Day 4 – PROBABILITY AND VENN DIAGRAM

PROBLEMS

PROBABILITY
1. 100 random samples were taken from a large population. A particular numerical
characteristic of sampled items was measured. The results of the measurements
were as follows.

45 measurements were between 0.859 and 0.900

0.901 was observed once
0.902 was observed three times
0.903 was observed twice
0.904 was observed four times
45 measurements were between 0.905 and 0.958
The smallest value was 0.859, and the largest value was 0.958. The sum of all
100 measurement was 91.170. except those noted, no measurements
occurred more than twice.
A. What is the mean of the measurements?
B. What is the median of the measurements?
C. What is the mode of the measurement?
Solution:

A.

Σ(measurements)
Mean = no. of measurements

91.170
Mean =
100

𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕

B.

n th n th
(2) + (2 + 1)
Median =
2
 50th + 51st
Median =
2

0.903 + 0.903
Median =
2

𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑

C.

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟒

1. For the given numbers 4, 6, 8. Find:

1. Standard deviation
2. Standard deviation of sample.
3. Variance
Solution:

Σ(numbers)
Mean = no. of numbers

4+6+8
Mean = =6
3

Σ(x−m)2
Variance = n

(4−6)2 +(6−6)2 +(8−6)2

Variance = 3

Variance = 2.666666667

σ = √Variance

σ = √2.666666667

𝛔 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟐
 VENN DIAGRAM

1. In a survey of 10 smokers, it was disclosed that 7 smokes M, 5 smoke H, 3

smoke W, it was further disclosed that 3 smoke M & H, 2 M & W, 2 H & W, 1
M, H, W.
A. How many smokes M only?
B. Smoke W only
C. How many do not smoke M, H & W?
D. M or H nor W
E. M and H nor W

Solution:

A.

N = 7(M) − (M&H) − (M&W) + (M, H, W)

N=7−3−2+1

𝐍 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐌 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲

B.

N = 3(W) − (M&W) − (H&W) + (M, H, W)

N=3−2−2+1

𝐍 = 𝟎 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐖 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲

C.

N = Total − (M only) − (H only) − (W only) + (M&H) + (M&W) + (H&W)

− (M, H, W)N = 10 − 3 − 5 − 0 + 3 + 2 + 2 − 1

𝐍 = 𝟖 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐌, 𝐇, &𝐖

D.

N = (M only) + (H only) − (M&H)

N=3+5−3
 𝐍 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐌 𝐨𝐫 𝐇 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐖

E.

N = (M&H) − (M, H, W)

N=3−1

𝐍 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐌 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐖

2. A survey of 100 persons revealed that 72 of them had eaten at restaurant P and
that 52 of them had eaten at restaurant Q. Which of the following could not be
the number of persons in the surveyed group who had eaten at both P and Q.
A. 20

B. 24

C. 34

D. 36

Solution:

(72 − x) + x + (52 − x) = 100

𝐱 = 𝟐𝟒

ALGEBRA

INSTRUCTION: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct

answer of your choice. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. One fair die is used in a dice game. The player wins $25 if he rolls either a 1 or a
6. He loses $5 if he turns up any other face. What is the expected winning for
one roll of the die?
A. $1.00

B. $3.00

C. $5.00

D. $7.00

Solution:

Expected winning = P(win) + P(lose)

2 4
Expected winning = (6) (25) + (6) (−5)

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 = $𝟓

2. An urn contains four black balls and eight white balls. What is the probability of
getting one black ball and one white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn
without replacement?
A. 0.285

B. 0.485

C. 0.685

D. 0.885

Solution:

no. of occurences
P(total) = total occurences

4C1 x 8C1
P(total) = 10C2

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟖
3. The probability that both stages of a two-stage rocket will function correctly is 0.93.
The reliability of the first stage is 0.98. What is the reliability of the second stage?
A. 0.349

B. 0.549

C. 0.749

D. 0.949

Solution:

R(total) = R1 + R 2

0.93 = 0.98 x R 2

𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟖

4. A marksman can hit a bull’s-eye from 100 m with three out of every four shots.
What is the probability that he will hit a bull’s-eye with at least one of the next four
shots?
A. 215/256

B. 235/256

C. 255/256

D. 275/256

Solution:

P(r) = nCr (p)r (q)n−r

P(total) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4)

 3 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1
P(total) = 4C1 ( ) ( ) + 4C2 ( ) ( ) + 4C3 ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 1 0 𝟐𝟓𝟓
+ 4C4 ( ) ( ) 𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) =
4 4 𝟐𝟓𝟔

5. What is the probability that either three heads or four heads will be thrown if six fair
coins are tossed at once?
A. 0.147

B. 0.347

C. 0.547

D. 0.747

Solution:

P(r) = nCr(p)r (q)n−r

P(total) = P(3 heads) + P(4 heads)

1 3 1 3 1 4 1 2
P(total) = 6C3 (2) (2) + 6C4 (2) (2)

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓

6. Three standard 52-card decks are used in a probability experiment. One card is
drawn from each deck. What is the probability that a diamond is drawn from the first
deck, an ace from the second, and the face cards from the third?
A. 0.00444

B. 0.00644

C. 0.00844

D. 0.09444

Solution:
 P(total) = P(diamond) x P(ace) x P(faces)

13 4 12
P(total) = (52) (52) (52)

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟐

7. What are the mean and sample standard deviation of the following numbers?
71.3, 74.0, 74.25, 78.54, 79.4

A. 75.5, 3.39

B. 77.5, 4.39

C. 79.5, 5.39

D. 73.5, 6.39

Solution:

Σ(numbers)
Mean = no. of numbers

71.3+74.0+74.25+78.54+79.4
Mean =
5

𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟗𝟖

Σ(x−m)2
Variance = n

Variance =
((71.3−75.498)2 +(74.0−75.498)2 +(74.25−75.498)2 +(78.54−75.498)2 +)(79.4−75.498)2
5

Variance = 9.180816

σ = √Variance

σ = √9.180816

𝛔 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟗
8. Five fair coins are tossed at once. What is the probability of obtaining three heads
and two tail?
A. 0.1125

B. 0.3125

C. 0.5125

D. 0.7125

Solution:

P(r) = nCr(p)r (q)n−r

1 3 1 2
P(r) = 5C3 (2) (2)

𝐏(𝐫) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓

9. Two students are working independently on a problem. Their respective

probabilities of solving the problem are 0.30 and 0.70. What is the probability that
at least one of them will solve the problem?
A. 0.19

B. 0.39

C. 0.59

D. 0.79

Solution:

P(total) = P(1) + P(2) − P(1) ∙ P(2)

P(total) = (0.30 + 0.70) − (0.30 × 0.70)

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗

10. What is the sample variance of the following numbers? 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
 A. 20

B. 22

C. 24

D. 26

Solution:

Σ(numbers)
Mean = no. of numbers

2+4+6+8+10+12+14+16
Mean = 8

Mean = 9

Σ(x−m)2
Variance = n

(2−9)2 +(4−9)2 +(6−9)2 +(8−9)2 +(10−9)2 +(12−9)2 +(14−9)2 +(16−9)2

Variance = 8

𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝟐𝟏

11. What is the probability of picking an orange ball and a white ball out of a bag
containing seven orange balls, eight green balls, and four white balls?
A. 0.16374

B. 0.36374

C. 0.56374

D. 0.76374

Solution:

P(total) = P(1) + P(2)

P(1) = P(orange) × P(white)

7 4
P(1) = (19) (18)
 14
P(1) = 171

P(2) = P(white) × P(orange)

4 7
P(2) = (19) (18)

14
P(2) = 171

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟏

12. A cat has a litter of seven kittens. If the probability is 0.58 that a kitten will be
female, what is the probability that exactly two of the seven will be male?
A. 0.16374

B. 0.36374

C. 0.56374

D. 0.76374

Solution:

P(r) = nCr(p)r (q)n−r

P(r) = 7C2(1 − 0.58)2 (0.58)5

𝐏(𝐫) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟏

13. A bag contains 100 balls numbered 1 to 100. One ball is drawn from the bag.
What is the probability that the number on the ball selected will be odd or greater
than 90?
A. 0.15

B. 0.35

C. 0.55
 D. 0.75

Solution:

P(total) = [P(odd) + P(90 >)] − [P(odd) × P(90 >)]

50 10 50 10
P(total) = [(100) + (100)] − [(100) (100)]

𝐏(𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

14. 100 random samples were taken from a large population. A particular numerical
characteristic of sampled items was measured. The results of the measurements
were as follows.
45 measurements were between 0.759
and 0.800 0.801 was observed twice

0.802 was observed twice

0.803 was observed four
times 0.804 was observed
twice

45 measurements were between 0.805 and 0.858

The smallest value was 0.759, and the largest value was 0.858. The sum of all 100
measurement was 81.170. except those noted, no measurements occurred more
than twice. What is the mean of the measurements?

A. 0.412

B. 0.612

C. 0.812

D. 1.012

Solution:
 Sum of all measurements Total Sum Sum 1 + Sum 2 + Sum 3
Mean = = =
Number of measurements 100 100

0.759 + 0.800
Sum 1 = 45 × ( ) = 35.0775
2

Sum 2 = (2 × 0.801) + (2 × 0.802) + (4 × 0.803) + (2 × 0.804) = 8.026

0.805 + 0.858
Sum 3 = 45 × ( ) = 37.4175
2

35.0775 + 8.026 + 37.4175

Mean =
100

𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟏

15. If six fair coins are simultaneously tossed in the air, what is the probability that
at least one will land heads up?
A. 0.984

B. 2.984

C. 4.984

D. 5.984

Solution:

P(at least one head) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6)

P(x) = nCr (p)r (p)n−r

1 1 1 6−1 3
P(1) = 6C1 (2) (2) = 32

1 2 1 6−2 15
P(2) = 6C2 (2) (2) = 64

1 3 1 6−3 5
P(3) = 6C3 (2) (2) = 16
 1 4 1 6−4 15
P(4) = 6C4 (2) (2) = 64

1 5 1 6−4 3
P(5) = 6C5 (2) (2) = 32

1 6 1 6−6 1
P(6) = 6C6 (2) (2) = 64

3 15 5 15 3 1
P(at least one head) = 32 + 64 + 16 + 64 + 32 + 64

𝐏(𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟑

16. What is the sample variance of the following

data? 0.50, 0.80, 0.75, 0.52, 0.60, 0.83
A. 0.021

B. 0.121

C. 0.221

D. 0.321

Solution:

∑x 0.50+0.80+0.75+0.52+0.60+0.83 2
x̅ = = =3
n 6

∑(x−x̅)2
σ2 = n−1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(0.50− ) +(0.80− ) +(0.75− ) +(0.52− ) +(0.60− ) +(0.83− )
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
σ = 6−1

𝛔𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏

17. How many different sequences of 10 signal flags can be constructed from 4 red flags
and 6 blue flags?
A. 200
 B. 210

C. 220

D. 230

Solution:

10!
no. of ways = 6!×4!

𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎

18. Three cards are drawn from an ordinary deck of 52. What is the probability of getting
three spades?
A. 0.0172

B. 0.453

C. 0.173

D. 0.0129

Solution:

13 12 11
P(three spades) = 52 × 51 × 50

𝐏(𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐬) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟗

19. Two cards are drawn from an ordinary deck of 52. What is the probability of getting
a spade and a diamond?
A. 0.127

B. 0.227

C. 0.337

D. 0.557
 Solution:

13 13 13 13
P(spade and diamond) = (52 × 51) + (52 × 51)

𝐏(𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐝) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟕

20. Determine the sum of odd numbers from 1 to 681 of the following integers.
A. 198,093

B. 189,041

C. 116,281

D. 418,419

Solution:

c = a1 + (n - 1) d

681 = 1 + (n – 1) 2

681 = 1 + 2n – 2

681 + 1 = 2n

682 = 2n

n = 341

n
Sn = 2 (an + a1 )

341
Sn = (681 + 1)
2

Sn = 116,281

21. Box A has 4 white balls, 3 blue balls, and 3 orange balls. Box B has 2 white balls, 4
 blue balls and 4 orange balls. If one ball is drawn from each box, what is the
probability that one of the two balls will be blue?
A. 27/50

B. 23/50

C. 9/50

D. 7/25

Solution:

E1 = blue and not blue = P(1)

E2 = not blue and blue = P(2)

PT = P(1) + P(2)

3 6 7 4
PT = (10 × 10) + (10 × 10)

𝟐𝟑
𝐏𝐓 = 𝟓𝟎

22. In how many ways an organization with 10 directors choose a President, a

Vice President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and an Auditor, if no member can
hold more than one position?
A. 30,240

B. 32,945

C. 34,092

D. 36,384

Solution:

President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Auditor

10 9 8 7 6
 N = 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6

N = 30,240 ways

23. A PSME has 20ME’s, 12PME’s and 8 CPM. If a committee of 3 members, one of
each from each group is to be formed, how many such committees can be formed?
A. 1620

B. 1720

C. 1820

D. 1920

Solution:

Number of ME’s = 20

Number of PME’s = 12

Number of CPM’s = 8

Therefore, to determine the number of committees with 3 members that can

be formed;

N = N1 x N2 x N3

N = 20C1 x 12C1 x 8C1

N = 1920

24. A factory building has 10 entrance doors. In how many ways can a person enter
and leave any door?
A. 80

B. 90
 C. 100

D. 110

Solution:

Ways to enter the door = 10

Ways to leave the door = 10

N = 10 x 10

N = 100 ways

25. An urn contains 10 black balls and 15 white balls. What is the probability of
getting 1 black and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn?
A. 0.5

B. 1.0

C. 1.50

D. 2.0

Solution:

Number of black balls = 10

Number of black balls = 15

Total number of balls = 10 + 15 = 25 balls

E1 = black and white

E2 = white and black

Therefore, the probability of getting 1 black and 1 white ball in two

Consecutive draws from the urn;

 10 15 15 10
P = E1 + E2 = (25 × 24) + (25 × 24)

𝟏
P = 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓

26. An organization held a lottery to raise funds for their organization, with P100,000
top prize and with 5,000 tickets printed and sold. What is the mathematical
expectation of a member if he bought 30 tickets?
A. P200

B. P300

C. P500

D. P600

Solution:

Number tickets printed = 5,000

Number of tickets bought by member = 30

Therefore, the mathematical expectation of the member;

30
= 5000 × 100,000

= P 600

27. In how many ways can you invite four or more of your eight friends in a party
A. 153

B. 163

C. 173

D. 183
 Solution:

N = 8C4 + 8C5 + 8C6 + 8C7 + 8C8

N = 163

28. In a dice game, one fair die is used. The player wins P24.00 if he rolls either a
1 or 6. He losses P6.00 if he turns up any other face. What is the expected
winning for one roll of die?
A. P2.00

B. P3.00

C. P4.00

D. P5.00

Solution:

Expected Winning = P(winning) × (amount won) +

P(losing) × (amount lost)

1 2
Expected Winning = ( ) × (P24.00) + ( ) × (−P6.00)
3 3

Expected Winning = P8.00 − P4.00

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐏𝟒. 𝟎𝟎

29. The probability that both stages of a two-stage rocket will function correctly is
0.95. The reliability of the first stage is 0.98. What is the reliability of the second
stage?
A. 0.95

B. 0.96

C. 0.97
 D. 0.98

Solution:

P(both stages function correctly) = R1 × R 2 = 0.95

0.98 × R 2 = 0.95

𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟑 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕

30. A box contains 6 black balls, 8 white balls and 6 blue balls. What is the probability of
getting one white ball?
A. 2/5

B. 1/2

C. 3/4

D. 5/4

Solution:

Let the number of balls = 6 + 8 + 6 = 20

Number of white balls = 8

𝟖 𝟐
P (drawing a white ball) = 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟓

31. How many permutations can be made from the word ALCORCON?
A. 10,080

B. 11,080

C. 12,080

D. 13,080
 Solution:

8!
Permutations = 2!×2! = 10,080

32. In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like Chemistry. How many like both
Calculus and Chemistry?
A. 10

B. 11

C. 12

D. 13

Solution:

Total number of students in a class = 40

Number of students who like Calculus = 27

Number of students who like Calculus = 25

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ

(27 − 𝑥) + 𝑥 + (25 − 𝑥) = 40

𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐

33. The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a coin is tossed four times is
A. 11/16

B. 13/16

C. 1/4

D. ½

Solution:
 Number of Trials, n = 4

X = 2 heads

Probability of getting at least 2 heads, P

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑛 = 24 = 16

Note: there are 5 ways to get 1 or 0 head, therefore:

16−5 𝟏𝟏
𝑃 = 16
= 𝟏𝟔

34. A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of getting either 3 heads or 3
tail?
A. 1/8

B. 3/8

C. ¼

D. ½

Solution:

Number of Trials, n = 3

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑛 = 23 = 8

Note: there are 2 favorable outcomes, therefore:

𝟐 𝟏
The probability of getting either 3 heads or 3 tail = 𝟖 = 𝟒

35. On a bookshelf there are 10 different Algebra books, 6 different Geometry books
and 4 different Calculus books. In how many ways can you choose 3 books, one
of each kind?
A. 240

B. 260
 C. 280

D. 300

Solution:

Number of algebra books, na = 10

Number of geometry books, nb = 6

Number of calculus books, nc = 4

Ways of choosing 3 books, one of each kind = na x nb x nc

Ways of choosing 3 books, one of each kind = 10 x 6 x 4 = 240 ways

36. Find the standard deviation of the numbers 15, 10, 5

A. 2.65

B. 7.07

C. 3.23

D. 4.08

Solution:

n1 = 15

n2 = 10

n3 = 5

Calculator Technique:

Mode: Stat: 1-VAR

Input: 15, 10, 5 : CLEAR

SHIFT : STAT : Var : Standard Deviation : =

The standard deviation of the numbers is 4.082482905.

37. In how many ways can two numbers whose sum is even be chosen from the numbers
1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and 11?
A. 8

B. 10

C. 7

D. 9

Solution:

Number of odd numbers, no = 4

Number of even numbers, ne = 3

r=2

Ways that the sum of two numbers is even

Ways that the sum of two numbers is even = noC2 + neC2 = 4C2 + 3C2

Ways that the sum of two numbers is even = 6 + 3 = 9 ways

38. A basketball coach has a total of 10 players. In how many ways can be filled a
team of 5 players if the captain ball is always included?
A. 42

B. 70

C. 126

D. 25

Solution:

Total number of players, nt = 10

Number of team players, np = 5

 Ways can be filled a team of 5 players, ways

Since the coach is always included, ways = (nt-1)Cnp

Ways = (10-1)C5 = 126 ways

39. How many triangles are determined by 8 points, no three of which are collinear?
A. 28

B. 56

C. 14

D. 30

Solution:

A triangle is formed using three points, therefore, r = 3

Number of points, n = 8

Number of triangles determined by 8 points, nt

Note: A triangle is formed using three points, therefore:

nt = nCr = 8C3 = 56

40. An association has 15 officials. How many 4-member committees can be formed
from these officials?
A. 1,365

B. 1,966

C. 1,638

D. 1,138

Solution:
 Number of officials, nx = 15

Number of members, nm = 4

𝑛𝑥 ×(𝑛𝑥 −1)×(𝑛𝑥 −2)×(𝑛𝑥 −3)

𝑃= 𝑛𝑚 !

15×14×13×12
𝑃= 4!
= 𝟏, 𝟑𝟔𝟓

41. Determine the number of permutations of 8 distinct objects, taken 3 at a time.

A. 504

B. 210

C. 120

D. 336

Solution:

Number of distinct objects, n = 8

Number of objects taken at a time, r = 3

Number of Permutations, P

P = nPr = 8P3 = 336

42. The lotto use numbers 1-42. A winning number consists six (6) different numbers in
any order. What are your chances of winning it?
A. 5,246,786

B. 8,437,224

C. 10,127,420

D. 2,546,725

Solution:

Quantity of numbers that the lotto uses, n = 42

 Consisting quantity of winning numbers, r = 6

Chances of winning, Cw = nCr = 42C6 = 5,246,786

43. A student is to answer 8 out of 10 questions on an exam. Find the number of choices.
A. 45

B. 50

C. 40

D. 60

Solution:

Total number of questions on an exam, n = 10

Total number of questions a student is to answer, r = 8

Number of choices, Nc = nCr = 10C8 = 45

44. Find the number of ways in which 6 teachers can be assigned to 4 sections
of an introductory psychology courses if no teacher is assigned to more than
one section.
A. 60

B. 240

C. 120

D. 360

Solution:

Number of teachers, n = 6

Number of sections, r = 4

Number of ways 6 teachers can be assigned to 4 sections, N

 Number of ways, N = nPr = 6P4 = 360

45. In how many different ways can the letters STUDY be arranged using each letter
only once in each arrangement?
A. 120

B. 22

C. 68

D. 84

Solution:

Number of letters, n = 5

Number ways that the word can be arranged using each letter once, Nw

Nw = n! = 5! = 120

46. American was tested by their blood samples A, B, AB and O. The proportion of
the blood type samples of the Caucasians are 0.41, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.45
respectively. Find the probability that the Caucasian that he or she is either A or
AB.
A. 0.43

B. 0.51

C. 0.55

D. 0.45

Solution:

Let:

P(A) = 0.41
 P(B) = 0.1

P(AB) = 0.04

P(O) = 0.45

P(A or AB) = P(A) + P(AB) = 0.41 + 0.04 = 0.45

47. Find the probability of getting a spade and a face card (Jack, Queen, King) in an
ordinary deck of 52 cards.
A. 3/39

B. 3/52

C. 1/52

D. 1/49

Solution:

Total number of cards in a deck, nt = 52

Number of Jack of Spades in a deck, nj = 1

Number of Queen of spades in a deck, nq = 1

Number of King of Spades in a deck, nk = 1

Probability of getting a spade and a face card, P

𝑛𝑗 +𝑛𝑞 +𝑛𝑝 1+1+1 3
𝑃= 𝑛𝑡
= 52
= 52

48. The probability that a patient recovers from a delicate heart operation is 0.90. What
is the probability that exactly 5 out of 7 patients will survive?
A. 0.148

B. 0.1240

C. 0.128
 D. 0.240

Solution:

n!
Pn (K) = k!(n−k)! P k (1 − P)n−k

7!
Pn (K) = 5!(7−5)! 0.95 (1 − 0.9)7−5

𝐏𝐧 (𝐊) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗

49. Given a well-balanced coin, what is the probability of getting a head or a tail in the
long run?
A. 70:50

B. 50:50

C. 40:60

D. 30:50

Solution:

100%
P= 2

divided by 2 since it is either head or tail

P = 50%

is the probability of getting head and tail

Thus, the answer is 50:50

50. With a throw of 3 dice, what is the probability of getting a 9 or an 11?

A. 50/216

B. 54/216

C. 56/216
D. 52/216

Solution:

Getting a sum of 9

- (3, 3, 3)

- (4, 3, 2)

- (4, 2, 3)

- (4, 4, 1)

- (4, 1, 4)

- (5, 2, 2)

- (5, 3, 1)

- (5, 1, 3)

- (6, 1, 2)

- (6, 2, 1)

- (3, 4, 2)

- (3, 2, 4)

- (2, 3, 4)

- (2, 4, 3)

- (1, 4, 4)

Getting a sum of 11

- (6, 3, 2)

- (6, 2, 3)

- (6, 4, 1)

- (6, 1, 4)
 - (5, 5, 1)

- (5, 1, 5)

- (4, 6, 1)

- (4, 1, 6)

- (3, 6, 2)

- (3, 2, 6)

- (2, 3, 6)

- (2, 6, 3)

- (1, 4, 6)

- (1, 6, 4)

Now, calculate the total number of favorable outcomes and the total number
of possible outcomes:

- Favorable outcomes: 15 (for sum of 9) + 14 (for sum of 11) = 29

- Total outcomes: 6^3 (as there are 6 possible outcomes for each die, and
we are rolling 3 dice)

𝟏𝟓+𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟗
𝐏= = 𝟐𝟏𝟔
𝟐𝟏𝟔

51. A man bought 5 tickets in a lottery for a prize of P2000. If there are a total of 400
tickets, what is his mathematical expectation
A. P25

B. P20

C. P30

D. P35
 Solution:

Let x = the amount won by the man

P(x) = probability of winning

5
P(x) = 400

Then, the math expectation is

(E(x)) = ∑ P(x) × x

5
(E(x)) = 400 (2000)

(𝐄(𝐱)) = 𝟐𝟓

52. If a card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards of 4 suits. What is the probability that
it will be a Jack, Queen or a King.
A. 4/52

B. 12/52

C. 8/52

D. 16/52

Solution:

Ptotal = Pking + Pqueen + Pjack

4 4 4
Ptotal = + +
52 52 52

𝟏𝟐
𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝟓𝟐

53. A drawer contains 10 white and 6 black balls, what is the probability of randomly
drawing two black balls?
A. 0.125
 B. 0.250

C. 0.117

D. 0.500

Solution:

6 5
Pgetting 2 black = 16 (15)

𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓

54. A number between 1 and 10,000 (inclusive) is randomly selected. What is the
probability that it will be divisible both by 4 and by 5?
A. 0.20

B. 0.25

C. 0.05

D. 0.10

Solution:

10000
No. of multiples of 20 = = 500
20

no. of favorable outcomes

Pdivisible by 20 = total no. of outcomes

500 1
Pdivisible by 20 = 10000 = 20

𝐏𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓

55. A box contains 8 red, 3 white, and 9 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random,
determine the probability that all 3 are red.
A. 12/285

B. 14/285
 C. 16/285

D. 18/285

Solution:

8 7 6
Pgetting 3 reds = 20 + 19 + 18

𝟏𝟒
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐫𝐞𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓

56. Determine the probability p of the event one or more heads appear in the toss of
three fair coins.
A. 7/8

B. 8/9

C. 5/6

D. 2/3

Solution:

Possible outcomes (HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT), (TTT), (THH),

(THT)

no. of favorable outcomes

Pgetting 1 or more H = total no. of outcomes

𝟕
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐇 = 𝟖

57. A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability that there will appear three
heads.
A. 1/4

B. 1/2

C. 1/8
 D. 1/6

Solution:

Possible outcomes (HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT), (TTT), (THH),

(THT)

no. of favorable outcomes

Pgetting 3 H = total no. of outcomes

𝟏
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐇 = 𝟖

58. Box A contains 5 red marble and 3 blue marbles, and Box B contains 2 red
and 3 blue. A marble drawn at random from each box. Find the probability that
one is red and one is blue.
A. 3/8

B. 5/8

C. 3/20

D. 21/40

Solution:

PT = PR or B + PB or R

5 3 3 2
PT = 8 (5) + 8 (5)

𝟐𝟏
𝐏𝐓 = 𝟒𝟎

59. The probability that Ed hits a target is ¼. He fires 6 times. Find the probability
that he hits the target at least once.
A. 0.780

B. 0.740
 C. 0.820

D. 0.800

Solution:

Probability of missing the target in 1 attempt:

1 3
1−4=4

(since the probability of hitting is ¼)

Probability of missing all shots in 6 attempts:

3 6 729
(4) = 4096

Probability of hitting the target at least once:

729 3367
1 − 4096 = 4096 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟒

60. A family has six children. Find the probability P that there are fewer boys
than girls. Assume that the probability of any particular child being a boy is
½.
A. 11/32

B. 5/32

C. 15/16

D. 2/3

Solution:

6C0+6C1+6C2+6C3
Pfewer boys than girls = 26

1+6+15+20
Pfewer boys than girls = 64

21
Pfewer boys than girls = 32
61. A family has six children. Find the probability that there are three boys and
three girls. Assume that the probability of any particular child being a boy is
½.
A. 1/8

B. 5/16

C. 3/8

D. ¼

Solution:

1 3 1 6−3
P(6,3) = 20 (2) (2)

20
P(6,3) = 64

𝟓
𝐏(𝟔, 𝟑) = 𝟏𝟔

62. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits the target
is 1/5. They both fire at the target. Find the probability that A does not hit the
target.
A. 8/5

B. 2/3

C. 1/3

D. 1/15

Solution:

Let P(A) be the probability that A hits the target:

1
P(A) = 3
 Then,

P(not A) = 1 − P(A)

1
P(not A) = 1 − 3

𝟐
𝐏(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐀) = 𝟑

63. A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability that one of the die is 2 if the sum
is 6
A. 4/36

B. 2/36

C. 5/36

D. 2/5

Solution:

11
P(one die is 2) = 36

5
P(sum of die is 6) = 36

2
P(sum of die is 6 and 1one die is 2) = 36

2 11
( )
11 36
P(one die is 2 given sum of 6) = 5
36

2
P(one die is 2 given sum of 6) = 5

64. One prominent physician claims that 70% of those lungs cancer are chain smokers.
If his assessment is correct. Find the probability that of 10 patients recently
admitted to a hospital, fewer than half assessment are smokers.
A. 0.0382
 B. 0.0344

C. 0.0438

D. 0.0474

Solution:

𝑃(𝑓𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑥 < 5) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑥 =
2) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑥 = 4)

𝑃(𝑋, 𝑘) = (𝑛, 𝑘) ⋅ 𝑝𝑘 ⋅ (1 − 𝑝)𝑛 − 𝑘

𝑃(10,0) = (10,0) ⋅ 0.700 ⋅ (1 − 0.70)10−0

𝑃(10,1) = (10,1) ⋅ 0.701 ⋅ (1 − 0.70)10−1

𝑃(10,2) = (10,2) ⋅ 0.702 ⋅ (1 − 0.70)10−2

𝑃(10,3) = (10,3) ⋅ 0.703 ⋅ (1 − 0.70)10−3

𝑃(10,4) = (10,4) ⋅ 0.704 ⋅ (1 − 0.70)10−4

𝑃 = 𝑃(10,0) + 𝑃(10,1) + 𝑃(10,2) + 𝑃(10,3) + 𝑃(10,4)

𝑃 = 0.0474

65. Given n = 5 with measurements 2, 1, 1, 3, 5. What is the sample variance?

A. 1.496

B. 2.24

C. 2.8

D.2.4

Solution:

2+1+1+3+5 12
Mean = 5
= 5
= 2.4
(2 − 2.4)2 + (1 − 2.4)2 + (1 − 2.4)2 + (3 − 2.4)2 + (5 − 2.4)2 = 11.2

11.2 11.2 14
Sample Variance = n−1 = 5−1 = = 𝟐. 𝟖
5