Writing a thesis, especially one focused on a complex subject like the synthesis of nanoparticles, can

be an incredibly challenging endeavor. It requires extensive research, critical analysis, and the ability
to present findings in a clear and coherent manner. For Ph.D. students undertaking this task, the
pressure to produce original and meaningful work can be immense.

The synthesis of nanoparticles is a rapidly evolving field with a wide range of applications across
various industries, including medicine, electronics, and environmental science. As such, a Ph.D.
thesis in this area demands a deep understanding of both theoretical principles and practical
methodologies.

One of the major difficulties in writing a thesis on nanoparticle synthesis lies in the interdisciplinary
nature of the subject. It often requires knowledge and skills from chemistry, physics, materials
science, and engineering, among other disciplines. Integrating these diverse perspectives into a
cohesive research narrative can be a daunting task.

Furthermore, conducting experiments and gathering data for nanoparticle synthesis research can be
time-consuming and resource-intensive. Ph.D. students may encounter technical challenges and
setbacks along the way, adding another layer of complexity to the writing process.

Given these challenges, many Ph.D. students seek assistance to ensure that their thesis meets the
highest standards of quality and academic rigor. ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ offers professional thesis
writing services tailored to the specific needs of students in the field of nanoparticle synthesis.

By entrusting their thesis to ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔, students can benefit from the expertise of
experienced academic writers who specialize in this area. Whether they need assistance with
literature review, experimental design, data analysis, or manuscript preparation, ⇒ HelpWriting.net
⇔ provides comprehensive support every step of the way.
With ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔, Ph.D. students can alleviate the stress and pressure associated with
writing a thesis on nanoparticle synthesis, allowing them to focus on their research and academic
pursuits. Trust ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ to deliver exceptional results and help you achieve your
academic goals.
The new nano-based entities are being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal
care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing to impact industrial and
manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nano-assisted device
will continuously grow. Jeyaraj, M.; Gurunathan, S.; Qasim, M.; Kang, M.-H.; Kim, J.-H. For
instance, Ipomea carnea plant extracts produce NPs with an average size of 50 nm ( Figure 11 ). The
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107, 8898-8904. Beet juice was utilized for the synthesis of
nanometals such as Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd under microwave (MW) irradiation condition using benign
solvent, water. A greener synthesis of core (Fe, Cu)-Shell (Au, Pt, Pd, and Ag) nanocrystals using
aqueous vitamin C. Adaptation to metal toxicity has resulted in yeast cells using a variety of
detoxification mechanisms that cause activities such as chelation, bio-precipitation bio-sorption and
extracellular sequestration. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). The study also
revealed that at higher TMV concentrations fewer free nanoparticles were formed and at the same
time the TMV acted as a bio-template that underwent metallization to form nanowires.
Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles in solution. The value-added products such as
construction materials can be prepared with left residues by incorporating biochar, hence there will
be zero waste at the end. Left panel ( a ): Platinum nanoparticle synthesis assisted by terpenes.
According to “Prasanna, 2007” As new discoveries are made in the world of Nanotechnology, in the
same manner that normal barcodes operate, Nano-based barcodes can also perform the similar
function like helping to track the food products and keeping a check on the quality of food products,
thus producing an entire record in a matter of minutes, or less. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
). Sorghum beers have very little resemblance in appearance to Western beer made with barley.
Synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using various types of metal salts. Oxygen produced from either
atmosphere or degrading phytochemicals links the reduced metal ions. Fungal biosynthesis of gold
nanoparticles: mechanism and scale up. The disadvantage of this method is hard to control shape,
size, crystal growth, stability and aggregation, and possible endotoxin and time-consuming
purification processes. An eco-benign synthesis of AgNPs using aqueous extract of Longan fruit peel:
antiproliferative response against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, antioxidant and
photocatalytic deprivation of methylene blue. The cell wall with metal binding sites can be changed
by chemical reactions for specific groups, such as amines and carboxyl groups, which converts
positive charge into negative charge. After intravenous administration of snPt into mice, the mice
showed acute hepatic injury and increased levels of serum markers of liver injury and inflammatory
cytokines. First, the phytochemicals of the plant extract are responsible for the metal reduction.
Polyvinyl alcohol capped silver NPs exhibited significant toxicity in Zebrafish embryos followed by
PtNPs. The high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles and quick interaction capacity with
different particles make them as an attractive tool in different areas. FTIR spectra showed sharp
peaks corresponding to carbonyl, alkynes, and aliphatic amines. Microscopy based techniques such as
AFM, SEM and TEM are considered direct methods of obtaining data from images taken of the
nanoparticles. In addition to the thiol group, each GSH molecule contains amine and carboxylate
groups, which offer coupling prospects for further cross-linking to other molecules of biological or
sensing interest. Transmission electron microscopy image of platinum nanoparticles produced by
Bacillus spp. Srivastava and Mukhopadhyay (2014) evaluated photocatalytic efficiency of
biosynthesized SnO 2 -nanoparticles by Erwinia herbicola for dye degradation.
Pichia jadinii synthesized gold nanoparticles in which gold ions were reduced by the enzymes
present in cytoplasm or cell wall of yeast ( Gericke and Pinches, 2006 ). Commonly, the put off
blood circulation of NPs is prior to archive the successful drug delivery. The cost effective
production of microbial nanoparticles is required to make this process economically feasible and
sustainable as per the requirements of industries. Kinetically controlled growth and shape formation
mechanism of platinum nanoparticles. Polyvinyl alcohol capped silver NPs exhibited significant
toxicity in Zebrafish embryos followed by PtNPs. The first synthesis of platinium nanoparticles was
reported by Song et al., in 2010 using a leaf extract taken from Diospyros kaki (Persimmon). FTIR
peaks were observed at 3424 cm ?1, which shifted to 3439 cm ?1, suggesting that the phenolic group
was present in the peel extract, which is involved in the reduction and stabilization of NPs. Avicenna
Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 9, 120-125. Natural defence mechanisms exist in bacteria to deal
with a variety of stresses such as toxicity arising from high concentrations of metallic ions in the
environment. Algae can produce complex inorganic nanomaterials both intracellularly and
extracellularly ( Sau and Murphy, 2004 ). International Journal of Nanomedicine, 9, 121-127. It
enhances the quality of data, but is time-consuming. 5. Multifarious Applications of PtNPs The
unique features of PtNPs, such as surface functionalities; size; size distribution; shape; porosity;
surface area; composition; crystalline nature; agglomeration; and electro, catalytic, thermal, and
plasmonic properties, make their application desirable in various fields ( Figure 14 ). At present,
alternative therapy is required for recovery from fungal disease. The biogenic nanoparticles show
large surface area with high catalytic reactivity and they do not assemble due to the presence of
capping agents released by microbes. A major limitation of AFM is sample preparation for the study
of biological sample. TEM is classified based on applications like immune and energy filtered
electron microscopy. 4.9. AFM AFM is also called scanning force microscopy (SFM). Risk reduction
via greener synthesis of noble metal nanostructures and nanocomposites. References Goodsell, D.S.
Bionanomedicine in action. Physical method requires expensive equipment whereas chemical method
provides high yield in less time but it is expensive method ( Ding et al., 2015 ). The nanoparticles
production by biological methods involves low cost and can be applied at large scale ( Gour and
Jain, 2019 ). The molecules, cells, and organs of the aforementioned plants have been bioengineered
to provide new nanomaterials with demanding sustainable advantages. As explained above, even
small variations in these factors can significantly influence particle size, shape, and size distribution.
However, only particular sorghum varieties (e.g., red grain) are principally used to generate sorghum
beers. However, the culture conditions can have a significant influence during the biosynthesis of
metallic nanoparticles. Eye-catching attraction have been received by these nanoparticles (MNPs)
(such as silver, gold, and copper) due to its electronic, catalytic and unique optical properties, it is
very attractive in the field of special sensing, bio conjugation and surface enhanced raman
spectroscopy. Here, a laser beam is used instead of electric heating. Catalysis with transition metal
nanoparticles in colloidal solution: nanoparticle shape dependence and stability. A Comprehensive
Review on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application of Platinum Nanoparticles.
Furthermore, plant based biosynthesis is a relatively straightforward process that can be easily scaled
up for large-scale production of nanoparticles. Extracellularly produced NPs have good commercial
feasibility and are nontoxic. XRD is nondestructive, simple, highly sensitive, depth profile, table
make, and user friendly.
Use of silver in the prevention and treatment of infections: silver review. Chemical reduction is
mainly used for colloidal metal NP production, in which chemical agents reduce the metallic ion,
thus forming metallic NPs ( Figure 5 ). EGFR is a part of the ErbF family of receptors and is
expressed in normal cells and over expressed in malignancy of epithelial cancer cells. The biological
synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been achieved at laboratory scale but industrial scale
escalation is needed for their mass production. Advanced computational tools are required to exploit
the omics derived data for better understanding of microbial processes. Next Article in Journal
Mechanical Properties and Eco-Efficiency of Steel Fiber Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete.
The desired alterations in shape, size, absorptive capacity and chemical components of nanomaterials
enhances the performance of nanomaterials can provide significant benefit for treatment of
contaminants ( Sekoai et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019 ). Application of biogenic substances will
promote green technology as there will be very less generation of a sludge and it can offer a safe
alternative for remediation of environmental pollutants. Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview
on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. The
production of nanoparticles using biological entities has the potential to deliver new sources of novel
materials that are stable, nontoxic, cost effective, environment-friendly, and synthesized using green
chemistry approach. The cell wall of bacteria plays a very crucial function as metals may percolate
into the cytoplasm via cell wall and transferred back to the wall for extracellular secretion. For
example, The Zetasizer Nano provides a simple, fast, easy, and accurate way to measure zeta
potential and free from cross contamination due to use of unique disposable capillary cell. 4.6. XRD
XRD is one of the best methods for characterization of the crystalline form of organic and inorganic
materials. Natural defence mechanisms exist in bacteria to deal with a variety of stresses such as
toxicity arising from high concentrations of metallic ions in the environment. Note that from the first
issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. The organic solvents and
chemical reagents are not used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs ). For more
information on the journal statistics, click here. Peptides are extensively used for targeting ligands
based on their properties such as size, immunogenicity, stability, low cost, and conjugation
properties. Not all biological entities can synthesize nanoparticles due to their enzyme activities and
intrinsic metabolic processes. HR-TEM micrograph of platinum nanoparticles produced by fungi (
Ganoderma spp.). This method is not suitable for preparing familiar shapes and sizes of
nanoparticles; it also changes in surface and physicochemical chemistry of nanoparticles. They are
stabilized by phytochemicals that prevent agglomeration between them. This mobility is often
converted to Zeta potential to enable comparison of materials under different experimental
conditions. Schematic illustration showing the differential effect of cisplatin ( A ) and platinum
nanoparticles ( B ) in cancer cells. Many research studies on traditional sorghum beers have been
carried out and documented in several African countries, especially the microbiological and
biochemical properties, the technologies used in the manufacture processes, and synthetic
characteristics of African traditional sorghum beers (ikigage, merissa, doro, dolo, pito, amgba, and
tchoukoutou). The living organisms are not only necessary for food and nutritional purposes but also
used in green synthesis. Nanoparticles increase the proteins uniformity against enzymatic decay and
displayed distinction over classical methods in terms of competence and effectiveness.
Rhodosporidium diobovatum contained sulfur rich peptide which acted as a capping agent for the
synthesis of lead sulfide nanoparticles ( Seshadri et al., 2011 ). Govindaraju et al. (2008) reported
the synthesis of silver, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles by Spirulina platensis. The leaf extracts are
bioactive, containing various antioxidants, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, gallic acid,
terpenoids, amino acid, and certain proteins that act as reducing agents. The nanoparticles produced
were spherical and had a mean size of 12 nm. Biologically synthesized PtNPs using rind extract of
the fruit of Garcinia mangostana showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp.,
Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. (except Bacillus spp.). The highest activity was observed
against Klebsiella spp. The working principle of SEM is based on generation of electron beams that
have magnetic properties.
Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34, Article ID: 101869. This review has summarized
recent research into the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using biological entities. The results from
this study indicated that both cells can uptake PtNPs, but there is no induction of ROS-induced
cytotoxicity. Furthermore, plant based biosynthesis is a relatively straightforward process that can be
easily scaled up for large-scale production of nanoparticles. Gericke and Pinches (2006) found the
synthesis of gold nanoparticles by Verticillium luteoalbum. Sorghum grain as human food in Africa:
relevance of content of starch and amylase activities. The fluffy nature of the TiO 2 is due to the
spontaneous heating of the solvent, water, and its ulterior evaporation and combustible sugar
dextrose. In brief, flavonoids are responsible for chelation and reduction to produce nanoparticles
through growth, nucleation, and stabilization. Recently, Pt-based nanomaterials have attracted
interest in both academic and industrial fields because of their unique features and function as
nanocarriers, nanozymes, and nanosensors for diagnostic purposes. The essential aspect of the green
chemistry emerging sector is the utilization of a group of basics lowers or removes the hazardous
substances utilization or generation concerning design or production and chemical products
application while designing new chemical processes visualizes small risk as the execution criteria.
The concentration of the precursors and pH played a major role in the controlled fabrication of
PtNPs. We have cited as many references as permitted and apologize to the authors of those
publications that we have not cited due to limitation of references. Integration of nanomaterials,
especially PtNPs, could extend the construction of the theragnostic platform, which combines
therapeutics with diagnostics, to make the diagnosis processes more simple and rapid and less
invasive. Similar procedure was applied for production of gold nanoparticles by using Verticillium as
a rich source of reducing enzymes ( Ovais et al., 2018 ). Salvadori et al. (2017) suggested a probable
natural procedure for the intracellular metal nanoparticles synthesis with yeasts. Nanoparticles are
basic component of nanotechnology as they are fundamental sources of various nanostructured
devices. The basic concept of bioremediation is the change of harmful pollutants into less harmful
compounds. Gold nanoparticles obtained by bio-precipitation from gold(iii) solutions. Pichia jadinii
synthesized gold nanoparticles in which gold ions were reduced by the enzymes present in cytoplasm
or cell wall of yeast ( Gericke and Pinches, 2006 ). Significant amount of contaminants can be
removed with less number of biogenic nanoparticles. MNPs and MONPs synthesis and
characterization were affected by different factors such as the season or the plant organs collection
place in addition to abiotic existence (cold, water, metal existence, or pesticides) or biotic (pest or
pathogen existence) compression agents. TEM is classified based on applications like immune and
energy filtered electron microscopy. 4.9. AFM AFM is also called scanning force microscopy (SFM).
The development of PtNPs as an anticancer agent is one of the most valuable and warranted
approaches for cancer treatment. In addition, SEM is applied in numerous fields such as biological
science, biomolecules, biomedical fields, and material sciences. Diagrammatic sketch representing the
possible mechanism of platinum nanoparticle induced cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. The silver
nanoparticles synthesized from Aspergillus niger effectively decolorized 86% of dye within 24 h and
dye was completely decolorized within 2 days. In future, multifunctional PtNPs would be an
attractive platform for biomedical applications and may change the business model of
pharmaceutical industries. The nanoparticles produced were spherical and had a mean size of 12 nm.
Jeyaraj, Muniyandi, Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Muhammad Qasim, Min-Hee Kang, and Jin-Hoi Kim.
Such hardly, sorghum belongs to the grass family Gramineae. Physical method requires expensive
equipment whereas chemical method provides high yield in less time but it is expensive method (
Ding et al., 2015 ). The nanoparticles production by biological methods involves low cost and can be
applied at large scale ( Gour and Jain, 2019 ).