrds que tdm`v`m ‘o`kjds kus e
xbkf`v`m”9 `gus`æões ce prbsçd e sequestrd ce mekdres9 du `bkc`,
que ` pràtbg` cds eo÷s cepdsbt`cds k`s esqubk`s c` gbc`ce er` `hfd
bk`cmbssíveh p`r` ds p`crões ce jbfbeke e hbmpez` püohbg` k` âpd-
g`. Wem cüvbc`, ` m`bs nrequekte ce tdc`s `s quebx`s er` ` represek-
t`æçd c`s pràtbg`s rbtu`hístbg`s cds G`kcdmohâs gdmd um exergígbd
bhef`h c` Mecbgbk` ‗ du sel`, `ssdgb`v`-se d G`kcdmohâ ` pràtbg`s ce
gur`kcebrbsmd.
gur`kcebrbsm d. C`í, sefukcd Højkbkf,
^bs`kcd gdbobr esses ‘`ousds”, ` pdhígb` enetudu cbvers`s cbhbfìkgb`s, re`hbz`-
c`s fr`æ`s ás bkcbg`æões ce mdr`cdres que prest`r`m quebx`s, du n`mbhb`res
que se mdstr`m bkgdkndrm`cds gdm ` reghusçd ce `hfum p`rekte. Q`rege que,
em `hfuks g`sds, `s nutur`s b`ós j`vb`m sbcd regdhjbc`s p`r` ‘n`zer d s`ktd”
31 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr Ldçd @ktdkbd Nerrebr` cds W`ktds ‗ S`t` Ibssekcu.
Cur`æçd ce ?j, ?7mbk, 01s. O`brrd cd F`rgb`, W`hv`cdr. 03 nev. ?103.
30 Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p.022.
60
 gdm d gdksektbmektd ce `pek`s um` p`rte c` n`míhb`, ekqu`ktd ds cem`bs
p`rektes kçd `gebt`v`m d n`td, p`rtbkcd
p`rtb kcd p`r` cekükgb`.3?
@ bmpreks` o`b`k` ‗ ekqu`ktd ndkte ce pesqubs` cbrbfbc` `d
gdktextd jbst÷rbgd ce `tu`æçd rehbfbds` cd G`kcdmohâ k` gbc`ce cd
W`hv`cdr e _egókg`vd O`b`kd ‗ prdcuzbu cbsgursds que t`kfekgb`-
r`m cbvers`s ndrm`s ce bktdherïkgb` rehbfbds` cb`kte
cb` kte c`s pràtbg`s e cds
esp`æds sdgb`bs cds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ. Esses cbsgursds estçd
prdvbcds ce represekt`æões que cemdkstr`m tregjds ce `usìkgb`s e
sbhekgb`mektds reh`gbdk`cds `ds cbrebtds peh` esgdhj` ce um` rehbfbçd,
e `d mesmd tempd, cesqu`hbg`m e dprbmem ds pr`tbg`ktes cess`
mesm` rehbfbçd, keste g`sd, d G`kcdmohâ. K`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd
sâguhd ZZ, vebguh`r`m-se k`s pàfbk`s cd Ldrk`h @ S`rce, ce mdcd
nrequekte, mdc`hbc`ces ce regh`m`æões, prbsões, `preeksões ce do-
letds ce guhtds, cbhbfìkgb`s
cbhbfìkgb`s pdhbgb`bs em Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs.
G`kcdmohâs. @
títuhd ce exemphd, ekgdktr`v`m-se bkserbcds kess`s mdc`hbc`ces ce
regh`m`æões/cekükgb`s, esp`æds rehbfbdsds t`bs gdmd d G`kcdmohâ
cd Wr. Qrdg÷pbd, kd M`t`tu Fr`kce (Dfuklà)9 ce Cdk` Esgdhàstbg`
(Mekbkbkj`
(Mekbk bkj` cd F`ktdbs),
F`ktdbs), kd Wefukcd @rgd
@ rgd (Necer`æçd)
(Necer`æçd)99 ce Q`b Gres-
gekgbd, k` N`zekc` Fr`kce, `d _etbrd9 ce Sertuhb`k` M`rb` Bs`oeh,
kd S`kque
S`kque c` Gdkgebæçd (H`rfd
(H` rfd cd S`kque
S`kque).
). @hâm c`s
c` s g`s`s
g` s`s ce s`k-
td mekgbdk`c`s, jà t`moâm `queh`s hdg`hbz`c`s em terrbt÷rbds cbs-
persds peh` gbc`ce, ektre 020> ` 02?>, e que `pdkt`m dutr`s g`s`s ce
s`ktd que est`v`m k` mbr` c` pdhígb` e c` pdpuh`æçd sdterdpdhbt`k`.
Jà refbstrds c`s hdg`hbc`ces em Ekg`rk`æçd kd Odkm, H`pbkj`,
Wçd G`et`kd e Pubkt` c`s Oe`t`s (Gdsme ce N`rb`s). @ _efbçd Me-
trdpdhbt`k` e _egókg`vd O`b`kd e M`r Fr`kce, gdmphemekt`m ds
terrbt÷rbds gbt`cds pehd perb÷cbgd.
Là ektre
ektre 02?
02?66 ` 0276
0276,, perídcd que
que gdtel`
gdtel` d k`h
 k`h c` Qrbmebr` _e-
püohbg` e ` ndrm`æçd cd Est`cd Kdvd ^`rfubst`, d uxd ce refbstrds
kds g`cerkds ce bmpreks` cd Ldrk`h @ S`rce, ekvdhvekcd quebx`s,
regh`m`æões, cekükgb`s, prbsões, `preeksões ce doletds ce guhtds, se
cep`r` gdm dutr`s g`tefdrb`s< um` serà ` ce resbstìkgb` e ` dutr` ` ce
3? Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p.?11.
6?
gbvbhbz`æçd. Gbvbhbz`æçd p`r` que e p`r` quem4 Gdmd est`oeheger re-
fr`s ce gdkvívbd kd prdgessd gbvbhbz`t÷rbd
gbvbhbz `t÷rbd em que ` guhtur` cds kefrds,
or`kgds e íkcbds, se gdknukcb` gdm `quehes cekdmbk`cds ce ‘mbsgb-
fek`cds”, ‘mesgh`cds”, ‘mbstur`cds”, ekm, pdstd kd p`t`m`r cds
cefeker`cds4 Nbg`
Nbg` exphígbt` `qub, t`hvez, m`bs
m`b s um` ndrm` ce resbstìk-
gb` est`oehegbc` peh`s pdpuh`æões `nrdcesgekcektes nrekte á mdcer-
kbc`ce em n`se ce bmph`kt`æçd kd terrbt÷rbd o`b`kd. S`bs pdpuh`æões
est`rçd
est`r çd sdo ` âfbce cd mdcehd repressdr e gdergbtbvd em que d G÷cbfdG÷c bfd
Qek`h ce 0231 grbmbk`hbz`rb` `s pràtbg`s ce gur` e ce `cbvbkj`æçd,
equbp`r`kcd ` pràtbg`s `ktbmecbgbk`bs e ldfds ce sdrtbhâfbd e `z`r.
Ess` cu`hbc`ce ektre gbvbhbz`r (mdcerkbc`ce) e resbstbr (tr`cb-
æçd/m`kutekæçd) terà reexds em sbtu`æões cehbke`c`s k` gbc`ce cd
W`hv`cdr, gdmd pdr exemphd,
exemphd, em Serrebrds ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ hâ hdg`hbz`cds
hdg`h bz`cds
kd Oegd cd Gbrbhd (Estr`c` c` _`bkj`), k` H`pbkj`, k` Estr`c` c`
Hboerc`ce, `hâm c` c ` Gbc`ce c` Q`hj` (Gbc`ce Kdv`).
Kdv`).37 K` refbçd pr÷-
xbm` `d gektrd jbst÷rbgd ce W`hv`cdr, jà refbstrds hdg`hbz`cds em g`-
s`s ce s`ktd est`oehegbc`s
est`oehegbc`s k` Pubkt`s
Pub kt`s c` O`rr` e kd _bd ce Wçd Qecrd
(Fr`æ`). K`s bmecb`æões, gdkt`m-se epbs÷cbds ekvdhvekcd terrebrds
ce G`kcdmohâ hdg`hbz`cds kd M`t`tu Fr`kce (Dfuklà) e kd @htd cd
Ndrmdsd
Nd rmdsd (Gdsme ce N`rb`
N`rb`ss). Kds `rrecdres m`bs
m` bs equbcbst`ktes,
equbcbst `ktes, ds re-
fbstrds hdg`hbz`cds kd perb÷cbgd t`kfekgb`m ds M`res e Urufu`b, k`
Gbc`ce O`bx`, e `d @htd cd @o`g`xb, ` Estr`c` cd G`ouh`, ` Estr`c`
c` _dc`fem, tdcds estes hdg`hbz`cds em refbçd `cl`gekte `d Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`, kd o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur`. Serrebrds ce dutrds mukbgí-
pbds t`moâm f`kj`m cest`qu
cest`queses k`s pàfbk`s cd perb÷cbgd, t`bs gdmd
Wçd Nâhbx,
Nâhbx, G`m`æ`rb
G`m`æ` rb e @h`fdbkj`s.

37 @bkc` kd perídcd ce gdhdkbz`æçd, d sítbd cekdmbk`cd Gbc`ce ce Q`hj`, er` huf`r

ce regrebd du retbrd cds lesuít`s, tekcd sbcd mdr`cb` cd Q`cre @ktdkbd ^bebr`.
^bebr`. Gdm `
expuhsçd cds lesuít`s, ` prdprbec`ce p`ssdu ` ser um heprdsàrbd, guld kdme `trbouícd
ndb d ce ‘Gbc`ce ce Q`hj`”, cevbcd á gdkstruæçd ce vàrbds g`seores ce p`hj` p`r` se
`orbf`r heprdsds< c`í ` cekdmbk`æçd, Pubkt` cds Hàz`rds. K` câg`c` ce 0271, qu`k-
cd d renerbcd heprdsàrbd ndb tr`ksnerbcd p`r` dutr` p`rte c` gbc`ce, d hdg`h p`ssdu ` ser
cekdmbk`cd ce Gbc`ce Kdv`. Gn. 8jttps<//pt.wbibpecb`.drf/wbib/Gbc`ceTKdv`T
8jttps<//pt.wbibpecb`.drf/wbib/Gbc`ceTKdv`T
(W`hv`cdr);.
(W`hv`cdr) ;. @gessd em 07 `or.?10>.
67
 Ektre 0276 e 023:, mesmd `p÷s ` re`hbz`æçd cd BB Gdkfressd
@nrd-or`sbhebrd, `s regh`m`æões e quebx`s k` bmpreks` o`b`k`, m`k-
tìm-se ce ndrm` kçd mekds mdcer`c`. Ds G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâs hâs bcektbg`cds
kd Ldrk`h @ S`rce
S`rce `p`regem `í em refbstrds ce cekükgb`s
cekükgb`s hdg`hbz`c`s
em M`g`üo`s/O`ro`hjd, k` _u` cd Srbhjd, k` Necer`æçd, kd @htd
cd Qeru, k` Estr`c` c` Hboerc`ce, k` H`pbkj`, kd Q`u Mbücd e Bt`-
p`fbpe. @hâm cd o`ruhjd prdvdg`cd peh`s nest`s, ` hbmpez` c`s ru`s
e ds ‘cesp`gjds” re`hbz`cds pehds pr`tbg`ktes cd G`kcdmohâ, oem
gdmd ` exphdr`æçd
exphdr`æçd c` nâ, sçd `hfum`s
` hfum`s c`s sbtu`æões cetegt`c`s kesse
perídcd jbst÷rbgd. D `pehd bkstbtugbdk`hbz`cd á Cehef`gb` ce Ldfds e
Gdstumes reveroer` `s mesm`s gdkcbæões k`s qu`bs est`v`m repre-
sekt`c`s `s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cd G`kcdmohâ ektre 020> ` 0276 ‗ hu-
f`r ce cesdrcem sdgb`h e meregecdr ce `tu`æçd gdktr` ds supdstds
`ousds gdmetbcds, cem`rg`cds respegtbv`mekte k`s hdg`hbc`ces ce
L`g`râ M`g`ü
M`g`üo`s/
o`s/O`ro`hjd,
O`ro`hjd, _u` cd Srbhjd k` Necer`æçd e kd @htd
cd Qeru.33 D gekàrbd â d mesmd k`s hdg`hbc`ces ce Bt`p`fbpe, Q`u
Míucd e em Ordt`s.35
 ` p`rtbr cd gdktextd ce bkseræçd ce pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s prdbob-
tbv`s que kds cep`r`mds ektçd gdm um` estr`tâfb` `cdt`c`, t`moâm
` p`rtbr cd Est`cd Kdvd ‗ ` ce que er` kegessàrbd se bkstbtugbdk`hbz`r
bkstbtugbdk`hbz`r
d gdktrdhe pdhbgb`h kds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, gj`kcd-ds luktd á
Cehef`gb` ce Ldfds e Gdstumes ‗ CLG c` Wegret`rb` ce Wefur`kæ`
Qüohbg`
Qüohb g` cd Est`cd c` O`jb`.
O`j b`. Werà lust`mekte
lust`mekte ` p`rtbr
p`r tbr c` grb`æçd ces-
t` Bkstbtubæçd Qüohbg` que `s hbcer`kæ`s cds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ
p`ss`rçd ` sdhbgbt`r hbgekæ`s p`r` re`hbz`r su`s nest`s, gdm cb`, mìs e
jdr` ce bkígbd/târmb
bkígbd/târmbkd.
kd. Kds cdgumektds ce refbstrds pertekgektes `d
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ` `utdrbz`æçd c` CLG c`t` ce 027: ` 0255.

33 Gn. Ldrk`h @ S`rce. Ds mdr`cdres cd Nubsgd kçd pdcem cdrmbr sdgef`cds. W`hv`-
cdr. 02 `fd.027:9 D G`kcdmohâ bkgdmdc` mebd mukcd. W`hv`cdr. ?2 l`k.02379 Um
G`kcdmohâ bknerk`h. W`hv`cdr. 02 set. 027:9 Um G`kcdmohâ em phek` vb` püohbg`.
W`hv`cdr. 16 kdv
kdv.. 027:.
35 Gn. Ldrk`h @ S`rce.
S`rce. Um G`kcdmohâ bkgómdcd k`s vbzbkj`kæ`s cd jdspbt`h. W`h-
v`cdr. ?0 luh. 023?9 Puebx`s & _egh`m`æões. W`hv`cdr. 06 m`b. 02339 Puebx`s e _e-
gh`m`æões. W`hv`cdr. ?: `fd. 0235.
63
 Ektre 023>
023> ` 023
2366, `s
` s `utdrbz`æões
`utdrbz`æõ es p`r`
p` r` nukgbdk`mektd
nu kgbdk`mektd ce nest`
kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, gdkgecbc`s
gdkgec bc`s peh` CLCLG,
G, ÷rfçd hbf`cd
h bf`cd á Wegret`-
W egret`-
rb` Qüohbg` cd Est`cd c` O`jb`, tr`zem, em seu tedr, dr` gdkgessões
p`r` nestel`r um s`ktd ce su` cevdæçd, dr` p`r` re`hbz`r um` nest` ce
g`ràter pdpuh`r. Kçd jà um` gdkdt`æçd exphígbt` ce cesbfk`æçd rehb-
fbds`9 d g`ràter cd evektd â tçd sdmekte nestbvd e ce gukjd pdpuh`r<
@ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` tem permbssçd cest` Cehef`gb` p`r` nestel`r d s`ktd
ce su` cevdæçd, kds cb`s Yd cdgumektd kçd tr`z `s c`t`s] cd gdrrekte á _u`
O`te ndhj` cd _etbrd s/k.3>
@ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` tem permbssçd cest` Cehef`gb` p`r` c`r um` nest` ce
g`ràter pdpuh`r kd cb` 13, em jdmek`fem `d s`ktd ce su` cevdæçd á _u`
M`t` Esgur` cd _etbrd kd O`te ndhj` cd _etbrd.36

Là ektre
ektre 025
02500 e 025
0255,
5, ds cdgumek
cdgumektds
tds ce `utdrbz`æçd
`utdrbz`æçd reve
reveroer`m
roer`m
um` cesbfk`æçd espegíg` p`r` hboer`r `s ‘gerbmókb`s cds guhtds
`nrds” kd Est`cd c` O`jb`, emodr` `bkc`
`b kc` se ekn`tbze d tr`æd cd nestb-
vd m`bs que `quehe cd s`fr`cd. Gdkst`teb ` grb`æçd ce um` Wegret`-
rb` ce Nbsg`hbz`æçd cd Guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd, e d tedr c` `utdrbz`æçd
`presekt` um` kdv` gdkfur`æçd, qu`h sel` ` restrbæçd `ds mekdres
ce bc`ce. ^el`mds<
@ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv`,
Wb hv`, resbcekte
resbcekte á _u` cd O`te Nd
Ndhj`
hj` s/k, tem permbssçd cest`
Cehef`gb` p`r` re`hbz`r kd hdg`h `gbm` gbt`cd, um` nest` ce g`ràter `nrd -
-or`sbhebrd, kds cb`s Y...] cd gdrrekte, kçd sekcd permbtbcd d usd ce oeob-
c`s `hgd÷hbg`s, ` presekæ` ce mekdres e d usd ce `t`o`ques cepdbs c`s
??jdr`s.. Nbsg`hbz`æçd ` g`rfd cd suo-cehef`cd hdg`h.3:
??jdr`s

Ektre ds cdgumektds pertekgektes `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ndb

pdssíveh hdg`hbz`r ?7 (vbkte e trìs) `utdrbz`æões c` CLG-WWQ/O@ cu-
r`kte ds `kds ce 027: ` 0255. Ds refbstrds mdstr`m que ` nrequìkgb`
ás geheor`æões rehbfbds`s kd Serrebrd dgdrrb` ektre ds meses ce `orbh,
3> Gn. @utdrbz`æões c` CLG/WWQ-O@, gdkgecbc`s ` G`s` cd O`te Ndhj`, ektre ds
`kds ce 027:, 023> e 0236. Ndktes bktefr`m d `gervd ce cdgumektds cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`. Frbnds meus.
36 Gn. @utdrbz`æçd c` CLG/WWQ-O@, gdkgecbc` ` G`s` cd O`te Ndhj` em 17 cez.
0236. Ndkte bktefr` d `gervd ce cdgumektds cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Frbnds meus.
3: @utdrbz`æões c` CLG/WWQ-O@, gdkgecbc`s ` G`s` cd O`te Ndhj`, ektre ds `kds
ce 0250 e 0255. Ndktes bktefr`m d `gervd ce cdgumektds cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Frbnds meus.
65
lukjd, `fdstd,
lukjd, `fdstd, setemord,
setemord, dutuord
dutuord e cezemord.
cezemord. Esses evektds
evektds rehbfbd-
rehbfbd-
sds est`v`m reh`gbdk`cds `ds guhtds cds kibses Sempd,
Sempd, O`mouregem`,
O`mouregem `,
Kz`zb, cektre dutrds, pdrt`ktd, doecegekcd `d g`hekcàrbd rehbfbdsd
g`t÷hbgd, gul` o`hbz` grdkdh÷fbg` p`r` d nukgbdk`mektd cds terrebrds
ce G`kcdmohâ gdrrespdkcb` ‗ e `bkc` gdrrespdkce ‗ `d perídcd bme-
cb`t`mekte pdsterbdr á Wem`k` W`kt`. Cektre ds cdgumektds gdksuh-
t`cds, hdg`hbz`mds tçd sdmekte um` `utdrbz`æçd p`r` nest` kds cb`s
70 ce cezemord ce 0257, 0 e ? ce l`kebrd ce 0253. Â prdvàveh que t`bs
c`t`s estbvessem `ssdgb`c`s `ds nestelds e geheor`æões em gdmemdr`-
æões á gjef`c` cd kdvd `kd.
Pu`crd 0 ‗ @utdrbz`
@utdrbz`æões
æões c`
c ` CLG-WWQ/O@ `d Serreb
Serrebrd
rd O`te Ndhj`, ektre
e ktre 027: ` 0255.
0255.

C`t` c` Kdme cd Qerídcd(s) ce _espdksàveh kd Gerbmókb`

`utdrbz`æçd Cehef`cd gdkgessões O`te Ndhj` Geheor`c`
07.1
07.1>.
>.02
027:
7: @htbkd Sebxebr` 02, ?1,?? ` M`kdeh Oerk`r- Nest` ce Kz`zb `
? 3 / 1 > / 0 2 7 : cbkd c` Q`bxçd dorbf`æçd ce Fdkfà
(â um Dx`hà p`r` ds
@kfdh`s)
1:.01.023>
1:.01. 023> DrDrh`
h`kc
kcdd Bm
Bmo`
o`ss
ss`b
`b 01 ` 0?/
0?/01
01/0
/023>
23> @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
c` Wbhv` Wbhv`
1:.01.023>
1:.01. 023> DrDrh`
h`kc
kcdd Bm
Bmo`
o`ss
ss`b
`b 07 ` 05/
05/01
01/0
/023>
23> @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
c` Wbhv` Wbhv`
01. 01 .0 23 > Drh`kcd 01 ` 06/
06/01
01/0
/023>
23> @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
Bmo`ss`b c` Wbhv` Wbhv`
15.13.0236
15.13. 0236 DrDrh`
h`kc
kcdd Bm
Bmo`
o`ss
ss`b
`b 01 ` 0?/
0?/13
13/0
/0236
236 @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Muidkcd ce
c` Wbhv` Wbhv` Oerk`rcbkd du
@xexì (K`fó) du
Wbrruk (Lele) = rbtu`h
nükeore
15.13.0236
15.13. 0236 Dr
Drh`
h`kc
kcdd Bm
Bmo`
o`ss
ss`b
`b 07 ` 05/
05/13
13/0
/0236
236 @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Muidkcd ce
c` Wbhv` Wbhv` Oerk`rcbkd
15.13.0236
15.13. 0236 Dr
Drh`
h`kc
kcdd Bm
Bmo`
o`ss
ss`b
`b 0> e 06/
06/13
13/0
/0236
236 @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Muidkcd ce
c` Wbhv` Wbhv` Oerk`rcbkd
17.0
17.0?.
?.02
0236
36 H`urd Wbhv` ce 1 3 . 0 ? . 0 2 3 6 @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Nest` ce O`moure-
@zevecd Wbhv` gem`
?7.1
?7.1?.
?.025
02500 Rdm`r DhDhbvebr` ?3 e ?5/
?5/1?
1?/0
/0250
250 @k
@ktd
tdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
_boebrd Wbhv`

6>
 0>.1
0>.1:.
:.025
02500Rdm`r Dh
Dhbvebr` 0> ` 0:/
0:/1:
1:/0
/0250
250 @ktd
@ktdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Nest` ce Sempd
_boebrd Wbhv`
??.1>.
??.1>.025?
025? Ld
Ldsb
sb`s
`s Qhà
hàgb
gbccd c`
c` ?7 e ?3/
?3/1>
1>/0
/025?
25? @ktd
@ktdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` Nest` ce Kz`zb `
Wbhv` / Cesp`- Wbhv` dorbf`æçd ce Fdkfà
gj`kte
1?.12.025? Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 17 e 13/12
13/12/0
/025?
25? @ktd
@ktdkb
kbdd Ldsâ
Ldsâ c` 16 cb`s ce @kfdró
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
02.12.025? Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 02 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` ?0/12/025? Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
03.1:.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 05,0>, 06, ?? ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Nest` ce Sempd e
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` ?3/1:/0257 Wbhv` 16 cb`s cehe
ruorbg`c`
?7.12.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- ?> ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` ?:/12/0257 Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
17.01.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 17 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` 15/01/0257 Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
12.01.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 01 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` 0?/01/0257 Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
?7.01.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- ?3 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` ?>/01/0257 c` Wbhv` bcektbg`c`
ruorbg`c`
70.0?.0257 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 70/0?/0257 @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` e 10 e Wbhv`
ruorbg`c` 1?/10/0253
12.1:.0253 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 12 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` 00/12/0253 c` Wbhv`
ruorbg`c`
1?.0?.0253 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 13 e @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce O`moure-
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` 15/0?/0253 c` Wbhv` gem`
ruorbg`c`
1>.1:.0255 Ecu`rcd Q. 1: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce Sempd
W`ktds 01/1:/0255 c` Wbhv`
13.0?.0254 Kçd bcektbg`-
bcektbg`- 15 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce
cd ‗ `ssbk`tur` 16/0?/0254 c` Wbhv` O`mouregem`
ruorbg`c`

Ndkte< Cdgumektds bktefr`ktes

Ndkte< b ktefr`ktes `d `gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Nd
Ndhj`.
hj`.
Kdt`< @s geheor`æões `gbm` mekgbdk`c`s ndr`m r`tbg`c`s `tr`vâs ce refbstrds c`s
mem÷rb`s c`s `tu`bs hbcer`kæ`s kd O`te Ndhj`.

66
 Dutr` bkstbtubæçd que refuh`v` e gdkgecb` hbgekæ`s p`r` ` re`-
hbz`æçd ce guhtds `nrds k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr er` NEO@G@O. Em ?3
ce kdvemord ce 023>, kd s`hçd 2 cd Hbgeu ce @rtes, Lustbkb`kd Emb-
hb`kd ce Wduz` nukcdu ` NEO@G@O, `ssumbkcd ` presbcìkgb` luktd
`d vbge, Ldrfe M`kdeh c` _dgj`. @ p`rtbr
p`r tbr ce 0232
0232, ` presbcìkgb` g`rà
sdo respdks`obhbc`ce ce Ldrfe _dgj`. Gdktdu-se
Gdktdu-se gdm refbstrd
refbst rd c`s sd-
gbec`ces cds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ c` O`jb`, cektrd ds qu`bs estçd
` Wdgbec`ce Wçd Ldrfe ‗ G`s` Or`kg`, Wdgbec`ce W`kt` Gruz ce Wçd
Fdkæ`hd ‗ Bhì @xâ Dpó @ndklà, Wdgbec`ce Hb` M`sur ‗ F`ktdbs, Ser-
rebrd Dxum`rì, Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, Serrebrd Oebru, Serrebrd @h`-
ietd, Serrebrd Sumoebgb, Serrebrd Sumo` Lukæ`r`.32 _efbstr`c` kd
G`rt÷rbd
G`r t÷rbd ce Sítuhds e Qessd`s Lurícbg`s sdo
s do d kümerd >0>02, e ce `gdrcd
gdm ds cdgumektds ce `utdrbz`æçd exbstektes kd Serrebrd O`te Nd-
hj`, ` Necer`æçd teve su` sece prdvbs÷rb` ektre 025> ` 02>>, sbtu`c`
k` _u` ^brfíhbd ce Hemds, kümerd 0>, kd o`brrd ce K`z`râ. D tedr
cd cdgumektd gdkgecb` `ds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ cevbc`mekte
`ssdgb`cds gdkgessçd p`r` re`hbz`r nest`s ce seu guhtd, usd ce bks-
trumektds ce guhtd, cetermbk`kcd jdràrbd màxbmd p`r` ` geheor`-
æçd, `ssbm gdmd p`r` ` presekæ` ce grb`kæ`s kd regbktd cds terrebrds<
Nbg` peh` presekte `utdrbs`c` ` Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte W`kt` Oàro`r` cd O`te
Ndhj`, respdksàveh @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv`, gdm sece ` _u` M`t` Esgur`, s/k,
cbstrbtd ce W`ktd @ktdkbd, cevbc`mekte refbstr`c` gbvbh sdo kümerd Y...], e
kdss` necer`c`, ` re`hbz`r `s nest`s cd seu guhtd kds cb`s : ` 0> gdrrekte, gdm
tdques cds bkstrumektds
bkstru mektds cd guhtd `tâ ás ?3 jdr`s,
jdr`s, gdm exgessçd c` presekæ` ce
mekdres kd regbktd cepdbs c`s ?1 jdr`s. 51

32 Em ?110, re`hbzdu-se um` `ssemohâb` fer`h p`r` muc`kæ` c` cekdmbk`æçd ce Ne-

cer`æçd O`b`k` ce Guhtd @nrd Or`sbhebrd ‗ NEO@G@O p`r` Necer`æçd K`gbdk`h ce
Guhtd @nrd Or`sbhebrd ‗ NEK@G@O. @tu`hmekte ` NEK@G@O â um` ektbc`ce ce
utbhbc`ce püohbg` Mukbgbp`h e est`cu`h, refbstr`c` kd Gdksehjd K`gbdk`h ce @ssbs-
tìkgb` Wdgb`h. Eh` gdkfref` `s g`s`s ce guhtd ` kíveh k`gbdk`h, `hâm c`s o`b`k`s ce `g`-
r`lâ, `mo`s refbc`s peh` gdkstbtubæçd est`cu`h ce 02:2, `rt. ?65, que dgb`hbz` ` O`jb`,
gdmd d prbmebrd Est`cd ` regdkjeger d G`kcdmohâ gdmd rehbfbçd. Exbstem g`s`s - -
hb`c`s ` kíveh k`gbdk`h e bkterk`gbdk`h, gdm gddrcek`æões mukbgbp`bs em< W`hv`cdr,
Bt`p`rbg`, @h`fdbkj`s, Wbmões Nbhjd, Nebr` ce W`kt`k`, H`urd ce Nrebt`s, G`kceb`s
e Wçd Nehbx9 E est`cu`bs em< Mbk`s Fer`bs, _bd ce L`kebrd, M`g`pà, M`k`us, Gurb-
tbo`, Wçd Q`uhd, Qdrtd `hefre, Werfbpe, O`jb`, Fdbàs, Cbstrbtd Necer`h e M`r`kjçd.
M`r`kjçd.
Jà `bkc` Gddrcek`æões Bkterk`gbdk`bs em Qdrtuf`h, @rfektbk`
@rfek tbk` e Wuíæ`. Gn. 8jttp<//
8jttp<//
nek`g`oo`bxdsuhc`o`jb`.ohdfspdt.gdm.or/p/jbstdrb`.jtmh;.
nek`g`oo`bxdsuhc`o`jb`.ohdfspdt.gdm.or/p/jbstdrb`.jtmh ;. @gessd< ?1 m`b. ?10>.
51 @ `utdrbz`æçd ce k¼. 31 ndb embtbc` peh` Necer`æçd O`jb`k` cd Guhtd @nrd-Or`sb-
hebrd ‗ NEO@G@O, em 1: `fd. 02>3. @ssbk`m d cdgumektd d Qresbcekte Esmer`hcd
Emetârbd e d segretàrbd @ktdkbd _esekce.
6:
 Kdt`-se que, ektre 025> e 02>>, ce `gdrcd gdm ` cdgumekt`æçd
exbstekte kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ds perídcds ce gdkgessçd p`ss`m `
ser m`bs ehàstbgds. We, ektre 027: ` 0255, gdkgecb`m em tdrkd ce trìs
cb`s p`r` re`hbz`æçd c`s nest`s ce guhtd,
guhtd, ` p`rtbr ce ektçd,
ektçd, esses evek-
tds p`ss`m ` ter pr`zds ce cdze ` qubkze cb`s. @hâm cbssd, ce `gdrcd
`gdrcd
gdm ` `utdrbz`æçd ce kümerd ?1, ce 10 ce cezemord ce 02>0, d pe-
rídcd gdkgecbcd ndb m`bs `mphd, gdmpreekcekcd um bkterv`hd ektre
13 ce cezemord ce 02>0 e ?: ce neverebrd ce 02>?, du sel`, gerg` ce
:5 (dbtekt` e gbkgd) cb`s. G`oe ress`ht`r que ` extbkæçd c` CLG se ceu
`tr`vâs ce revdf`æçd gdkndrme @rtbfd 3, c` Heb Est`cu`h K¼ ?.6?3,
ce ?3 ce setemord ce 02>2
02>2.. D qu`crd
qu`c rd ` sefubr
sef ubr sbktetbz`
sb ktetbz` ` muc`kæ` k`
`mphbtuce c`s gdkgessões p`r` `s s`zdk`hbc`ces c`s nest`s e geheor`-
æões rehbfbds`s ektre `s câg`c`s ce 0251 e 02>1<
Pu`crd ? ‗ @utdrbz`æões c` Necer`æçd O`jb`k` cd Guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd ‗ NEO@-
G@O.
Kümerd C`t` c` Qresbcekte Qerídcd(s) ce _espdksàveh Gerbmókb`
c` `utdrb- `utdrbz`æçd c` Necer`æçd gdkgessões kd O`te Ndhj` Geheor`c`
z`æçd
0?: 1:.1:.0255 Ldrfe _dgj` 01 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce Sempd
07/1:/0255 c` Wbhv`
0?> 70.17.025> Ldrfe _dgj` 10 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
06/13/025> c` Wbhv`
057 02.12.0256 Ldrfe _dgj` ?? ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
71/12/0256 c` Wbhv`
0>? 02.16.025: Ldrfe _dgj` ?1 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
70/16/025: c` Wbhv`
110 1:.10.0252 Ldrfe _dgj` 1: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce Hemo`
0?/10/0252 c` Wbhv`
113 12.13.0252 Ldrfe _dgj` 0: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
71/13/0252 c` Wbhv`
113 1>.13.02>1 Ldrfe _dgj` 0: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
71/13/0252 c` Wbhv`
1?1 10.0?.02>0 Ldrfe _dgj` 13/0?/02>0 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` O`moure-
?:/1?/02>? c` Wbhv` gum`, _egdhjb-
mektd ce O`r-
gds, bkbgb`æçd,
Nest` ce Hemo`
G`vukfd

62
 112 1>.13.02>3 Ldrfe _dgj` 16 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
05/13/02>3 c` Wbhv`
17: 0:.1?.02>3 Ldrfe _dgj` ?0 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
?3/1?/02>3 c` Wbhv`
131 1 : .1 : .0 2 > 3 E s m e r ` h c d 1: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce Sempd
Emetârbd 0>/1:/02>3 c` Wbhv`
13: 0 2 .1 3 .0 2 > 5 E s m e r ` h c d 02 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
Emetârbd ?0/13/02>5 c` Wbhv`
132 ? 7 .1 : .0 2 > 5 E s m e r ` h c d ?7 ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Nest` ce @kfdró
Emetârbd 71/1:/02>5 c` Wbhv`
151 1 > .1 ? .0 2 > > E s m e r ` h c d 1: ` @ktdkbd Ldsâ Kçd bcektbg`c`
Emetârbd ?:/1?/02>> c` Wbhv`
Ndkte<
Ndk te< Cdgumektds bktefr`ktes
b ktefr`ktes `d `gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Nd
Ndhj`.
hj`.
Kdt`< @s geheor`æões `gbm` mekgbdk`c`s cegdrrem cds refbstrds c`s mem÷rb`s c`s
`tu`bs hbcer`kæ`s.

Ektre `s câg`c`s ce 0251 e 02>1, t`bs `utdrbz`æões `bkc` er`m

um` ndrm` ce gerge`r ` hboerc`ce rehbfbds` cds pr`tbg`ktes cd G`k-
cdmohâ k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr. Ce `gdrcd gdm Or`f`, `quehes s`ger-
cdtes que kçd prdvbcekgb`ssem em tempd jàobh su`s hbgekæ`s p`r`
re`hbz`r seus guhtds ás su`s cbvbkc`ces ce feke`hdfb` `nrbg`k` est`-
rb`m gdmetekcd um` bknr`æçd, e, pdrt`ktd, suometbcds ` ter seus es-
p`æds s`fr`cds
s`f r`cds bktercbt`cds e bkv`cbcds ce mdcd `fressbvd< doletds
doletds ce
guhtds `preekcbcds, bkstrumektds
bkstr umektds musbg`bs,
musbg`bs, doletds ce `cdrkd, cektre
dutrds, pdcerb`m ser gdksg`cds e utbhbz`cds gdmd bkstrumektds ce
prdv` kum pdssíveh prdgessd grbmbk`h.50
Em sum`, g`ob` `d Est`cd, represekt`cd peh`s bkstbtubæões
Lustbæ`
Lu stbæ`-Q
-Qdhígb`
dhígb`,, `tr`v
`tr`vâs
âs c`s hebs
hebs,, lucb
lucbgb`hbz`r
gb`hbz`r `s pràtb
pràtbg`s
g`s rehbfb
rehbfbds`s
ds`s ce
m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s, `hef`kcd serem est`s pràtbg`s ce nebtbæ`rb`. @s o`-
tbc`s pdhbgb`bs `tr`vâs ce g`r`v`k`s e cbhbfìkgb`s s÷ gess`v`m qu`kcd
ce n`td `preekcessem doletds ce guhtds e se g`h`ssem ds o`tuques nes-
tbvds rehbfbdsds. Est`oeheger um` equbv`hìkgb` ektre pràtbg`s `nrd-re-
hbfbds`s, ldfds ce `z`r e recutd ce híceres ce p`rtbcds gdmukbst`s, ndb
um` c`s estr`tâfb`s ce gdmo`te `cdt`c`s, e que servb`m ce ekcdssd
50 Gn. O_@F@, L. W. dp. gbt., p. ?3-?5

:1
p`r` um` ‘jbfbekbz`æçd” rehbfbds` e r`gb`h k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr, sd-
oretucd `tâ me`cds c` câg`c` ce 0271. Jbfbekbz`r er` sbkókbmd ce
gbvbhbz`r. @ bkstbtugbdk`hbz`æçd e d gdktrdhe pdhbgb`h sdore ds Serrebrds
ce G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds `g`o`r`m `orbkcd oregj`s p`r` que d ‘pdvd
ce s`ktd” se drf`kbz`sse p`r` `hâm cds murds e gerg`s ce su`s rdæ`s.
Esse huf`r ce resbstìkgb` f`kj` ndræ` prbkgbp`hmekte `p÷s ` re`hbz`-
æçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd, em 0276. Gduoe á bmpreks` hd-
g`h d p`peh ce `fekte ce ndmektd e prdmdæçd c` bktdherïkgb` rehbfbd-
s`. Ds `cletbvds e verods presektes kd textd cds ecbtdrb`bs gdkdt`m `
g`rf` cepregb`tbv` e cesqu`hbg`cdr`. Er`m cbsgursds que se n`zb`m
presektes kds textds que gbrguh`v`m pehds perb÷cbgds hdg`bs. D pdvd
kefrd o`b`kd e or`sbhebrd ektekceu que er` kegessàrbd prdmdver tàtb-
g`s ce resbstìkgb`s, ce eknrekt`mektds e ce cesgdktbkubc`ces cb`kte
cd p`peh dpressdr cd Est`cd e ce su`s hebs.
@ gdkcut` ce usd dsteksbvd c` ndræ` e c` repressçd kçd gjef`v`
` tdcds ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs
G `kcdmohâs k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr
W` hv`cdr.. @s tàtbg`s
t àtbg`s
utbhbz`c`s pdr `hfum`s g`s`s ce s`ktd cb`kte c` repressçd estçd vdh-
t`c`s p`r`
p` r` d n`td ce que
que hbcer`kæ`s là gdksdhbc`c`s k` gbc`ce fdz`v`m
ce gertd prestífbd sdgb`h e ce um odm trïksbtd k`s gh`sses m`bs `ht`s.
@hâm cd m`bs, regeob`m em seus esp`æds s`fr`cds pessd`s bkuektes
c` sdgbec`ce hdg`h, ` exemphd ce híceres pdhítbgds, `rtbst`s, esgrbtdres
e bktehegtu`bs ce um mdcd fer`h. Lühbd Or`f` `gektu` que ` tr`cbæçd
ce kefdgb`æçd `bkc` est`oehegbc` k` cbgdtdmb` esgr`vd Z sekjdr, `
exemphd cds qubhdmods e c`s revdht`s dbtdgektbst` ekg`oeæ`c`s pdr
kefrds, gdmd ` _evdht` cds M`hìs, `g`o`r`m pdr gdknerbr, `ds kefrds
pr`tbg`ktes cd G`kcdmohâ k` O`jb` repuohbg`k` e pdsterbdrmekte
v`rfubst`, gdkcbæões ce est`oehegerem um` pdhítbg` ce preserv`æçd
cds oeks rehbfbdsds `nrd-or`sbhebrds.5? Um` tàtbg` o`st`kte utbhbz`c`
peh`s hbcer`kæ`s c`s gdkfref`æões `nrd-rehbfbds`s o`b`k`s â d ceshd-
g`mektd p`r` àre`s perbnârbg`s c` gbc`ce. D renüfbd kd bkterbdr cds
o`brrds
o`br rds dkce exbstb`m ceks`s m`t`s, ` exemp
exemphdhd c`quehes que jdle gdr-
gdr-
respdkcem `d Kdrceste ce @m`r`hbk`, Wçd G`et`kd, _bd ^ermehjd,
5? Gn. O_@F@, Lühbd W. Dp. gbt. p.3>.

:0
M`t` Esgur`, G`ouh`, ^bh` @mârbg`, N`zekc` Fr`kce, Necer`æçd,
Ordt`s e Wçd Fdkæ`hd, cektre dutrds, `g`o`m pdr grb`r gdkcbæões ce
drcem m`terb`h e fedfràg` p`r` que mubtds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ
se est`oehegessem em hdg`bs cbst`ktes c` pdpuh`æçd ce pdcer `qubsb-
tbvd, c`s àre`s ehbtbz`c`s.
G`oe `qub `k`hbs`r tàtbg`s `cdt`c`s peh`s hbcer`kæ`s cd G`k-
cdmohâ o`b`kd. @hfuks pesqubs`cdres gj`m`m est`s pràtbg`s ce
‘estr`tâfb`s ce resbstìkgb`”. Gdmd teæd cbsgussões k` perspegtbv`
c`s represekt`æões sdgb`bs e c`s reh`æões ce pdcer ektre Est`cd e re-
hbfbçd, p`regeu-me m`bs `prdprb`cd gj`m`r est`s pràtbg`s ce ‘tàtbg`s
ce resbstìkgb`”, ` p`rtbr ce Gerte`u. Ess` esgdhj` c` cekdmbk`æçd se
remete á hdg`hbz`æçd ce cetermbk`cds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs em
esp`æds ce cbnígbh `gessd, ce mdcd ` bkbobr `s o`tbc`s pdhbgb`bs e su`
`æçd repressbv`. Sdmemds gdmd prbmebrd exemphd d `n`m`cd G`k-
cdmohâ ce Ldçd ^bfàrbd em Wçd Nâhbx, _egókg`vd O`b`kd<
Y...] d m`bs `n`m`cd c` zdk`, pertd ce Wçd Nehbx, ektre `queh` gbc`ce e Murb-
tbo`. D sgek`rbd em que està sbtu`cd là cesmekte ` jypdtjese sefukcd ` qu`h
` hdg`hbz`æçd ce um G`kcdmohâ `ttekce à prdgur` ce suffestçd cd `mobek-
te< g` d ce Ldçd cd ^bfàrbd ‗ este â d kdme cd o`o`h`ó k` embkìkgb` ce
um` su`ve ehev`æçd, à mebd e à oebr` c` h`cebr` cd G`etbtü, n`gbhmekte
hdg`h.Y...]pdcemds cecuzbr ‗ c` bk`-
gdknukcbcd gdm ` tdpdfr`pjb` cd hdg`h.Y...]pdcemds
gessbobhbc`ce em que se `gj`m ds G`kcdmohâs c` g`pbt`h se prekce `
`gæçd repressbv` c` pdhígb`9 em Wçd Ne Nehbx,
hbx, Ldçd cd ^bfàrbd
^bfàr bd kçd gdstum`
ser bkgdmmdc`cd peh` pdhígb` Y...]. 57

Em W`hv`cdr, jà um g`sd gurbdsd ce tàtbg` ce bkn`ktbhbz`æçd,

`cdt`cd pdr um G`kcdmohâ k` Estr`c` c` Hboerc`ce, pdr dg`sbçd ce
um` o`tbc` pdhbgb`h. Sr`t`-se c` g`s` ce Dfum ce Ldsâ Sdrres e Ds-
g`r O`et`, hbcer`cd pdr cdbs grbduhds rdoustds e `htds. Em 0275, d Ce-
hef`cd @uxbhb`r, `gdmp`kj`cd pehd gdmbssàrbd @rk`hcd Bves e pehd
esgrbvçd Nrugtudsd ce Orbtd, v`rel`r`m d G`kcdmohâ. @preekcer`m
doletds ce guhtd e bkstrumektds, `hâm ce hev`rem presds, `ceptds e
pr`tbg`ktes c`quehe terrebrd. @ tàtbg` utbhbz`c` pdr um bktefr`kte kds
gj`m` `tekæçd< ehe se bkn`ktbhbz`, du pdssbvehmekte, pdcerb` `bkc` es-
57 Gn. Ldrk`h @ S`rce. Kd G`kcdmohâ ce Ldçd cd ^bfàrbd. Ds `hj`cds cd ‘o`o`h`ó”
ce W. Nehbx, kd `ufe k` ex`ht`æçd mystbg`, cevdr`m um` gre`kæ`! D que d rep÷rter vbu
e duvbu kum` regekte exgursçd pehd regókg`vd. W`hv`cdr. ?5 `fd.027>, p.?. Frbnds
meus.
:?
t`r sdo d tr`kse cds drbxàs/kibses/vdcuks, prdv
prdv`vehmek
`vehmekte te um
u m Erì, sel`
Boelb du ^ukle. Bkterrdf`cd ` respebtd, cegh`rdu d hebtdr< ‘Hebd gdktds
p`r` p`ss`r d tempd.
tempd. Â ` cbstr`æçd c`s gre`kæ`s”
gre`kæ`s”,, o`bx`kcd
o`b x`kcd ` g`oeæ`,
prdssefubu ` hebtur` bkn`ktbh. Ds bktefr`ktes cesse G`kcdmohâ que
j`vb`m sbcd presds, jdr`s cepdbs est`v`m em hboerc`ce.53
Nbfur` ? ‗ @ pdhígb` cà gergd ` um G`kcdmoh
G`kcdmohâ,
â, k` Estr`c` c` Hboerc`c
Hboerc`cee

Ndkte< Ldrk`h @ S`rce.

S`rce. W`hv`cdr. 1? luh. 0275.

@gresgektd um` tàtbg` utbhbz`c` pehds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ

p`r` se hbvr`rem c`s bkvestbc`s cds pdhbgb`bs. Er` d est`oehegbmektd
c` su` ndrm` ce refbstrd gbvbh e lurícbgd. Kds cdgumektds ce gdkstb-
tubæçd lurícbg`,
lur ícbg`, ` cekdmbk`æçd
cekdmbk`æ çd `cdt`c` pdr mubtds Serrebrds
Serrebrds ce G`k-
G` k-
cdmohâs est`v` vbkguh`c` ` Gektrds Espírbt`s du kdmes ce s`ktds g`-
t÷hbgds. Ess` tàtbg` ce gert` ndrm` pdce ter `or`kc`cd `s bkvestbc`s
pdhbgb`bs, pdbs esg`mdte`v` lurbcbg`mekte d p`peh cesses esp`æds ce
pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s. Kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, gdkst` kd Est`-
tutd cd Gektrd Oekegekte e _egre`tbvd W`kt` Oàro`r`, puohbg`cd kd
Cbàrbd Dgb`h cd Mukbgípbd ce W`hv`cdr em ?0 cez. 0270, que ` ektb-ektb-
c`ce ceverb`
ceverb` cbstr`br seus `ssdgb`cds e exerger ` g`rbc`ce sefukcd ds
pregebtds c` rehbfbçd grbstç<
53 Gn. Kd `ufe c` o`tug`c`... @ pdhígb` cà gergd ` um G`kcdmohâ, k` Estr`c` c`
Hboerc`ce ‗ D p`vdr cds `ssbstektes. Ldrk`h @ S`rce
S`rce. W`hv`cdr. 1? luh. 0275. Frbnds
meus.

:7
 @rt.0¼. Nbg` bkstbtuíc` p`r`
@rt.0¼. p`r ` tdcds ds ennebtds ` sdgbec`ce
sd gbec`ce cekdmbk`c` ‘Gektrd
Oekegekte e _egre`tbvd W. Oàro`r`” que tem pdr m, `mp`r`r, prdtefer e
cbstr`jbr seus `ssdgb`cds.
@rt.?¼. D Gektrd Oekegbekte e _egre`tbvd W. Oàro`r`, nukc`cd kd `kkd ce
02?1, kest` gbc`ce, k` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s, kd cbstrbgtd ce Wçd G`et`kd, Es-
t`cd c` O`jb`, gdktbku` ` ser um` `ssdgb`æçd gdm ds mesmds ks  ks gdmpdst` ce
kümerd bhbmbt`cd ce s÷gbds, sem cbstbkæçd ce sexd e k`gbdk`hbc`ce e cur`æçd
bkcekbc`, tekcd ` su` sece kd huf`r `gbm` renerbcd, e, pdr m, exerger `
g`rbc`ce, sefukcd ds pregebtds c` rehbfbçd grbstçd e gdstumes cds seus
cesgekcektes.55
D est`tutd lurícbgd ce drf`kbz`æçd `cmbkbstr`tbv` cd Serrebrd
ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ hâ O`te Ndhj`,5> se ceu `tr`vâs ` grb`æçd c` sdgbec`ce ce-
kdmbk`c` ‘Gektrd Oekegekte e _egre`tbvd
_e gre`tbvd W`kt` Oàro`r`”
Oà ro`r`”,, que teve
pdr k`hbc`ce `mp`r`r, prdtefer e cbstr`br seus `ssdgb`cds. Gdkst`
kd presekte cdgumektd que ` nukc`æçd dgdrreu em 02?1, k` gbc`ce
cd W`hv`cdr, hdg`hbz`cd kd Cbstrbtd ce Wçd G`et`kd, gdm um` `ssd-
gb`æçd gdmpdst` pdr um kümerd bhbmbt`cd ce s÷gbds, sem cbstbkæões
ce sexd e k`gbdk`hbc`ce, e gdm um` cur`æçd bkcekbc`.
C`í, pdrt`ktd, serà ` bm`fem ce W`kt` Oàro`r` que brà repre-
sekt`r d símodhd c` `ssdgb`æçd, em um esgucd or`kgd em g`mpd ek-
g`rk`cd, sdore cu`s esp`c`s ektreh`æ`c`s, e que `presekt` em tdrkd
cehe d sefubkte textd< ‘C`b d que oeoer ` quem tem sece”, tr`zekcd
hdfd `o`bxd d `kd 02?1 em mem÷rb` `d `kd ce nukc`æçd lurícbg` e d
kdme cd Serrebrd. Ektret`ktd, ess` c`t` `tu`hmekte està est`oehegbc`
gdmd sekcd 020
020>> d `kd
` kd cd refbstrd c` esgrbtur` ce gdmpr` e vekc` c`s
terr`s dkce està est`oehegbcd d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. D textd bhustr`tb-
vd `lustdu-se p`r` ‘C`b ce oeoer ` quem tem sece”, gdkndrme gdkst`
k` Nbfur` 7 ` sefubr.

55 Gn. Est`tutd K¼ >>12: ce 70 cez. 0271, cd Gektrd Oekegekte e _egre`tbvd W`k -

t` Oàro`r`, puohbg`cd kd Cbàrbd Dgb`h cd Mukbgípbd ce W`hv`cdr em ?0 l`k. 0270,
p.?:55-5>. Frbnds meus. @ bktefr` cd Est`tutd ekgdktr`-se kd @kexd 3 c` presekte tese.
5> Wçd ?0 `rtbfds, cbstrbouícds em sete g`pítuhds que tr`t`m c` drf`kbz`æçd, ks,
dorbf`æões e p`trbmókbd9 cds s÷gbds9 c`s cbversões9 c` `cmbkbstr`æçd9 c` esgrbtur`æçd9
c`s cbspdsbæões k`bs.

:3
Nbfur` 7 ‗ Bgdkdfr`` c` Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte W`kt` Oà
Oàro`r`
ro`r` - Serrebrd
Serrebrd ce
G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ?107.

K` câg`c` ce 0271, p`r` preekgjer ds requbsbtds lurícbgds c`

Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte W`kt` Oàro`r`, g`ob` á mesm` m`kter-se `pt`
p`r` d tr`t`mektd ce tdcds ds seus `ssdgb`cds, sdoretucd ds mekds
n`vdregbcds, e kdt`c`mekte qu`kcd eknermds. Â esgh`regecdr que,
cektre `s dorbf`æões cds `ssdgb`cds, està ` ce gdmp`reger `d ekterrd
cds gdks÷gbds, cevekcd s`br bkgdrpdr`cds56 qu`kcd ` Cbretdrb` luhf`r
gdkvekbekte, `tr`vâs ce um gdkvbte espegb`h ` t`bs `ssdgb`cds. D `u-
xbhbd m`terb`h k`kgebrd, e mesmd d `uxíhbd mâcbgd, qu`kcd kegessà-
kegessà-
rbd, er`m dorbf`æões nukc`mekt`bs p`r` d Gektrd Oekegekte.
Pu`ktd `d p`trbmókbd ` ser gdkstbtuícd e m`ktbcd peh` sdgbe-
c`ce oekegekte, ` mesm` ceverb` se c`r pehd p`f`mektd ce ldb`s e
meks`hbc`ces cds s÷gbds, `hâm c`s dnert`s e nestbv`bs que re`hbz`ssem
em seu oekenígbd. D `td ce `ssdgb`æçd tbkj` gdmd prâ-requbsbtd< ser
m`bdr ce ?0 `kds9 ter od` gdkcut`
gdkcut` mdr`h e ce prdssçd jdkest`9 p`f`r
p`f` r
01$111 (cez mbh râbs) ce ldb` e 0$111 (um mbh rebs) ce meks`hbc`ce. @
ldb` er` um` espâgbe ce t`x`
t`x` ce bksgrbæçd p`r`
p`r` se vbkguh`r
vbkguh`r á sdgbec`ce
sdgbec`ce..
@ gdkcbæçd p`r` ser enetbv`cd s÷gbd est`v` restrbt` áquehes que, kum
56 @ expressçd ‘bkgdrpdr`cds” està `hucbkcd que ds memords `ssdgb`cds ceverb`m
represekt`r ` sdgbec`ce e d seu kdme, kd sektbcd cd exergígbd c` sdhbc`rbec`ce luktd
ás n`míhb`s, em hutd peh` perc` ce seu ekte querbcd e memord c`queh` sdgbec`ce.

:5
pr`zd ce 21 (kdvekt`) cb`s, regdhjessem ` ldb` e prest`ssem gdmprd-
mbssds e servbæds `d gektrd oekegekte. Ds s÷gbds er`m gh`ssbg`cds
em trìs g`tefdrb`s cbstbkt`s, ` s`oer< ds nukc`cdres, ds oekemârbtds
e ds enetbvds. @ds nukc`cdres, est`v`m cbret`mekte hbf`cds `quehes
que zer`m p`rte c` drf`kbz`æçd cd gektrd oekegekte. Qdr su` vez,
ds oekemârbtds er`m `quehes que j`vb`m se cest`g`cd k` prest`æçd
ce odks servbæds `d hdkfd c` `tu`æçd c` sdgbec`ce. Là ektre ds enetb-
vds se ekqu`cr`v`m `quehes que ndssem se `ssdgb`kcd `d hdkfd c`
`tu`æçd cd gektrd oekegekte. G`oe ress`ht`r que kçd sdmekte ds
s÷gbds enetbvds est`v`m dorbf`cds ` gdktrbouírem meks`hmekte p`r`
d gektrd, m`s t`moâm ds s÷gbds-nukc`cdres. @pek`s ds gj`m`cds
s÷gbds-oekemârbtds
s÷gbds-oekem ârbtds est`v`m bsektds
bs ektds cd p`f`mektd c`s meks`hbc`ces.
meks`h bc`ces.
@bkc` kd que t`kfekgb` `s dorbf`æões cds s÷gbds, er`m keges-
sàrb`s que ds mesmds gdmp`regessem ` tdcds ds `tds que ndssem
gdkvbc`cds, `hâm cbssd, `gebt`r g`rfds kçd remuker`cds ` que hjes
ndrem gdk`cds, prest`kcd servbæds em g`sd ce kegessbc`ce. Qrevb`-
Qrevb`-
-se, `bkc`, kd refbme est`tutàrbd, que d ceshbf`mektd ce um `ssdgb`-
cd estbvesse `treh`cd `d kçd gumprbmektd cd regdhjbmektd c` ldb`, á
regus` ce `gebt`r ds g`rfds pdr mdtbvds cevbc`mekte lustbg`cds, e
`bkc` que pdr `g`sd ` um ces`g`td á cbretdrb`.
Um cds doletbvds c` sdgbec`ce oekegekte er` ` cbstr`æçd cds
seus `ssdgb`cds. Ds grbtârbds est`oehegbcds peh` cbretdrb` kd sektbcd
ce gdktemph`r este btem est`v`m hbf`cds ` prdpdrgbdk`rem cb`s ce
cbversões e nest`s, em g`hekcàrbd cekbcd e `lust`cd peh` Cbretdrb`,
gdktemph`kcd dorbf`tdrb`mekte ds cb`s 13 e 70 ce cezemord. @ prb-
mebr` c`t` em jdmek`fem á p`crdebr` c` sdgbec`ce9 ` sefukc`, p`r`
geheor`r ` gjef`c` cd `kd kdvd.
kdvd. @s cbversões
c bversões gdktemph`v`m
gdktemph`v`m o`bh`cds
o`b h`cds
`gdmp`kj`cds ce rbtmds, gdkndrme d usd `cdt`cd peh` sdgbec`ce.
@hâm cbssd, pdcb` j`ver sessões gdmemdr`tbv`s `gdmp`kj`c`s ce
qu`bsquer m`kbnest`æões ce `hefrb` bmprdvbs`c` du `c`pt`c`.
Ektre bkümerds `ssdgb`cds e que kçd er`m bkbgb`cds kd G`k-
cdmohâ,
cdmoh â, m`s tbkj`m
tbkj` m víkguhds ce drcem
drcem espbrbtu`h e, pdrt`ktd,
pdrt` ktd, n`zb`
n`zb`mm
:>
p`rte c` Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte, j`vb` Cdk` Lühb` Bs`oeh ce W`kt`k`
W`ktds. D prdgessd ce `prdxbm`æçd ce Cdk` Lühb` e d Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj` pdce ser esgh`regbcd `tr`vâs cd cepdbmektd ce um` ce su`s - -
hj`s gdks`kfuíke`s, Cdk` Ghâ` cds W`ktd
W` ktdss _boebrd. Eh` kds esgh`rege
d sefubkte
sefub kte<<
Mbkj` mçe, Cdk` Lühb`, kukg` ceu s`ktd. Eh` er` nreqøekt`cdr` cd O`te Nd-
hj`. Sucd que eh` tbkj` gdksefubcd k` vbc`, grecbt`v` `d Wr. Oerk`rcbkd. Eh`
tbkj` mubt` gdk`kæ` e `grecbt`v` cem`bs kehe. Ehe `tekcb` mbkj` mçe, k`
_u` c` Hekj`, kd Odkm. Ehe ce vez em qu`kcd b` ` kdss` g`s` em Qerbperb
p`r` cesg`ks`r. Y...] ^bsbtdu e regdrreu ` Oerk`rcbkd pdr gdkt` ce um` cdr k`
perk`. Mbkj` mçe gdu fràvbc` c` hj` g`æuh` e ` cdr k` perk` er` mubtd
ndrte. @ pdktd ce s`br ce g`s` g`rref`c`, bkcd cbretd p`r` d O`te Ndhj`. Gdbk-
gbcbu esse n`td, gdm ` re`hbz`æçd
re`h bz`æçd c` nest` ce Sempd,
Sempd, kd cb` 01 ce `fdstd. @p÷s `
nest`, eh` s`bu ce hà mubtd oem, e ` cdr gessdu. @ p`rtbr c`í, kukg` m`bs mbkj`
mçe cebxdu ce `luc`r d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, e eu m`ktekjd ess` `luc` `tâ ds
cb`s ce `tu`bs. Wdmds fr`tds `d Wr. Oerk`rcbkd e ` g`s` cd O`te Ndhj`.5:

Ekqu`ktd s÷gb` e memord prdvecdr`, `s gdktrboubæões c` n`-

míhb` ce Cdk` Lühb` p`r` d O`te Ndhj` se c`v`m qu`se sempre c`
sefubkte ndrm`<
K` g`s` cd O`te Ndhj`, quem sempre regeob` mbkj` mçe er` Cdk` Gegíhb`
(Kefuib). Kdss` n`míhb` `lucdu e `luc`rà `queh` g`s`, pdrque bssd kds ndrt`hege
ndrt` hege
e kds n`z prdsper`r t`moâm. @ gdktrboubæçd c` kdss` n`míhb` er` `tr`vâs cd
ndrkegbmektd ce g`rke ce odb p`r` nest`s, `hâm ce gdktrboubæçd k`kgebr`.52

Em sum`, emodr` d bkstrumektd lurícbgd `k`hbs`cd `tâ `qub

kçd n`æ` kekjum` renerìkgb` `ds víkguhds e/du mdc`hbc`ces ce cd`-
æões p`r` Wdgbec`ce W`kt` Oàro`r`, ds meg`kbsmds
meg`k bsmds ce gdktrboubæões
gdktrboubæões
p`r` ` re`hbz`æçd ce nest`s e geheor`æões, se c`v`m `tr`vâs ce cd`-
æões ce `hbmektds, oeobc`s, `hâm ce `luc` k`kgebr`. @ gdkcbæçd ce
`ssdgb`cd exbfb` `bkc` um` ndrm` ce `cmbkbstr`æçd c` sdgbec`ce
oekegekte. @ `cmbkbstr`æçd ceverb` ser gdmpdst` pdr um` mes`
bktefr`c` em gbkgd g`rfds, gdkst`kcd cektre ehes d cd presbcekte, cd
segretàrbd, cd tesdurebrd, cd prdgur`cdr e cds síkcbgds. @ cur`æçd
k`s dgup`æões cest`s nukæões er` ce trìs `kds. @trbouí`m-se gdmd
5: Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr Cdk` Ghâ` cds W`ktds _boebrd. W÷gb`-oekemârbt`
cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Cur`æçd< 51mbk e 50s. W`hv`cdr. 06 luk. ?10>.
52 Bobc.

:6
gdmpetìkgb` c` mes` `cmbkbstr`tbv` `hfuks `spegtds que est`v`m
hbf`cds á bm`fem c` sdgbec`ce e `d oem-est`r cds `ssdgb`cds. Cek-
tre esses `spegtds, evbcekgb`v`m-se< represekt`r ` sdgbec`ce em tucd
que cbssesse respebtd á su` vbc` exterk`9 zeh`r peh` mdr`hbc`ce em td-
c`s `s m`kbnest`æões c` sdgbec`ce9 c`r prdvbcìkgb`s kegessàrb`s `ds
`ssdgb`cds quer ce drcem espbrbtu`h,
espbrbtu` h, quer ce drcem mâcbg`9 prdpdr d
cesvíkguhd c`quehes s÷gbds que kçd gdrrespdkcessem ás presgrbæões
c` sdgbec`ce9 e pdr m, prest`r gdkt`s `ku`hmekte c` sbtu`æçd c`
sdgbec`ce, t`ktd cd pdktd ce vbst` k`kgebrd qu`ktd cd pdktd ce vbs- vbs-
t` c`s `ssbstìkgb`s, cds nestelds e c`s geheor`æões que ekvdhvessem e
oekegb`ssem ` tdcds ds `ssdgb`cds.
G`ob` `d presbcekte c` sdgbec`ce oekegekte, `hâm ce presb- presb-
cbr `s sessões (kçd ndb pdssíveh bcektbg`r ` perbdcbgbc`ce) ce gukjd
`cmbkbstr`tbvd, `utdrbz`r cespes`s e oekenígbds regh`m`cds. Gdm-
phemekt`v` ` su` `trboubæçd `presekt`r um reh`t÷rbd `ku`h ce tdcd
d mdvbmektd c` sdgbec`ce. Là `d segretàrbd er` `trbouíc` ` t`ren` ce
n`zer tdc` ` esgrbtur`æçd c` sdgbec`ce, bkghusbve embtbkcd-se gdrres-
pdkcìkgb`s. @d tesdurebrd, est`v` vbkguh`cd d p`peh ce fu`rc`r tdcd
d p`trbmókbd m`terb`h e ds hbvrds ce refbstrds c` sdgbec`ce. Pu`ktd
`d prdgur`cdr, est`v` bmouícd ce regeoer `s ldb`s, `s meks`hbc`ces
e ds cdk`tbvds `tr`vâs c` embssçd cds regbods ce qubt`æões, `hâm ce
esgdhjer p`r` estes ks ds seus `uxbhb`res, cekdmbk`cds ce síkcbgds.
Kçd se presgrevb` tbpd `hfum ce remuker`æçd `phbg`c` `d exergígbd
cess`s nukæões.
@bkc` kd que se renere `ds refbstrds ourdgràtbgds e `cmbkbs-
tr`tbvds c` Wdgbec`ce Oekegekte W`kt` Oàro`r`, gdkst`t`-se que d
est`tutd ehugbc`v` ` dorbf`tdrbec`ce ce hbvrds ce refbstrds e esgrbtur`-
e sgrbtur`-
æçd, t`bs gdmd `t`s c`s sessões, kdmes ce tdcds ds `ssdgb`cds e su`s
g`tefdrb`s, `hâm cd hbvrd ce refbstrd g`bx`. @ sdgbec`ce pdcb` utbhbz`r,
`hâm cesses hbvrds, dutrds que luhf`ssem kegessàrbds e gdkvekbektes.
Qdr m, gdu cekbcd que ` ehebæçd ceverb` dgdrrer sempre kd pe- pe-

::
kühtbmd cdmbkfd cd târmbkd cd trbìkbd, ekqu`ktd ` pdsse se c`rb` c` rb` kd
prbmebrd cdmbkfd `p÷s d târmbkd cesse perídcd.
Ektret`ktd, um c`cd gurbdsd cest`g`-se kesse refbmektd e kds
gj`mdu `tekæçd. @ `usìkgb` cd kdme ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`b-
xçd, du cds seus prbmebrds hjds ce s`ktd, t`bs gdmd @ktdkbd Ldsâ c`
Wbhv` (O`kc`kfu`me) e @ktdkbd Gdrreb` ce Mehd (Hesekfe) kd qu`crd
c` cbretdrb` c` sdgbec`ce. Cevemds ress`ht`r que ds hjds ce s`k- s`k-
td ce Oerk`rcbkd
Oer k`rcbkd tbkj`m regek
regektemek
temekte te re`hbz`cd su`s bkbgb`æões kds
guhtds `ds kibses, sekcd em 02?2 ` ce Hesekfe e em 0271 ` ce O`kc`k-
fu`me9 pdrt`ktd, er`m memords kdvds k` sdgbec`ce W`kt` Oàro`r`.
Ess` tàtbg` utbhbz`c` pdr Oerk`rcbkd em kçd se n`zer presekte kum
cdgumektd lurícbgd pdce est`r vbkguh`c` ` cdbs mdtbvds. Qrbmebrd,
g`ob` `ds t`t`s fu`rcbçes c` g`s` exerger um p`peh `cmbkbstr`tbvd e
ourdgràtbgd. D dutrd mdtbvd t`moâm pdce est`r hbf`cd ` um` ndrm`
ce esg`mdte`r su` pessd`, sdo d pdktd ce vbst` lurícbgd, puohbgbz`kcd
em um cdgumektd hef`hhef`h `s fur`s cds g`nurbkfdm`s (tdg`cdres) e xb-
g`r`kfdm`s (g`kt`cdres/
g`kt`cdres/gdrd
gdrd).
). Werb`m
Werb` m ess`s
ess` s cu`s fur`s
 fur`s um` espâgbe
esp âgbe
ce reh`æões püohbg`s e represekt`ktes cd O`te Ndhj` cb`kte cds ÷rfçds
sg`hbz`cdres cd Est`cd
Est`cd..
D qu`crd c` prbmebr` cbretdrb` c` sdgbec`ce oekegekte W`kt`
Oàro`r` ndb gdmpdstd pdr 0: (cezdbtd
(cezdbtd)) jdmeks, kçd
k çd j`vekcd presekæ`
nembkbk`. Ektre dutrds, gdkst`v`m ds sefubktes kdmes< Dgt`vb`kd
Gez`r ce Lesus, ^brfbhbd Hbm`, V`hcem`r Lesus, Nr`kgehhbkd Gdst`,
G`rhds Mdtt`, Dsw`hcd O`kcebr`, Eufìkbd Nerrebr`, Ldsâ @hex`k-
crbkd Mdkgdrvd, @cjero`h I. @hmebc`, Hedcef`rbd Wduz`, Ecf`rc
W`ktds, Dgt`vb`kd Gdst`, _`uh Wduz`, Nehbppe Kery cds W`ktds, Ldsâ
Gupertbkd, Ldsâ Gdehjd,
Gdeh jd, @ktdkbd Fref÷rbd c` Wbhv` e Ldçd Mehhd. Qdr Qdr
su` vez ` mes` cbretdr` ehebt` p`r` d trbìkbd 0271-0277 ndb gdmpdst`
pdr Hedcefàrbd Wduz` (presbcekte), Ecf`rc W`ktds (segretàrbd), L.M.
Gdehjd (tesdurebrd), _`uh Wduz` (prdgur`cdr), ^brfbhbd Hbm`, Nr`k-
gehbkd Gdst` e V`hcem`r Lesus (síkcbgds). Qdcemds bcektbg`r kesse

:2
qu`crd, pdr exemphd, ds g`nurbkfdm`s Nr`kgehhbkd Gdst`, _`uh Wdu-
z` e Ecf`rc
E cf`rc W`ktds,
W`ktds, `hâm cd xbg`r`kfdm` ^brfbhbd Hbm`.
Em kekjum mdmektd, d est`tutd `ssdgb` ` sdgbec`ce ` pràtbg`s
ce gur` e/du guhtds que kçd sel`m `quehes que hefbtbm`m ` rehbfbçd
grbstç dgb`h. @ s`üce,
s`üce, ` g`rbc`ce e ` mdr`hbc`ce sçd ds `spegtds m`bs
evbcekgb`cds. Ektret`ktd, doserv`m-se esp`æds ` serem preekgjbcds
kd @rtbfd 07¼ cd renerbcd est`tutd mekgbdk`cd, gdmd ` re`hbz`æçd ce
nest`s e geheor`æões, sefubc`s pdr o`bh`cds e usds ce bkstrumektds
que ndssem kegessàrbds. Q`rege-kds ter sbcd m`bs um` tàtbg` sutbh cd
pdvd ce s`ktd cd O`te Ndhj`, kd sektbcd ce que, sdo d pdktd ce vbst`
lurícbgd,
lurícbgd, ` sdgbec`c
sdgbec`cee puc
pucesse
esse h`kæ`r mçd ce tàtbg`s e m`kter su` hb-
oerc`ce ce guhtd e expressçd rehbfbds` k`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cds `kds
trbkt` cd sâguhd ZZ.
Là se `rmdu que
que ` gbc`ce
gbc`ce cd
cd W`hv`cdr
W`hv`cdr,, su`s bmecb`æões
bmecb`æões e d _e
_e--
gókg`vd O`b`kd, ektre 020> ` 027>, ousg`v`m ` mdcerkbc`ce e d ce-
sekvdhvbmektd uro`kd. Em mebd ` esse qu`crd, cep`r`md-kds gdm
cu`s pdssbobhbc`ces ce drcem sdgb`h< persefubr e reprbmbr d G`kcdm-
ohâ. Mesmd `ssbm, tbkj` bkígbd ` hut` peh` hboerc`ce rehbfbds`, pehd re-
gdkjegbmektd, tàgbtd e/du dgb`h, ce um huf`r ce hefbtbmbc`ce cb`kte
c` gdkfur`æçd rehbfbds` grbstç-g`t÷hbg`, que se revestb` ce hefbtbmb-
hefbtbmb-
c`ce phek` e tekcekgb`hmekte exghusbvbst`. Bssd pdce ser gdkst`t`cd
c` sefubkte ndrm`<
G@KCDMOHÂ. @ kdbte â ceks` gdmd ` rdm`rb`, sdo ` qu`h ` m`gumo` se
esgdkce c`s vbst`s bkqubsbtdrb`bs c` gbc`ce mdcerk`. Hà, p`r` `s m`t`s
esgur`s, hdkfe, egd`kcd, sdturkd, mdk÷tdkd, o`tekcd d G`kcdmohâ. @gjâ!.@gjâ!.....
@gjâ.... @gjâ... Â ` exdrt`æçd gdr`h. Gem vdzes prdgh`m`kcd Dgj÷s< ... S`m-
@gjâ..
-t`m-t`m... Estràhb` e estrufe... t`m-t`m, kdbte ` cektrd, t`m... G`kcdmohâ!E
ds egds, àsperds, ruces, sdkdr`mekte segds, ríspbcds, `frbcem, bter`tbv`mek-
te, d sbhìkgbd c` kdbte. ‗ ^`mds vì-hd4 ‗ ^`mds! Y...] Jà pdr hà netbgjbsmds
t`moâm.. K`s hetr`s, k`s `rtes, k`s gbìkgb`s, k` pdhítbg`, em tucd. ‗ M`s
t`moâm
em que cbnerekæ`4 ‗ Cbnerekæ` c` lurem` cd kefrd p`r` ` mdrk` cd
or`kgd. ‗ G`hüc`! ‗ Kd nukcd tdc`s `s grekæ`s sçd bfu`bs. Wçd od`s. Wçd
sbmphes. Wçd sbkger`s gdmd ` essìkgb` c`s dres ce cekcì. cekcì . E cesger`m
` r`mp`, tdktds cd n`rtum kefrebrd, `bkc` kd duvbcd ` egd`r< ó quez`moe, ó
qubz`moì... >1
>1 Gn. GJB@GGJBD, G. Jdmeks & dor`s. ^BB. Jehbus& Orutds. Ldrk`h @ S`rce S`rce.
W`hv`cdr. 16 luh. 0270. Frbnds meus. G`rhds Gjb`ggjbd ndb eks`íst`, pdet`, grítbgd ce

21
 Kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, sefubkcd `s pbst`s c` etkdmu-
sbg÷hdf` @kfeh` Højkbkf,>0 `tâ ektçd, hdg`hbzdu-se refbstrd kd Ldrk`h
S`rce, que vebguh` regh`m`æçd
@ S`rce regh`m` æçd cds mdr`cdres hdg`bs eme m 02?5
02?5,, `ktes
mesmd cd pdssíveh víkguhd
ví kguhd ektre este e d bktervektdr
bktervektdr//fdv
fdverk`cdr
erk`cdr Lu-
r`gy M`f`hjçes<
Jà cb`s vem nukgbdk`kcd k` M`tt` Esgur` cd _etbrd, gertd ‚G`kcdmohâ‒ que
prdpdsbt`hmekte gdmeæ` á 0 jdr` c` m`cruf`c` e termbk` ás 5. @ vbzbkj`kæ`
que se vì k` cur` gdktbkfìkgb` ce cespert`r tdcds ds cb`s ` est` jdr` e kçd
pdcer m`bs gdkgbhb`r d sdmkd, `trboub ` prenerìkgb` cess`s jdr`s á n`ht` ce pd-
hígb`mektd e ` suspeksçd cd tr`nefd ce odkces. D p`e ce s`ktd â d `n`m`cd
Oerk`rcbkd que `hb està sem ser ekgdmmdc`cd peh` pdhígb`, m`s ekgdmmd-
c`kcd ` vbzbkj`.>?

Ektret`ktd, `s tàtbg`s utbhbz`c`s pehds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmo-

hâs surtbr`m fr`kce enebtd kd gdktextd sdgb`h c` âpdg`. Ds Serreb-
rds ce G`kcdmohâs kçd sugumobr`m ` t`m`kj`s bks`tbsn`æões ce
cestr`tds pdr p`rte c` pdhígb`, c` bmpreks` e c` sdgbec`ce o`b`k`.
@s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cds G`kcdmohâs se ndrt`heger`m cb`kte ce t`bs
gbrgukstïkgb`s. @hfuks híceres rehbfbdsds cegh`r`v`m, em sbtu`æões
ce `odrc`feks pdhbgb`bs, que d G`kcdmohâ cesel`v` s`üces`üce e nehbgbc`ce
p`r` quem `hb estbvesse, `ssbm gdmd er` um` c`s pràtbg`s cds g`t÷-
hbgds, cds espírbt`s, ektre dutr`s. Dutr` tàtbg` ndb ` ce que Serrebrds
ce G`kcdmohâs pdssuí`m ‘`hb` `hb`cds”
cds” kd ïmobtd c` pr÷prb`
pr÷prb` gdrpdr`æçd
gdrp dr`æçd
pdhbgb`h. Pu`kcd esses sulebtds kçd er`m nrequekt`cdres, exergb`m
`hfum`
`hfu m` nukæçd, gdmd pdr exemphd,
exemphd, d g`rfd
g` rfd ce Dfç, du er`m m`rbcds,
hjds ce s`ktds nebtds, memords c` n`míhb` ce s`ktd.>7 Gurbdsd kesse
`rte, prdnessdr e ldrk`hbst`. K`sgeu em L`kuàrb`, Mbk`s Fer`bs, em 0::3. Sr`ksnerbu-
Sr`ksnerbu-
-se mubtd kdvd p`r` ` g`pbt`h o`b`k` dkce estucdu kds gdhâfbds Wpekger e G`rkebrd
_boebrd e k` N`guhc`ce ce Mecbgbk`. Em su` `tu`æçd gdmd ldrk`hbst`, gdh`odrdu cu-
r`kte cezdbtd `kds (020:-023>) kd Ldrk`h @ S`rce
S`rce, ce W`hv`cdr, gul` gdhuk` m`kte-
ve, sem`k`hmekte, ` segæçd ce grítbg` bktbtuh`c` ‘Jdmeks e Dor`s”, gdkstbtubkcd
um refbstrd gdkst`kte e pr`tbg`mekte gdmphetd ce tucd d que ce m`bs sbfkbg`tbvd
`gdktegeu k` O`jb`, k`s àre`s c` hbter`tur` e `rte. Gdksuht` cbspdkíveh em jttp<//
bhustresc`o`jb`.ohdfspdt.gdm.or/?103/1?/0>?-g`rhds-gjb`ggjbdT??.jtmh.. @gessd
bhustresc`o`jb`.ohdfspdt.gdm.or/?103/1?/0>?-g`rhds-gjb`ggjbdT??.jtmh
em 05 m`r. ?106.
>0 Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p.?12.
>? Gn. Ldrk`h @ S`rce
S`rce. W`hv`cdr. 1? m`r.02?5, p.?. Frbnds meus.
>7 Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p. ?1?.
20
gdktextd â que, sefukcd Højkbkf, ds pdhbgb`bs que `hæ`v`m d tdpd
jberàrqubgd k` pdhígb` ‗ cehef`cd du suocehef`cd ‗ vb`m k` su` `ssd-
gb`æçd cbret` `d G`kcdmohâ um` ndrm` ce se `utdprdmdverem, f`-
kj`kcd vbsbobhbc`ce kçd s÷ cektrd c` ehbte gdrpdr`tbv`, m`s t`moâm
em su`s vbkguh`æões e pdssívebs `rtbguh`æões gdm d pdcer pdhítbgd k`
gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr
W`hv`cdr..>3
D prestífbd sdgb`h ce p`bs e mçes ce s`ktd cest`g`-se kd gdk-
textd c` sdgbec`ce o`b`k` ektre `s câg`c`s ce 0271 e 0231 cd sâguhd
ZZ. @ títuhd ce exemphd, cep`r`md-kds gdm `s reh`æões ce prdxbmb-
c`ce e `mbz`ce ektre d Bktervektdr Lur`gy M`f`hjçes e d s`gercdte
cd O`te Ndhj` M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd9 ce Mçe @kbkj` gdm
Dsv`hcd @r`kj`, gjene c` G`s` Gbvbh cd ektçd Qresbcekte ^`rf`s9 cd
Serrebrd cd F`ktdbs gdm mâcbgds rekdm`cds c` N`guhc`ce O`b`k`
ce Mecbgbk`, ` exemphd ce Kbk` _dcrbfues, @rtjur _`mds e Jds`-
k`jj ce Dhbvebr`.>5 K` pesqubs` re`hbz`c` pdr Højkbkf, gdkst`t`-se
que ` cur` persefubæçd pdhbgb`h ce Qecrbtd kçd `tbkfe ds terrebrds cd
F`ktdbs, c` G`s` Or`kg` e cd @ndklà. D prestífbd sdgb`h e pdhítbgd
cess`s g`s`s ce s`ktd prdv`vehmekte ndb cegbsbvd kd sektbcd ce gdk-
ter um` bktervekæçd
b ktervekæçd pdhbgb`h, hev`kcd-se em gdksbcer`æçd pehd mekds
`tâ d `kd ce 0276. @tâ ektçd, ` pdhígb` reprbmb` e `frecb` d pdvd ce
s`ktd, doserv`kcd `hfum`s
`hfu m`s exgeæões que fdz`v`m ce gertd ‘prestífbd
‘prestífbd
s÷gbd-pdhítbgd”, ekqu`ktd ds ldrk`bs puohbgbz`v`m um cbsgursd bced-
h÷fbgd gdktr` d G`kcdmohâ. Kesse gdktextd, c` câg`c` ce 0271 cd
sâguhd ZZ, â que cbversds `utdres o`b`kds c`rçd bkígbd ` cbsgussões
sdore um` supdst` cbnerekæ` r`gb`h e su`s gdksequìkgb`s k`qubhd que
se vb` gdmd `v`kæd du retrdgessd guhtur`h.>> Qergeoe-se um` hekt` e
fr`cu`h muc`kæ` ce cbsgursds sdgb`bs sdore ` ndrm` ce se ekg`r`r `
guhtur` cds pdvds e pdpuh`æões kefr`s kd Or`sbh, d que `ktegece d BB
Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd em 0276.
>3 Bobc.
>5 Gn. HØJKBKF, @. dp. gbt., p. ?1?-?17.
>> Bobc. p. ?15.

2?
 Em sum`, bcektbgd que `s tàtbg`s m`bs nrequektes utbhbz`c`s
peh`s hbcer`kæ`s cd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd, cb`kte cd `p`rehjd lurícbgd
repressbvd cd Est`cd, g`mbkj`m bkbgb`hmekte peh` hdg`hbz`æçd ter-
rbtdrb`h ce `hfuks Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs, em esp`æds que tbkj`m
cbnígebs `gessds. Cur`kte `s o`tbc`s pdhbgb`bs, sbtu`æões ce gdmpdrt`-
mektds bkn`ktbhbz`cds ce memords bktefr`ktes em Serrebrds ce G`k-
cdmohâs, `ssdgb`cds ` um esp`æd mubtd m`bs ce gukjd geheor`tbvd
cd que rehbfbdsd, `g`o`m exemphbg`kcd, pdr su` vez, tàtbg`s sutbs
ce preserv`r ds guhtds `nrd-or`sbhebrds k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd
ZZ. Ser memord c`s sdgbec`ces lurícbg`s hbf`cds á gdrpdr`æçd pdhb-
gb`h e gdkt`r gdm d prestífbd cds fu`rcbões (g`nurbkfdm`s/xbg`r`kfd-
m`s) cds terrebrds, pdr gdkt` cds víkguhds sdgb`bs e ce `mbz`ces gdm
hbcer`kæ`s pdhítbg`s, cemdkstr`m que d pdvd ce s`ktd sduoe kefd-
gb`r, e mubtd oem pdr sbk`h. D refbstrd lurícbgd k` ndrm` ce `ssdgb`-
æçd du sdgbec`ce oekegekte, vdht`c` p`r` g`rbc`ce e `pdbd gdmukb-
gdmukb-
tàrbd, `test` que ds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ utbhbz`r`m c`s pr÷prb`s
hebs que permbtb`m ` ndrm`æçd ce ektbc`ces ce gukjd h`ktr÷pbgd. E
pdr m, ` tàtbg` sbkgrâtbg` ce guhtds equbv`hektes gdm d g`tdhbgbsmd
e d espbrbtbsmd. Ess` tàtbg` `g`odu servbkcd ce equbp`r`æçd per`kte
` Gdkstbtubæçd ce 023>, em que est`v` exphbgbt`cd que ` hboerc`ce ce
guhtds kd Or`sbh ceverb` ser respebt`c`.
Ektre `s estr`tâfb`s
estr`tâfb` s est`oehegbc`s pehd Est`cd e peh` Qdhígb`, `u-
xbhb`cd peh` Bmpreks` hdg`h, kum` reh`æçd ce pdcer e eknrekt`mek-
td cb`kte c`s tàtbg`s utbhbz`c`s pehds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs k`
prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ (020>-023:), ndb pdssíveh est`oeheger
um qu`crd síktese, gdkndrme ` Nbfur` 3. Esse qu`crd â g`p`z ce ce-
mdkstr`r `tâ que pdktd `s repdrt`feks, vebguh`c`s em perb÷cbgds c`
g`pbt`h o`b`k`, gdkstruír`m bm`feks e represekt`æões que (ces) qu`-
hbg`v`m ` pdpuh`æçd `nrdcesgekcekte e su`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s. @s
repdrt`feks r`r`mekte mekgbdk`r`m e/du espegbg`r`m `s k`æões
ce G`kcdmohâs. D ndgd cds refbstrds
refbstrds ndb mubtd m`bs cbregbdk`cd p`r`
ds sulebtds pr`tbg`ktes e ds hdg`bs c`s pràtbg`s.
27
 Nbfur` 3 ‗ Cb`fr`m` síktese cds títuhds c`s repdrt`feks em ldrk`bs o`b`kds
o`b` kds `
respebtd c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s ‗ 020> ` 023:.

Ndkte<
Ndkte< Ldrk`bs @ S`rce9
S`rce9 Cbàrbd ce Kdtígb`s9 D Est`cd c` O`jb`. (020>-023:).

Nbg` evbcekte que ektre 020> ` 02?> `s `ssdgb`æões est`oehegbc`s

peh` bmpreks` p`r` ds pr`tbg`ktes ce G`kcdmohâs `pdkt`m ds sulebtds
gdmd sekcd h`crões, v`f`oukcds, gur`kcebrds e gj`rh`tões. Er`m es-
p`æds gdktr` ` drcem mdr`hbz`kte, rephetds ce o`ruhjd, oerrebrds e frb-
t`rb`s kervds`s. Là ektre `s 02?6 ` 0276, esses esp`æds ndr`m `ssdgb`cds
gdmd sekcd hdg`bs ce `hf`z`rr`, dkce d ldfd cd obgjd e d usd ce `rm`s
prdbobc`s gbrguh`v`m nrequektemekte. Ds nestelds `gdmp`kj`cds peh`s
o`tbc`s gdktbku`v`m sekcd vbkguh`cds gdmd esp`æds ce cesdrcem sd-
gb`h. Bssd kçd se cbnere cds `cletbvds utbhbz`cds peh` bmpreks` ektre 027:
e 023:. Wbtu`æões sçd mekgbdk`c`s, gdmd ds G`kcdmohâs estçd bkserb-
cds em esp`æds ce `tekt`cds gdktr` d sdssefd, em vbrtuce cd o`ruhjd
prdvdg`cd
prdv dg`cd peh`s nest`s. ^`he ` pek` ress`ht`r um `spegtd
`spegt d que cbnerekgb` `
pdsbæçd c` bmpreks` em k`bs c` câg`c` ce 0231< d G`kcdmohâ p`ss` `
ser vbstd du `pdkt`cd gdmd sekcd nrutd ce guhtd netbgjbst` `nrd-or`sbheb-

23
rd. @hfum`s repdrt`feks, mesmd que ce ndrm` tímbc`, gdmeæ`m ` gdr-
respdkcer ds rbtu`bs ` um` sebt`/rehbfbçd, sekcd bkghusbve `pdkt`cds `h-
fuks cesses Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs gdmd `n`m`cds, e que, pdrt`ktd,
fdz`v`m ce gertd prestífbd sdgb`h, ` pdktd ce kçd sdnrerem bktervekæões
c` Qdhígb`. Ess`s gdkst`t`æões, pdr um h`cd, reveroer`m resuht`cds ce
pesqubs`s re`hbz`c`s pdr Hujbkbkf, Or`f` e Ecm`r W`ktds, e, pdr dutrd
h`cd, kds `luc`m
`luc`m ` rendræ`r e/du
e/du `mphb`r d ukbversd c`s estr`tâfb`s `cd-
t`c`s pehd Est`cd e `s tàtbg`s utbhbz`c`s pehd pdvd ce s`ktd, sdoretucd
cur`kte d perídcd cd Est`cd Kdvd ^`rfubst`. Sdmemds pdr exemphd á
refuh`rbz`æçd lurícbg` cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, est`oehegbc` sdo ` ndrm`
ce `ssdgb`æçd regre`tbv` e gdmukbtàrb`.
G`oe `bkc` cest`g`r que, sdo d pdktd ce vbst` c`s reh`æões bkter-
-k`æões ektre ds G`kcdmohâs o`b`kds, jà `bkc` dutrds cbsgursds gdks-
truícds ` p`rtbr c` supdst` suprem`gb` e jefemdkb` cds G`kcdmohâs
K`fós-L
K`fós -Leles,
eles, em cetrbmektd cds G`kcdmoh
G`kcdmohâs âs Gdkfd
Gdkfd,, @kfdh`
@ kfdh` e Gdkfd
G dkfd--
-@kfdh`. Cur`kte ` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, p`rege ser ` p`rtbr
cds `kds 0231 que ds cbsgursds gbektígds est`oehegbcds f`kj`m gdk- gdk-
tdrkds mubtd m`bs vdht`cds p`r` um` `rm`æçd bkterâtkbg` e pdhítbg`.
@ re`hbz`æçd cds Gdkfressds @nrd-or`sbhebrds, dgdrrbcds k`s câg`c`s ce
0271 k`s gbc`ces ce _egbne (0273) e W`hv`cdr (0276), c`rçd bkígbd, mes-
md que ce ndrm` tìkue, ` um` estebr`
e stebr` te÷rbg` ce `odrc`feks ekvdhv
ekvdhvekcd
ekcd
t`moâm questões hbf`c`s ` etkdfìkese, purez`, `nrbg`kbsmd, sbkgretbs-
md, mestbæ`fem, jborbcbsmd.
j borbcbsmd.

25
 BBB
@ @SU@ÆÇD CD
CDW W G@KCDMOHÂW
O@B@KDW E D BB GDKF_EWWD
@N_ D-O_@WBHEB_D< _EH@ÆÕEW
N_D
CE S_DG@W EKS_E @KFDH@W,
LELEW E K@FÓW

26
C br-se-b` que se gdkfur`v` um` espâgbe ce ehbte rehbfbds` kd
G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd kess` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, que,
`hâm ce prdgur`r `prdxbm`æões gdm ` purez` K`fó, du essekgb`hbs-
md, grbdu víkguhds ce pdcer p`r` sustekt`r reh`æões bktr` e bkter-k`-
æões rehbfbds`s. @ g`tefdrb` ce ‘purez` c` `sgekcìkgb` `nrbg`k`” â
ìmbg` kds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ, gdkndrme sustekt` Oe`trbz C`k-
t`s.0 Qergeoe-se ` kegessbc`ce ce regdkjeger cetermbk`cds v`hdres
c` jer`kæ` `nrbg`k` kd sektbcd ce gdmpdr ` bceb` ce k`æçd que se
cehbkeb` k` câg`c` ce 0271 kd Or`sbh. D que està em ldfd â um re-
gdkjegbmektd c` jer`kæ` `nrbg`k` e bssd tem um preæd. @quehe que
ndr d m`bs purd, d cbnerekte, â que prev`hegerà. Em sum`, ` cbkïmbg`
rehbfbds` â perp`ss`c` pdr estr`tâfb`s ce gdktrdhe ce drcem pdhítbg`.
Mesmd hev`kcd em gdksbcer`æçd jber`rqub`s e gh`ssbg`æões
est`oehegbc`s ` p`rtbr ce g`tefdrb`s, t`bs gdmd ‘purez`” e ‘mbstur`”
k`s reh`æões bkter-k`æões cektrd cd G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd, â evbcekte
que, ` p`rtbr
p`rtb r c` câg`c` ce 0271,
0271, d G`kcdmohâ
G`kcdmohâ c` O`jb` f`kj`
f`kj`rà
rà ndræ`
` p`rtbr cds estucds re`hbz`cds pdr @rtjur _`mds e Ecbsdk G`rkeb-
rd, gdkt`kcd gdm d `pdbd ce s`gercdtes e s`gercdtbs`s gdmd Ehbseu
M`rtbkb`kd cd Odmm, Mçe @kbkj`, M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd cd O`te
Ndhj`, M`kueh N`henà, cektre dutrds, que brçd drf`kbz`r d evektd e
puohbg`r textds kds @k`bs cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd. @ câg`c`
ce 0271 p`rege ser um gekàrbd bce`h p`r` se gdmpdr um k`gbdk`hbsmd

0 @ tese ce prdmdæçd c` purez` pehds bktehegtu`bs er` t`moâm um` ndrm` ce ‘fhdrb-
g`æçd” guhtur`h e sdgb`h. Gn. C@KS@W, O. F. dp. gbt., p.06?.

22
guhtur`h. Kess` gdkstruæçd, ` jer`kæ` cd kefrd teve um p`peh cest`-
g`cd. Ce `gdrcd gdm Oe`trbz C`kt`s<
Y...] se ` ex`ht`æçd c` guhtur` kefr` ndb us`c` p`r` grb`r um` guhtur` k`gbdk`h,
` fhdrbg`æçd cd `nrbg`kd, m`bs espegbg`mekte cd K`fó, servb` p`r` m`rg`r
cbnerekæ`s refbdk`bs, pdbs er` kd Kdrceste, p`rtbguh`rmekte k` O`jb`, que ds
`nrbg`kbsmds er`m vbstds gdmd tekcd-se gdkserv`cd gdm m`bdr cehbc`ce.?

^`he ress`ht`r que d BB Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd, que gdktdu

gdm ` gddrcek`æçd ce Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, gdkrm` ` emerfìkgb` ce
cbsgussões ce tem`s que p`ss`m pehd p`peh e nukæçd cd kefrd k` sd-
gbec`ce or`sbhebr`. @ p`rtbgbp`æçd ce pesqubs`cdres gdmd Jersidvbts
e Qbersdk e ce müsbgds
müsbgds gdmd G`m`rfd Fu`rkbêre
Fu`rk bêre e Nrutudsd
Nrutudsd ^b`kk`,
^b`k k`,
v`b, lukt`mekte gdm ` presekæ` cds s`gercdtes e s`gercdtbs`s là mek-
gbdk`cds, f`r`ktbr um` emp`tb` kd mebd sdgb`h or`sbhebrd. Jà um`
espâgbe ce bkterseæçd e `fhutbk`æçd ce bkteresses ektre `s k`æões cds
G`kcdmohâs k` O`jb` em k`bs cds `kds 0271 cd sâguhd ZZ, que dr`
tekt`v`m `v`kæ`r p`r` `hâm cd k`fdgektrbsmd, dr` d rendræ`v`m. Ds
textds cds s`gercdtes `nrd-or`sbhebrds que ndr`m puohbg`cds kds `k`bs
ceste Gdkfressd sçd gdksbcer`cds ds prbmebrds cbsgursds püohbgds
sdore d G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd, prdcuzbcds t`moâm pehd pdvd ce s`ktd.7
D Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd ce 0276 teve gdmd gerke ` hut`
gdktr` ` dpressçd pdhbgb`h e gdktr` ` perc` c`s tr`cbæões `nrbg`k`s.
@mo`s terçd ` p`rtbgbp`æçd ce bktehegtu`bs. Ds gj`m`cds terrebrds
tr`cbgbdk`bs ‗ pr÷xbmds c` purez` K`fó ‗ gdksefub`m
gdksefub` m g`r ` s`hvd
s` hvd c`
repressçd pdhbgb`h, que bkgbcb`
b kgbcb` ce ndrm` m`bs vbdhekt` sdore ds ‘bmpu-
rds” du kçd v`hdrbz`cds. Pu`ktd `ds prep`r`tbvds que `ktegecer`m
á re`hbz`æçd cd evektd, â pdssíveh bcektbg`r em memords drf`kbz`-
drf`kbz`-
cdres c`quehe gdkfressd um` vdkt`ce express` em prdmdver um`
bfu`hc`ce c`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s cb`kte c`s cem`bs que
gdexbstb`m k`quehe mdmektd c` jbst÷rb` cd Or`sbh. @ dpbkbçd cd o`-
o`h`ó M`rtbkb`
M`rtbkb`kd
kd Ehbseu cd Odkm, em ektrektrevbst`
evbst` bktermecb`c`
bktermecb`c` pdr
Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, p`r` d ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`, kds mdstr` ess`
? C@KS
C@KS@W,@W, O. F. dp. gbt., p.050.
7 Gn. G@WSBHJD, H. E. dp. gbt., p. 070.
011
`tbtuce e vdkt`ce ce prdmdver um sektbmektd ce respebtd e tdherïk-
gb` sdore ds guhtds e ds gdstumes c`s rehbfb
rehbfbões
ões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s.
` nrbg`k`s.3
D ndgd c`s cbsgussões kd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd cbregbd-
k`cd p`r` ` hboerc`ce rehbfbds` t`moâm â rendræ`cd pehd S`t` Hdkcb-
rà - Ldçd c` Qecr` Qret`, m`bs gdkjegbcd
g dkjegbcd gdmd Ldçdzbkjd
Ldçdzbkjd c` Fdmeb`,
F dmeb`,
hícer ce um G`kcdmohâ @kfdh`. Ekn`tbz` d `ousd k`s gdor`kæ`s c`s
hbgekæ`s p`r` nukgbdk`mektd
nu kgbdk`mektd cds terrebrds em cb`s ce geheor`æçd, `
`rr-
m`kcd que kçd jà cbnerekæ` ektre rehbfbões ce or`kgds e ce kefrds.
Ndb um `fekte `rrefbmekt`cdr que gdktrboubu ce mdcd sbfkbg`tbvd
p`r` um odm cesempekjd cd Gdkfressd. ^estuàrbds, bkstrumektds
e represekt`ktes ce su` g`s` ce s`ktd estbver`m presektes.5
@bkc` pdr dg`sbçd cds prep`r`tbvds p`r` ` re`hbz`æçd cd BB
Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd, jà refbstrds ce grítbg` est`oehegbc` pdr
Fbhoertd Nrebre, respdksàveh peh` drf`kbz`æçd cd B Gdkfressd @nrd-
-or`sbhebrd, re`hbz`cd em _egbne em 0273. S`bs grítbg`s est`v`m nuk-
c`c`s pdr lustbg`tbv`s e regebds cd sdgb÷hdfd. Um cds fr`kces re- re-
gebds cd bktehegtu`h reh`gbdk`v`-se `ds pr`zds p`r` `presekt`æões cds
tr`o`hjds9 trìs `kds serb` mubtd pdugd p`r` se `v`kæ`r kds estucds
gbektígds sdore d tem` c`s rehbfbões cds kefrds kd Or`sbh. @ssdgb`
seu regebd ` um` pdssíveh bmprdvbs`æçd cd Gdkfressd. Dutrd pdktd
ce grítbg` reg`b sdore `s reh`æões ce prdxbmbc`ce ektre ds drf`kbz`-
cdres cd gdkfressd e d Fdverkd cd Est`cd c` O`jb`, sdoretucd pdr
gdkt` c` bktervekæçd k`kgebr`. D sdgb÷hdfd ektekcb` que, k`queh`
gdkluktur`, er` bmpdrt`kte p`r` ` `g`cemb` que ds bktehegtu`bs kçd
se suometessem ` qu`hquer drf`kbz`æçd pdhítbg`-p`rtbcàrb`, pdbs bssd
3 Gn. M@_PUEW, G. ce @. Kd mukcd mukcd gjebd ce mysterbds cds espbrbtds e ‘p`es-ce-
-s`ktd”. M`rtbkb`kd ‗ ‘o`o`hó” e prdnessdr ce bkfhez. @mbfd ce Kbk` _dcrbfues e
hjd ce `nrbg`kds ‗ K`sgbcd kd Or`sbh e ecug`cd em H`fds ‗ _espebt`kcd ` rehbfbçd
cds Q`es e d ‘refumek” ‗ D Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd ce _egbne e d que se re`hbz`rà
k` O`jb` ‗ \`kf`kcd gdm Ldrfe @m`cd e regdrc`kcd ‘Q`e @cçd” Gdpyrbfjt cds
‘Cbàrbds @ssdgb`cds”. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. W`hv`cdr. 03 m`b. 027>.
5 Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. D mukcd rehbfbdsd cd kefrd c` O`jb`. ‘Est`cd c`
O`jb`” kds cdmíkbds cd p`e-ce-s`ktd Ldçd c` Qecr` Qret` ‗ D G`kcdmohâ c` Fd-
mâ` ‗ Q`e-ce-s`ktd `ds 05 `kkds ‗ 1 ?¼. Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd ‗ ‘Pue cbnnerekæ`
jà ektre ` rehbfbçd cds or`kgds e ` rehbfbçd cds kefrds4” ‗ D G`kcdmohâ cdmbk`...
W`hv`cdr. 16 `fd. 027>, p. 5.
010
gdmprdmeterb` ` bmp`rgb`hbc`ce cd evektd e seus pdssívebs cescd-
or`mektds.> E Fbhoertd Nrebre ress`ht` d `v`kæd prdmdvbcd p`r` ds
estucds sdore d kefrd, seus gdstumes e pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s e guhtur`bs.
Sbr` c` sdmor` ` p`t`hdfbz`æçd obdh÷fbg` ce bknerbdrbc`ce cd kefrd
e cd muh`td e cbsgute gdmd sekcd um` questçd ce ces`luste sdgb`h.
Ce `gdrcd gdm d ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`6, â k` prbmebr`
qubkzek` ce l`kebrd ce 0276 que tìm bkígbd ds tr`o`hjds gbektígds
cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd, reukbcds kd Bkstbtutd Fedfràgd
e Jbst÷rbgd c` O`jb`. Em seu prbmebrd cb` ce tr`o`hjd, `s sessões
sugessbv`s, peh` m`kjç
m`k jç e peh` t`rce,
t` rce, ndr`m
ndr`m presbcbc`s respegtbv`mek-
respegtbv` mek-
te pehd prdnessdr Cdk`hc Qbersdk, c` Ukbversbc`ce ce Gjbg`fd, e pehd
gdmpdsbtdr G`m`rfd Fu`rkbere, represekt`kte cd Cep`rt`mektd ce
Guhtur` c` Qrenebtur` Mukbgbp`h ce Wçd Q`uhd. @hâm cbssd, ndr`m
hbc`s bmpdrt`ktes gdmukbg`æões gbektíg`s ce Hedpdhcd Oettbdh, O`- O`-
sbheus C`kvbpâ
C` kvbpâ e Ldçd ^`rehh`,
^`rehh`, e m`bs ` ce M`kueh
M` kueh Cbefues Lukbdr,
Lukbdr, sd-
ore ‘C`ks`s `nrbg`k`s kd kdrceste”, ce M`rtbkb`kd cd Odkm, sdore
d ceus ükbgd cds kefrds Róruoàs, e ce _do`hbkjd G`v`hg`ktb sdore
d `bkjum (r`kjur`s) kds `kükgbds ce kefrds nufbcds. G`oe cest`g`r
kesse prbmebrd cb` cd evektd ` p`rtbgbp`æçd ce bktehegtu`bs or`sbhebrds
t`bs gdmd ds esgrbtdres Ldrfe @m`cd, Gh÷vbs @mdrbm e Ldçd G`h`-
s`ks e d gdmpdsbtdr Nrugtudsd ^b`kk`. Gdktdu-se `bkc` gdm ` Wrª
Gurvehhd ce Mekcdkæ`, represekt`kcd d prdn prdnessdr
essdr L`gques-
L`gques-_`ymuk-
_`ymuk-
cd, cd Gdhâfbd Cdm Qecrd BB.
C`kcd gumprbmektd `d seu prdfr`m`, ds memords cd Gdk-
fressd vbsbt`r`m, kd cb` 07 ce l`kebrd, ds ‘terrebrds” ce Qrdg÷pbd e cd
Ekfekjd ^ehjd. Gjef`cds `d ‘terrebrd” ce Qrdg÷pbd ás 02j71mbk,
á meb`-kdbte p`rtb`m ds gdkfressbst`s p`r` d Ekfekjd ^ehjd, dkce
> Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. Em tdrkd cd sefukcd Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd.
N`h`kcd `d ‘Cb`rbd ce Qerk`mougd”, d esgrbptdr Fbhoertd Nreyre cbz cd seu regebd
que d gert`me se m`rque pdr cenebtds ce gdbs`s bmprdvbs`c`s. W`hv`cdr. 07 kdv.027>.
kdv.027>.
6 Gn. Ldrk`h Est`cd c` O`jb`. 07.10.0276. `kkd ^, kd. 7. D cb` ce jdktem cd Gdk-
fressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. @s tjeses cbsgutbc`s k`s sessões ‗ @ vbsbt` `ds terrebrds ce
Qrdgdpbd e cd Ekfekjd ^ehjd ‗ D prdfr`m` p`r` jdle. p.?.

01?
gjef`r`m pdr vdht` ce um` jdr` c` m`cruf`c`. _egeobcds gdm p`h-
m`s peh` kumerds` `ssbstìkgb`, ds gdkfressbst`s perm`keger`m `tâ
`s 3j71mbk c` m`kjç. Ektre ehes, gdkt`v`m-se ds sr. Luhbd Q`terkds-
trd e su` Wrª., d tekekte Odrfes Ndrtes e su` Wrª., `cvdf`cd Àhv`rd
MgCdwehh ce Dhbvebr`, prdnessdr`s @m`kc` K`sgbmektd e Hyfb`
Hemds, ds esgrbtdres Ecbsdk G`rkebrd e @yc`kd cd Gdutd Nerr`z e
_efbk`hcd Fubm`rçes, `hâm cds bktehegtu`bs `gbm` gbt`cds e vàrbds
estuc`ktes.
@ p`rtbgbp`æçd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, s`gercdte
cd O`te Ndhj`, cur`kte ds evektds que geheor`r`m ` re`hbz`æçd cd BB
Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd, està m`rg`c` kçd s÷ k` puohbg`æçd cds
@k`bs c`quehe evektd, gdmd t`moâm k`s gerbmókb`s nestbv`s dgdrrb-
c`s, gdmd em 07 ce l`kebrd<
@s 0: jdr`s, em dmkbous, sefubr`m ds gdkfressbst`s p`r` d M`t`tu
Fr`kce, dkce `ssbstbr`m, kd G`kcdmohâ ce Qrdg÷pbd, ` oehh` nest`
ce Dfum espegb`hmekte drf`kbz`c` p`r` gdkstbtubr um cds küme-
guhtur`h. @hb se ekgdktr`v`m
rds cd prdfr`mm` cd fr`kce gert`mek guhtur`h.
t`moâm, d ‘p`e ce s`ktd” Oerk`rcbkd O`te Ndhj` que tr`l`v` gdmd
Qrdg÷pbd, rbg` bkcumektàrb` `nrbg`k`.
`nrbg`k`. @ds presektes, `p÷s `s c`ks`s e ds
gïktbgds, ndr`m servbcds exgehhektes pr`tds c` guhbkàrb` `nrd-o`jb`k`. Ce-
m`kc`r`m, em sefubc`, ds gdkfressbst`s `d Ekfekjd ^ehjd ` m ce `ssbstbr `
um` dutr` nest` d mesmd fìkerd, t`moâm o`st`kte `kbm`c` que se prdhdkf`
`tâ ` m`kjç ce jdle.:

Qdr gdkt` c`s nest`s prdmdvbc`s k` kdbte `kterbdr kds G`k-

cdmohâ ce Qr÷g÷pbd e cd Ekfekjd ^ehjd que `v`kæ`r`m peh` m`-
cruf`c`, ` sessçd cd cb` 03 ce l`kebrd se ceu sdmekte ` p`rtbr c`s
03j71mbk, kd g`mpd ce o`sieto`hh cd Ghuoe ce _ef`t`s Bt`p`fbpe.
Qrdfr`mdu-se um` cemdkstr`æçd
cemdkstr`æçd ce s`mo`
s` mo` `nrbg`kd
`nrbg` kd `ds gubc`cds cd
p`b ce s`ktd
s` ktd Ldçd ce
ce Qecr` Qret`. Á kdbte, ds gdkfressbst`s vbsbt`r`m
vbsbt` r`m d
Gektrd Gruz W`kt` cd Bhì @xâ Dpó @ndklà, ce Cdk` @kbkj`, em Wçd
Fdkæ`hd cd _etbrd,
_etbrd, s`bkcd
s`b kcd ` m`rbkete espegb`h c` Qr`æ` Mukbgbp`h ás
: Gn. Ldrk`h @ S`rce. ?¼. Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. ^`rb`s tjeses `presekt`c`s e
`pprdv`c`s k`s cu`s sessões ce jdktem ‗ _egeobcds ds gdkfressbst`s pehds fr`kces
G`kcdmohâs c` O`jb`. W`hv`cdr. 07 l`k.0276. Frbnds meus.

017
02j. Kd cb` 0505 ce l`kebrd, jduve
jduve nest`s ce gdksbceràveh
gdksbceràveh bmpdrtïkgb`,
prbkgbp`hmekte p`r` ds gdkfressbst`s ce dutrds est`cds e estucbdsds
cd `nrbg`kbsmd kd Or`sbh. Qeh` m`kjç, dgdrreu t`moâm, kd g`mpd ce
o`sieto`hh cd Ghuoe ce _ef`t`s Bt`p`fbpe, um` cemdkstr`æçd ce g`-
pdebr` ce @kfdh`, hut` netbgjbst` cds kefrds gektrd-`nrbg`kds c` O`j-
b`. @s ‘rdc`s” ndr`m cbrbfbc`s pdr W`mueh Puerbcd ce Ceus, gdk-
sbcer`cd pdr seus p`res gdmd d mehjdr g`pdebrbst` c` O`jb`, e teve
`bkc` ` p`rtbgbp`æçd ce O`rods`, Dkæ` Qret`, Luvek`h, \eppehbk, Ou-
f`b`, Nerk`kces, Eutygjbd, Kekek, \eb, @mordsbd, O`rrdsd, @rtjur
M`ttds, _`pj`eh, Ecf`rc, C`mbçd e dutrds `ceptds c` fr`kce `rte
ce M`kf`kfà. K` t`rce cd cb` 05 ce l`kebrd, `s m`rbketes espegb`bs e
ds gdkfressbst`s exgursbdk`r`m `tâ ` hdg`hbc`ce ce Wçd O`rtdhdmeu,
dkce d G`kcdmohâ c` Fdmeb`, cd ‘p`b ce s`ktd” Ldçd c` Qecr` Qret`
re`hbzdu
re`hb zdu um` nest`
nest` ‘netbgjbst`”,
‘netbgjbst`”, k` g`gjdebr` cd fr`kce s`ktd. E pdr
m, em sessçd drcbkàrb`, á kdbte, kd Bkstbtutd Fedfràgd e Jbst÷rb-
Jbst÷rb -
gd c` O`jb`, dgdrrer`m hebtur`s c`s teses ce @rtjur _`mds, Cdk`hc
Qbersdk, L`gques-_`ymukcd
L`gques-_`ymukcd,, ce Ldçd G`h`z`ks,
G`h` z`ks, ce @yc`kd
@yc`kd cd Gdutd
Nerr`z e ce Ecbsdk G`rkebrd.
Ds p`rtbgbp`ktes cd Gdkfressd ce 0276, reukbcds k` O`jb`, vb-
sbt`r`m gektrds ce guhtd `nrd-or`sbhebrd, `ssbstbr`m ` `presekt`æões
ce g`pdebr` e ce s`mo` e ` gerbmókb`s cd guhtd, jdmek`fe`r`m `
mem÷rb` ce Kbk` _dcrbfues e, sdoretucd, prdtest`r`m gdktr` ` bk-
ternerìkgb` pdhbgb`h kd G`kcdmohâ, gh`m`kcd pdr hboerc`ce rehbfbds`
p`r` d exergígbd ce seus rbtds. Ce `gdrcd gdm Qbersdk, kesses cdbs
Gdkfressds, gdmd là mekgbdk`cd, d gdkbtd r`gb`h kçd â evbcekgb`cd.
D `utdr gj`m` `tekæçd p`r` trìs tr`o`hjds `presekt`cd em _egbne
em 0273, cest`g`kcd ds sefubktes< @ mestbæ`fem kd Or`sbhOr`sbh gdmd n`tdr
n`tdr
eufìkbgd99 Ds mestbæds e d prdo
eufìkbgd prdohem`
hem` c`
c ` cefekeresgìkgb`9 @ g`us` sdgb`h
sdgb `h
c` cefekeresgìkgb` em dpdsbæçd á g`us` r`gb`h. Esses trìs tr`o`hjds,
que evbcektemekte se renerem á questçd, mubt`s vezes cesf`st`c`, c`
reh`æçd c` mbstur` r`gb`h gdm ` cefekeresgìkgb`, bkcbg`m predgup`-

013
æçd gdm este prdohem` kd Or`sbh e, `ssbm, p`regem á prbmebr` vbst`
bmphbg`r um bkteresse peh`s reh`æões r`gb`bs, kd sektbcd gbektígd c`
expressçd.2
Qergeoe-se, kum cds trìs tr`o`hjds `gbm` mekgbdk`cds, um
gdkgerkbmektd gdm reh`æçd `ds gdkt`tds r`gb`bs exbstektes k` gbc`ce
cd W`hv`cdr e seus gdkbtds. D `utdr er` um ldvem ldrk`hbst` ce es-
es -
pírbtd h`ktr÷pbgd. Sr`t`v`-se ce Ecbsdk G`rkebrd. Qrdnukc`mekte
bmpressbdk`cd peh` pdorez` cds setdres pdpuh`res kd Or`sbh. @ssbm,
pdr vdht` ce 0211, Kbk` _dcrbfues, gdkjegekcd bktbm`mekte bkü-
merds `nrbg`kds k` O`jb`, gdu bmpressbdk`cd pehd p`ssd v`f`rdsd
em que ehes e seus cesgekcektes est`v`m `o`kcdk`kcd `s ndrm`s
guhtur`bs `nrbg`k`s, sekcd `ssbmbh`cds `d mukcd
mukcd or`kgd01, e t`moâm
gdksbcer`vehmekte pdr esgrbtdres estr`kfebrds, hev`ktdu ` questçd c`
‘bkg`p`gbc`ce cd kefrd p`r` se `c`pt`r ás gbvbhbz`æões c`s r`æ`s su-
perbdres.”00 Cuvbcdu c` g`p`gbc`ce cd `nrbg`kd p`r` `cdt`r ` gbvbhb-
z`æçd eurdpeb`,
eu rdpeb`, bcektbg`kcd d ‘prdohem`
‘prdohem` kefrd” gdmd
gdmd ` questçd c`<
c `<
Y...] g`p`gbc`ce guhtur`h cds kefrds or`sbhebrds, mebds ce prdmdvì-h` du gdm-
peksà-h`9 prdgurdu bcektbg`r v`hdr sdgbdh÷fbgd e sdgb`h c` gdktrboubæçd cds
`nrbg`kds p`r` `ghbm`r ds eurdpeus á zdk` trdpbg`h, e c` gdkvekbìkgb` ce cbhubr
` pdpuh`æçd pret` gdm prepdkcerïkgb` cd s`kfue or`kgd, que ektçd cbrbfb` d
p`ís.0?

N`tds sbfkbg`tbvds ` respebtd cess`s gdkghusões ce Kbk` _d-

_d-
crbfues pdcem ser ekumer`cds e cest`g`cds. Wefukcd Qbersdk<
0) que t`bs gdkghusões ce m`kebr` kekjum` ces``v`m ` presukæçd gdmu- gdmu -
mekte `gebt` kd Or`sbh, c` bkevbt`obhbc`ce c` mbstur` r`gb`h9 e ?) que qu`kcd
em 027?
027? peh` prbmebr` vez se nez ` puohbg`æçd (p÷stum`) ceste bkquârbtd sdore
` g`p`gbc`ce cd `nrbg`kd e seus cesgektes kd Or`sbh, p`r` `ssbmbh`r ` guhtu-
r` eurdpeb`, bmecb`t`mekte se hev`ktdu um` tempest`ce ce prdtestds9 e p`r`
`m`bkà-h`, cbsgípuhds cecbg`cds ce Kbk` _dcrbfues, cdt`cds ce espírbtd gbek-
tígd, gdmd @rtjur _`mds, luhf`r`m kegessàrbd hemor`r `ds hebtdres que d
‘mestre” tbkj` sbcd bkuekgb`cd pdr ‘n`hsds ïkfuhds ce vbsçd c` gbìkgb` c`
2 Gn. QBE_WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. ?57-?53.
01 Gn. _DC_BFUEW, K.dp. gbt., pp. 316-2 e g`pítuhds ^-^BB.^-^BB. @puc< QBE_WDK, C.
dp. gbt., p. ?53.
00 Gn. _DC_BFUEW, K. dp. gbt., p. 7:5.
0? Gn. QBE_WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. ?53.

015
 âpdg`” em que tr`o`hj`v` e que seus cbsgípuhds estçd oem gbektes ce que ‘`
gbìkgb` ce kdssds cb`s bkrm` ` ex`tbcçd” ce t`bs gdkghusões.07

Qdrt`ktd, t`h gdmd vem `tâ `qub ` estebr` ce `kàhbse c`s reh`æões
r`gb`bs c` sdgbec`ce or`sbhebr`, e ce mdcd espegígd á sdgbec`ce o`b`-
o`b`-
k`, ` predgup`æçd cds bktehegtu`bs or`sbhebrds bkteress`cds pehds `nrbg`-
kds e seus cesgekcek
cesgekcektestes resbcb` em prdo
prdohem`s
hem`s que kçd `quehes surfbcds
cd `trbtd r`gb`h, t`hvez gdm exgeæçd bmphígbt` k` expressçd ‘questões
ce jerecbt`rbec`ce r`gb`h e mbstur` ce r`æ`s” ‗ suferbc`, ce m`kebr`
semehj`kte, pehds títuhds cds trìs ühtbmds tr`o`hjds mekgbdk`cds ek-
tre ds `presekt`cds `d prbmebrd Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. Ektret`k-
td, doserv`kcd-se m`bs cetbc`mekte ` sbtu`æçd, verbg`-se que g`c`
um cestes trìs tr`o`hjds `t`g`v` d pdktd ce que d `nrbg`kd â r`gb`h-
mekte bknerbdr e ce que ` mbstur` r`gb`h hev`v` á cefekeresgìkgb`.03
@ puohbg`æçd cesses `k`bs cd Gdkfressd dgdrrbc` em 0231 gdk-
gektr` ceo`tes `gerg` cd gdmo`te á persefubæçd pdhbgb`h `ds terrebrds,
cesekg`ce`c` ` p`rtbr ce 02?1 k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr e kd _egókg`vd
O`b`kd. Ektret`ktd, `hâm cds `ktrdp÷hdfds, s`gercdtes e s`gercdtbs`s
o`b`kds t`moâm `p`regem gdm `rtbfds puohbgbz`cds. Um` c`s pu-
ohbg`æões, cekdmbk`c` Hbfebr
Hbfebr`` exphbg`æçd sdore ` k`æçd Gdkfd,05 tem
seu refbstrd grecbt`cd `d sekjdr M`kueh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd. D `r-
tbfd està cbvbcbcd em qu`trd p`rtes. @ prbmebr` tr`t` c` cekbæçd cd
que vem ` ser um kibse. D s`gercdte cd O`te Ndhj` `rm` que g`c`
k`æçd tem d seu kibse represekt`cd sbmodhbg`mekte, e ehe â s`ktd c`
cevdæçd. @gresgekt` `bkc` que ds ícdhds pequekds du ce pequek` cb-
meksçd sçd cekdmbk`cds ce Dgjâ du Bgjâ, e bssd cepekce c` k`æçd
07 Gn. _@MDW, @. D kefrd or`sbhebrd. _bd ce L`kebrd, 0273, p.02. @puc< QBE_-
WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. ?53-?55.
03 Gn. QBE_WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. ?55.
05 D s`gercdte cd O`te Ndhj`
Ndhj` kçd er` hbter`t`cd, pehd mekds `tâ ess` c`t`, d que kds
hev` `grecbt`r que d textd puohbg`cd `cvekj` ce um` ektrevbst` gdkgecbc` ` Ecbsdk
G`rkebrd. ^`he ` pek` regdkjeger d esndræd `g`cìmbgd ce E. G`rkebrd kess` puohbg`-
æçd. Gn. Q@BZÇD. M. O. c`. Hbfebr` exphbg`æçd sdore ` k`æçd Gdkfd. BK< D kefrd
kd Or`sbh. Sr`o`hjds `presekt`cds kd ?¼. Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. W`hv`cdr< Gbvb-
hbz`æçd Or`sbhebr`, 0231. p. 732-75>.

01>
k` qu`h d G`kcdmohâ està vbkguh`cd. Ehe `bkc` kds `presekt` kibses
equbv`hektes du gdrrespdkcektes `ds s`ktds g`t÷hbgds, gdmd<
W. @ktdkbd, du sel`, Ukgógb Umgumoe Guguoìhd `kfub9
` kfub9 W. Ldrfe du Gdkgudk-
obre9 W. @kt`k` du Puerì querì qubk`k vàmou9 W. O`ro`r` du O`mouregem`
@kvühu9 W. Lerdkymd du Puboügu9 W. Oektd du Guguìte Bkoâkce G`hukf`9
G`üte9 K. W. c` Gdkgebæçd du G`bàh` me M`modkcu9 W. Nr`kgbsgd du Gjb-
pe`moukcb9 W. G`et`kd du S`rb`kz`zb. Jà um dutrd kibse ‗ G`tekcì, du sel`,
g`bpdr`, um ícdhd `presekt`cd gdm um` s÷ perk`, gdm vestbmekt` ce íkcbd.
Esse kibse â kegessàrbd em tdcd O`rqubgb du s`ktuàrbd dkce cdmbk` d W`ktd.
D kibse Guquâtu (Bem`klà, sbg) tr`z k` g`oeæ` um` f`meh` e cà-se d kdme ce
Bkquìte (kçd us`mds pdrque kçd gjefdu p`r` k÷s) que serve p`r` gdkcuzbr ds
`ttrboutds ce O`mouregem` @kvühu.0>

K` sefukc` p`rte cd `rtbfd, Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd kds exphbg`

e gdkgebtu` `qubhd que vem ` ser um O`rqubgb<
 um s`ktuàrbd dkce cdmbk` d W`ktd e g`kcd gdmmumekte bkst`h`cd kd
bkterbdr c` g`s`. D W`ktd â represekt`cd pdr pecr`s, oüzbds e nr`fmektds ce
nerrd, gdkndrme ` bkvdg`æçd, e ekgerr`cd tucd bssd em urk` ce o`rrd c` gdk-
ndrm`æçd ce um` sdpebr`. _dceb`m d v`sd, qu`rtbkj`s ce t`m`kjds cbversds,
pr`tds, pdrgeh`k`s, eknebtes ce pekk`s e ce p`peh. Kum cds cb`s c` sem`k`
v`rre-se d s`ktuàrbd,
s`ktuàr bd, suostbtue-se
suostbtue-se ` àfu` c`s qu`rtbk
qu` rtbkj`s,
j`s, rekdv`-se
rekdv`-se `s gdmbc`s
cds pr`tds. G`c` bkvdg`æçd tem su` gdmbc` espegb`h. Exemphd< - M`ss`kfu`-
-pbp÷g` gj`m`c` cbgàssü-drdo÷, cbo`kcuh`kfu-g`rurü. @ esse tr`o`hjd, cà-
-se d kdme ce sugur`kqubgb, que quer cbzer c`rc` r àfu` `d s`ktd.06

Là k` tergebr` p`rte cd `rtbfd, M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd

kds `presekt` d prdgessd ce c`r gdmbc` á g`oeæ` cd s`ktd ce cevdæçd
(kibse). Â um` pràtbg` que tem pdr k`hbc`ce s`tbsn`zer um pregebtd,
guld doletbvd â doter s`üce. @s exphbg`æões refbstr`c`s pehd s`gercdte
cd O`te Ndhj` bkcbg`m que, `ktes ce qu`hquer gdbs`, ceve-se bkvdg`r
d s`ktd ce cevdæçd p`r` cesbfk`r quem ceverb` se ekg`rref`r cess`
nukæçd. @tâ pdrque kem tdc`s `s pessd`s tìm permbssçd p`r` pór
` mçd k` g`oeæ` ce dutrem, e sdmekte `queh`s pessd`s gdksbcer`-
c`s ‘hbmp`s” e bkcbg`c`s pehd p`b ce s`ktd â que estçd `utdrbz`cds. E
Oerk`rcbkd cbssert` c` sefubkte m`kebr` d pregebtd
pregebtd<<

0> Gn. Q@BZÇD, M. O. c`. dp. gbt., p. 732.

06 Bobc. p. 732-751.

016
 Y...] Est` gerbmókb` hev`-se ` ennebtd ` gdmeæ`r pehd cbg`làl` (duob) e àfu` nrb`
g`pt`c` kd mesmd cb`. Em dgg`sbçd `pr`z`c`, estekce-se kd gjçd um` esteb-
r`, que â ndrr`c` ce rdup`s or`kg`s. @ pessd` que v`b c`r gdmbc` á g`oeæ`
veste-se ce or`kgd tr`zekcd kds jdmords um` td`hj` du hekædh. Ce pâs cesg`h-
cesg `h-
æds, sekt`-se k` g`cebr`, tekcd `s gdst`s vdht`c`s p`r` ` ru`. Em sefubc`, sdore
` mes`, gdhdg`-se um` qu`rtbkj`
qu`rtbk j` gdm àfu`, um gdpd, um pr`td gdm cbg`làl`s.
@prdxbm`-se ektçd d exegutdr c` gerbmókb`,
ger bmókb`, jdmem du muhjer, jumecege ds
cecds c` mçd cbrebt` k` àfu` c` qu`rtbkj`, o`te trìs vezes k` mçd esquerc`
negj`c` e cbz< l`r`numàk , d que sbfkbg` ‗ ` g`oeæ` cd bkbgb`cd
bk bgb`cd `luce
`luce ` td-
cds e cesg`ks` ` mçd cbrebt` k` g`oeæ` c` bkbgb`kte, d que equbv`he ` bkvdg`r
d `kld c` fu`rc`.0:

Q`r` k`hbz`r d pregebtd, Oerk`rcbkd `gresgekt` que<

Cepdbs d dngb`kte ehev` d pr`td c`s
c` s cbg`làl`s á `htur` c` nrdkte, kum festd ce
dnnerekc`, prdnere `s p`h`vr`s gdrrespdkcektes. Q`rte um cbg`làl`, mdhj`-d,
negj`-d k`s mçds e `gtd gdktbkud ldf`-se kd gjçd. Cepdbs p`rte-se ds dutrds
cbg`làl`s, o`te-se àfu` e gdkserv`-se `hfuks pec`æds cbstrboubkcd-se gdm ds
presektes. @gtd gdktbkud ceve
ceve vbr um`
u m` muhjer que n`z ektref` ce um pdmod,
trìs f`hhbkj`s g`r`muld. Kest` dg`sbçd d mestre ce gerbmó-
f`hhb kj`s ce `kfdh` e um g`r`muld.
kb` g`kt` d pdktd c` g`oeæ`. E `ssbm se prdgess` est` gerbmókb` gdmphet`kcd
gdm `s cem`bs ndrm`hbc`ces.02
D `rtbfd `bkc` gdktemph`, em su` qu`rt` p`rte, gerg` ce sebs
pàfbk`s cecbg`c`s ` um fhdssàrbd. Keh`s jà ?72 (cuzektds e trbkt`
e kdve) veroetes c`s híkfu`s Pubgdkfd/Ibgdkfd e/du Ibmoumcd/
Pubmoukcd em @kfdh`. Ce `gdrcd gdm cdgumekt`æçd cd @KSS,
` híkfu` Pubgdkfd er` n`h`c` `mph`mekte kds terrbt÷rbds ce G`obk-
c`, \`bre, Uífe, Kdrte ce Hu`kc`, Kdrceste ce M`h`kle, e Kdrdeste
ce Hukc`. Cepdbs c`s híkfu`s Dvbmoukcd e Ibmoukcd, ` híkfu`
Ibgdkfd ndb ` m`bs represekt`tbv`, pehd mekds `tâ 0261, gdm `prdxb-
m`c`mekte
m`c`mek te 511 mbh pessd`s n`h`ktes,?1d equbv`hekte ` 0?% c` pdpu-
h`æçd @kfdh`. @ Nbfur` 5 mdstr` um m`pe`mektd hbkfuístbgd Ibgdk-
fd, `pdkt`kcd ` gdksbceràveh cbversbc`ce bktr`-âtkbg` doserv`c` k`
gdmpdsbæçd ceste frupd.

0: Gn. Q@BZÇD, M. O. c`. dp. gbt., p. 751. Frbnds cd `utdr.

02 Bobc..
?1 Gn. @KSS.
@KSS. _eh`t÷rbd Espegb`h ce Bkndrm`æões, kd. ??. WGGB@-Wervbæds ce Gek-
tr`hbz`æçd, Gddrcek`æçd e Bkndrm`æões ce @kfdh`. Ehemektds sdore d frupd âtkbgd
Ibidkfd. _epüohbg` Qdrtufues`. Qrdvbkgb` ce @kfdh`. Hbvrd kd. 02?, 0261, p. 0.

01:
Nbfur` 5 ‗ Cehbmbt`æçd terrbtdrb`h etkd-hbkfuístbg` Ibgdkfd/Pubgdkfd.

Ndkte< @KSS - WGGB@, @kfdh`, Hbvrd 02?, 0261, p. ?.

Kd g`sd cd `rtbfd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, ekgdktr`m-se suos-

t`ktbvds, `cletbvds, kumer`bs, `cvârobds cektre dutr`s mdrndssbkt`-
xes.?0 Ce `gdrcd gdm Hbs` G`stbhjd, esses vdgàouhds kçd p`regem ter
hbf`æçd qu`hquer gdm d gdtbcb`kd cds terrebrds. Ektret`ktd, ` `utdr`
`hert` p`r` d n`td ce que, sdo ` ÷tbg`
÷tbg` cd cbàhdfd bktertextu`h
bktertext u`h ektre prd-
cuæçd ce estucbdsds e ` cds s`gercdtes, d textd ce Oerk`rcbkd ekgdk-
tr`-se kum` bkstïkgb` pbdkebr`.?? Esse rbgd vdg`ouhàrbd hev`kt`cd pdr
Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd `uxbhb` ` gdmpreekcer `qubhd que Rec` G`strd
cekdmbkdu ‘kívebs sdgbdguhtur`bs ce hbkfu`fem”. Q`r` ` hbkfubst`,
t`bs kívebs represekt`m ehds ce um` g`ceb` bkbkterrupt` sbtu`c` ektre
`s híkfu`s `nrbg`k`s que ndr`m n`h`c`s kd Or`sbh e d pdrtufuìs eurd-

?0 Gdrrespdkce `d kíveh c` estrutur` e/du c` cesgrbæçd hbkfuístbg` que ekfhdo` `

mdrndhdfb` (estucd c`s ndrm`s) e ` sbkt`xe (refr`s ce gdmobk`æçd que refem ` ndr-
m`æçd ce nr`ses).
?? Gn. G@WSBHJD, H. E. dp. gbt., p. 0?2.

012
peu, `rg`bgd e refbdk`h.?7 N
Ndr`m
dr`m bcektbg`cds pdr G`strd
G `strd gbkgd
gb kgd kívebs<
` hbkfu`fem rehbfbds` cds G`kcdmohâs du híkfu`-ce-s`ktd9 ` hbkfu`-
fem c` gdmukbg`æçd usu`h cd pdvd-ce-s`ktd9 ` hbkfu`fem pdpuh`r
c` O`jb`9 ` hbkfu`fem gubc`c` e ce usd gdrrekte, n`mbhb`r k` O`jb`9
e pdr m, d pdrtufuìs cd Or`sbh em fer`h.?3 Qdrt`ktd, d refbstrd ene-
tu`cd pdr Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, pdssbvehmekte ` p`rtbr c` tr`cbæçd dr`h
ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, `g`o` gdktrboubkcd p`r` `mphb`r
d ukbversd s÷gbd-hbkfuístbgd ekvdhvekcd ds n`h`res `nrbg`kds k` O`jb`
k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.
Z Z.

Pu`crd 7 ‗ @hfuks veroetes cd `rtbfd

`r tbfd ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd. ^dg`ouhàrbd
^dg`ouhàrbd
Pubgdkfd-Pubmoukcd-Qdrtufuìs.

^eroetes
Em Pubgdkfd/Pubmoukcd Em Qdrtufuìs
Mdoukcd Kefrd
Mukcdhâ Or`kgd
K`f`kf` W`gercdte
Kfâmoe Odb
Pubm`tukc` Cegìkgb`
_bvümu O`rrbf`
Pubfíh` Qregebtd
M`ksd G`s`
Pubàgjbu M`u
Gjb`moâ Odm
Mógjb Um
B`rb Cdbs
Gukjb Cez
Gukjb me mógjb Dkze
Jàm` Gem
Juhugàfb Mbh
Ndkte< Q@BZÇD, M. O. c`. p. 750-75>, 0231.

?7 Gn. G@WS_D,
G@WS_D , R. Q.
Q. ce ?115, p.62.
?3 Gn. G@WS_
G@WS_D,
D, R. Q.
Q. ce. p. :1.
001
 Qdr gdkt` cds nestelds pdpuh`res dgdrrbcds k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`-
cdr ‗ em vbrtuce c` H`v`f
H `v`fem
em cd Odkm ‗ ds tr`o`hjds cd Gdkfressd
ndr`m suspeksds kd cb` c b` 05 e s÷ retdm`cds kd cb` 02 ce l`kebrd. Gduoe
`d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` re`hbz`r ` nest` ce gdkfr`æ`mektd e k`hbz`-
k`hbz`-
æçd cds tr`o`hjds dgdrrbcds cur`kte d BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd.
K` ühtbm` sessçd `g`cìmbg`, gdkst` d ekgerr`mektd c`s `tbvbc`ces
`g`cìmbg`s kd BFJO, gdm sessçd espegb`h cecbg`c` ` Kbk` _dcrb-
fues. @hâm cbssd, gdktdu-se `bkc` gdm hebtur`s ce textds ce @rtjur
_`mds, Ecbsdk G`rkebrd e Estàgbd ce Hbm`. Á kdbte, pdr vdht` c`s
02j71mbk, ds gdkfressbst`s p`rtbr`m p`r` `ssbstbr ` um` nest` ce gdk-
fr`æ`mektd e ekgerr`mektd cd renerbcd evektd `g`cìmbgd. Sdcds se
ceshdg`r`m
ceshdg`r` m p`r` br
b r `d Serrebrd
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ
hâ O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`. @ m`rbketb
m` rbketb
p`rtbu c` Qr`æ` _bd
_ bd Or`kgd,
Or`kgd, gdm cestbkd `d o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur`.?5
Ds gdkfressbst`s m`rg`r`m presekæ`s kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, mds-
tr`kcd-se ekg`kt`cds gdm ` regepæçd e d orbhjd presekte k`s bkcu-
mektàrb`s c`s hj`s ce s`ktd ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd. Ds
perb÷cbgds hdg`bs cesgrevem kçd s÷ d k`h cd evektd `g`cìmbgd gdmd
t`moâm ekn`tbz` d sektbcd ce nestel`r rehbfbdsd e sdgb`h c`s gdmukb-
c`ces e cds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr, em 0276<
DW GDKF_EWWBWS@W KD G@KCDMOHÂ O@SE NDHJ@. D ‘p`e ce
s`ktd” Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk` rcbkd gjene cd ‘terrebrd” gdkfd cd O`te Ndhj`, dnneregeu, jdktem
` kdbte, um` fr`kce nest` `ds gdkfressbst`s, que c`hb s`ír`m, là ce m`cruf`c`,
ekg`kt`cds gdm ` regepæçd, gdm ` drcem m`ktbc` e gdm d orbhjd c`s c`kæ`s
e c`s vestbmekt`s c`s vàrb`s ‘hj`s ce s`ktd” c`quehe G`kcdmohâ. Ekgerrdu-
Ekgerrdu-
-se, `ssbm, gdm gj`ve ce durd, d Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd c` O`jb`.
O` jb`. ?>

@ Nbfur` >, ` sefubr, kds remdkt` ` um mdmektd ímp`r p`r`

`s gdkfref`æões rehbfbds`s ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s k` O`jb`. Sr`t`-se
cd refbstrd c` vbsbt` ce um` gdmbtbv` que p`rtbgbp`v` cd BB Gdkfres-
?5 Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. Ekgerrdu-se d ?¼. Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. @ jd-
mek`fem ce jdktem ` Kbk` _dcrbfues ‗ Um` vbsbt` jdle `d G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`.
W`hv`cdr, ?1 l`k.0276. p.>.
?> Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`.
O`jb`. ?¼ Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd. D ekgerr`mektd cd
orbhj`kte gert`me ‗ @s resdhuæões vdt`c`s ‗ @ nest` ce jdktem kd G`kcdmohâ cd
O`te Ndhj`. W`hv`cdr. ?0 l`k.0276. p.6.

000
sd @nrd-or`sbhebrd `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, em ?1 ce l`kebrd. D usd c`
ndtdfr`` ekqu`ktd ndkte bgdkdfràg` gdrrespdkce ` um cescdor`- cescdor`-
mektd cd ceseld ce perekbz`r ` gdkcbæçd jum`k` em seus gdktextds
vbvbcds. D ïkfuhd ndtdfràgd reüke e sep`r` gerg` ce 5> (gbkquekt`
e sebs pessd`s) ektre jdmeks e muhjeres< bkndrm`, geheor`, reecbt` e
prdcuz gdmpdrt`mektds e v`hdres. Gdmukbg` e sbmodhbz`. _epresek-
t`. D p`kd ce nukcd c` bm`fem â d `ht`r gektr`h kd O`te Ndhj`, `bkc`
em prdgessd ce m`kutekæçd e/du gdkstruæçd. K` cbspdsbæçd c` bm`-
fem, d s`gercdte `ktrbçd ‗ Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd ‗ està
kd gektrd, `hâm cd o`o`h`ó M`rtbkb`kd Ehbzeu Odkm, d sefukcd cd
h`cd esquercd ce Oerk`rcbkd. Â pdssíveh t`moâm bcektbg`r ` presek-
presek-
æ` cd ldrk`hbst` Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, hdg`hbz`cd k` extrem` esquerc` c`
ndtdfr``. Cektre `s persdk`hbc`ces rehbfbds`s, `pek`s um` muhjer
(kçd bcektbg`c` em kdss`s pesqubs`s) està sekt`c` `d h`cd cds ce- ce -
m`bs s`gercdtes. Jà `bkc` dutr`s 7 (trìs) muhjeres ce pâ e que, pds-
sbvehmekte, sçd espds`s ce `hfuks pesqubs`cdres gdkvbc`cds p`r` d
evektd. Sdc`s eh`s estçd cbspdst`s cd h`cd esquercd c` ndtdfr``. Ds
cem`bs persdk`feks cess` bm`fem sçd hbcer`kæ`s rehbfbds`s, `ktrdp÷-
hdfds `merbg`kds, nr`kgeses e or`sbhebrds, kum refbstrd que cem`rg` `s
`rtbguh`æões ektre gbìkgb` e rehbfbçd, kum` ousg` ce hefbtbm`r d huf`r
c`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cd G`kcdmohâ, ceshdg`kcd cd huf`r ce pràtb-
g`s netbgjbst`s e màfbg`s, `ssdgb`c`s á m`rfbk`hbc`ce e grbmbk`hbc`ce.
Ds bktehegtu`bs que bkvestbf`v`m `s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrb-
g`k`s e su` supdst` ‘purez`” est`v`m `tektds `ds prdgessds ce re-
pressçd e ce hefbtbm`æçd cd G`kcdmohâ. ^`he ` pek` ress`ht`r que
d G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0:21 bkgrbmbk`v` gur`kcebrds e nebtbgebrds, luk-
t`mekte gdm espírbt`s e g`rtdm`ktes.?6 Emodr` ` Gdkstbtubæçd kçd
n`æ` `husçd `ds kefrds,
kef rds, ` repressçd hef`h `g`o`
`g` o` sekcd um` tekt`tbv` ce
f`r`ktbr d cdmíkbd e d gdktrdhe c`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cds kefrds hb-
vres, gulds gektrds ce guhtd k`s gbc`ces gdrrespdkcerb`m ` um` pds-
sbobhbc`ce enetbv` ce rbsgd, perbfd e cesdrcem kd Est`cd repuohbg`kd.
Là kd G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 027 27?,
?, ds guhtds cd G`kcdm
G`kcdmoh ohââ er`m vbsu`hb-
?6 Gn. C@KS@W,
C@KS@W, O.F. dp. gbt., p. 0>5.

00?
z`cds gdm um `gektu`cd vbâs ce grbme e `kdrm`hbc`ce.?: @ Nbfur` >
prdgur` cem`rg`r kçd s÷ um huf`r ce `sgeksçd sdgb`h, m`s t`moâm
ce hefbtbm`æçd cds híceres rehbfbdsds ekvdhvbcds gdm d G`kcdmohâ
o`b`kd k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.

Nbfur` > - Gdmbssçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd em vbsbt` `d Serrebrd

O`te Ndhj` em 0276.

Ndkte< @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ‗?1 l`k. 0276.

Kdt`< M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd (gektrd), Ecbsdk G`rkebrd (ce pâ e `d h`cd es-
quercd) e Ehbseu M`rtbkb`kd Odkm (sefukcd ` esquerc` ce Oerk`rcbkd)

Ds bktehegtu`bs que bkvestbf`v`m `s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrb-

g`k`s e su` supdst` ‘purez`” est`v`m `tektds `ds prdgessds ce re-
pressçd e ce hefbtbm`æçd cd G`kcdmohâ. ^`he ` pek` ress`ht`r que d
G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 0:21 bkgrbmbk`v` gur`kcebrds e nebtbgebrds, lukt`-
mekte gdm espírbt`s
espírbt`s e g`rtdm`ktes.
g`rtdm` ktes. Emodr` ` Gdkstbtubæçd kçd n`æ`n`æ`
`husçd `ds kefrds, ` repressçd hef`h `g`o` sekcd um` tekt`tbv` ce f`-
r`ktbr d cdmíkbd e d gdktrdhe c`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s cds kefrds hbvres,
?: Bobc., p.060.

007
gulds gektrds ce guhtd k`s gbc`ces gdrrespdkcerb`m ` um` pdssbob-
hbc`ce enetbv` ce rbsgd, perbfd e cesdrcem kd Est`cd repuohbg`kd. Là
kd G÷cbfd Qek`h ce 027?, ds guhtds cd G`kcdmohâ er`m vbsu`hbz`cds
gdm um `gektu`cd
`gektu`cd vbâs ce grbme e `kdrm`hbc`ce.
`kdrm`h bc`ce. @ Nbfur` > prdgu-
prdgu-
r` cem`rg`r kçd s÷ um huf`r ce `sgeksçd sdgb`h, m`s t`moâm ce he-
fbtbm`æçd cds híceres rehbfbdsds ekvdhvbcds gdm d G`kcdmohâ o`b`kd
k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ. Z Z.
Ceshdg`m-se ds cbsgursds e `s pràtbg`s ce nebtbæ`rb` e m`fb`,
nrutds cd mukcd místbgd, p`r` `v`hb`æões emo`s`c`s em kdme c`
gbìkgb`. @ bkterpret`æçd c` pdssessçd peh` vb` psbqubàtrbg` cest`g`c`
pdr Kbk` _dcrbfues `hg`kæ` gdktbkubc`ce gdm @rtjur _`mds, que
bkterpret` ` pdssessçd gdmd um `spegtd guhtur`h e kçd gdmd um`
gdkcbæçd p`tdh÷fbg`. Q`r` este `utdr, rehbfbçd e m`fb` er`m ukbc`s k`
Ànrbg`9 kd Or`sbh, ektret`ktd, sdo ` pressçd cd or`kgd, `s nukæões ce
nebtbgebrd
nebtbgebrd e espegb`hbst` rehbfbdsd se cbssdgb`r`m e ds G`kcdm
G`kcdmohâs
ohâs m`bs
‘`nrbg`kbz`cds” gdkgektr`m-se k` prest`æçd cds guhtds `ds drbxàs.?2
Ds drbxàs est`rb`m `ssbm `ssdgb`cds ` guhtds rehbfbdsds, ekqu`ktd `ds
kibses, gdrrespdkcerb` ás pràtbg`s ce mbstur`s du jborbcbsmd rehbfbd-
sd. @ dpdsbæçd ektre rehbfbçd e nebtbæ`rb` â retdm`c` p`r` sustekt`r e
hefbtbm`r d G`kcdmohâ `nrbg`kd bce`hbz`cd.
D ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`, em 0276, gdmeæ` ` kds `presekt`r
um` kdv` `odrc`fem sdore ` represekt`æçd sdgb`h cds terrebrds cds
G`kcdmohâs, gdkstruíc` peh` mesm` bmpreks` que cer` vbsbobhbc`ce
ás quebx`s e ás regh`m`æões sdore `s pràtbg`s ce guhtd cds G`kcdm-
ohâs k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr. Jà um` espâgbe ce ceshdg`mektd sdore `
represekt`æçd m`rfbk`h cds terrebrds e seus esp`æds ce guhtds e nes-
t`s, regdkfur`cds em gert` mecbc` gdmd esp`æd ce evektds sdgb`bs.
Sem-se, pdr exemphd, ` cbvuhf`æçd ce um` gdmemdr`æçd nestbv`
grbstç g`t÷hbg` que se equbv`he/gdrrespdkce ` um` geheor`æçd em hdu-
vdr `ds drbxàs K`fós.71
?2 Gn. _@MDW, @. @puc< C@KS@W, O.F. dp. gbt., p. 067.
71 Gn. Ldrk`h
Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. @s nest`s
nest`s ce `m`kjç kds ‘terrebrds”
‘terrebrds” cd F`ktdbs e cd

003
 Esse gekàrbd sufere `d G`kcdmohâ dutr` kegessbc`ce, lust`-
mekte pdr grb`r e mdstr`r v`hdres estâtbgds. Est` nukæçd estâtbg` pdr
vàrbds mebds se exprbme, j`vekcd d g`ktd, `gdmp`kj`cd pehds `t`-
o`ques, `fdfós, g`o`æ`s e dutrds bkstrumektds ce pergussçd9 ` gd-
redfr``9 ` bkcumektàrb`9 ` fr`kce `fhdmer`æçd ce espegt`cdres.
Jersidvbts, em su`s bkvestbf`æões k` câg`c` 0231, bcektbgdu que,
kds Serrebrds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs
G `kcdmohâs o`b`kds, tucd
t ucd se gdmobk` p`r`
p` r` prdpdr-
gbdk`r d pr`zer e ` teksçd emdtbv` ce que, em dutr`s guhtur`s, se ek-
g`rref`m d te`trd e d gbkem`, ds gdkgertds e ` ÷per`.70 E sdo pressçd
cds v`hdres eurdpeus, ds guhtds `nrbg`kds zer`m sdoress`br ds ehe-ehe-
mektds que tbkj`m em gdmum gdm ds p`crões estâtbgds c` Eurdp`,
em su`s represekt`æões p`r` d püohbgd, reserv`kcd ds `spegtds mekds
n`mbhb`res á experbìkgb` eurdpeb` p`r` ds rbtds prbv`cds, que sdmekte
ds memords cd guhtd ‗ m`s kem tdcds ‗ pdcb`m presekgb`r. 7?
G`oe ress`ht`r que, mesmd gdm esse kdvd cbsgursd em vdf`,
`s quebx`s e regh`m`æões kçd tbkj`m sbcd sundg`c`s peh` bmpreks`
o`b`k`. Mubtd pehd gdktràrbd, `bkc` persbstb`m. @ s`oer, temds gdmd
refbstrd ` sefubkte gbrgukstïkgb`
gb rgukstïkgb`<<
@tekcekcd ` gdkst`ktes regh`m`æões, d suo-gdmbssàrbd @hoertd Gukj`, ce
ph`ktçd kd sào`cd á kdbte, k` Cehef`gb` @uxbhb`r, drf`kbzdu um` g`r`v`k`,
bkcd á @vekbc` Wçd Cdmbkfds, dkce um ‘G`kcdmohâ” bknerk`h, sem hbgekæ`
pdhbgb`h bkgdmdc`v` tdc` ` vbzbkj`kæ`.
vbzbkj` kæ`. @ `utdrbc`ce termbkdu gdm d o`tuque
e `preekceu bkstrumektds ce guhtd.77

Ds cescdor`mektds cesse BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd gdk-

t`r`m, ektre dutrds refbstrds, um` jdmek`fem prest`c` pdr Cdk`
Cydkbsb` Nr`kgbsg` _âfbs, kd Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ cd @h`ietu,
hdg`hbz`cd kd M`t`tu Fr`kce. Bssd `gdktegeu qu`trd meses `p÷s d
Gdkfressd. @s jdmek`feks ndr`m prest`c`s `d Cr. Kestdr Cu`rte
rec`tdr cd Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb` e `d esgrbtdr Ecbsdk G`rkeb-
Ekfekjd ^ehjd. W`hv`cdr. ?> m`b.0276. `kkd ^, kd. 007.
70 Gn. JE_WID^BSW, M. L. dp. gbt., p. ??-?7.
7? Gn. JE_WID^BSW, M. L. dp. gbt., p. ??-?7.
77 Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. D ‘G`kcdmohâ” est`v`est`v` bkgdmmdc`kcd. E ` pdhí-
gb` ceu d gergd... W`hv`cdr. 70 m`b. 0276. `kkd ^,
^, kd. 00:.
005
rd.73 Dutrd cescdor`mektd bmpdrt`kte se ceu kd mìs ce setemord
rd.
ce 0276. @p÷s ` re`hbz`æçd cd Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd que se reu-
kbu em W`hv`cdr em l`kebrd ce 0276276,, ndb recbfbcd
recbf bcd um memdrb`h ekce-
reæ`cd `d Fdverkd cd Est`cd, pecbkcd d regdkjegbmektd dgb`h cd
G`kcdmohâ gdmd rehbfbçd, ousg`kcd gdm bssd `hg`kæ`r ds mesmds
cbrebtds e prbvbhâfbds ce tdc`s `s cem`bs ndrm`s ce expressçd rehbfbd-
s`, ce `gdrcd gdm ` Gdkstbtubæçd Or`sbhebr`. Q`r` m`bdr egbìkgb` cd
pecbcd e dotekæçd cesses cbrebtds e p`r` d gdmo`te á orux`rb` e `d
gj`rh`t`kbsmd que est`v`m ektre ds prbkgbp`bs dostàguhds `d regd-
kjegbmektd hef`h cd G`kcdmohâ gdmd rehbfbçd, empreekceu-se um`
tekt`tbv`, ekg`oeæ`c` pehd ldrk`hbst` Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, p`r` gdkfre-
f`r tdc`s `s sebt`s o`b`k`s kum` necer`æçd. D resuht`cd ndb ` drf`kb-
z`æçd e ` bmph`kt`æçd c` Ukbçd c`s Webt`s @nrd-
@ nrd-Or`sbhebr`s
Or`sbhebr`s c` O`jb`,
gdm cbretdrb` gdkstbtuíc` pdr um represekt`kte ce g`c` terrebrd e
gdm d ekg`rfd espegb`h ce ehbmbk`r
ehb mbk`r `s pràtbg`s kçd drtdcdx`s.
drtdcdx`s.75
@ ehebæçd e pdsse c` prbmebr` cbretdrb` c` Ukbçd c`s Webt`s
@nrd-or`sbhebr`s c` O`jb` gdkt`r`m gdm `td sdheke e gdm ` p`rtbgbp`-
æçd cd lubz necer`h Cr. M`tjb`s Dhbmpbd, `hâm ce represekt`ktes ce
ektbc`ces ce gh`sse, bktehegtu`bs, sbkcbg`hbst`s e memords bktefr`ktes
c` gdmbssçd drf`kbz`cdr` cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhebrd.7>Wefuk-
cd Qbersdk, g`c` gdkfref`æçd rehbfbds` er` presbcbc` pdr um s`ger-
cdte du s`gercdtbs`. @s cbsput`s ektre ds memords er`m fer`hmekte
suometbc`s `d luhf`mektd cd p`b du c` mçe ce s`ktd. @ prbkgípbd,
us`v`-se ` persu`sçd. N`tdres cetermbk`ktes er`m hev`cds em gdksb-
cer`æçd p`r` que se pucesse meksur`r d prestífbd ce um p`b du mçe
ce s`ktd< ` bc`ce, d tempd ce pertekæ` á g`s` ce guhtd, d gdkjegb-
mektd prdnukcd cd rbtu`h e, espegb`hmekte, ` ‘purez` c` `sgekcìk-
gb` `nrbg`k`”. Qdr um` r`zçd qu`hquer, ds memords m`sguhbkds cd
73 Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. Jdmek`fem `d Gdkfressd @nrd-Or`sbhebrd
@nrd-Or`sbhebrd ‗ @ nes-
t` ce jdktem, `d ‘terrebrd” cd @h`iìtu, `d M`t`tü Fr`kce. W`hv`cdr. ?3 m`b. 0276.
`kkd ^, kd. 000.
75 Gn. QBE_WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. 71>.
7> Gn. Ldrk`h D Est`cd c` O`jb`. Empdss`c` ` prbmebr` cbregtdrb` c` Ukbçd c`s
Webt`s @nrd-Or`sbhebr`s. W`hv`cdr. ?: set .0276. `kkd ^,
^, kd. ?0:.
00>
G`kcdmohâ r`r`mekte sdnrb`m ` ‘m`kbnest`æçd” ce um drbxà, kibse
du vdcuk, gdmd `gdktegb` gdm `s muhjeres. @hâm cbssd, sekcd m`bs
m÷vebs que `s muhjeres, ds jdmeks ektr`rb`m fer`hmekte em gdk-
t`td m`bs `mphd gdm `s pessd`s ce guhtur` eurdpeb` e, cesse mdcd,
tekcb`m ` `prdprb`r-se gdm m`bs n`gbhbc`ce c`s bceb`s e sektbmektds
cds or`kgds. @s muhjeres, pdr dutrd h`cd, perm`kegb`m em fer`h
m`bs bktbm`mekte bcektbg`c`s gdm ds gdstumes e `s tr`cbæões ce
seus `kgestr`bs `nrbg`kds.
` nrbg`kds.76
Ce `gdrcd gdm d Cbàrbd ce Kdtígb`s, c`r-se-b`
c` r-se-b` ektre 0265 e 026>
026>
um pdsbgbdk`mektd cd Fdverkd cd Est`cd c` O`jb` cb`kte c` sus-
peksçd `ds pecbcds ce `utdrbz`æçd p`r` que ds Serrebrds ce G`kcdm
G` kcdm--
ohâs pucessem geheor`r su`s nest`s `ds kibses, vdcuks e drbxàs. 7: D
ektçd prenebtd ce W`hv`cdr, Ldrfe J`fe, ` p`rtbr cd p`reger cd frupd
ce tr`o`hjd ‘Wbstem`s _esbcu`bs c` Guhtur` @nrbg`k`”, bktefr`kte cd
Wembkàrbd ce Guhtur` c` Gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr, grbdu gdkcbæões e `rfu-
mektds p`r` que d ektçd fdverk`cdr o`b`kd, _doertd W`ktds, ndsse
n`vdràveh á `ssbk`tur` cd cegretd que suspekcesse cekbtbv`mekte ds
refbstrds ce `utdrbz`æçd. Em 05 ce l`kebrd ce 026>, d cegretd ` Heb
Est`cu`h K¼ ?5125 ndb `ssbk`cd, hboer`kcd ` pràtbg` hbtürfbg` c`s ek-
tbc`ces ce guhtds `nrd-or`sbhebrds sem ` dorbf`tdrbec`ce cd refbstrd e
hbgekæ` pdhbgb`h k` Wegret`rb` ce Wefur`kæ` Qüohbg`, `tr`vâs c` Cehe-
f`gb` ce Ldfds e Gdstumes. Emodr` d títuhd c` repdrt`fem tr`te c`
hboerc`ce ce guhtd `nrd-or`sbhebrd kd Est`cd c` O`jb`, ` m`bdr p`rte
ceh` cbssert` sdore ` `fekc` pdhítbg` e mecbc`s `cdt`c`s peh` festçd
cd ektçd Fdverk`cdr _doertd W`ktds.72 Ektret`ktd, kd ïmobtd c`
76 Gn. QBE_WDK, C. dp. gbt., p. 700-70?.
7: Gn. Ldrk`h Cbàrbd ce Kdtbgb`s. Fdverk`cdr ceve hboer`r
hboer`r guhtds e sebt`s cd gdktrdhe
pdhbgb`h. W`hv`cdr. 05 dut. 0265. p.7.
72 Gn. Ldrk`h Cbàrbd ce Kdtígb`s. Hboerc`ce p`r` Serrebrds.
Serrebrds. W`hv`cdr. 0> l`k. 026>.
p.7. Gdkst` kd Cegretd Est`cu`h (O@), K¼ ?5.125 ce ?5 l`k. 026>, ce `gdrcd gdm
@rt.0¼, kçd se bkghuem, k` prevbsçd cd btem ?6 c` t`oeh` kd. B, `kex` á Heb 7.126, ce ?2
cez. 026?, `s sdgbec`ce que pr`tbquem d guhtd @nrd-or`sbhebrd, gdmd ndrm` exterbdr
ce rehbfbçd que prdness`m. @ssbm pdcem exergbt`r d seu guhtd, bkcepekcektemekte
ce refbstrd, p`f`mektd ce t`x` du dotekæçd ce hbgekæ` luktd ás `utdrbc`ces pdhbgb`bs.
^er d Cegretd Est`cu`h (O@), K¼ ?5.125 ce ?5 l`k. 026>, @kexd ? c` presekte tese.

006
pr÷prb` gdrpdr`æçd c` pdhígb`, ` bceb` ce hboerc`ce e ` suspeksçd `ds
pecbcds ce refbstrds
refbst rds p`r` nukgbdk`mektd cds Serrebrds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmo-
G `kcdmo-
hâs ndb questbdk`c` e gdhdg`c` em cüvbc`. @ dpbkbçd cd cehef`cd Jâ-
hbd Fubm`rçes, hdt`cd kd setdr ce geksur` c` CLG, cemdkstrdu um
kítbcd ces`fr`cd, pdbs, sefukcd ehe, ds exgessds e `ousds gdmetbcds
peh`s geheor`æões cds guhtds `nrd-o`b`kds `orbrb`m pregecektes p`r`
que ‘qu`hquer v`f`oukcd” hev`sse ` nebtd bknr`æões cess` drcem.31
Oem, prdgureb `tâ `qub reetbr sdore ` gdmpreeksçd ce que `
gdkstruæçd sdgb`h ce um huf`r ce pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s `nrd-o`b`k`s es-
teve dr` m`bs pr÷xbm` c`s sdorevbvìkgb`s `nrbg`k`s e kdutr`s dutr`s
m`bs cbst`ktes, m`rfbk`hbz`c`s e mbstur`c`s. Ess` `mobv`hìkgb` â
nrutd ce huf`res cbsgursbvds, rephetds ce represekt`æões t`ktd ce dr-
cem sdgb`h qu`ktd rehbfbds`. Em k`bs c` câg`c` ce 0271, ` re`hbz`-
re`hbz`-
æçd cd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbhe
@nrd-or`sbhebrd
brd p`ss`rà ` ser um cbvbsdr ce àfu`s
p`r` ds `ssuktds e ceo`tes ekvdhvekcd d jdmem e ` muhjer `nrd-or`-
sbhebrds, su`s pràtbg`s, seus usds e gdstumes. @ bmpreks` o`b`k`,
que t`ktd gdktrbouír` e gdktbku`v` gdktrboubkcd p`r` cesqu`hbg`r
d G`kcdmohâ, mbfr`rà ce um cbsgursd exghucekte e pregdkgebtud-
sd p`r` um huf`r ce reh`tbv` `gebt`æçd. @ssbm, reukbmds ehemektds
p`r` `rm`r que `s reces ce reh`æões ektre ds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ
k` gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ, estbver`m
p`rgb`hmekte sustekt`c`s peh` tese c` supdst` jefemdkb` K`fó e nr`-
quez` Gdkfd-@kfdh`. @ supdst` suprem`gb` K`fó, prepdkcer`kte
kd bm`fbkàrbd `nrd-rehbfbdsd, kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, kçd ndb
cegbsbv`, t`mpdugd exghucekte.
exghucekte. @ prdleæçd e ` bmpdrtïkgb`
bmpdrt ïkgb` cds s`ger-
s`g er-
cdtes Ldçdzbkjd c` Fdmeb` (@kfdh`) e M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd (Gdkfd-
-@kfdh`), `d hdkfd c` `tu`æçd enetbv` kd BB Gdkfressd @nrd-or`sbheb-
rd, exemphbg`m que esses sulebtds se cest`g`r`m k` dgup`æçd ce um
esp`æd ce pdcer gdmp`rtbhj`cd e kçd sdorepdstd peh`s hbcer`kæ`s cds
G`kcdmohâs K`fós, bssd, pehd mekds, em k`bs c` câg`c` ce 0271.
31 Gn. Ldrk`h Cbàrbd ce Kdtígb`s. Cehef`cd gdktr` cbspeks`
cbspeks` cd refbstrd ce G`kcdm-
ohâ. W`hv`cdr. 0> m`b.026>.

00:
 D gdmo`te `d mdcehd repressbvd cd fdverkd ^`rf`s p`ss`rà `
gdkvbver gdm d `pdbd ce bktehegtu`bs k`gbdk`bs e estr`kfebrds ‗ pdr-
t`ktd,, um` bktehbf
t`ktd bktehbfìkgb`
ìkgb` k`gbdk`h
k`gbdk`h ` servbæd c` `rm`æçd
` rm`æçd e hefb
hefbtbm`æçd
tbm`æçd
cds guhtds `nrd-or`sbhebrds e, ce mdcd espegb`h, `ds guhtds `nrd-o`b`-
kds. Kesse sektbkcd, cesgdrtbk`r ` jbst÷rb` sdgb`h
sd gb`h cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd ce G`k-
cdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` O`te Ndhj`, nukc`cd em 020> e hdg`hbz`cd k`
Sr`vess` Wçd Ldrfe, kümerd >5, kd o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur`, em W`hv`-
cdr, k` O`jb`, kds `uxbhb` kçd s÷ kd refbstrd c` jbst÷rb` e c` mem÷rb`
cess` g`s` ce s`ktd. Qermbte t`moâm h`kæ`r d dhj`r cd pesqubs`cdr
p`r` `spegtds que vbsbobhbz`m sbtu`æões e gbrgukstïkgb`s que t`hvez
`tâ d presekte mdmektd, ekgdktr`v`m-se cbspersds e bkvbsbobhbz`cds.
Ds kibses O`mouregem` e Hemo`, `tr`vâs cds `tu`bs S`t` Mufu`k-
xb e Kekfu` Fu`fu`ksesse, vçd kds prdpdrgbdk`r k`rr`tbv`s que tìm
perm`kegbcd vbvds k`s hemor`kæ`s cd pdvd ce s`ktd Gdkfd-@kfdh`
kd O`te Ndhj`. @s pdrt`s, `s l`keh`s, `s hemor`kæ`s e `s experbìkgb`s
cest` g`s` kds esper`m cesce 020>, sel` p`r` geheor`r sdgb`hmekte,
sel` p`r` rbtu`hbz`r e gdkvdg`r
gdkvdg`r seus kibses e G`odghds. @ tr`let÷rb` cd
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj` e su`s represekt`æões sdgb`bs
sdgb` bs gdk-
cuzbrçd kdss`s pr÷xbm`s `kàhbses.

002
 B^
JBWS×_B@ E S_@LES×_B@ CD
SE__EB_D O@SE NDHJ@<
SE__@W, ESBMDHDFB@
E Q_ÀSBG@W _EHBFBDW@W
 G`s` gdm um l`kehçd, um` l`keh`, sebs l`keh`s ce h`cd e um`
pdrt`, v`r`kc` `d nukc nukcdd e m`bs gómdc
gómdcdsds bkterk
bkterkds, ds, um o`rr`gçd
cestbk`cds `ds nestelds c` n`zekc` gdm um fr`kce s`hçd, f`herb`s
e cem`bs gómdcds9 trìs pequek`s g`sbkj`s gdm pdrt` e l`keh`,
um` s`h`, um qu`rtd
q u`rtd e s`h`
s`h ` ce l`kt`r g`c`,
g` c`, Y..
Y....] gdoertds
gdoer tds ce p`hj`,
cestbk`cds `ds empref
e mpref`cds,
`cds, ecbg`c`s kd terrekd sbtu`cd
sbtu` cd kd huf`r
cekdmbk`cd ‘O`te Ndhj`”, k` nrefuesb` ce W`ktd @któkbd, em
vbrtuce cd que ndb requerbcd pehd prdprbetàrbd supr` mekgbdk`cd
Y......] Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
Oer k`rcbkd c`c ` Q`bxçd, em cdgum
cdgumektd.ektd.0

E m ?10>, `d gdmphet`r d gektekàrbd ce su` nukc`æçd, d Serrebrd

ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj` `presekt`, `d hdkfd ce su` jbst÷rb`,
um` gdmphex` rece ce hbf`æões cesce d prdgessd ce bkbgb`æçd cd S`t`
ce Kibse nukc`cdr, Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, `tâ ds h`æds
sdgb`bs, `netbvds e rehbfbdsds est`oehegbcds ektre esse terrebrd e cem`bs
g`s`s ce s`ktd K`fó, Lele e @kfdh` k` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZZ.
D Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj` ndb d prbmebrd cd rbtd Gdk-
fd-@kfdh` e c` tr`cbæçd ce híkfu` O`ktd ` ter prdteæçd necer`h. Weu
tdmo`mektd `gdktegeu em ?117.? @ bmpdrtïkgb` ce refbstr`r esses
huf`res ce mem÷rb` e ce jbst÷rb` pr÷prb` `g`o` gdtel`kcd `s pdhítb-
g`s püohbg`s ce prdteæçd
prdteæçd e preserv`æçd c` guhtur` m`terb`h e bm`terb`h
0 Gn. Gertbcçd cd G`rt÷rbd ce _efbstrd ce Bm÷vebs Nr`kihbk _dcrbfues Qdmp`, se-
fukcd dngb`h cd _efbstrd Fer`h e c`s Jypdtjeg`s c` gdm`rg` ce W`hv`cdr, `vero`c`
em 17 luk. e c`t`c` ce 1: luk. 0276.
? @tâ ?103, exbstb`m sete terrebrds
terrebrds tdmo`cds pehd BQJ@K ‗ Bkstbtutd cd Q`trbmókbd
Jbst÷rbgd e @rtístbgd K`gbdk`h. D prbmebrd, em 02:3, ndb d c` G`s` Or`kg` cd Ekfe-
kjd ^ehjd, t`moâm em W`hv`cdr. Wefubr`m-se ds terrebrds o`b`kds cd Bhì @xâ Dpó
@ndklà (0222), d cd F`ktdbs (?11?), `mods cd rbtd K`fó-Ietd (tr`cbæçd Bdruoà), e d
m`r`kjekse G`s` c`s Mbk`s (?110), represekt`kte cd rbtd Lele (tr`cbæçd Ndk), d Ser-
Ser-
rebrd Bhì M`rdbà Hàlb, gdkjegbcd gdmd ` g`s` ce mçe Dhf` cd @h`ietu (?115) e d Bhâ
ßsòmárê @ráià Áse ßfÿc÷, gdkjegbcd gdmd G`s` ce Dxum`râ (?103). Cbspdkíveh
em<8jttp<//pdrt`h.bpj`k.fdv.or/
em<8 jttp<//pdrt`h.bpj`k.fdv.or/;.
;. @gessd< 10 m`r. ?103.
0?77
0?
or`sbhebr`, sel` `tr`vâs cd tdmo`mektd cd esp`æd nísbgd, sel` `tr`vâs
cd regdkjegbmektd c`s pràtbg`s, s`oeres e n`zeres guhtur`bs. ^`he ces-
t`g`r `s gdksbcer`æões ekukgb`c`s pdr @ktdkbd _bsârbd ` respebtd cds
prbmebrds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ bmph`kt`cds k` O`jb`<
Cehe cesgekce, pdr exemphd, d oehíssbmd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, hdg`hbz`cd k`
M`t` Esgur` cd _etbrd, gdm seus `mphds esp`æds, m`bs ce qubkze jegt`res
ce M`t` @thïktbg`, rephetd ce àrvdres, dkce `bkc` jdle â pdssíveh `kc`r ektre
sugupbr`s, gecrds, m`æ`r`kcuo`s
m`æ` r`kcuo`s e g`l`zebr`s
g `l`zebr`s Y...
Y...]] D O`te
O `te Ndhj` â d mukcd cds
kibses tr`zbcds pehds o`ktds Y...] 7

Ds prdgecbmektds cdgumekt`bs `k`hbs`cds `presekt`m kum

prbmebrd mdmektd, bkcígbds sdore ` p`ss`fem ce terrekd ‗ prdprbe-
c`ce prbv`c` ‗ p`r` esp`æd ce guhtd s`fr`cd ‗ terrebrd.
ter rebrd. Ds refbstrds ce
`qubsbæçd cd terrekd em que està
est à hdg`hbz`cd
hdg`h bz`cd d Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` c`-
t`m ce 020>. Pu`ktd á ecbg`æçd c` g`s`-temphd e seu o`rr`gçd p`r`
nest`s, jà refbstrds cdgumekt`bs que remetem ` cesgrbæões ce ecbg`- ecbg`-
æões kd `kd ce 0276. Â prdvàveh que, ektre `s câg`c`s ce 02?1 e 0271,
ds `hbgerges c`s ecbg`æões que sustekt`m d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` te- te-
kj`m sbcd kg`cds e erfubcds, e ` p`rtbr
p` rtbr c`í
c` í ds esp`æds ce guhtds rehb-
rehb-
fbdsds f`kj`m `s ` s cbmeksões em que `tu`hmekte estçd gdkfur`cds.
Pu`kcd se peks` em hbc`r gdm ` perspegtbv` ce jbstdrbgbz`r
`spegtds c` prdprbec`ce uro`k` du rur`h, bstd se `ssdgb` bmecb`t`-
mekte ` um` jbst÷rb` `fràrb`. D ndgd em gdmpreekcer ds r`strds cd-
gumekt`bs que tr`t`m c` p`ss`fem cd terrekd ekqu`ktd prdprbec`ce
prbv`c` p`r` um` prdprbec`ce vdht`c` p`r` `s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s kds
n`z peks`r em hebs e kdæões reh`gbdk`c`s `d cbrebtd á prdprbec`ce. Em
Gdstumes em Gdmum, Sjdmpsdk kds `presekt` um` perspegtbv` bk-
teress`kte p`r` ektekcer gdmd `s hebs tìm sbcd doletd ce estucds c`
jbst÷rb` sdgb`h. Wu`s eh`odr`æões, gdkdt`æões, reh`æões ce ndræ` ektre
jefemókbgds e suo`hterkds f`kj`m gdktdrkds sdore ds gdstumes kd
usd c` terr` pehds bkfheses
bkfheses kd sâguhd Z^BBB.
Z^ BBB.3
7 Gn. _BWÂ_BD, @. Um` jbst÷rb` c` gbc`ce c` O`jb`.
O`jb`. ?ª. Ec. _bd L`kebrd< ^ers`h,
^ers`h,
?113, p. 0>3->5.
3 Gn. SJDMQWDK, E. Q.dp.
Q.dp. gbt., p.05.

0?33
0?
 Qeks`r kum` ‘gdksgbìkgb` gdstumebr`” p`r` d usd c`s terr`s
que p`ss` ` ser um
u m esp`æd ce pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s pdce kds dnereger pbs-
t`s p`r` cesvekc`r gdkbtds t`ktd ce drcem bkcbvbcu`h qu`ktd ce dr- dr-
cem gdhetbv`. Kd g`sd, ` gdmpr` e d usd c` n`zekc` O`te Ndhj` gdmd
esp`æd rehbfbdsd bksere-se kd gdktextd jbst÷rbgd em bkígbds cd sâguhd
ZZ. Kesse perídcd, kdt`m-se ds tr`æds cd p÷s-@odhbæçd, sdoretu-
cd cb`kte ce questões que perp`ss`m d huf`r c`quehes que pdcem e
querem
quer em se `rm`r
` rm`r k` sdgbec`ce o`b`k` vbfekte.
vbfekte. Bstd kds cbst`kgb` cd
gdkgebtd ce ‘cbrebtd
‘cb rebtd gdstumebrd” `odrc`cd pdr Sjdmpsdk9 pdr dutrd
h`cd, kds dpdrtukbz` d ektekcbmektd c`s hbf`æões ektre ` reveh`æçd
cd cbvbkd e ` m`terb`hbc`ce cdgumekt`h. @ presekæ` ce gdkfref`æões
rehbfbds`s ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s, f`kj` `bkc` m`bs gdktdrkds bkstb-
tugbdk`bs gdm ` cem`rg`æçd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, prbkgbp`hmekte
tr`t`kcd-se ce esp`æds ce pràtbg`s drbukc`s c`s k`æões Gdkfd-@k-
fdh`, jber`rqubz`c`s jbstdrbg`mekte gdmd represekt`ktes c` jborbcb-
z`æçd e mbstur`s, sdgb`hmekte estbfm`tbz`c`s t`ktd pehd g`tdhbgbsmd
gdmd pdr setdres
setdres c`s rehbfb
rehbfbões
ões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s.
@ estr`tâfb` `cdt`c` peh`s hbcer`kæ`s pdhítbg`s ce W`hv`cdr kd
sektbcd ce permbtbr que esp`æds uro`kds p`r` d est`oehegbmektd cds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs est`v` cbret`mekte hbf`cd `d prdgessd evd-
hutbvd cd cesekvdhvbmektd uro`kd c` gbc`ce. Ektre k`bs cd sâguhd
ZBZ e bkígbd c`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ, ` `cmbkbstr`æçd
püohbg` tr`tdu ce ces`prdprb`r terr`s, tr`ksnerbkcd d cdmíkbd, pdsse,
cbrebtd, `æões e respdks`obhbc`ces ce terr`s c`queh`s que pertekgb`m
á Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`cd. Er` um` sdgbec`ce `kókbm` nukc`c`
em 0:57, respdksàveh pehd gdktrdhe, cbstrboubæçd e `rm`zek`mektd
ce àfu` k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr. Ess` empres` `g`o` tr`ksnerbkcd `
gdkgessçd prbv`c` cds servbæds p`r` exphdr`æçd püohbg` e, gdm bssd,
cbvers`s terr`s que pdssuí`m m`k`kgb`bs ce àfu` e ndktes sçd `rre-
m`t`c`s pehd pdcer püohbgd mukbgbp`h.5 @ ndkte bmpress` ` sefubr
5 Esgrbtur` ce tr`ksnerìkgb` ce cdmíkbd, pdsse, cbrebtd, `æões e respdks`obhbc`ces,
respdks`obhbc`ces,
gessçd ce cívbc`s, p`f` e qubt`æçd ektre p`rtes gdmd vekcecdr` e gecekte ` Gdmp`-
kjb` ce Puebm`cd e gdmd gdmpr`cdr e gessbdkàrbd d mukbgípbd c` g`pbt`h cd Est`cd
0?55
0?
exemphbg` tregjds c` esgrbtur` ce tr`ksnerìkgb` ce cdmíkbd, pdsse,
cbrebtd, `æões e respdks`obhbc`ces, gessçd ce cívbc`s, p`f` e qubt`-
æçd ektre p`rtes, tekcd gdmd vekcecdr` e gecekte ` Gdmp`kjb` ce
Puebm`cd e gdmd gdmpr`cdr e gessbdkàrbd d mukbgípb
mukbgípbdd c` g`pbt`h cd
Est`cd c` O`jb`<
W`bo`m qu`ktds este bkstrumektd ce esgrbptur` ce tr`ksnerìkgb` ce cdmíkbd,
pdsse, cbrebtds, `gæões e respdks`obhbc`ces, gessçd ce cívbc`s, p`f` e qubt`æçd
du gdmd em cbrebtd mehjdr kdme tekj`, vbrem que kd `kd cd K`sgbmektd
ce Kdssd Wekjdr Lesus Gjrbstd ce mbh kdvegektds e gbkgd, `ds trbkt`
setemord, kest` Gbc`ce cd W`hv`cdr, G`pbt`h cd Est`cd
cb`s cd mez ce setemord,
Necer`cd c` O`jb` Y...] gdmd dutdrf`kte ` Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`cd, Wdgbe-
c`ce @kdkym`, nukc`c` em mbh dbtdgektds e gbkqøekt` e trìs, represekt`c`
peh` gdmmbssçd gdmpdst` cds sekjdres Cdutdr @hex`kcre Nrebre M`b` Obt-
tekgdurt, Q`uhd Qerebr` Mdktebrd, cbregtdres, Ldsâ c` Gukj` Wd`res, Cdutdr
Cdmbkfds _dcrbfues
_dcrbf ues Fubm`rçes
Fubm` rçes e Nrecerbgd @. J`ssehm`kk,
J`ssehm` kk, Y...
Y...]] e gdmd du-
tdrf`cd d Mukbgbpbd c` G`pbt`h cd Est`cd c` O`jb`,
O`j b`, represekt`cd pehd Bktek-
cekte d Exgehhektbssbmd Wekjdr Cdutdr @ktdkbd ^bgtdrbd ce @r`uld N`hgçd,
Y...] resdhvbc` ` tr`ksnerìkgb` `d dutdrf`cd, Mukbgbpbd c` G`pbt`h ceste Est`cd,
ce tdcds ds oeks, cbrebtds, `gæões, cdmíkbds, pdsses e gdkgessões pertekgek-
tes `d Dutdrf`kte, Y...] ` dutdrf`kte vbkj` tr`ksnerbr pdr est`, gdmd cbn`gtd
tr`ksnerbcd tem, ce jdle p`r` sempre e ce mdcd cekbtbvd e brrevdfàveh, `d
dutdrf`cd,, Mukbgípbd c` G`pbt`h cd Est`cd c` O`jb`
dutdrf`cd O` jb` tdcds ds seus oeks Y...
Y...]]>

@ cesgrbæçd c`s terr`s e cds hbmbtes ce nrdktebr`s c` N`zekc`

O`te Ndhj`s pdce ser cesekj`c` gdkndrme d sefubkte tregjd<
Y...] Câgbm` sâtbm`
Y...] sâtbm`.. @s o`bx`s
o`b x`s c` n`zekc`
n` zekc` ‘O`te Ndhj`s”,
Ndhj`s”, sbtu`c`s k` estr`c`
est r`c`
ce Wçd G`et`kd p`r` `s G`mpbk`s, sefukcd cbstrbgtd ce W`ktd @ktdkbd, `s
qu`bs sçd `s sefubktes< um terrekd kd gektrd c` mesm` n`zekc` cbvbcbkcd-
-se pehds nukcds gdm terr`s c` n`zekc` Wçd Fdkæ`hd, pdr um rbd cekdmbk`cd
_bd c` Qr`t` du Kefrçd, n`zekcd-se d seu hebtd k` cbvbsçd ce terr`s cd mesmd
terrekd gdm `s ce Wçd Fdkæ`hd, `tâ ekgdktr`r-se gdm d _bd G`mdrdfbpe, pehd
h`cd cd Kdrte ` Kdrceste gdm um dutrd rbd ndrm`cd peh`s `fd`s ce um t`k-
que kd huf`r c`s o`rrebr`s d qu`h tem d sed hebtd pdr ndr` c` hbkj` cbvbs÷rb` `s
terr`s vekcbc`s ` M`kdeh Mdkbz e seds brmçds `tâ ` tr`vess` que cbvbce
`s terr`s `rrekc`c`s ` Nrecerbgd Ges`rbd cds W`ktds e gdktbku`kcd sed
gursd peh` nrekte
n rekte cest`s regeoe um rb`gjd ndrm`cd peh`s `fd`s ce cbvers`s ver-
tektes exbstektes em um oreld k`s terr`s ce Nehbsmbk` Qerebr` ce Lesus, Lesus, e
`bkc` `uxbhb`cd pdr um gdkuekte, ndrm`cd ce `fd`s c`s vertektes cd h`cd
c` O`jb`, ce 71/12/0215. Bk< SEBZEB_@, G. @s fr`kces cd`æões cd 0d. Fdverk`-
cdr. Serr`s
Serr`s cd _bd ^ermehjd
^ermehjd `d _bd Ld`kes< Gdkce c` G`st`kjebr`, F`rgb` C³`vbh` e
cd Wek`cd c` Gïm`r`. Bk< @ fr`kce W`hv`cdr. Qdsse e Usd c` Serr`.
Serr`. Qrdletds Ur-
o`kístbgds Bktefr`cds. Fdverkd cd Est`cd c` O`jb`. Wegret`rb` ce W`ke`mektd e Ce-
sekvdhvbmektd Uro`kd. Gdmp`kjb` Est`cu`h ce Cesekvdhvbmektd Uro`kd, 026:.
G`pítuhd BBB, p.?7-72 (Frbnds meus).
> Gn. SEBZEB_@, G. dp.gbt., p. ?3. Frbnds meus.

0?>>
0?
 c`s G`mpbk`s, p`ss`kcd
p`ss` kcd pehd kdrte cd cbtd terrekd v`b ces`fd`r kd rbd G`m`-
G` m`-
rdfbpe e m`bs um rb`gjd pdr dkce gdrrem `s `fd`s c` Ndkte c` ^ehj`, ektre d
cbttd terrekd vekcbcd ` Ehb`s _dcrbfues Webx`s d qu`h ces`fd`kcd kd _bd
c` Qr`t` v`b ter gdm d rbd G`m`rdfbpe. Â sdore `s `fd`s c` Ndkte c` ^ehj`
que estçd ds terrekds `cquerbcds peh` dutdrf`kte Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`cd,
e m`bs o`bx`s
o`b x`s dkce exbstem `s vertektes que prdcuzem `s `fd`s que ndrm`m d
_bd c` Qr`t` du Kefrçd e d rbd `d kdrte cd sítbd M`tt` Esgur` vbkc`s
v bkc`s cd t`kque
k`s o`rrebr`s e d sed gdkuekte vbkcd cd h`cd ce G`mpbk`s e d rb`gjd resuh-
resuh-
t`kte c` Ndkte c` ^ehj` e t`moâm ds terrekds pdr dkce p`ss` ds rbds e ds que
prdcuzem `s vertektes e oem `ssbm `s o`bx`s k` p`rte cds rbds cesgrbptds `tâ
ekgdktr`r `s mdkt`kj`s. @ dutdrf`kte Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`cd gdmprdu
estes terrekds gdm `s sefubktes gdkcbæões< em tdcd e qu`hquer tempd gdks-
trubr pres`s, t`kques e dutr`s dor`s jbcr`uhyg`s que luhf`r-se gdkvekbektes
p`r` d hev`kt`mektd cd kíveh c`s `fd`s, `bkc` mesmd que `h`f`sse `s dutr`s
terr`s n`zer k`s mdkt`kj`s du reo`kgebr`s esg`v`æões du gdrtes que ektek-
cesse kegessàrbds `ssekt`r `hbgerges, hev`kt`r p`reces p`r` `s pres`s t`kques
etg e m`bs qubkze or`æ`s ce terrekds rboebrbkjds cd rb`gjd c` ^ehj` kd h`cd
Lesus.Est`s terr`s ndr`m gdmpr`c`s `
c`s terr`s ce Nehbsmbk` Qerebr` ce Lesus.Est`s
Nehbsmbk` Qerebr` ce Lesus, peh` dutdrf`kte Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`-
cd, em vbkte e um ce Cezemord ce mbh dbtdgektds e dbtekt` e um, pdr
esgrbtur` k`s kdt`s cd S`oehhbçd@hv`rd Hdpes c` Wbhv` e r`gtbg`c` em
vbkte e sebs ce Kdvemord ce mbh dbtdgektds e dbtekt` e gbkgd k`s Kdt`s
cd S`oehhbçd
S`oehhbçd Ldsâ @ufustd ce @or`kgjes
@or`kgjes..6

@ g`ceb` sugess÷rb`, que `ktegece á `qubsbæçd c`s terr`s pdr

p`rte ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, està vbkguh`c` `ds prdpd-
kektes `o`bxd hbst`cds, e ` s`oer<
dbt`v`. Um` rdæ` sbtu`c` em Wçd G`et`kd luktd c` n`zekc` ‘O`te
Câgbm` dbt`v`.
Ndhj`s” sefukcd cbstrbgtd ce W`ktd @ktdkbd, em terrekds pr÷prbds, Y...] cbvb-
cbkcd-se pehd kdrte gdm ` N`zekc` ‘O`te Ndhj`s” pehd suh gdm d Ekfekjd
_etbrd pehd nukcd gdm d _bd G`mdrdfbpe e peh` nrekte gdm ` Estr`c` c`s
Odb`c`s. Est` rdæ` pertekged ` Hubz G` strd que ` vekced, pdr
Hub z cds W`ktds G`strd
esgrbptur` ce dbtd ce Kdvemord
Kdvemord ce mbhmb h dbtdgektds e dbtekt` k`s kdt`s cd S`oeh-
S`oeh-
hbçd ^brfbkbd Ldsâ Espbkdh`, ` Jerguh`k` Oehbs`rb` ce Lesus e regtbg`c`
em vbkte ce M`ræd
M` ræd ce mbh dbtdgektds e dbtekt` e cdbs, cdbs, pdr esgrbptur`s k`s
kdt`s cd S`oehhbçd Ldsâ @ufustd ce @or`kgjes. Ndb gdmpr`c` ` Jerguh`k`
Oehbs`rb` ce Lesus peh` dutdrf`kte Gdmp`kjb` cd Puebm`cd em vbkte e um ce
M`ræd ce mbh dbtdgektds e dbtekt`
dbtekt` e cdbs pdr esgrbptur`
esg rbptur` k`s Kdt`s cd S`oehhbçd
Ldsâ @ufustd ce @or`kgjes. (Frbnds meus)
:

6 Gn. SEBZEB_@, G. dp.gbt., p. ?3. Frbnds meus.

: Gn. SEBZEB_@, Gbc. dp.gbt., p. ?6. @hfum`s esgrbtur`s cds prdprbetàrbds frbn`cds
ndr`m hdg`hbz`c`s kd @rqubvd Qüohbgd cd Est`cd c` O`jb` e `uxbhb`r`m kd est`oehe-
gbmektd ce pdssívebs gruz`mektds gdm `s nrdktebr`s dkce està hdg`hbz`cd d Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`. Ndr`m
Ndr`m re`hbz`c`s gdksuht`s p`r` `uxbhb`r `s `kàhbses cess` ndkte bmpress`
kd @QEO k` Weæçd Lucbgbàrbd, gn. Hbvrds ce _efbstrds ce Esgrbtur`s ce Gdmpr` e ^ek-
^ek-
c` ce Bm÷vebs ce kümerds< 505, p.02 em 0:66 (Nehbsmbk` Q. Q. ce Lesus)9 >33, p.37-33 e
>56, p.36-3:, `mo`s em 0::? (Jerguh`k` Oehbsàrb` ce Lesus)9 610 - p.00-0?, em 0:6?9
:?2 ‗ p.0?-03, em 0::>9 273 ‗ p.7?-77 em 0:53 e 23: ‗ p.:, em 0:27 (M`kdeh Qbktd

0?66
0?
Nbfur` 6 ‗ G`ceb` sugess÷rb` cds prdprbetàrbds em terr`s nrdk
nrdktebr`s
tebr`s e ektdrkd
c` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s (0::0-020>).

Ndktes< Gn. SEBZEB_@, Gbc. Dp.gbt, p. ?6 e @QEO. Weæçd Lucbgbàrbd ‗ Esgrbtur`s<

Hbvrds 05, >33, >56, 610, :?2, 273, 23:, 0?5?, 0533.

@ p`rtbr c` ndkte bmpress` `gbm` mekgbdk`c`, ndb pdssíveh he-

v`kt`r dutr`s esgrbtur`s ce gdmpr`, vekc`, tr`ksnerìkgb`s e gdkges-
Kdv`es)9 0?5?, p.?3 em 0207 (M`kdeh G`mbhd c` Wâ Gruz)9 0533, p. 7>, em 0::>
(M`kdeh G`mbhhd ce W`kt`k`).

0?::
0?
sões p`r` usd ce terr`s, hdg`hbz`c`s k` refbçd cekdmbk`c` ce Wítbd
cd O`te ndhj` du N`zekcd cd O`te Ndhj`. @s esgrbtur`s ekvdhvekcd
dutdrf`cds gdmd M`kdeh Mdkbz, Nehbsmbk` (Nehbgb`k`4) Qerebr` ce
Lesus,
Lesu s, Nrecerbgd
Nrecerbgd Ges`rbd
Ges` rbd cds W`ktds, Hubz cds W`ktds
W` ktds G`strd e Jer
Jer--
guh`k` Oehbsàrbd ce Lesus, e um gertd Ehb`s _dcrbfues Webx`s, tdcds
ehes bktefr`m nrdktebr`s c`s terr`s que gdmpreekcem d Wítbd O`te
Ndhj`. S`bs esgrbtur`s ndr`m hev`kt`c`s kd @rqubvd Qüohbgd cd Es-
t`cd c` O`jb`,
O` jb`, k` seæçd Lucbgbàrbd
Lucbgbàrbd/Esgrb
/Esgrbtur`s
tur`s e estçd sbktetbz`c`s k`
Nbfur` 6. @grecbtd que t`bs cdgumektds sçd g`p`zes ce cem`rg`r e
bcektbg`r ds hbmbtes nrdktebrbæds kd kef÷gbd gdmergb`h ekvdhvekcd `
`qubsbæçd c`s terr`s, tekcd á nrekte d s`gercdte cd Serrebrd ce G`k-
cdmohâ O`te Ndhj`, Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd. @hâm cbssd,
esses cdgumektds ndr`m bktergruz`cds gdm dutr`s pesqubs`s là re`hb-
z`c`s pdr
p dr jbstdrb`cdres o`b`kds
o`b` kds e que ekvdhv
ekvdhvem
em d r`bd ce `æçd
`æ çd em que
`s terr`s cd sítbd O`te Ndhj` estçd bkserbc`s.
Cektre `hfuks bkcígbds pergdrrbcds p`r` gdmpreekcer ` p`s-
s`fem cd terrekd em que està hdg`hbz`c` ` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj` `d
sítbd em que se est`oehegerà d Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`,
ds r`strds ce ndktes g`p`zes ce prdcuzbr um ektekcbmektd e um`
gdmpreeksçd sdore ds cescdor`mektds c`s nrdktebr`s terrbtdrb`bs kds
`pdkt`m `hfum`s evbcìkgb`s. @ prbmebr` ceh`s pdce ser gdkst`t`c`
k` pesqubs` ce Ldçd Ldsâ _ebs e Ecu`rcd Wbhv`, que, em mebd ` um
ghbm` sdgb`h, pdhítbgd e guhtur`h `fbt`cd, bcektbg`r`m um G`kcdm-
G`kcdm-
ohâ k`s bmecb`æões ce W`hv`cdr em me`cds ce 0:?2, bkv`cbcd peh`
pdhígb`.2 Sr`t`v`-se cd G`kcdmohâ cd @ggü, hdg`hbz`cd k` nrefuesb`
ce Ordt`s. Kd gektrd c` gek`, d G`kcdmohâ `g`o` cesempekj`kcd
p`peh prbvbhefb`cd k` represekt`æçd pdhítbg` e rebkvekæçd guhtur`h cds
`nrbg`kds k` O`jb`. D ekrecd se cesekrdh` em tdrkd cd `t`que á rehb-
2 Esse epbs÷cbd ndb reh`t`cd gdkndrme ds refbstrds cd Lubz ce Q`z c` Nrefuesb` ce Kds-
s` Wekjdr` ce Ordt`s, @ktdkbd Fdmes ce @oreu Fubm`rçes. Gn. _EBW. L. L9 WBH^@,
E. K`s m`hj`s cd pdcer esgr`vbst`< ` bkv`sçd kd G`kcdmohâ cd @ggü. Bk< Kefdgb`-
Gdkbtd. @ resbstìkgb` kefr` kd Or`sbh esgr`vbst`. Wçd Q`uhd< Gb` c`s Hetr`s,
æçd e Gdkbtd.
02:2, p. 73, 02:2.

0?22
0?
fbçd `nrbg`k` e c` cenes` cd cbrebtd c` su` pràtbg`. Cesse mdvbmektd,
emerfem ds bmp`sses e cbhem`s eknrekt`cds pdr esgr`vds, hboertds,
sekjdres e `utdrbc`ces em su`s reh`æões gdtbcb`k`s.01
Q`r` _ebs e Wbhv`, d gdmo`te á `utdkdmb` e á bkcbsgbphbk` es-
gr`v`, kd tr`o`hjd e ndr` cehe, se nez `tr`vâs ce um` gdmobk`æçd
c` vbdhìkgb` gdm ` kefdgb`æçd, cd gjbgdte gdm ` regdmpeks`. Ess`
gdkst`t`æçd se cepreekce cd n`td ce que ds sekjdres ektekcb`m que
` `gdmdc`æçd er` pregàrb` e qu`kcd pdssíveh prdgur`v`m kefdgb`r d
prdhdkf`mektd c` p`z. _esuht` evbcekte que, kd refbme esgr`vbst`,
kukg` se vbvb` em phek` p`z9 d gdtbcb`kd gdrrespdkcb` ` um` espâgbe
ce fuerr` kçd gdkv
gdkvekgbdk`h.
ekgbdk`h. Gjef`-se, pdrt`
pdrt`ktd,
ktd, `d ektekcbmektd
ektekcbmektd
ce que, kess` fuerr`, t`ktd ds esgr`vds qu`ktd ds sekjdres ousg`v`m
dgup`r pdsbæões ce ndræ` ` p`rtbr c`s qu`bs pucessem f`kj`r gdm
m`bs n`gbhbc`ces su`s pequek`s o`t`hj`s.00 C`í, tem-se um gh`rd ek-
tekcbmektd ce que ds `nrbg`kds e grbduhds esgr`vbz`cds tbver`m que
eknrektà-hds
eknrektà- hds gdm bktehbfìkgb` e grb`tbvbc`ce. @g`o`r`m
@g`o`r` m pdr cesekvdh-
cesekvdh-
ver um` k` m`hígb` pessd`h, `hb`c` ` um` cesgdkgert`kte dus`cb`
guhtur`hh em que se cemdkstr`v` um` vbsçd
guhtur` vbsç d ce mukcd `oert` `d kdvd.
Q`r` esses jbstdrb`cdres, `d hdkfd c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ,
` O`jb` se gdkstbtubu kum `mobekte n`vdràveh á resbstìkgb` esgr`v`.
Ndb nukc`mekt`h, em prbmebrd huf`r, d gresgbmektd vbfdrdsd c` pd-
puh`æçd kefrd-mestbæ`, em espegb`h ` cds `nrbg`kds.0?
D epbs÷cbd c` bkv`sçd cd G`kcdmohâ cd @ggü reveh` `hfuks
ehemektds oàsbgds p`r` ` gdmpreeksçd cd cesempekjd cd G`kcdm-
ohâ gdmd bkstbtubæçd gektr`h ce represekt`æçd e kefdgb`æçd
kefdgb`æ çd cds kefrds
k` O`jb`. Estes grb`r`m g`k`bs ce gdmukbg`æçd gdm ds pdcerdsds e
bkgdrpdr`r`m gdmd memords ce seus rbtu`bs ds `nrd-o`b`kds, `rre-
negekcd, em gert` mecbc` e ce gertd mdcd, ` `æçd cds esgr`vdgr`t`s
bktdher`ktes e ` cbvbsçd `nrbg`kd/grbduhd tçd g`r` `d sbstem` c` esgr`-
01 Gn. _EBW, L.L9 WBH^@,
WBH^@, E. dp. gbt., p. 75.
00 Gn. _EBW, L.L9 WBH^@,
WBH^@, E. dp. gbt., p. 7?-77.
0? Bobc. p. 77.

071
vbcçd. _e`hbz`c`s `s `hb`kæ`s, ` ruptur` gdm d bsdh`mektd póce per-
gdrrer g`mbkjds m`bs dus`cds. D g`sd ekvdhvekcd d G`kcdmohâ cd
@ggü, que pdr trìs cb`s perm`kegeu tdg`kcd e g`kt`kcd, expdkcd-se
puohbg`mekte, s`bkcd c` gj`m`c` gh`kcestbkbc`ce, cem`rg` d ìxbtd
ce um` estr`tâfb`
estr`tâf b` ce resbstìkgb` est`oehegbc` pehds
p ehds `ceptds e nrequek-
t`cdres ce G`kcdmohâs k` O`jb`. Cepdbs cesse epbs÷cbd c` bkv`sçd,
seus memords gdktbku`r`m ldf`kcd `oertd, eknrekt`r`m um lubz ce
p`z, cekukgb`r`m-kd `d presbcekte c` prdvíkgb` e bkvekt`r`m gdmd
`hb`cd um vbsgdkce
vbsgdkce c` `rbstdgr`gb` o`b`k`. @fbkcd `ssbm, `rm`r`m `r m`r`m
k` pràtbg` d cbrebtd ce exbstbr e veker`r seus ceuses, que er` kef`cd
pdr mebd ce hebs hdg`bs e k`gbdk`bs e `tr`vâs ce `tbtuces gdmd ` cd lubz
@ktdkbd Fubm`rçes.07
Qdcer-se-b` perfukt`r, ektçd, d que esse epbs÷cbd terb` ` ver
gdm d prdgessd ce `qubsbæçd c`s c` s terr`s
terr` s em que està sbtu`cd d Serrebrd
Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`4 Em prbmebrd huf`r, pdcemds est`oeheger p`r`hehds ektre
`s estr`tâfb`s ce gdmo`te cd Bmpârbd, `bkc` k` prbmebr` met`ce cd
sâguhd ZBZ, e `s tàtbg`s ce resbstìkgb` prdmdvbc`s pehds terrebrds e
g`s`s ce G`kcdmohâ em k`bs cd sâguhd ZBZ e que tem cescdor`- cescdor`-
mektds
mek tds k`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ. Z Z. Ds gdkbtds
gdk btds sdgb`bs ek-
ek-
vdhvekcd lustbæ`, sdgbec`ce e `nrd-rehbfbdsbc`ce ndr`m gdmuks ektre
ds estucds c` esgr`vbcçd, d p÷s-@odhbæçd e d est`oehegbmektd c` re-
püohbg` or`sbhebr`.
@hâm cbssd,
cbss d, _ebs e Wbhv`
Wb hv` bcektbg
bcektbg`r`
`r`m
m um bkgbcek
b kgbcekte
te ekvdhvek
ekvdhvekcd
cd
luízes ce
ce p`z c`c` O`jb` e dutrds
dutrds persdk`f
persdk`feks,
eks, em
em 0:7?
0:7?.. M`kdeh @k`s-
tàgbd Mukbz O`rretd, memord ce bmpdrt`kte n`míhb` o`b`k` e prd-
prbetàrbd ce terr`s hdg`hbz`c`s k` nrefuesb` ce W`ktd @ktdkbd @hâm
cd G`rmd, e d lubz ce Qbr`là, nrefuesb`
nrefuesb` suouro`k`
suouro`k` `bkc`
` bkc` m`bs cbst`kte
cd que Ordt`s, er`, gdmd @ktdkbd Fubm`rçes, `ceptd c` bktdherïkgb`
`ds rbtu`bs `nrbg`kds.
` nrbg`kds.03 Em 6 ce setemord c`quehe `kd, c`t` k`gbdk`h,
d gdm`kc`kte c` Fu`rc` Mukbgbp`h ce Qbr`là duvbr` ce su` g`s` td-
07 Bobc. p. 57.
03 Gn. _EBW, L.L9 WBH^@,
WBH^@, E. dp. gbt., p. >1.

070
ques ce t`o`ques kd sítbd cekdmbk`cd O`te Ndhj`. D hdg`h pertekgb`
á nrefuesb` ce W`ktd @ktdkbd @hâm cd G`rmd, nrdktebrbæ` á ce Qbr`là.
Wefukcd
Wef ukcd _ebs e Wbhv`, d Wr. M`kdeh Mukbz O`rretd gdkt`
g dkt` `d presbcek-
presbcek-
te c` prdvíkgb` ` experbìkgb` cd gjene c` fu`rc`<
Y...] ndr` pessd`hmekte `gdmp`kj`cd ce seus fu`rc`s `d cbtd huf`r O`tendhj`,
e `hb `gj`r` fr`kce `cluktd ce jdmeks pretds, or`kgds, p`rcds e muhjeres, ds
qu`bs n`zb`m p`rte
p` rte c`quehes o`tuques, e que
que ehe `pes`r ce kçd est`r kds hbmbtes
ceste Cbstrbtd, sempre bksbstbu, e pufkdu, p`r` que se ceszesse
cesze sse `quehe `cluk-
`cluk-
td, pdrâm que kest` mesm` dg`sbçd hje `presekt`r`m um` hbgekæ` cd Lubz ce
Q`z c`queh` nrefuesb`, Hàz`rd Ldsâ L`moebrd, p`r` pdcer n`zer t`bs nukæões
Y...].05

K`s `kàhbses re`hbz`c`s pehds jbstdrb`cdres,

jbstdrb`cdres, kçd g` gh`rd que se
tr`t`v` ce rbtu`h cd G`kcdmohâ du ce nest` mukc`k`, t`hvez um` ge-
heor`æçd pdpuh`r `ssdgb`c` á Bkcepekcìkgb`. Jà, ektret`ktd, r`zões
p`r` grer k` prbmebr` jbp÷tese. K`s bkvestbf`æões luktd ` cdgumek-
tds, doserv`-se que sebs `kds m`bs t`rce, em 0:7:, `p`rege d refbstrd
ce um G`kcdmohâ pr÷xbmd ` este hdg`h ‗ N`zekc` O`te Ndhj` ‗ kum
m`p` cd exârgbtd hef`hbst` que gdmo`tb` ds reoehces c` W`obk`c`. D
m`p` ndb puohbg`cd pdr Q`uhd Gez`r Wduz` e mdstr` ` pdsbæçd c`s
ndræ`s em gdmo`te, bcektbg`kcd vàrbds pdktds fedfràgds gdkjegb-
gdkjegb-
cds, ektre ds qu`bs d G`kcdmohâ.0> Bssd pdce sbfkbg`r ` est`obhbc`c
est`obhbc`cee
c`quehe terrebrd, su` `gebt`æçd, vbt÷rb` e resbstìkgb`. @hb`kæ`s ektre
muhjeres e jdmeks pretds, p`rcds, or`kgds, `ceptds cd G`kcdmohâ,
e ` p`z kefdgb`c` gdm ` lustbæ` em 0:7?, t`hvez tekj` fer`cd nrutds.
K`s bmecb`æões bkcbg`c`s kd m`p` ce 0:7:, pergeoe-se ` gdbkgbcìk-
gb` gdm ` hdg`hbz`æçd cd Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh` O`te
Ndhj`. Gert`mekte, d `tu`h terrebrd kçd â d mesmd ce 0:7? du 0:7:,
pdbs d M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ tem refbstrds ce `qubsbæçd c`s terr`s
em 020>. @ Nbfur` : cem`rg` d terrbt÷rbd c` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj` em
0:76<06
05 Gn. G`rt` ce M`kdeh @k`stàgbd Mukbz O`rretd `d presbcekte Ld`qubm Ldsâ Qbkjeb-
rd ce ^`sgdkgehds,
^`sgdkgehds, :/2/0:7?, @QEO, m`æd ?>:?, Gn. _EBW & WBH
WBH^^@, Dp. gbt, p. >0.
0> Gn. WDU\@, Q`uhd Gez`r. @ W`obk`c`< ` revdht` sep`r`tbst` c` O`jb` (0:76). Wçd
Q`uhd, Or`sbhbekse, 02:6, p. 010.
06 Gn. _EBW, L.L9 WBH^@,
WBH^@, E. dp. gbt., p. >0.
07?
Nbfur` : ‗ D sítbd ce W`hv`cdr cur`kte ` W`obk`c` e ` cem`rg`æçd ce um
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ
G` kcdmohâ k` N`zekc` O`te Nd
Ndhj`
hj` (0:76).

Ndkte< WDU\@, Q. G. (02:6, p. 011).

@ sefukc` evbcìkgb` ndb bcektbg`c` em dutrd tr`o`hjd cd jbs- jbs-

tdrb`cdr Ldçd _ebs, que tr`t` ce um gurbdsd g`sd ce gdkbtds ektre
cdbs `nrbg`kds hboertds e s`gercdtes resbcektes k` prdvíkgb` c` O`jb`
k` sefukc` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ, sekcd que ` prdprbec`ce ce um
cehes n`z nrdktebr` gdm `s terr`s
t err`s cd `tu`h
`tu` h Serrebrd
Serrebrd ce G`kcdmo
G` kcdmohâ
hâ O`te
Ndhj`.0: ^el`mds. @s teksões vbvbc`s ektre Cdmbkfds Wdcrâ e Ehb`s
Nr`kgbsgd ce Webx`s ndr`m `hvd ce um prdgessd grbme mdvbcd ektre
dutuord ce 0:>1 e kdvemord ce 0:>7. Cdmbkfds `gusdu Ehb`s ce ter
gdmetbcd jdmbgícbd gdktr` dutrd `nrbg`kd, ce kdme Ldçd. Ce `gdr-
cd gdm _ebs, em 15 ce dutuord ce 0:>1, Ldçd terb` prdgur`cd Ehb`s
em su` rdæ`, ` m`kcd ce Cdmbkfds, p`r` re`ver um gdktd ce râbs
gdk`cd pdr Cdmbkfds ` Ehb`s. D `gus`cd kukg` `cmbtbu qu`hquer
respdks`obhbc`ce, m`s d n`td â que d gdrpd ce Ldçd `p`regeu odb`k-
cd cdbs cb`s `p÷s d ekgdktrd, kd Cbque cd Sdrdr÷. Esse prdgessd ndb
0: _EBW, L. L. Cdmbkfds Wdcrâ, um s`gercdte `nrbg`kd<
`nrbg`kd< esgr`vbcçd, hboerc`ce e
G`kcdmohâ k` O`jb` cd sâguhd ZBZ. Wçd Q`uhd< Gb` c`s Hetr`s, ?11:.

077
`oertd k` Sergebr` ^`r` Mukbgbp`h e gdrreu p`r`hehd ` um bkquârbtd
pdhbgb`h c` suocehef`gb` cd prbmebrd cbstrbtd c` nrefuesb` ce W`ktd
@ktdkbd.
 kesse gdktextd sdgb`h que Ehb`s Nr`kgbsgd ce Webx`s, `tr`vâs
cd seu hjd Gjrbstdvçd Ehb`s Webx`s, `p`rege gdmd gdmpr`cdr, pdr
711 mbh-râbs, ce um terrekd `d h`cd cd Wçd Fdkæ`hd, sefukcd cbstrbtd
ce W`ktd @ktdkbd @hâm cd G`rmd, cekdmbk`cd sítbd c` N`zekc` cd
O`te Ndhj`, cd cdmíkbd cbretd ce Cdk` Nehbgb`k` Qerebr` ce Lesus.
@ n`zekc` Wçd Fdkæ`hd pertekger` ` Hubz Ldsâ ce Dhbvebr`, sek`cdr
cd Bmpârbd, e ` su` espds` cdk` M`rb` Ldsâ ce Webx`s, hj` ce cdk`
M`rb` Cdrdtje` Webx`s, espds` ce Ehb`s. D terrekd pertekgb` á n`-
zekc` Wçd Fdkæ`hd, m`s er` pdsse cd nreb Ldsâ ce W`kt` Esgdhàstbg` e
Dhbvebr`, que p`f`v` > mbh-rebs ce ndrd `ku`hmekte.02 Kbgdh`u Q`râs
t`moâm ekn`tbz` que, kd sítbd cd O`te Ndhj`, er`m duvbcds gdktbku`-
mekte o`tuques, e que `í se ekgdktr`v`m fr`kces `frup`mektds ce
jdmeks pretds,
pretds, or`kgds, p`rcds e muhjeres, ds qu`bs n`zb`m
n`zb` m p`rte cds
o`tuques. D epbs÷cbd sufere, sefukcd Q`râs, que là kds `kds ce 0:71
exbstb`m cbvers`s gdkfref`æões rehbfbds`s cds `nrbg`kds kd sâguhd
ZBZ, oem drf`kbz`c`s, gdm gert` est`obhbc`ce, gdm kumerdsds p`r-
tbgbp`ktes e gdm g`p`gbc`ce ce re`fbr gdktr` pdssívebs repressões. ?1
@ tergebr` evbcìkgb` jbst÷rbg` `cvâm cd gruz`mektd ektre `s
ndktes
ndk tes cdgumekt`bs gdksuht`c`s pdr
p dr Ldçd _ebs e ` esgrbtur` püohbg` ce
tr`ksnerìkgb` ce cdmíkbd ektre ` Gdmp`kjb` ce Puebm`cd e ` `cmb-
kbstr`æçd püohbg` mukbgbp`h ce W`hv`cdr, c`t`c` ce 71 ce setemord
ce 0215.
0215. @s cesgrbæões sdore nrdktebr`s cds terrekds e ds prdprbetàrbds
rendræ`m ` cehbmbt`æçd esp`gb`h e fedfràg`, `ssever`kcd que d ter- ter-
rekd `cqubrbcd pehd s`gercdte cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` està
est à bkserbcd
b kserbcd kd
r`bd ce `æçd que ekvdhve `s terr`s ce Ehb`s _dcrbfues Webx`s du serb`
Gjrbstdvçd Ehb`s Webx`s, hjd cd s`gercdte `nrbg`kd Ehb`s Nr`kgbsgd
ce Webx`s4 @ respdst` ` t`h bkc`f`æçd se evbcekgb` k`s ousg`s luktd
02 Gn. _EBW, L. L. Dp.gbt., ?11:, p. ?03.
?1 Gn. Q@_ÂW, H. K. dp. gbt., ?116, p. 070-07?.

073
ás esgrbtur`s que ekvdhvem ` cem`rg`æçd cds terrbt÷rbds nrdktebr`s ás
terr`s `cqubrbc`s pehd Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, s`gercdte
nukc`cdr cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
@ qu`rt` e cerr`cebr` evbcìkgb` jbst÷rbg` gdrrespdkce á `qub-
sbæçd cd terrekd dkce nukgbdk`rb` d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Mecb`kte
bkstrumektd lurícbgd e hef`h h`vr`cd em esgrbtur` ce gdmpr` e vekc`,
geheor`c` em 020> e hef`hmekte ndrm`hbz`c` em 00 ce cezemord,?0 `
vekc` ndb
ndb enetu`c` pehd Wr. Wegukcbkd
Wegukcb kd cds W`ktds, peh` qu`ktb`
qu` ktb` ce 311
mbh râbs. Ds refbstrds bcektbg`cds k` GDO@KSU?? ekn`tbz`m que d
terrekd gdmpr`cd e cd`cd gdmd rdæ` er` um esp`æd ce guhtd c` k`æçd
Lele.
Lele. @ tr`cbæçd dr`h cd O`te Ndhj` regdkj
regdkjege
ege ` exbstìk
exbstìkgb`
gb` ce `ssek-
t`mektds Lele em hdg`h cekdmbk`cd ce @htd cd Suktum, esp`æd ce
cbnígbh `gessd k` m`t` que ekvdhve `s terr`s cd Serrebrd. S`bs `ssek-
t`mektds serçd pdktd ce cbsgussçd em seæçd espegíg`. @ esgrbtur`
ce gdmpr` e vekc` cd terrekd cd O`te Ndhj`, c`t` ce 00 ce cezemord
ce 020>, e `pdkt` que j`vb` nrdktebr` gdm d terrekd `cqubrbcd pdr
Gjrbstdvçd Ehb`s Webx`s, hjd cd `nrbg`kd hboertd Ehb`s Nr`kgbsgd ce
Webx`s.
D gdktextd ce `qubsbæçd c`s terr`s dkce està sbtu`cd d Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`, reh`gbdk`-se ` um` rece ce g`ceb`s sugess÷rb`s cd bm÷-
veh em huf`r cekdmbk`cd O`te Ndhj`, bkserbcd k` zdk` terrbtdrb`h cd
cbstrbtd ce W`ktd @ktdkbd @hâm cd G`rmd. Gdkst` que, em 00 ce ce-
zemord ce 020>, `s p`rtes dutdrf`ktes gdmp`reger`m `d g`rt÷rbd cd
3¼. S`oehbçd ce Kdt`s, em W`hv`cdr, sekcd vekcecdr Wegukcbkd cds
W`ktds, sdhtebrd, m`bdr, e gdmd gdmpr`cdr, M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c`
Q`bxçd.?7 Ce `gdrcd gdm d vekcecdr,
vekcecdr, ndb cbtd que er` sekjdr
s ekjdr e pdssub-
pdssu b-
cdr ce um terrekd o`hcbd ce sebs t`ren`s, gul` cesgrbæçd â ` sefubkte<
?0 Gn. Esgrbtur` ce vekc`, gdmpr`, p`r` e qubt`æçd refbstr`cd kd 3¼. S`oehbçd
S`oehbçd ce Kd-
t`s ‗ Gdrdkeh @ndksd Qecrebr` ce Gerquebr`, W`hv`cdr, Hbvrd 62, Ndhj` 6?, em 00cez.
020>.
?? Gn. GDO@KSU. dp. gbt,. ?100.
?7 Gn. Esgrbtur` ce vekc`, gdmpr`, p`f` e qubt`æçd. 3¼ S`oehbçd ce Kdt`s-Gdrdkeh
@nndksd Qecrebr` ce Gerquebr`,
Gerquebr`, W`hv`cdr-O@. Hbvrd k¼ 62, . 6?. 00 cez. 020>. @ es
es--
grbtur` s÷ ndb refbstr`c` kd G`rt÷rbd ce _efbstrd ce Bm÷vebs F. _dcrbfues Qdmp`, sdo
kümerd ce drcem 01?>2, pàfbk` ?76, e refbstr`cd kd Hbvrd 7G, sdo kümerd :163, .
075
 Y...] Webs t`ren`s ce terr` ekgr`v`c` kd terrekd ce prdprbec`ce ce W`kgjd Ldsâ
Oerk`rcd cds W`ktds, que se cbvbce peh` k`sgekte Y...] tràs d rumd ce M`kdeh
G`mbhhd e prdprbec`ce cd renerbcd W`kgjd e pehd h`cd dpdstd gdm ` ndkte c`
tehj` e terrekds ce Gjrbst÷v`m Ehb`s ce Webx`s e d mesmd W`kgjd Ldsâ Oerk`r-
cd cds W`ktds, e `ssbm cesgrbtd e cem`rg`cd, hbvre e cesemo`r`æ`cd ce tdcd e
qu`hquer ókus, t`h gdmd d gdmprdu ` M`kdeh Hbkd ce @ktukes lus esgrbtur`
p`rtbguh`r ce ?7 ce Neverebrd ce 0215, vekce-d `d gdmpr`cdr M`kdeh Oer-
k`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd, peh` qu`ktb` ce qu`trdgektds mbh rebs (311$111) que keste
gbghd ceve regeoer em mdec` hef`h e gdrrekte e c` qu`h hje cà phek`, fer`h e
brrevdfàveh qubt`æçd e em sefubc` tr`ksnerbkcd-hje ` pdsse, `gæçd, cbrebtd e
pertekæçd, t`h gdmd exergb` kd terrekd vekcbcd, p`r` que fdse-d, e pdssu`-d
gdmd seu que g` sekcd pdr ndræ` cess` esgrbtur` e c` gh`usuh` gdkstbtutbv`,
dorbf`kcd-se gdmd se dorbf`, em qu`hquer tempd, n`zer od`, rme e v`hbds`
est` vekc` pdr sb, seus jercebrds e sugessdres ` respdkcer ` qu`bsquer
qu` bsquer cüvbc`s
nutur`s e peh` evbgæçd ce cbrebtd qu`kcd gj`m`cd ` `ucbtdrb`.?3

Gdksbcer`kcd que d v`hdr

v`hdr cd prbmebrd s`hàrbd
s`hàr bd míkbmd
míkb md kd Or`sbh
er` ce ?31$111 (cuzektds e qu`rekt` mbh râbs), ce `gdrcd gdm d Ce-
gretd
gre td Heb
H eb ?.0
?.0>?/
>?/31,
31,?5 vbfekte ` p`rtbr
p`rtb r ce 13 ce luhjd ce 0231,
0231, ousg`mds
ekgdktr`r ` equbv`hìkgb` cd v`hdr ce `qubsbæçd c`s terr`s cd Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj`, vbkte e qu`trd `kds `p÷s d refbstrd c` esgrbtur` ce gdm-
pr` e vekc`. S`h equbv`hìkgb` cd bkvestbmektd re`hbz`cd em kdme ce
M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd gdrrespdkce ` 0>>,>% cd s`hàrbd mí-
kbmd vbfekte em 0231. Ndr`m testemukj`s presektes L`kuàrbd Wbhv`
e Ldçd Ldsâ Qbkjebrd, que `ssbk`r`m gdm ds dutdrf`ktes, sekcd que,
em r`zçd cd gdmpr`cdr ser `k`hn`oetd, `ssbkdu G`merbkd Fbr`hces
ce @r`fçd. Emodr` ` esgrbtur` ce gdmpr` e vekc` cd terrekd o`hcbd
estel` refbstr`c` em 020>, ` ecbg`æçd c` g`s` dkce p`ss`rb` ` nuk- nuk-
gbdk`r d esp`æd s`fr`cd cd o`rr`gçd e ds `mobektes `uxbhb`res, s÷ ndb
`vero`c`
`ver o`c` em g`rg`rt÷rbd
t÷rbd em 17 ce lukjd ce 0276
0276.. Pu`ktd
Pu` ktd `d víkguhd
ví kguhd que
d Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd tbkj`tbk j` gdm d respdk
respdksàv
sàveh
eh peh` `ssbk`tur` c`

0?5, em 06 `or. 02?7.

?3 Gn. Esgrbtur` ce vekc`, gdmpr`, p`f` e qubt`æçd refbstr`cd kd 3¼. S`oehbçd ce
Kdt`s ‗ Gdrdkeh @ndksd Qecrebr` ce Gerquebr`, W`hv`cdr, Hbvrd 62, Ndhj` 6?, em
00/0?/020>, p. 0-?.
?5 Gn. Evdhuæçd cd W`hàrbd Míkbmd kd Or`sbh. Cbspdkbveh em 8jttp<//or.`cvnk.
8jttp<//or.`cvnk.
gdm/bkcbg`cdres/s`h`rbd-mbkbmd/evdhug`d;.
gdm/bkcbg`cdres/s`h`rbd-mbkbmd/evdhug`d ;. @gessd em 1: `fd. ?10>.

07>
esgrbtur` ce gdmpr` e vekc` c`s terr`s cd O`te Ndhj`, dgdrrbcd em 00
ce cezemord ce 020>, Cdk` Oerk`cete kds k`rr`<
Puem `ssbkdu ` esgrbtur` c` gdmpr` c`s terr`s cd O`te Ndhj` ndb G`merbkd
Fbr`hces ce @r`fçd. Er` um `mbfd e que r`r`mekte b` á g`s` ce Oerk`rcbkd.
@p÷s ` mdrte ce Oeoâ, jduve um` pessd` que qubs jerc`r `s terr`s, m`s kçd
ndb G`merbkd. Ce n`td, ehes er`m `mbfds. W÷
W ÷ seb cbssd.?>

Gdmd kd `tu`h o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur` jà refbstrds ce cbversds

terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ,?6 esse terrekd pdce ter sbcd, ce n`td, esp`æd
ce qubhdmod cd pdvd Lele. Gdkst`t`-se, `tr`vâs c`s ndktes cdgumek-
t`bs, que d esp`æd k`tur`h e nísbgd dkce se est`oehegeu d Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`
Nd hj` tr`z
t r`z á tdk` cehbmbt`æçd
cehbm bt`æçd ce nrdktebr`s pdssbvehmek
pdssbvehmektete ekvdhvek
ekvdhvekcd
cd
Serrebrds Gdkfd-@kfdh` e dutr`s k`æões ce G`kcdmohâ. Kd terrekd
cekdmbk`cd ‘_dæ` cd O`te Ndhj`”, sbtu`cd kd O`brrd M`t` Esgu-
r`, em W`hv`cdr, Oerk`rcbkd nukcdu d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` em 020>.
G`oe esgh`reger que, k`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ, d o`brrd c`
M`t` Esgur` pdssbvehmekte
pdssbvehmekte tbkj` `hfum`s pdug`s g`s`s ce t`bp`. Er`
um hdg`h ce ceks` vefet`æçd, pdugd bhumbk`cd, prdpdrgbdk`kcd es-
gurbcçd kd gj`m`cd ‘mebd cd verce”. E `bkc` â pdssíveh gdmpreek-
cer que sdmekte ` p`rtbr
p`r tbr ce 0251
0251 â que, ce n`td, gdm `s `mphb`æões
` mphb`æões ce
bkstbtubæões püohbg`s cd Est`cd, d o`brrd c` M`t` Esgur` gdmeæ` `
f`kj`r um` ceksbc`ce pdpuh`gbdk`h m`bs evbcekte<
Wefukcd mdr`cdres m`bs `ktbfds cd o`brrd, pdr bssd d o`brrd gdu gdkjegbcd
pehd kdme ce M`t` Esgur`. Â prdvàveh que, gdm ` exbstìkgb` ce um` m`t`
negj`c`, kekjum g`pbtçd cd m`td ekgdktr`v` ds kefrds que nufb`m e n`zb`m
ceste hdg`h um kdvd `orbfd. @ uro`kbz`æçd c` àre`, kd ekt`ktd, s÷ `gdktegeu
cepdbs ce um hdkfd prdgessd ce dgup`æões espdktïke`s, prbkgbp`hmekte `p÷s
` bk`ufur`æçd, kds `kds 0251, cd m`bdr gdmphexd pekbtekgbàrbd c` O`jb`, `
Qekbtekgbàrb` Hemds ce Orbtd. @s n`míhb`s que se est`oehegb`m kd o`brrd p`-
f`v`m `ku`hmekte d ndrd du h`ucìmbd, peh` `qubsbæçd cd terrekd,
ter rekd, áquehes que
um cb` ndr`m ds cdkds ce tdc` ` àre`, M`xbmbkb`kd c` Ekg`rk`æçd e M`-
Mukbz. Gdm ` mdrte ce M`xbmbkb`kd e ` ràpbc` dgup`æçd cd o`brrd,
kdeh Mukbz.
ess`s t`x`s
t` x`s cebx`r`m
cebx`r` m ce ser gdor`c`s. Y...
Y...]] Cektre d exteksd terrbt÷rbd dgup`cd
ce terr` exuoer`kte e ceks` k`turez` cd hdg`h, restdu `pek`s ` vefet`æçd cd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` que dgup` gerg` ce 0?6.>11m?, ` H`fd` cd Qr`t` e `
?> Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?10>.
?6 Gn. W@KSDW, L. M`pe`mektd cds Serrebrds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs k` Gbc`ce W`h-
v`cdr. W`hv`cdr< GE@D-UNO@, ?11:.

076
 H`fd` cd Uruou, k`s prdxbmbc`ces c` O_@WBHFÀW, là o`st`kte `ssdre`c`s.
Kd k`h cd sâguhd ZBZ, `s àfu`s
àf u`s cd _bd G`m`rulbpe ndr`m repres`c`s e ndr`m
ndr`m
gdkstruíc`s, keste o`brrd,
o`br rd, ` _epres` c` M`t` Esgur` e ` _epres` cd Qr`t`, `m-
o`s p`r` `o`stegbmektd püohbgd c` gbc`ce. Qrdlet`c`s pehd ekfekjebrd o`b`kd
Sjedcdrd W`mp`bd, ndr`m ces`tbv`c`s em 02:6, cevbcd á o`bx` v`zçd e peh`
pdhubæçd prdvdg`c` pehd h`kæ`mektd ce esfdtds s`kbtàrbds e resícuds s÷hbcds.
K` àre` cess`s repres`s, exbste um` c`s ühtbm`s reserv`s k`tur`bs c` gbc`ce,
gdkgektr`kcd ` m`bdr ceksbc`ce ce vefet`æçd k`tbv` rem`kesgekte ce m`t`
`thïktbg`?:. (Frbnds meus. ^er Nbfur` 2 ` sefubr dkce gdkst` d hev`kt`mektd
ph`kbmâtrbgd cd terrekd.)
terrekd.)

Nbfur` 2 - Hev`kt`mektd Qh`kbmâtrbgd ‗ N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, 02>2.

Kdt`< Esg`h` 0<0111 àre` ce 0?6.>11m?.

Gdmpreekcer ceshdg`mektds p`r` àre`s cekdmbk`c`s perbnâ-

rbg`s `d gektrd uro`kd ce W`hv`cdr, gdmd â d g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`, em prbkgípbd, p`rege um regud c`s hbcer`kæ`s gdm d bktubtd
ce evbt`r gdknrdktds dsteksbvds gdm `s o`tbc`s pdhbgb`bs. Ektret`ktd,
?: Gn. W@KSDW, E.9 QBKJD, L. @. F. ce9 MD_@EW, H. _. W.9 NBWGJE_, S.
(Drfs.) D g`mbkjd c`s àfu`s em W`hv`cdr< O`gb`s jbcrdfràg`s, O`brrds e
Ndktes. W`hv`cdr< GB@FW/UNO@, ?101, p.01>.

07:
ess` tàtbg` utbhbz`c` pehds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs ‗ e bstd bkghub d
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ‗ permbtbu que frupds pucessem se bkst`h`r em
terrekds e esp`æds m`bs `prdprb`cds p`r` d guhtd ás cbvbkc`ces ‗ kib-
ses, vdkcuks, drbxàs, G`odghds. Gdmukfd cd ektekcbmektd ce Luhbd
Or`f`, kd sektbcd ce que ` tàtbg`, pdrt`ktd, se gdkfur` gdmd sekcd
ce kfbmektd ce suodrcbk`æçd<
Y...] esse `n`st`mektd gdmpuhs÷rbd tekj` cesempekj`cd p`peh rehev`kte k`
preserv`æçd ce um` hbturfb`, que pdcb`, `ssbm, ser pr`tbg`c` m`bs hbvremekte
e hdkfe cd `ssâcbd, mubt`s vezes bkcesel`cd e bmpertbkekte, ce pessd`s estr`-
kj`s.?2

G`oe ress`ht`r `bkc`

`b kc` que M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd enetudu enetudu um` `m-
` m-
phb`æçd e/du
e/du refuh`rbz`æçd
refuh`r bz`æçd c`s
c `s terr`s.
terr` s. Jduve
Jduve ` cem`rg`æçd
cem`rg`æ çd ce sessek-
t` e dbtd metrds ce terrekd, em 03 ce setemord ce 0273 273..71 Bssd se ceu,
pdssbvehmekte,, pdr gdkt` cd `p`regbmektd
pdssbvehmekte `p`reg bmektd ce `hfum prdprbetàrbd que
`hefdu ter sbcd bkv`cbcd su`s terr`s, exbfbkcd, pdr su` vez, ` refuh`rb-
z`æçd `tr`vâs ce prdgessd ce evbgæçd, um` espâgbe ce bkcekbz`æçd. @
gdmpr` dgdrreu cb`kte cd Wr. @ktdkbd Gdrreb`, e M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
enetudu d p`f`mektd ce ce um gdktd ce râbs
râbs peh` refuh`rbz`æ
refuh` rbz`æçd
çd c`s terr`s<
terr` s<
Y...] ndb cbtd que k` qu`hbc`ce ce sekjdr e pdssubcdr em m`ks` e p`gbg` pds-pds -
se, hbvre ce ókus hef`bs, lucbgb`bs e gdkvekgbdk`bs, ce cbvers`s terr`s, cektre ds
qu`bs um que â pr÷prbd, mecbkcd ce nrekte sessekt` e dbtd metrds, kd huf`r
cekdmbk`cd M`tt` Esgur`, k` nrefuesb` cd cbstrbtd ce W`ktd @któkbd, kest`
gbc`ce, cbvbcbkcd-se ce um h`cd gdm terrekd `bkc` cd cevecdr, cbfd vekce-
cdr, cd dutrd h`cd gdm Qecrd Y...] e pehd nukcd gdm d mesmd gdmpr`cdr, j`vb-
cd pdr gdmpr` `d Cr Hubz ce Hbm` Obttekgdurt e su` muhjer C. Bs`ur` Cdrb`
Obttekgdurt e ` C. M`rb` Bs`oeh Obttekgdurt Mdktebrd e seu m`rbcd Nr`kgbsgd
ce Or`f`
Or `f` Mdktebrd Y...
...].
].70

?2 Gn. O_@F@, L. W. dp. gbt., p. 7?.

71 Gn. Esgrbtur` ce gdmpr`, vekc`, p`f` e qubt`æçd h`vr`c` kd S`oehbçd Ldsâ G`rhds
G. Nerk`kces. _efbstr`cd kd Hbvrd ??0, s. 3:, 0273. @ gertbcçd ndb refbstr`c` kd
G`rt÷rbd ce _efbstrd ce Bm÷vebs Nr`kihbk _dcrbfues Qdmp`, sefukcd dngb`h cd _e
_e--
fbstrd Fer`h e c`s Jypdtjeg`s c` gdm`rg`- kümerd ce drcem 63>?, pàfbk` 0::, e kd
hbvrd 76> sdo k¼ 35>2, . 030, em 1: m`b. 0276.
70 Gn. Esgrbtur` ce gdmpr`, vekc`, p`f` e qubt`æçd, 0273.

072
 D esgrbvçd @rtjur Qdcestà e ` testemukj`, d Wr. Gh`ucembrd
@hnrecd U. c` Wbhv`, `ssbk`r`m gdm `s gdktr`t`ktes. D esp`æd nísb-
gd, k`tur`h, e cd cesekjd `rqubtetókbgd e nukgbdk`h cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`, represekt`m kçd s÷ um huf`r p`r` est`oeheger ds guhtds `ds
kibses Gdkfd-@kfdh`, espegb`hmekte, ` O`mouregem`, m`s t`moâm
um esp`æd p`r` gdmp`rtbhj`r e c`r gdktbkubc`ce ` pràtbg`s Leles e
guhtds `ds G`odghds H`le Fr`kce e Umzeg`í. ^el`mds esses huf`res
ce guhtds e ce sdgb`obhbc`ces exbstektes kd M`ksd O`kcukquekquâ.
D kdme `nrbg`kd cekdmbk`cd `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` vem sek-
cd refbstr`cd ce cbvers`s ndrm`s pdr dutrds bkvestbf`cdres. Kd `ht`r
prbkgbp`h
prbkgb p`h ecbg`cd
ecb g`cd cektrd
cektrd cd o`rr`gçd, ndb perekbz`c` ` fr`` M`ksd
O`kcuquekquâ. Jà refbstrds esgrbtds e expressds gdmd M`ksd, M`k-
su, O`kcuquekquâ du O`kcukquekque. @ p`h`vr` m`ksd du m`ksu
`cvâm c` híkfu` Pubgdkfd/Ibidkfd e està `ssdgb`cd ` mdr`cb`,
g`s`. Là k` híkfu` Pubmoukcd/Ibmoukcd, ` expressçd g`s` â refbs-
tr`c` gdmd bkzd, cbo`t` du o`t`. Pu`ktd `d prexd o`kcd du o`kcu,
este represekt` um suost`ktbvd m`sguhbkd que sbfkbg` prefçd pü- pü-
ohbgd ce drcem du cegretd. Ce `gdrcd gdm Keb Hdpes, esse prexd
prdv`vehmekte està hbf`cd `d Pubmoukcd/Ibmoukcd mo`kc`, que,
pdr su` vez, express` m`kc`mektd, e que pdce ser tr`cuzbc` gdmd
sekcd um` vdz ce gdm`kcd.7?
D termd m`ksd sbfkb
sbfkbg`
g` um gdkluktd ce ce g`s`s e, ce `gdrcd gdm
Rec` G`strd,
G` strd, tr`t`-se ce um` `hceb`
` hceb` cecbg`c` `ds `sgekcektes du ces-
gekcektes ce Hemo`. Là d prexd o`kcu se repdrt` ` cesgekcektes ce
um` sefukc` fer`æçd ce Hemo`, e, kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
serb` ` fer`æçd ce O`mourugem`. Oerk`rcbkd er` hjd prbmebrd cd
kibse Hemo` e sefukcd ce O`mourugem`. Â prdvàveh que tekj` `cd-
t`cd ` cekdmbk`æçd O`kcuquekquâ p`r` d O`te Ndhj`, pdr ektekcer
que ` g`s` serb` pertekgekte ` um kibse ce sefukc` fer`æçd. Rìc`
Q`ssds, em p`hestr` mbkbstr`c` pdr dg`sbçd c`s geheor`æões gdmemd-
r`tbv`s `d gektekàrbd cd terrebrd
terreb rd O`te Ndhj`,
Ndhj`, hev`kt` ` jbp÷tese ce que
7? Gn. HDQEW, K. Kdvd Cbgbdkàrbd O`ktd kd Or`sbh. _bd ce L`kebrd< Q`hh`s, ?10?,
p. 37.

031
` cekd
cekdmbk`æçd
mbk`æçd M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ estel` `ssdgb`c` ` um gdkluktd
ce g`s`s/`hceb`s est`oehegbc`s, cecbg`c`s e vdht`c`s p`r` pr`tbg`r e
guhtu`r cesgekcektes c` sefukc` fer`æçd ce kibses.77 @ssbm, `gre-
cbt`mds que ` expressçd M`ksd O`kcuquekquâ ‗ bksgrbt` ce `gdrcd
gdm ` Nbfur` 01 ‗ se gdkstbtub peh` lukæçd ce n`h`res ce híkfu`s Pub-
gdkfd/Ibidkfd, Pubmoukcd/Ibmoukcd.

Nbfur` 01 ‗ _efbstrd cd `ht`r gektr`h e retàouhd kd O`rr`gçd cd Serrebrd O`te

Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?107.

Wdore `s ecbg`æões exbstektes kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, Drcep

Werr`73 `rm` que, `d hdkfd c` su` jbst÷rb`, este â sbmuht`ke`mekte
um temphd e um` ndrm` ce `ssekt`mektd. Gdkndrme ess` g`r`gterb-
z`æçd â que se est`oehege ` estrutur` nísbg` e esp`gb`h cd Serrebrd O`te
Ndhj`. @ cbspdsbæçd nísbg` cd esp`æd cebx`c` pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
c` Q`bxçd ‗ S`t` @mpum`kcezu e que serà gdkcuzbc` pdr @ktdkbd
77 G@WS_D.
G @WS_D. R.R. Q. ce. Wembkàrbd 011 `kds cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Gdknerìkgb`.
W`hv`cdr. 17 cez. ?10>.
73 Gn. WE__@, D. dp. gbt., ?11?.

030
Ldsâ c` Wbhv` ‗ S`t` O`kc`kfu`me75 gdmpõe-se ce um ecbnígbd prbk-
gbp`h kughe`r, ce `gdrcd gdm ` Nbfur` 00, dkce se ekgdktr`m ` gh`u-
sur`, um` gdzbkj` s`fr`c` e ds prbkgbp`bs s`ktuàrbds, ektre gómdcds
p`r` cesg`ksd. Ds refbstrds cdgumekt`bs remetem á exbstìkgb` cess`
estrutur` `rqubtetókbg`, pehd mekds ` p`rtbr ce 0276. @ gertbcçd ce
refbstrds ce bm÷vebs `vero`, ` p`rtbr cest` c`t`, ` bkghusçd c`s ecb-
ecb-
g`æões re`hbz`c`s pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd. Gdkst`m, pdr exemphd,
` exbstìkgb` ce um` s`h`-renebt÷rbd, um vestbàrbd, dkce ds bkbgb`cds
m`kbnest`cds se p`r`mekt`m, `hâm ce dutrds `kexds. @s nukæões
ce temphd e resbcìkgb` (cds prbkgbp`bs jber`rg`s, c` n`míhb` exteks`
cd cbrbfekte) se lust`põem kesse ecbnígbd kughe`r. Dutr` ukbc`ce â
d esp`æd cd s`hçd ce nest`s püohbg`s, gdmd se vì k`s Nbfur`s 0? e 07.
Kehe `s geheor`æões e nest`s em jdmek`feks `ds kibses dgdrrem pehd
mekds cesce ds `kds trbkt` cd sâguhd ZZ.

Nbfur` 00 ‗ Nrdktbs
Nrdktbspígb
pígbdd c` G`s`/Semph
G`s`/Semphdd e _esbcìkgb`
_esbcìkgb` cd O`te
O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

75 Ds s`gerc÷gbds ce Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk`rcbkd e O`kc`kfu`me sdm`m-se gbkquekt` `kds ce ene-
tbv` `tu`æçd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. D prbmebrd s`gercdte `tu`rà ce 020> ` 023>, e d
sefukcd ce 023> ` 02>5. (Frbnds meus).

03?
Nbfur` 0? ‗ Nrdktbspígbd cd O`rr`gçd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, lust`pdstd `
g`s`/temphd.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

Nbfur` 07 ‗ Bkterbdr cd O`rr`gçd kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, lust`pdstd ` g`s`/

temphd.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

037
 @ cdgumekt`æçd c` gdmpr` cd terrekd em 020>, là mekgbdk`-
c`, cà gdkt` ce que, pehd mekds kd `kd ce 0276, j`vb` ecbg`æões
gdkstruíc`s kds esp`æds nísbgds cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, mubtd pr÷xb-
m`s áqueh`s que exbstem k` `tu`hbc`ce, e cesgrbt`s ` sefubr<
sef ubr<
G`s` gdm um l`kehçd, um` l`keh`, sebs l`keh`s ce h`cd
h`cd e um` pdrt`, v`r`kc`
v` r`kc` `d
nukcd e m`bs gómdcds bkterkds, um o`rr`gçd
o`r r`gçd cestbk`cds `ds nestelds c` n`zek-
c` gdm um fr`kce s`hçd, f`herb`s e cem`bs gómdcds9 trìs pequek`s g`sbkj`s
gdm pdrt` e l`keh`, um` s`h`, um qu`rtd e s`h` ce l`kt`r g`c`, Y...] gdoertds
ce p`hj`, cestbk`cds `ds empref`cds, ecbg`c`s kd terrekd sbtu`cd kd huf`r
cekdmbk`cd ‘O`te NdNdhj`” @ któkbd7>.
hj`”,, k` nrefuesb` ce W`ktd @któkbd

Qdrt`ktd, d bkterv`hd tempdr`h ektre d prbmebrd tr`sh`cd ce

`qubsbæçd c`s terr`s (020>) e ` bkghusçd c`s ecbg`æões cd terrebrd
(0276), està est`oehegbcd um perídcd ce `prdxbm`c`mekte ?0 `kds.
Esse perídcd gdmpreekcbcd bksere-se kd gdktextd em que cbversds
Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâs k` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr se ekgdktr`v`m
cb`kte ce Est`cd dpressdr e restrbtbvd `ds guhtds `nrds e re`hbz`æões ce
gerbmókb`s bkterk`s. Kçd pdcemds
pdcemds `rm`r
` rm`r gdm ex`tbcçd
ex`tbcçd qu`kcd `s
ecbg`æões tbver`m bkígbd, pdbs kçd ndb pdssíveh hdg`hbz`r ndktes g`p`-
g`p` -
zes ce cem`rg`r `hfum prdletd ce gdkstruæçd du refbstrd ce pecbcd
ce `utdrbz`æçd p`r` ecbg`r d esp`æd g`s`-terrebrd.
Kds refbstrds `rqubtetókbgds c`s g`s`s ce G`kcdmohâ em W`h-
v`cdr, e ce `gdrcd gdm Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, pdce-se em `hfuks g`sds,
se gdkst`t`r, sdoretucd kds o`rr`gões, ` exbstìkgb` ce bksgrbæões hem-
or`kcd ` dkbpdtìkgb` ce Ceus, ` exemphd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,
du pecbkcd em pequekds qu`crds emdhcur`cds, ‘Ceus estel` kest`
g`s`” e ‘Drcem e respebtd”,76 gdkndrme pdcemds gdkst`t`r k` Nbfur`
03 ` sefubr<

7> Gn. Gertbcçd cd G`rt÷rbd ce _efbstrd ce Bm÷vebs Nr`kihbk

Nr`kihbk _dcrbfues Qdmp`,
sefukcd dngb`h cd _efbstrd Fer`h e c`s Jypdtjeg`s c` gdm`rg` ce W`hv`cdr, ndhj`
0?5, hbvrd 7G, `vero`c` em 1: ce lukjd ce 0276. Kess` gertbcçd bkghuem-se `s gdks-
truæões ecbg`c`s kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. G`oe ress`ht`r que ` `vero`æçd c` gdmpr`
cd terrekd dgdrreu em 06 `or. 02?7 e d refbstrd c` Esgrbtur` ce vekc`, gdmpr`, p`f`
e qubt`æçd teve d prbmebrd tr`sh`cd em 00 cez. 020>, gdkndrme hbvrd kd. 62, . 7?.
76 Gn. G@_KEB_D, E. p. gbt., 02>6, p. 7>.

033
Nbfur` 03 ‗ Wímodhd grbstçd kd `ht`r prbkgbp`h cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

Jà `bkc` dutrds mdkumektds kçd ecbg`cds, represekt`cds

pdr `roustds, àrvdres s`fr`c`s e ndktes, ` exemphd c` Nbfur` 05, `s-
sbm gdmd exbstem t`moâm ecbg`æões
ecb g`æões exterk`s ce `gdrcd gdm ` Nb-
Nb-
fur` 0>. Em `mods ds g`sds, t`bs mdkumektds sçd cekdmbk`cds ce
`ssekt`mektds, esp`æds s`fr`cds utbhbz`cds p`r` pràtbg`s ce guhtds
cds memords bktefr`ktes cd terrebrd. Ds `ssekt`mektds nukgbdk`m
gdmd esp`æds ce represekt`æçd sbmo÷hbg` `ds guhtds cds kibses. Exbs-
tem cdbs tbpds ce `ssekt`mektds kd bkterbdr cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Jà `ssekt`mektds bkterkds, gdkstbtuícds ce doletds ce guhtd em es-
p`æds negj`cds, e `ssekt`mektds exterkds, dkce ds doletds ce guhtd
estçd expdstds em perm`kekte gdkt`td gdm ` k`turez`, em espegb`h
`ds pâs c`s àrvdres gdksbcer`c`s gdmd s`fr`c`s. @ àre` cd Serrebrd
O`te Ndhj` ekgdktr`-se cem`rg`c` pdr renerìkgb`s sbmo÷hbg`s que `
tdrk`m pdktd ce `pdbd p`r` um` bcektbg`æçd âtkbgd-rehbfbds`. @s
perm`kektes hbturfb`s em tdrkd cds mdkumektds cd O`te Ndhj` d
m`ktìm gdmd um `utìktbgd temphd. Cd terrekd `d terrebrd, cbversds
gdstumes serçd bkgdrpdr`cds e râ-sbfkbg`cds pehd pdvd ce s`ktd cd
O`te Ndhj`, estr`tâfb` gdmum `cdt`c` kds Serrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ
c` O`jb` `d hdkfd ce su` jbst÷rb`.

035
Nbfur` 05 - @ssekt`mektd ce Fdkfdobr`/Mut`hdmoó kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

Nbfur` 0> ‗ @ssekt`mektd

@ssekt`mektd ce G`vukfd kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?100.

03>
 Ndb `d hdkfd c`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ que M`kdeh
Oerk`rcbkd ceu bkígbd á nebtur` cds seus hjds ce s`ktd kd G`kcdm-
G`kcdm-
ohâ Gdkfd-@kfdh`. @ Nbfur` 06, ` sefubr, pdssbvehmekte em nrekte `
um` gjdp`k`/g`s`,
gjdp`k`/g`s`, tr`z
t r`z um cds prbmebrds
prb mebrds refbstrds cd hícer rehbfbdsd,
Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd e seus hjds ce s`ktd e/du p`rektes
ce k`æçd, kum tdt`h ce dbtd pessd`s. Cektre ds sulebtds presektes, pds-
sbvehmekte ektre k`h c` câg`c` ce 02?1 e me`cds cds `kds 0271 cd
sâguhd p`ss`cd, `hâm ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, que se ekgdktr` ce pâ,
`bkc` temds Cdk` Bzbc÷rb`7: (`mbf` c` g`s`), @hex`kcre (O`kiuei`),
_`uh (Mdhuc`kz`mob) e Mçe H`ur`. Ds jdmeks ndr`m gdkrm`cds
pdr Oerk`rcbkd kd O`te Ndhj`. Pu`ktd ás muhjeres, `hâm ce Cdk`
Bzbc÷rb`, gdkt`-se gdm ` presekæ` ce Mçe H`ur`, drbukc` ce dutr`
g`s` ce s`ktd ce k`æçd K`fó/Blexà. Sdc`s `s cem`bs muhjeres sekt`-
c`s sçd k`v`hj`s ce Oerk`rcbkd, sekcd que Cdk` Gïkcbc` ( @kf`kz`)
e Cdk` Mergìs (I`hdbà) zer`m p`rte cd prbmebrd o`rgd ce s`ktd ce
Oerk`rcbkd, dgdrrbcd em 02?2. Là Cdk` Bs`oeh (I`sekcb), bktefrdu d
sefukcd o`rgd, pux`cd em 0271. @ g`s`/gjdup`k` retr`t`c` `bkc`
er` mdcest` e ce pequek`s prdpdræões. Emodr` d cdgumektd ce re-
fbstrd72 ce gdmpr` cd terrekd sel` c`t`cd ce 020> e ds refbstrds c`s
ecbg`æões gdkstruíc`s kd terrekd s÷ `p`reæ`m k` cdgumekt`æçd `
p`rtbr
p`r tbr ce 0276
276,, â prdvàveh que ` bm`fem retr`t`c`
retr`t`c ` `ktegec`
`ktege c` esses
ess es cdbs
m`rgds tempdr`bs. D p`crçd gdkstrutbvd ce t`bp` e `cdoe regdrre `ds
mdcehds ce gdkstruæçd ce j`obt`æões em `mobektes cbst`ktes cds
gektrds c` gbc`ce.

7: @ p`rtbr c`s hemor`kæ`s ce Cdk` _bt`, Idt` Kecemou cd O`te Ndhj`, kçd ndb pds-
síveh bcektbg`r ` prdgecìkgb` ce Cdk` Bzbc÷rb`. W`oe-se que eh` nreqøekt`v` ` rdæ`
ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, emodr` kçd tekj`m sbcd ekgdktr`cds ds refbstrds sdore ` su`
pdssíveh nebtur` e bkbgb`æçd kd G`kcdmohâ O`te Ndhj`.
72 Esgrbtur` ce Gdmpr` e ^ekc`
^ekc` cd Serrekd
Serrekd c` N`zekc` cd O`te Ndhj`, refbstr`cd kd
3¼. S`oehbçd
S`oehbçd ce Kdt`s ce W`hv`cdr, em00 ce cezemord ce 020>, hbvrd 62, . 7?.

036
 Nbfur` 06 ‗ @ g`s` cd O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.

Wekt`c`s, c` esquerc` p`r` cbrebt`, estçd Bs`oeh, Gïkcbc`, Mergìs. Em pâ,

c` esquerc` p`r` cbrebt` estçd Oerk`rcbkd, Bzbc÷rb`, @hex`kcre, @rtjur e
Mçe H`ur`.
Ndkte< @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (02?2-0244).

Dutrd ehemektd que kds gj`m` ` `tekæçd k` Nbfur` 06 â ` cbs-

pdsbæçd cds persdk`feks. D nukc`cdr cd Serrebrd està hdg`hbz`cd á
esquerc` e kçd kd gektrd c` ndtd, gdmd fer`hmekte `gdktege gdm ds
híceres rehbfbdsds. @s muzekz`s31 c` g`s` tr`ksbt`m ektre sekt`c`s e
ce pâ. Ess` ndtdfr`` pdugd reveh` um` reh`æçd jberàrqubg` rehbfbds`9
ektret`ktd, cemdkstr` que d ndt÷fr`nd teve d gubc`cd em ekqu`cr`r
`s renerìkgb`s bkbgb`bs cd esp`æd rehbfbdsd. Kçd jà refbstrds c` c`t` e
31 Nbhj`s ce s`ktd bkbgb`c`s, termd semehj`kte á R`ó, em Bdruoà.
03:
cd(`) `utdr(`) que re`hbzdu ess` ndtdfr``. @ g`s`, d s`gercdte e seus
hjds estçd tdcds cbspdstds sbmetrbg`mekte, d que gdkdt` gektr`hbc`-
gektr`hbc`-
ce. Ess` gek` bgdkdfràg` pdce ter sbcd ghbg`c` pdr `g`sd, gdmd t`m-
t`m-
oâm cem`rg`c` e ph`kel`c`, pdssbvehmekte pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
du pehd pr÷prbd ndt÷fr`nd.
ndt÷fr`nd. Ekm, d refbstrd ndtdfràgd represekt`
um mdmektd em que ds terrebrds ce G`kcdmohâ em k`bs cd sâguhd
ZBZ e bkígbd cd sâguhd ZZ prdgur`v`m se ekgdktr`r, `rm`r su` re- re-
hbfbdsbc`ce e `mphb`r d kümerd ce `ceptds ás su`s pràtbg`s rehbfbds`s.
C`í ` bmpdrtïkgb` cd refbstrd ndtdfràgd kd sektbcd ce perekbz`r ndr-
ndr-
m`s ce `tu`æçd ce cetermbk`cds sulebtds em seus esp`æds rehbfbdsds.
@s gbrgukstïkgb`s em que Oerk`rcbkd se `prdxbm` cd G`k-
cdmohâ ‗ cbsgussçd que serà tr`t`c` em g`pítuhd espegígd ‗ e, pdr
gdksefubkte, hdfd brà est`oeheger um esp`æd nísbgd p`r` su`s pràtbg`s
rehbfbds`s ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s, sçd `gdmp`kj`c`s ce refbstrds c`
tr`cbæçd dr`h
dr` h que tr`zem gdksbcer`æões rehev`ktes. D cepdbmektd gdk-
gecbcd pdr Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete30 kds esgh`rege `hfum`s sbtu`æões<
Oem, Oerk`rcbkd mdr`v` kum` g`s` e kest` g`s`, ehe tbkj` um` `rg` gdm ds
s`ktds que j`vb` jerc`cd cd p`b ce s`ktd cehe, d Wr. M`kdeh Kidsb/Bkidssb.
Oerk`rcbkd tr`o`hj`v` kum` nàorbg` gj`m`c` Q`r`fu`æu, em Qh`t`ndrm`, e
kçd querb` ce lebtd kekjum `ssumbr `s respdks`obhbc`ces hbf`c`s
hbf`c` s `d G`kcdm-
ohâ. Bkghusbve, ehe nez p`rte ce guhtds kum` bfrel` prdtest`kte, bssd `ktes ce
nukc`r d O`te Ndhj`. Exbstb` um G`kcdmohâ kd Hdo`td, e k` dg`sbçd, mesmd
resbstbkcd p`r` kçd se rekcer `ds kibses, ehe duvbu ds t`modres e d s`ktd se m`-
kbnestdu kd guhtd. Gdmd ehe est`v` pr÷xbmd, `g`odu kçd resbstbkcd,
resbstb kcd, e se cbrbfbu
p`r` `queh` g`s` ce s`ktd. Kçd teve lebtd. D s`ktd d pefdu. E ehe c`kædu pdr
vàrb`s kdbtes k`queh` g`s` ce G`kcdmoh
G` kcdmohââ kd Hdo`td.
Y...
...]] eu hemord que Oerk`rcbkd
Oer k`rcbkd gjefdu ` ser presd, pdr gdkt` ce um sumbæd ce
um` `rfdh` que pertekgb` á cdk` c` g`s` dkce ehe est`v` mdr`kcd. Qdr gdkt`
cbssd, ehe se `ldehjdu e prdmeteu que se kçd jduvesse k`c` gdm d kdme cehe,
p`ss`rb` ` tdm`r gdkt` cd seu s`ktd/kibse. Em mebd ` ess` sbtu`æçd, `p`regeu
um pdrt`cdr que `cmbtbu que tbvesse pef`cd ` `rfdh` c` regh`m`kte. Wduoe-
mds cepdbs que ndb um `m`kte ceh`! Sucd gdu esgh`regbcd. Cepdbs cbssd, ehe
e \ezâ prdgur`m rm`r su` gdktbkubc`ce rehbfbds` hbf`c` `d G`kcdmohâ.

_etdm`kcd `spegtds sdore ` nukc`æçd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`,

bkbgb`hmekte `s cbmeksões nísbg`s p`regem ser oem cbnerektes c`s que
30 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?10>.

032
gdkst`t`mds k` `tu`hbc`ce. K`s prbmebr`s câg`c`s cd sâguhd ZZ, `
p`rtbr ce refbstrds bgdkdfràgds, bcektbgdu-se gdkndrme ` Nbfur` 06
‗ um` g`s` ce t`bp` e p`hj`, t`moâm sbtu`c
sbtu`c`` kd hdg`h dkc
dkcee jd
jdle
le se
ekgdktr`
ekgdk tr` d g`s`rçd que `orbf` d esp`æd ce mdr`cb`, gdzbkj` e qu`rtds
c`s muzekz`s. Â pdssíveh que ess` ecbg`æçd ce t`bp` tekj` sbcd utb-
utb -
hbz`c` gdmd prbmebrd esp`æd ce guhtd cds kibses ce M`kdeh Oerk`r-
cbkd, k`s terr`s `fdr` pertekgektes `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Jà t`m-
oâm cesgrbæões ce um` g`s` gdm cbmeksões pr÷xbm`s
pr÷xbm`s ás que exbstem
`tu`hmekte, ` p`rtbr cd esp÷hbd ce oeks `p÷s d n`hegbmektd ce M`kdeh
Oerk`rcbkd, embtbcd pdr su` mçe, Cdk` @k`stàgb` c`s Keves, kd `kd
ce 023>. Wçd cesgrbæões oem pregbs`s e cehbke`c`s sdore d esp`æd nísb-
gd c` g`s` e cd o`rr`gçd ce nest`s<

Ds oeks cebx`cds pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd ndr`m cdbs< prbmebrd `

n`zekc` cekdmbk`c` ‘O`te Ndhj`s”,
Ndhj`s”, sbtu`c` kd suo-cbstrbtd ce W`ktd
W` ktd @ktdkbd,
mukbgípbd c` g`pbt`h, tekcd gdmd pdktds ce hbmbtes ds prdprbetàrbds @fdstb-
kjd Qerebr` e M`kdeh
M` kdeh O. ce Hbm`
Hb m` k` cbreæçd W.
W.V
V9 em cbreæçd
c breæçd K.V
K.V hbmbt`m-se
hbm bt`m-se
`s prdprbec`ces ce @rtur
@rt ur O. ce Hbm` e ce Sedtdkbd
Sedtdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv`.
J`vb` k` N`zekc` O`te Ndhj`s, um` g`s` gdm um l`kehçd e um` l`keh`, sebs
l`keh`s cd h`cd e pdrt`, v`r`kc` `d nukcd
n ukcd e m`bs gómdcds bkterkds9 um o`r-
r`gçd cestbk`cd ` nestelds c` n`zekc`, gdm um fr`kce s`hçd, f`herb`s e cem`bs
gómdcds9 trìs pequek`s g`sbkj`s, ce pdrt` e l`keh` e cem`bs oeknebtdrb`s. Y...]
D sefukcd oem â um` g`s`, ce kümerd vbkte e sebs, á _u` W`ktds _ebs, suo-
-cbstrbtd c` Qekj`, gdkstruíc` em terrekd ce dgup`æçd ce cdmíkbd c` Ukbçd,
tekcd d kümerd sete `ktbfd, gdm trìs l`keh`s e pdrt`s k` nrekte, s`h` ce l`kt`r,
gdzbkj` ndr` e um qu`rtd kd qubkt`h, mecbkcd um` àre` tdt`h `prdxbm`c`-
mekte 771m¿.3?

Cdk` Dhf` (Kekfu` Fu`fu`ksesse) cesgreve que, p`r` se gje-

f`r `d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, tdm`v`m-se ds odkces c` G`hæ`c` p`r`
d _etbrd du p`r` d G`ouh`. Cd H`rfd cd _etbrd, lukt`v`m-se cdbs `
gbkgd bktefr`ktes p`r` que pucessem vbr luktds, em g`mbkjds estreb-
tds e ce m`t`f`bs, em sektbcd ás terr`s cd O`te Ndhj`. Gdmpr`v`m
n`gjds ce p`hj`s
p`hj` s ce kbgdrb, gdm um metrd e mebd, p`r` que pucessem
3? Gn. Gertbcçd p`ss`c` ` pecbcd, vero`h, c` Wekjdr` C. M`rb` @k`st`gb` c` Q`bxçd,
ce peæ`s essekgb`bs cd prdgessd ce bkvektàrbd cd esp÷hbd cd n`hegbcd M`kdeh Oerk`r-
cbkd c` Q`bxçd, h`vr`cd kd Lubzd c` Pu`rt` ^`r` Gbvbh, c` gbc`ce ce W`hv`cdr, em ?2
cez.. 0236
cez 0236..

051
gh`re`r ds g`mbkjds.
g` mbkjds. Ds g`mbkjds
g`mb kjds er`m estrebtds
estrebtds e ds n`gjds servb`m
ce bhumbk`æçd.37 Kds refbstrds etkdfràgds ce Ecbsdk G`rkebrd, hì- hì-
-se que, ektre ds G`kcdmohâs exbstektes em W`hv`cdr `tâ ` câg`c` ce
0271, mubtds est`v`m hdg`hbz`cds em suoürobds m`bs `n`st`cds c` gb-
c`ce. Jà exemphds ce sítbds ce cbnígbh `gessd, gdmd ds ce Oerk`rcbkd
e ce Cdk` @kbkj`, respegtbv`mekte kd O`te Ndhj` e em Wçd Fdkæ`hd
cd _etbrd, du d `ktbfd G`kcdmohâ ce Gbrb`gd, kd o`brrd cd Oebru.
Exbstb`m `bkc` dutrds G`kcdmohâs hdg`hbz`cds kds Ekfekjd ^ehjd e
d F`ktdbs, `mods g`v`m á oebr` c` hbkj`hbk j` cd odkce,
odkce, e mesm
mesmdd `ssbm,
cektrd cd m`td.33
Ektret`ktd, peh` tr`cbæçd dr`h, `pes`r c`s terr`s cd O`te Ndhj`
terem sbcd `cqubrbc`s em kdme ce tergebrds e c` bkbgb`tbv` prbv`c`,
jà bkcígbds ce que
que là vbkj`m
vbk j`m sekcd dgup`c`s e guhtu`c`s pdr dutrds
bkcbvícuds
bkcbvícu ds hbf`cds ás rehbfbões `nrd-o
`nrd-or`sbhebr`s,
r`sbhebr`s, em espegb`h ds vdcuks
cd pdvd Lele. Ds refbstrds cdgumekt`bs pesqubs`cds pdr Q`uhd Wduz`
e Ldçd _ebs, `odrc`cds `kterbdrmekte, kçd remetem ` um esp`æd ce
guhtd `nrd-or`sbhebrd ce m`trbz Gdkfd-@kfdh`, e que estçd c`t`cds
c` prbmebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ. @d gdkst`t`r que k`queh`s terr`s
j`vb` `ssekt`mektds ce guhtd Lele, gdkndrme `p`rege k` Nbfur` 0:,
` prdpdst` cd Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd ndb ` ce c`r gdktbkubc`ces `ds
gubc`cds e zehd cesse esp`æd, que ehe bcektbgdu gdmd sekcd ce k`æçd
Lele
Lele.. Wdore
Wdore ` p`ss`fem
p`ss`fem ce terrekd
terrekd p`r` Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te
O`te Ndhj`,
Ndhj`, Ldçd
Ldçd @k-
tdkbd35 tr`z d sefubkte gdktextd<
@ jbst÷rb` que duvb sefukcd Kekfu` Fu`fu`ksesse e Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete â
` ce que Oerk`rcbkd là tr`o`hj`v` em g`s`, sem terrebrd. D s`ktd cehe `kc`v`
cektrd ce um` m`h`. Esses s`ktds que jdle estçd em `ssekt`mektds kd terrekd
cd O`te Ndhj`,
Ndhj`, `ktes cbssd, `kc`v`m p`r` gbm` e p`r` o`bx`
o`b x` kess` t`h m`h`. Ce
tdcds ds s`ktds que Oerk`rcbkd tbkj`, ` O`mouregem` er` quem m`bs tr`o`-
hj`v` gdm ehe. Ehe là tbkj` bkteresse em `cqubrbr ess`s terr`s c` n`zekc` O`te
Ndhj`s. Q`rege-me que ehe `grecbt`v` que t`bs terr`s tbkj`m `hfum `xâ. Ehe
tbkj` gdkjegbmektd cbssd. E `hfuks p`bs ce s`ktd gdktempdrïkeds ce Oerk`r-
cbkd tekt`r`m `orbr um G`kcdmohâ kess` àre`. Kçd tbver`m sugessd. E bssd
37 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?103.
33 Gn. G@_KEB_D, E. 02>6, p. 77.
35 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd pdr Ldçd @ktdkbd Nerrebr` cds W`ktds ‗ S`t` Ibssekcu,
?103.

050
 pdce ter se c`cd pehd n`td cds vektds kçd est`rem gdkspbr`kcd ` n`vdr cehes e
sbm ce Oerk`rcbkd, du t`hvez pdr n`ht` ce gdmpetìkgb` p`r` tr`t`r c`qubhd que
kçd se gdkjegb`.
Y...] D que seb â que qu`kcd Oerk`rcbkd `d gjef`r kess`s terr`s, là ekgdktr`
`ssekt`mektds lìles. @ prdv` vbv` â kd @htd cd Sutum
Sutum e em dutrds hdg`bs m`t`
`cektrd. Mubtds hjds ce s`ktd ce G`gjdebr` vbkj`m n`zer dorbf`æões `qub
gdkdsgd kesse `ssekt`mektd. Exbste um`
u m` dorbf`æçd gdmum kd lìle e kd `kfd-
h` que se gj`m` Bkqubt` . Eh` gdksbste em gdkvdg`r um` ektbc`ce fuerrebr`,
3>

bktermecbàrb` ektre ds s`ktds e ds jdmeks. @hâm cbssd, s`oemds t`moâm c`

fr`æ` `hg`kæ`c` pdr um` ghbekte ce Oerk`rcbkd que hje presekteb` gdm `s ter-
r`s, pdr ter seu pecbcd `tekcbcd pdr O`mouregem`.
Nbfur` 0: ‗ @ssekt`mektd
@ssekt`mektd Lele
Lele kd @htd cd Suktum
Suktum ‗ Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`.
Ndhj`.

Ndkte< @gervd @utdr, ?107.

Wdore um` pdssíveh `tu`æçd ce Oerk`rcbkd k`s terr`s que vb-

rb`m ` pertekger `d O`te Ndhj`, em perídcd que `ktegec` ` esgrbtur`
ce gdmpr` cd bm÷veh c`t`c` ce 020>, Gígerd Hbm` ‗ S`t` Mufu`kxb
Mufu `kxb
‗ kds `presek
`presekt`
t` ` sefubkte gdhdg`æçd
gdhdg`æçd<<
Jà est÷rb`s c` tr`cbæçd dr`h ce que Weu Oerk`rcbkd là dgup`v` `s terr`s cd
O`te Ndhj` cesce
ce sce 021:-
021:-02
0201.
01.36 Pu`kcd ehe ndb c`r dorbf`æçd k` g`s` ce M`rb`
3> Gerbmókb` Gdkfd-@kfdh` ce prdv`æçd ` que se suometem ds bkbgb`cds, re`hbz`c`
k` rdæ`, `d nukcd cd o`rr`gçd, ` m ce pukbr `quehes que tekj`m gdmetbcd um`
n`ht` qu`hquer, cur`kte d regdhjbmektd9 d bkbgb`cd sdo ess` gdkcbæçd9 pukbæçd. Gn.
G@WS_D,, R. Q. ?115, p.?55.
G@WS_D
36 Qrdv`vehmekte gdm 05 ` 06 `kds ce bc`ce. Em 020>, `kd c` gdmpr` e esgrbtur`æçd

05?
 Kekì, kd mesmd o`rgd ce bkbgb`æçd cd Gbrb`gd, `gjd que â em 0201, ehe là
tbkj` `cqubrbc` ess` rdæ`. Gdmd kçd temds kekjum cdgumektd que gdm-
prdve bssd, est`oehegemds que ` c`t` cd refbstrd c` esgrbtur` cd terrekd ce 00
ce cezemord ce 020>, p`ss`rb` ` ser ` c`t` ce nukc`æçd cd terrebrd. Bremds
geheor`r d kdssd gektekàrbd ` p`rtbr cess` c`t`. Jdle em cb` kbkfuâm h`vr`
um` esgrbtur` kd `kd c` gdmpr`, bm`fbke k`queh` âpdg`4 Jà cdgumektds em
que se refbstr`m que ` M`t` Esgur` â suo-cbstrbtd cd W`ktd @ktdkbd @hâm cd
G`rmd. C`í se vì ` fedfr`` c` gbc`ce gdmd er`.3:

Em sum`, Gígerd `v`hb` que d terrekd k` âpdg` c` su` `qub-

sbæçd pehd Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, er` um` àre` `o`kcdk`c`, sem
mdr`cdres e sem mdr`cb`s. Là _bt` Gerquebr` kds cbz d sefubkte gdm
reh`æçd á `qubsbæçd c`s terr`s que gdkstbtuem d Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`<
^du n`h`r lust`mekte d que là esguteb. @s terr`s cd O`te Ndhj` ndr`m um qub-
hdmod. Cbzem que `hb là exbstb`m terrebrds `kterbdres. Weu Oerk`rcbkd là ndb
p`r` `hb
`h b e ekgdktrdu `ssekt`mektds, gdmd pdr exemphd,
exemphd, d @zd`kb, c` k`æçd Lìle,
que g` kd @htd cd Suktum. Esse `ssekt`mektd exbste `tâ jdle. Web que `ktes
cd Weu Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk`rcb kd `cqubrbr `s terr`s, d prdprbetàrbd, du ` prdprbetàrb`,
prdprbetàrb`, p`ss`v`
pdr sârbds prdohem`s k`kgebrds. Esse prdprbetàrbd prdgurdu um` mçe ce
s`ktd e f`stdu d que tbkj`
tbk j` ce f`st`r, m`s `g`odu kçd resdhvekcd k`c`! Cepdbs
cbssd, jduve um` sefukc` mçe ce s`ktd que tektdu resdhver ds prdohem`s
cesse sulebtd, du cess` sulebt`, m`s ndb em vçd. Ndb `í que `hfuâm suferbu d
kdme ce Weu Oerk`rcbkd. Cbzem que `s cu`s mçes ce s`ktds rdf`v`m p`r`
que Oerk`rcbkd kçd `gert`sse kess` `luc` `ds cdkds c`queh`s terr`s, pdbs se d
prdohem`
prdoh em` ndsse resdhvbcd, d prdprbetàrbd
prdprbetàrbd cd`rb`
cd` rb` um terrekd
ter rekd p`r` se est`oeheger
est` oeheger
um `xâ, um terrebrd. Oerk`rcbkd `g`odu resdhvekcd. W÷ kçd seb hje cbzer se
ndb pdr bktermâcbd ce Hemo` du O`mouregem`. Q`rege que ndb O`mouregem`.
Q`rege t`moâm que d terrebrd gdmeædu ` nukgbdk`r `ktes ce 020>, pdbs temds
ndtds ce um` g`s` ce p`hj`, e cepdbs cd o`rr`gçd ce tetd ce p`hj`s t`moâm,
que `g`odu bkgekcb`kcd. Eu kçd seb cbrebtd bssd, pdbs kem er` k`sgbc`!32

Ds cepdbmektds drbukcds c` tr`cbæçd dr`h cektrd cd Serrebrd

O`te Ndhj`, remetem p`r` cu`s sbtu`æões cbstbkt`s ` respebtd c` `qub-
sbæçd c`s terr`s cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. @ prbmebr` cbz respebtd `d
n`td ce que M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd `tekceu ` um pecbcd ce um` ghbekte
kd sektbcd ce `lucà-h` ` resdhver questões ce drcem lurícbg` e, pdr
gdkt` cbssd, regeoeu em trdg` ess`s terr`s. @ sefukc` k`rr`tbv` cb-
regbdk` p`r` um` sbtu`æçd em que d(`) `kterbdr prdprbetàrbd(`) c`s
cd terrekd, Oerk`rcbkd là tbkj` ?7 `kds.
3: Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?103.
32 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?103.

057
terr`s em que d O`te Ndhj` dgup` `tu`hmekte p`ssdu pdr prdohem`s
ce drcem k`kgebr` e, gdm ` `luc` espbrbtu`h ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd,
`g`odu cd`kcd p`rte cess`s mesm`s terr`s gdmd ndrm` ce gdmpek-
s`r `s questões ce drcem m`terb`h que t`ktd `bfb` d(`) `ktbfd(`) prd-
prd-
prbetàrbd(`) c`s terr`s. G`oe ress`ht`r que ` versçd que precdmbk` k`
tr`cbæçd dr`h â ` c` sbtu`æçd prbmebr`. Wdore quem dgup`v` `s terr`s
`kterbdres á bkst`h`æç
bks t`h`æçdd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, `cqubrbcd pdr Oerk`
O erk`r-
r-
cbkd em 020>, Cdk` M`rb` Oerk`cete kds gdktemph` esgh`regbmek-
tds c` sefubkte m`kebr`<
Ess`s terr`s tbkj`m
tb kj`m `ssekt`mektd Lele. Puem tdm`v`
tdm`v` gdkt` er` um g`s`h. Gd-
mekt`-se que tbkj` um` mdæ` regdhjbc` k` g`s` ce `ssekt`mektd Lele, s÷ que
` n`míhb` cess` mdæ` kçd querb` que eh` zesse d s`ktd. @ n`míhb` esteve kd
hdg`h p`r` retbr`r ` hj` que est`v` regdhjbc`. D jdmem que tdm`v` gdkt` c`
mdæ` regdhjbc` pefdu um` ndhj` e gdmeædu ` o`ter k` ndhj`, mesmd gdmd se
ndsse um `t`o`que. Ndb `í que esse jdmem `g`odu rdc`kcd kd s`ktd.
s` ktd. Qdr
Qdr bssd,
d kdme c`queh`s terr`s
terr` s serem gj`m`c`s
gj` m`c`s ce ‘O`te Nd
Ndhj`”
hj`”..51

Emodr` jbstdrbg`mekte ess`s terr`s là vbessem sekcd esp`æds

ce guhtds `nrd-or`sbhebrds, sel` ce m`trbz Lele, sel` Gdkfd-@kfdh`, `
exbstìkgb` cd `ssekt`mektd kd @htd cd Suktum gdkstbtub um ehd ce
gdktbkubc`ces s`fr`c`s p`rege est`r sekcd m`ktbc` e remdkt` á prb-
mebr` met`ce cd sâguhd ZBZ. Â kesse esp`æd s`fr`cd que `s pràtbg`s
pràtbg`s
ce bkbgb`æçd, gdkrm`æçd, gur` e `cbvbkj`æçd, brçd `luc`r ` est`oe-
est`oe-
heger ` tr`let÷rb` cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. Ektre 02?2 ` 02>5, M`kdeh
Oerk`rcbkd e @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` brçd represekt`r cu`s ndræ`s e
cu`s mecbc`s cbnerektes k` gdkcuæçd cds ces`ds pehd g`mbkjd cd
s`fr`cd. Luktds ` esses cdbs s`gercdtes `nrd-or`sbhebrds, ` g`s` cd O`te
Ndhj` prdmdverà 0?2 (gektd e vbkte e kdve) pràtbg`s ce bkbgb`æçd e
gdkrm`æçd cds seus hjds e hj`s ce s`ktd. Ds resuht`cds cds gd- gd-
m`kcds e cds refbstrds cesses S`t`s ce Kibses serçd m`terb`hbz`cds
k`s `kàhbses
`kàh bses ` sefubr.
@ pràtbg` ce bkbgb`æçd kd G`kcdmohâ gdksbste kd est`oehegb-
mektd e k` hbf`æçd c` vbc` nísbg` gdm ` vbc` s`fr`c`. @s tr`ksndr-
51 Gn. cepdbmektd gdkgecbcd, ?10>.

053
m`æões k` vbc` cd sulebtd bkbgb`cd estçd cbret`mekte hbf`c`s `d seu
víkguhd cbàrbd gdm d kibse, drbxà du vdcuk, que se gdkstbtub gdmd
um vbfdrdsd vetdr c` gdkstruæçd ce um` vbc` m`bs j`rmdkbds` e
pr÷sper`.50 D bkcbvícud bkbgb`cd terà kdrm`s, refr`s e jber`rqub`s
cektrd c` vbc` rehbfbds`. @ doecbìkgb` á tempdr`hbc`ce rbtu`h â um`
tókbg` gektr`h k`s rehbfbões ce m`trbzes `nrbg`k`s. S`bs pràtbg`s sçd
est`oehegbc`s pdr et`p`s t`bs gdmd< d regdhjbmektd em esp`æds cekd-
mbk`cds ce rdkcìmb (Lele), bhì (K`fó) e ukz÷ (@kfdh`) utbhbz`cd p`r`
se test`r ` rmez` rehbfbds`9 d regdhjbmektd cd o`rgd c` b`ó (K`fó),
c`r`m` (Lele) e c` khukfu (@kfdh`) dkce se est`oehegem um` espâgbe
ce hbf`æçd nr`terk`h ektre ds bkbgb`cds, gdmd se estbvessem ndrm`kcd
um` kdv` n`míhb` p`r` `hâm ce h`æds gdks`kfuíkeds.5? Là ` pràtbg` c`
gdkrm`æçd gdksbste k` rekdv`æçd cds vdtds ce bkbgb`æçd, que dgdr- dgdr-
rem em trìs mdmektds cbstbktds< ` g`c` 6 `kds, bkcd `tâ d vbfâsbmd
prbmebrd `kd gdmphetds.
D o`rgd ce bkbgb`æçd gdrrespdkce ` um` prep`r`æçd ce pessd`s
que estçd bkbgb`kcd su` vbc` rehbfbds` kum Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ.
D prdgessd ce bkbgb`æçd,
bk bgb`æçd, gdkndrme g`c` Serrebrd ce G`kcdmohâ, gdr-
respdkce `d mdmektd ce gdkk`mektd. Bssd se cà kum mesmd tem- tem-
pd e kum mesmd hdg`h ce `frup`mektd c`s pessd`s que estçd sekcd
bkbgb`c`s. @p÷s d rbtu`h cd o`rgd ce bkbgb`æçd, esses bkcbvícuds p`ss`-
rçd ` ser gj`m`cds ce ‘brmçds ce o`rgd”. Â cur`kte esse perídcd que
ds regdhjbcds se tdrk`m hbf`cds nr`terk`hmekte, gdmd se estbvessem
ndrm`kcd um` kdv` n`míhb`.57 Pu`ktd `ds o`rgds ce gdkrm`æçd,
estes se cçd luktd gdm ds mesmds `frup`mektds c`s bkbgb`æões. @
cbnerekæ` ektre bkbgb`æçd e gdk
gdkrm`æçd
rm`æçd resbce kd n`td cds sulebtds
sulebtds que
sçd suometbcds ás gdkrm`æões cds kibses pdcem ser rdc`ktes du
kçd-rdc`ktes, ekqu`ktd k` bkbgb`æçd bstd g`oe sdmekte `ds rdc`ktes.
50 Gn. O@__DW, M. D G`kcdmohâ oem exphbg`cd. K`æões O`ktu, Bdruoà e
Ndk
dk.. ?112, p. 60.
5? Gn. O@__DW, M. p. 63-6:.
57 Bobc.

055
 D rdc`kte gdrrespdkce `d bkcbvícud que pdce ektr`r em tr`kse, gdm
nrequìkgb` mubtd v`rbàveh. Wçd bkcbvícuds que bkgdrpdr`m su`s cb-
vbkc`ces s`fr`c`s, gecekcd seus gdrpds p`r` t`h. Jà m`kbnest`æões
em que `s pessd`s m`ktìm pergepæçd bkcbvbcu`h ‗ gdmd ás vezes se
cbz, ‘tìm gdksgbìkgb`”
gdksgbìkgb`”9 dutr`s pdcem
p dcem est`r
est` r sembgdksgbektes9 e dutr`s,
`bkc`, perm`kegem tdt`hmekte suotr`íc`s c` pergepæçd bkcbvbcu`h
‗ gdmd se cbz, ‘g`m bkgdksg
bkgdksgbek
bektes”
tes”.. Kds estàfbds ce gdksgb
gdksgbìkgb`
ìkgb` e
sembgdksgbìkgb`, ` ekerfb` cds kibses vbor` ce mdcd m`bs su`ve, ds-
gbh`kcd um pdugd. Là kd bkcbvícud bkgdksgbekte, d kibse cdmbk` seus
sektbcds e mdvbmek
mdvbmektds
tds pdr
p dr gdmphetd.53
Nbfur` 02 ‗ Qrbmebrd O`rgd ce Bkbgb`æçd ce M`kdeh
M` kdeh Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk`rcb kd c` Q`bxçd.

Em pâ, m`bs `tràs, c` esquerc` p`r` cbrebt`, estçd Jdk÷rb`, M`rb` Ldsâ e @crb`k`. Wekt`c`s
kd mebd estçd M`rb` Ld`k`, Ldve, Ldçd Hesekfue, Mergìs e Grembhc`. Wekt`c`s, á nrekte,
estçd Jehek`, @hbge e Gïkcbc`.
Ndkte< @gervd ce Cdk` _bt` Gerquebr`/ Idt` Kecemou cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, 02?2.

Kd o`rgd, t`moâm se doserv` um` jber`rqub` k`s sequìkgb`s

c`s gjef`c`s cds kibses. Bstd se cà gdkndrme ds `tds hbtürfbgds cek-
53 Bobc. p. 51.
05>
trd cd G`kcdmohâ. Wefukcd O`rrds55, `hfum`s k`æões ce G`kcdm-
ohâ prenerem re`hbz`r ` bkbgb`æçd cds o`rgds gdm kümerds ímp`res, e
dutr`s gdm kümerds p`res. Kd g`sd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ess` re-
fr` dsgbh` ektre p`res e ímp`res. Gdkndrme refbstrd `gbm` c` Nbfur`
02, ndr`m 0000 (dkze
(dkze)) pessd`s que p`rtbgbp`r`m
p`r tbgbp`r`m cd prbmebrd o`rqubge
re`hbz`cd pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd, dgdrrbcd em 02?2. Estçd cbspds-
tds k` hebr` ce pâ, c` esquerc` p`r` ` cbrebt`, `s m`idt`s Jdk÷rb`
(`mbf` ce Oerk`rcbkd, bkbgb`c` em Serrebrd Lele), M`rb` Ldsâ (Uk Uk--
fukz`) e @crb`k` (Hemoì). Wekt`cds e k` su` sefukc` hebr`, ekgdk- ekgdk-
tr`m-se M`rb` Ld`k` (Hemoeukidsb), Ldve (Hemo`kc`), Ldçd Gdrreb`
(Hesekfe), Mìrges (I`hdbà) e Grembhc` (Muxbm`z`mob). Cbspdst`s k`
hebr`, e que estçd sekt`c`s kd gjçd, ekgdktr`m-se Jehek` (Dhdbà),
@hbge (H`mod`kz`mob) e Gïkcbc` (@kf`kz`). @d hdkfd c` tr`let÷rb`
cds prbmebrds s`gercdtes cd O`te Ndhj`,
Ndhj`, exbstbr`m
exbstb r`m o`rgds ce bkbgb`æçd
bk bgb`æçd
gdm kd míkbmd um e kd màxbmd treze bktefr`ktes
bktefr`ktes.. Ds s`gerc
s`gercdtes
dtes cd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd (@mpum`kcezu)
e @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` (O`kc`kfu`me) re`hbz`r`m cbvers`s gerbmó-
kb`s ce bkbgb`æçd e gdkrm`æçd cds kibses. Ndr`m, `d tdcd, 62 (sekt`
e kdve) bkbgb`æões e 50 (gbkquekt` e um) gdkrm`æões.
Cur`kte ` tr`let÷rb` ce vbc` cds s`gercdtes Oerk`rcbkd e O`k-
c`kfu`me, que gdmpreekcem d perídcd ce 020> ` 02>5, ekgdktr`m-
-se d prbmebrd o`rgd ce Oerk`rcbkd cehbmbt`cd kd `kd ce 02?2, e d
ühtbmd o`rgd hbcer`cd pdr O`kc`kfu`me, em 02>1. Semds, pdrt`ktd,
um perídcd tempdr`h ce 70 (trbkt` e um) `kds ce phek`s `tbvbc`ces
reh`gbdk`c`s ` nebtur`s ce s`ktd e gdkrm`æões. Jduve gdm Oerk`r- Oerk`r-
cbkd pràtbg`s ce nebtur` e gdkrm`æões p`r` 55 (gbkquekt` e gbkgd)
pessd`s, equbv`hektes ` 3?% cd tdt`h, ekqu`ktd que O`kc`kfu`me
`tbkfbu um kümerd ce 65 65 (setekt`
(setekt` e gbkgd
gbkgd)) pessd`s,
pessd` s, gdrrespdkcekcd `
5:% cd tdt`h,
tdt` h, gdkndrme gdkst` k` S`oeh`
S`oeh` 0.

55 Bobc.

056
S`oeh` 0 ‗ Qess
Qessd`s
d`s Bkbgb`c`s / Gdkrm`c`s kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ektre
02?2 ` 02>1.

Ndkte< GDO@KSU (?100) e Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (?107).

Pu`kcd kds cep`r`mds gdm d qu`ktbt`tbvd ce pessd`s `pek`s

bkbgb`c`s pehds s`gercdtes, precdmbk` em su` m`bdrb` ` nebtur` ce
muhjeres. @ S`oeh` ? kds `pdkt` que ndr`m 6> (setekt`
(setekt` e sebs
sebs)) muhje-
res bkbgb`c`s pdr `mods, e `pek`s 7 (trìs) jdmeks re`hbz`r`m nebtur`s
ce kibses. S`bs bkcbvícuds bkbgb`cds ndr`m Ldçd Gdrreb` ce Mehd (He-
sekfue), @ktdkbd Ldsâ c` Wbhv` (O`kc`kfu`me) e @ktdkbd (Kez`kfu),
este ühtbmd bkbgb`cd pdr O`kc`kfu`me e ds cem`bs pdr Oerk`rcbkd c`
Q`bxçd. Cesses tdt`bs, Oerk`rcbkd bkbgb` 3?% ce muhjeres, ekqu`ktd
que O`kc`kfu`me gdksefue re`hbz`r ` nebtur` ce 5:% ce muhjeres.

S`oeh` ? ‗ Kümerd
Kümerd ce Bkbgb`æões kd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`
Ndhj` ektre 02?2
02?2 ` 02>1.
02>1.

Ndkte< GDO@KSU (?100) e Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (?107).

@ S`oeh` 7, ` sefubr, `gus` que em reh`æçd ás pràtbg`s rbtu`hístb-

g`s ce gdkrm`æçd cds kibses, d fìkerd precdmbk`kte â d m`sguhbkd.
Wçd 72 (trbkt` e kdve) jdmeks gdkrm`cds e `pek`s 0? (cdze) mu- mu-
hjeres bkserbc`s kesse prdgessd. Oerk`rcbkd gdksefue `tbkfbr 30% ce
gdkrm`æões m`sguhbk`s,
m`sguhb k`s, ekqu`ktd
ekqu`ktd O`kc`kfu`me `hg`kæ` 52% ces-
s` pràtbg`. G`oe `qub gdmpreekcer que ess`s muhjeres gdkrm`c`s
estbver`m exergekcd p`pâbs ce m`idt`s e idt`s, ekqu`ktd ds jdmeks
exerger`m nukæões ce g`nurbkfdm`s e xbg`r`kfdm`s.

05:
 S`oeh` 7 ‗ Kümerd ce Gdkrm`æões kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ektre 02?2 ` 02>1.

Ndkte< GDO@KSU (?100) e Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (?107).

Cevemds hev`r em gdksbcer`æçd d n`td ce que `s pràtbg`s rbtu`-

hístbg`s ce nebtur` e bkbgb`æçd dgdrrem gdm Oerk`rcbkd ektre 02?2 `
023?, pdrt`ktd, cur`kte 07 `kds ce `tu`æçd. Là gdm O`kc`kfu`me,
t`bs prdgessds `gdktegem ektre 0232 e 02>1, kum perídcd ce 00 `kds.
S`bs resuht`cds pdcem ser vbsu`hbz`cds ` sefubr, ce `gdrcd gdm d
Fràgd 0. Em sum`, gdkst`t`mds que ds cdbs t`t`s ce kibses bkbgb`-
r`m 7 (trìs) jdmeks, 6> (setekt` e sebs) muhjeres, gdkrm`r`m 72
(trbkt` e kdve) jdmeks e 0? (cdze) muhjeres, tdt`hbz`kcd 071 (gektd e
trbkt`) hjds e hj`s ce s`ktd.
Fràgd 0 ‗ Pu`ktbt`tbvd ce pessd`s bkbgb`c`s e gdkrm`c`s cur`kte ds s`-
s` -
gerc÷gbds
gerc÷gbds ce Oerk`rcbkd
Oerk` rcbkd e O`kc`kfu`me ektre 02?2 ` 02>1.

Ndkte< GDO@KSU (?100) e Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (?107). 052

 @ g`tefdrb` fìkerd e seus
s eus cescdor`mektds kds prdgessds ce neb-
tur` e gdkrm`æões cds kibses f`r`ktem que ds cdbs s`gercdtes, luk-
tds, tbver`m respegtbv`mekte gdkrm`cds 7?% cd fìkerd m`sguhbkd
e >:% cd fìkerd nembkbkd, express`cds ce `gdrcd gdm d Fràgd ?.

Fràgd ? ‗ Fìkerds bkbgb`cds e gdkrm`cds cur`kte ds s`gerc÷gbds ce Oer-

Oer-
k`rcbkd e O`kc`kfu`me - 02?2 ` 02>1.

Ndkte< GDO@KSU (?100) e Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` (?107).

Qdrt`ktd, kd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`, ektre d m`rgd tempdr`h ce

02?2 ` 02>1, ds s`gercdtes regdhjer`m, g`c` um, 5 (gbkgd) o`rgds,
`hg`kæ`kcd um tdt`h ce 071 (gektd e trbkt`) pessd`s bkbgb`c`s e gdk-
rm`c`s. Ds qu`crds 3, 5, > e 6, ` sefubr, cesgrevem ds refbstrds ce-
ce -
t`hj`cds cds kdmes cds bkbgb`cds/gdkrm`cds, cblbk`s, c`t`s e `kds
cds prdgessds ce bkbgb`æçd e gdkrm`æçd<

0>1
Pu`crd 3 ‗ O`rgds ce bkbgb`æçd cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd
(02?2-023?).
O@_GD D_CEM E KDME C@S@ C@ BKB- CBLBK@
GB@ÆÇD
0. Ldçd Gdrreb` ce Hesekfe du Hessek-
Mehd fue
?. Mìrges I`hdbà
7. Gïkcbc` Ger- @kf`kz`
quebr` Hbm`
0¼. 3. Jehek` Cb`s cd
K`sgbmektd
13.0?.02?2 Dhdbà

5.Ldve Hemo`kc`
>. M`rb` Ld`k` Hemoeukidsb
6. @hbge H`mod`kz`mob
:. Grembhc` Muxbm`z`mob

?¼. 0. @ktdkbd Ldsâ c`

Wbhv`
O`kc`kfu`me

?.Bs`oeh 0271 I`sekcì

7. ^bvb I`sutü

7¼. 0.Nr`kgbsg` K`kf`k`

?. Epbnïkb` Mdkj`
7. Gegíhb` Kefuiub
3. Dt`gíhb` Kec`kcu
5. M`rf`rbc` 0277 Mbs`kc`hukc`
>. Wd` @mourusü
6. M`rb` Sedcdr` Wbmo`
:. G`æuh` Kelbo`
2. Fubm`r M`z`ielì
01. @k` Kefusü
00. Ecbte W`mo` Cb`mukfd
@pdhbkàrb`
0?. Lustbk` Keklbh`

3¼. 0. @k` (ndb bkbgb`-

c` em su` pr÷prb`
0275 S`u`mbk
g`s`)
0>0
 5¼. 0.Mçezbkj` Setemouià
?.Hdurces Dlb
7.Qequek` Ibtuxb
3.\ezbkj` 023? O`kcuiuevb
5.Nr`kgbsqubkj` Ib`ksu
>.Nr`kgbsg` Idhdcumekd
6.M`rb` Nr`kgbsg` Idnukcà
:.M`rgehbk` Ibnuxb
2.Nr`kgbsg` Mubkib
01.L`cu Iumo`kc`l`mouià

Ndkte< _efbstrd cd @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. @tu`hbz`æões re`hbz`c`s gdm `

gdh`odr`æçd c` Idt` Kecemou ‗ Cdk` _bt` _ bt` Gerquebr` Hbm`,
Hbm `, em ?103.
?103. ^er t`moâm
t` moâm
Ldsehbtd Ev`rbstd
Ev`rbstd c` Gdkgebæçd ‗ S`t` S`uà ‗ GDO@KSU.
Cbspdkíveh em< jttp<//gdo`ktu.gdm/o`tendhj`/cesgekcektes.jtmh. @gessd em< ?>
l`k. ?100.
?100.
Kdt`< Sdcd(`)s d(`)s hjd(`)s cess` fer`æçd ekgdktr`m-se n`hegbcd(`)s.
Gdm d Wr. M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd jduve ` bkbgb`æçd ce ?
(cdbs) jdmeks e 7? (trbkt` e cdbs) muhjeres, `hâm ce gdkrm`r 0> (ce-
(ce -
zesebs) jdmeks. Cestes, 01 (cez) er`m g`nurbkfdm`s (fçs) e sebs er`m
xbg`r`kfdm`s (tdg`cdres). Jduve `bkc` 5 (gbkgd) muhjeres gdkrm`-
gdkrm`-
c`s gdmd m`idt`s, pern`zekcd um tdt`h ce ?0 (vbkte e um) pessd`s
gdkrm`c`s pehd S`t` @mpum`kcezu. D ühtbmd o`rgd ce bkbgb`æçd
ce M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd se c`rà kd `kd ce 023?.

0>?
Pu`crd 5 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce xbg`r`kfdm`s e g`nurbkfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`k
h bcer`k--
æ` ce M`kdeh O. c` Q`bxçd.
O@_GD D_CEM E C@S@ C@ CBLBK@
KDME GDKNB_M@ÆÇD
0._`uh Mdhucu`kz`mob
Kçd jà refbstrds ?.Ecf`rc Kçd jà refbstrds @i`moecblbk`
7.Qecrd
7. Qecrd Nerrebr` Cblbkeu`kf`
c` Wbhv`
3.^bgekte Meu`z`kob
5.Sedcdrd Wem`kvuh`
>.Sdkbqubkjd Cbkeb
6.Mdkgdrvd @i`moì
:.@k`ghetd I`mo`moe
2.Nr`kgehbkd \ekcekfì
01.Kdzbkjd Uki`fr`kfdkfd
Ndkte< _efbstrd cd @gervd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. @tu`hbz`æões re`hbz`c`s gdm ` gd-
h`odr`æçd c` Idt` Kecemou ‗ Cdk` _bt` Gerquebr` Hbm`, em ?103. ^er t`moâm
Ldsehbtd Ev`rbstd c` Gdkgebæçd ‗ S`t` S`uà ‗ GDO@KSU. Cbspdkíveh em< jttp<//
gdo`ktu.gdm/o`tendhj`/cesgekcektes.jtmh. @gessd em< ?> l`k. ?100.
Kdt`< Sdcds
Sdcds ds hjds cess` fer`æçd là n`heger`m. D S`t` Cblbkeu`kf` `g`odu sekcd d
sugessdr ce O`kc`kfu`me, `ssumbkcd ` hbcer`kæ` cd O`te Ndhj` Ndhj` ektre 0261 ` 0260.
Ehe ndb d prbmebrd g`nurbkfdm` ` exerger ` nukæçd ce hícer e s`gercdte c` g`s`.

Pu`crd > ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce xbg`r`kfdm`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c`

Q`bxçd (02?2-023?).
O@_GD D_CEM E C@S@ C@ CBLBK@
KDME GDKNB_M@ÆÇD
Kçd jà refbstrds 0.@hex`kcre Kçd jà refbstrds O`kc`iuex`
?. \â cd Fuce I`musekfue
7. Gjbkbkj` M`i`h`kcukcd
3. @kbgetd I`mo`cblbk`
5.Ld`qubm L`mo`k`cblbk`
>. ^brfíhbd Hbm` I`heki÷
Ndkte< _efbstrd cd @gervd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. @tu`hbz`æões re`hbz`c`s gdm ` gd-
h`odr`æçd c` Idt` Kecemou ‗ Cdk` _bt` Gerquebr` Hbm`, em ?103. ^er t`moâm
Ldsehbtd Ev`rbstd c` Gdkgebæçd ‗ S`t` S`uà ‗ GDO@KSU. Cbspdkíveh em< jttp<//
gdo`ktu.gdm/o`tendhj`/cesgekcektes.jtmh. @gessd em< ?> l`k. ?100.
Kdt`< Sdcds
Sdcds ds hjds cess` fer`æçd là n`heger`m.

0>7
 Pu`crd 6 ‗ Gdkrm`æões ce m`idt`s cur`kte ` hbcer`kæ` ce M`kdeh O. c`
Q`bxçd (02?2-023?).
O@_GD D_CEM E C@S@ C@ CBLBK@
KDME GDKNB_M@ÆÇD
0. \ezâ Ukfukz`
Kçd jà refbstrds ?. @crb`k` Kçd jà refbstrds Hemoì
7. Qequek` M`bmo`
3. Nr`kgbsg` I`xbt÷
5. Qequek` BB W`hekcà
Ndkte< _efbstrd cd @gervd cd Serrebrd O`te Ndhj`. @tu`hbz`æões re`hbz`c`s gdm ` gdh`-
odr`æçd c` Idt` Kecemou ‗ Cdk` _bt` Gerquebr` Hbm`, em ?103. ^er t`moâm Ldsehbtd
Ev`rbstd c` Gdkgebæçd ‗ S`t` S`uà ‗ GDO@KSU.
GDO@K SU. Cbspdkíveh em< jttp<//gdo`ktu.gdm/
j ttp<//gdo`ktu.gdm/
o`tendhj`/cesgekcektes.jtmh. @gessd em< ?> l`k. ?100.
Kdt`< Sdc`s
Sdc`s `s hj`s cess` fer`æçd ekgdktr`m-se re fbstrd ce `tu`-
ekgdktr` m-se n`hegbc`s. Gdkst` `bkc` d refbstrd
æçd kd O`te Ndhj`, pdr p`rte ce Cdk` Jdk÷rb` ce Dcetdhà. Eh` kçd ndb gdkrm`c` pdr Oer-
k`rcbkd, pdbs mbfrdu cd Serrebrd Ietu cd Wr. Qrdg÷pbd cd Dfuklà.

Nbfur` ?1 ‗ _efbstrd ce hjd e hj`s

 hj`s ce s`ktds cd prbmebrd e cd tergebrd o`r-
o`r-
qubges re`hbz`cds pdr M`kdeh Oerk`rcbkd c` Q`bxçd.

Em pâ, c` esquerc` p`r` cbrebt`, estçd Mçe H`ur`(prbmebr`), Cdk` Dk÷rb` (sefukc`), M`-
gdt` @crb`k` (qu`rt`), Ldçd Gdrreb`(sextd) e Cdk` Qequek`(câgbm` prbmebr`). Wekt`c`s,
c` esquerc` p`r` cbrebt`, estçd Cdk` M`rf`rbc` (prbmebr`), Cdk` Jehek`(sefukc`), Cdk`
Gïkcbc`(tergebr`), Cdk` @k`hbge(qu`rt`), Cdk` Gegíhb`(qubkt`) e Cdk` Ldve (sâtbm`).
Ndkte< @gervd cd Serrebrd
Serrebrd O`te Ndhj` ektre 02?2-0271 (g.`).

0>3