Liver A Ine bra eel % \eeter Grae A vector Space TS A Set eet a. eae vw F calleof yectors , egerhor with twe eperatiens + goldition ancA walt gl cation by a Gealar anol subject to whe follow ng Ve qui vement $ D Commutative Ly+ye Vr U @ associative Cee). Cr arcace @ wr wetyr : b+ fs fae. et v @ worse 2 > bas Co) was ao Ok (av d= kOe kK ®© 6 ® Cer kV = K+ BV @ Chk) = kK Cea)x Boasts vectors PL Tl Vote om Ne clwensiona| yeetor space, then any get 2 & » (ites ec ea NA * Grearly rrelepandene veetors” Be. aes rae tov Vo Thet fy, if K YS an ox bi wavy Vee ta ele PEEL a set CX Xap) xy) gueh hat => ah — — KF Xper + KL Oy to + Xan Example foe [mea dependence anal mdlerpunclence z = v ks eee n Ue om eee 4 a i Mie Se ay ele [neaia eee Piece of Ie e = Blea DV Te NoT twlepenlont of Reece Te ty Twpooat ble te express x i. Yn ferns of ace >i % (were ly wlepenlect of Sand Es porpenclienlar te realiNow , \e'r gonavalize chs concept Ps Cmsider a set called of yector$ Ghee i) Thes cet of vectors E is satel te be linear ly dapen deat if there aA cet of member’ Gy 2 BA + G4, t > Aa *P +f ah + &AL 5 > hehe *° fe So of (4, Ba > Bye), then achese yeetovs ave linea ly nucle peaert rc, net all zero, such what % | these ywolependlence of functions Let foo, for, feo be veemrs te @ vector space These —frmertten § ave (tae ly rele penolent if ator afoot + ati re for ee eet of Ca, a awhether fin, Ce [early = P4 A grape netheo co oheck \edeperent > ysted Whonskten foo 4.6) - 4.0) uf Wao then srhose frane-ttrn g We Pay atlas l(a) a) te he ave [nea ly mnale penolent. ra ka) 0-1) Ye fw f ) From ple Whether the functions exe aul nX ave trea ly wade penofent 2 ~6mx 4 0 > These ~fnertions ave [reer by Yndepenolent lee oh, Oy pate. D 9 -s™Mx de Lh Gs shew thet erm(or) , Sm (ix), Sm (2x) , 5M(3X) ave dearly ywole pendentails ere “product of vectors aS: FB = [AMP leo + guy vectors” ave veal fonctions then the Taner -preduct Pon Vena (ene B.S = . Aw powalx fal = (fPAcoavnd A convenient notation Frequently useal on quantum jechanies bra Vector A , [BS Simple example [A> = (1) > FB md B ave ovthegene | if =? Pé Ge oo of Tee “alay* Z Deke nov ina | basis A hosts te satol to be orvhonorna | a ae (eo = Say where Say 3s called the Kronecker oleli oe} Sey ; if ) o , for ts) vw Ae norm” Che, lengh ) of orthonormal basis yectors are all | r Th Frample : evaluate se Eom Cn Sn (ma) A cr x ah wu o Grated) Gin nx AX A LoS Cnen)ye ~ cosLiteny xT ax\ sees Gimme) x a m1 1 S wernt es i for Ws DS =o for men , onex olx - {ston plea eesti -[2-4 oa , be= cep elas = Cnn et Gay (beehe. bas N N Soa sees +22 aj ~- Sab, Aax Complex Vector Space PS Th veal space A= A> = RA1ME4 + G20 oF (hs, &, 4) where A de, -- Ay are veal Tn complex space Gh, Aa, ~~ An are complex numbers xf B= xed & [zP-calz> needs te be ey - ar => R veal number oa for a Complex Vector R= eek reo) S>(BP: We +a. ~ fe oS ote. a> Ss CNG Perl sere enerca | dafarren ev tine prooluere en) AB = Kapa d A= Pee, a dax | [A] = Vo Ac0 Ae dxLinea operator G Lywear tyansprmecion ) PT Def iarten let V and We be vector spaces. A (teary swansPrmation nlp foom Vito W, writtes Ts Vow, tba binetion that assigns each vector ZF iw Vo te a, vector TCA) in We such that the following ‘properties hetol CY a tate) = Tate) Re all ae ey CAD aaica ei wal ere el ee Example heck ‘hear T (44 1) Bt @xr@ xe ba linear UU CG aa) Gb he = Ga Avda btkxe xe oe = (ath) + COotb)x + (tbe = T a+b, Arb. Arb, ) DT (ka) = T Cha, ka, Kh) = Kas ktexs kat “ET (4G, a) => Tin Gnear" Hw EI Guarder che operator y A ire eater oe Ple rae fey el a qo , Whetler the operator 16 [wear F rd tw -2 Cnsrder the -wanefoemectint Th, qs pee Ts Ta ltear operator Z% Matyi x Ve prersentatlarr Pll Comeiden gon epevatter TT chat Maps a vector Pere Space Vote a vector B W Vector Space Ww thet 6 B= TCA) Accume che bats mn Vi awe & & ey CN~ Aimonsion ) the basis ™ Wwe & a ky CMa attmension) { ' Now, consider he evonsformaction aay A is Tg, a wheve Y ts a vecter nw We bow that as Con le expresseal ta the ee form y= ay Ky + aks = Eaneswhee Tr = Ap, dat aye M ale Bi nte chet Ets tm n-dimensiona | pace A Lhewse Te, = 2 Beate Neon ee les ites epevator Wey expresseof Tn terns of R 2D wmeatvix aU aig ania Taj oe beck — Tw = (TJ the bases € ane b;Srmple example ie =. ) ( Y= aerby a 4 = Oa OE s HG, ae i ee a b [Xx ies af 2 . : ab (3) ed fl ol © a Ov. @&= Ct.) fee oe ee oe ') Ta ae es Eee ea ai Bree ee eer 21: (24)Wwe can easily compute he linea “trans formation of a vector Example x a a oe n ia Aone, fe wie eae vec Al a Arar te Co (x) +. Te Sade aes) = alte) +a (Te) Yh ee te ene Ta cme A - ; ee 3 Se a ey eile ee ae =e ales ae cela ee Gan i oe ere Site eS (At 1 & Oe a aeNN orred Ohecarion. Dt Gs Addition / An Ary (Bu Bro Aut Bu Ant Bro ae [ 7 © (AasBar lot Bro Maletpl teaction y- Tk - > de =F Ay Xj fr ase af > ABBA Macix mulecp(deation 1S pot Commutative Commutator of Won = fA.BS = AB-BA : Null wort tx iE Dee Lo oo Telewtity wactrdx { ° * ) > must fe a quare jatwis< iw !x The “wanspose of wmactieex Pié Fee, + fs es Af c a ) as (: s af lmvportant ‘pre pety (AB)"= ae if + ie) (AB) x; > (AB). = ZA Ber = 3G oF Gey =e, oe HW show thet (ABC &)=G™ clet47 "‘ Sy omer were Ate ~ ene oF C (eae ( ) = Ramp Nah A Wen pen aes The complex conju gate of Res CA Dx = Aaj Fxawple ‘alte e. oe Ae ce ¥ The Uerwition of a wawix AMA = AY Evample ne ie ) ee (_ ata og -34i Wie dererwiect of eR PIF nese o ee ee As, Ab» Berk 4= Ay es Ap ded = (Al ea fe As * As, As> Aas d Ase Asy Avi Ass Ag yA Pe Azs ‘ Asi Ass Asi Ax = Asi AS | Coates, ia is Ax» Asx Ge Aes is Poy Ae An Are Aa Ar Cis Ga | Ay Ase Ay AssX The Ynverse of & matwix ies A a 2 EI GN Aes ae (A dee [Al ce Excumple : A: (3 oe find ras and row = (st vow | Ey» i I Ey: lot towed Ee ass Stoet from Pee ae joa , al ae s a Ean (! aie eaeey ae a) p2e cat ape sete 0 7 eee) a. Al Foe Ge - so Geeks: (A. De Give = 2 ae). < eG -_f#. lA] Z Al 2. (Arh, = -€ oe eed AA) = Ge a4 oe Tons D(4")' = Ue a ene ene @ (ap ae Ga eA* Diagonal matrix ede fe ec 2! w (55) So: & +> ” Crthogonal matty’ aes ae oly aliagenal elements ave “wn-aero” P> | > AAAI A. IA (allal= late 1 > [Alea (els l4llel, [47[> [At ) Das theme, i Ae url (Ave (Ee EME eR EU = {Rll Eel (Bie ( s(Elf(Rl— (Bel a Eee ee [4 |An ovchegene| matrix Vepresests a [ineav- operster Pr that leaves -vhe norm of Vectors umchang eof ¥ LHeviition att x ge Au ¥ Unitary matrix A = at * Normal ware Aig = AA" (A and A? ommute.) for an ee) watt x if Y= Ax Y4= XAAX = XY x = XTx > The leugth 15 preserved = Onitery watelx 1S the Complex version of orobepene| mae ~ Trace + the sum of clements on the main ee A= fe 73) H(A) = (+ T+ 3 = 2Sthd Far [near aystem Ax b , rhe adjont mawix P22 ahh = Sey = (ENO T ore Coy te the cofbenn of - ice Bey ee Bok a ee teeta che Wt oO o-~ ad AExgenvalue problems pag Let [A> be @ Neolinenstonal vector anol T iy a [trea operator that Sere ern [AD into the Same Vecter space, There witl Zeist vectors lad which atrety ea inp (Avzeee Aula Da such a case , any vector [A> that saticfie, ohe above equation iy called an “eigen vecton” of the operator T an of ~ ts alld ohe “ete value Exounple GG DG) = Ga) > Ga)4 5x -24 = AX = es (Pas. maxnay say T2X4 (2A) Gao 2 Ne xe © © Fe yejea) a 9G (290) (ONG) tate = | An-AaL | =o Glevectantec equation => (s-al(aa-4= A-Jathae A=l or An’© fal the etgenvecters substitute A fack t the eg P26 ac k 7 aufero if (ele Any vectors along eer eee mayne wf aqé een eee of the operacte y re een Meena ee elgenvecter 5 Oe Pa 0 : / 2 ell = — 3 (-2-a)- 4 ie 2 . . ae = (42) (As)> 02 ad aes a 3-2 <4 Hydeogen atem aed Substitute A, back to che equation ay -y 0 3 aK t X35 = 0 Si a a eee ay “el: Fie 0. 23) ne aed Substinte a, back ; f Mer dyne foto a ne eae ae Xe ene € = ( | Sas) Xo = Achitwer a So / ‘vias ! f spel oe Bea ele naatcia vier cen fool 2 nde perc iu (-] ! elgenvecters Llewever, ene shoulol note hat ye oe cperater with degenerate elgorvalues itty NoT always -powsibleve find N) rwleperclent elgenvectors In 9 Naclinnsioe | pee Space why do we care about hs 2 Becawe we woul (ike to use elenvectrr’s aS the basis vectors Gleese of bars ancl Similarity ~teansfemations x, eh m ‘ A = e K = X21 + Cy --- xy Ow Tn Matetx ren EaGXen A ™y Let's wieduee a new fasts ej , N a N A wv a aA Cece, Sax Be 6 ee ie. 3 sx, pe = jen dD dee N y ae = Xoo, Sa x, ne ate ee ee oy.Now, Consider the operator equactdor yeAR P> i ny ehera cle barns = Ax Ta the hew basis q=A x! Whot ty the elation betwan A and 4% 2 Ve ee ee x2 6t! me A's eae E anilaviry trans forint (A anol 4! are imi lav J “Pooper ties VA al © [|Atar| = 1A-ar{ D WA hA) © 6& &) 7 = Se)¥ eerie of matrices P22 R Assume A is vepreseateo( m some basis a. A Se, Let's pee ee: at dives by ky Fo e) é where ky ave chosen to bo she elyen vectors of A Thet *, Akp = A; F Th he new basis , A ts repre sextool by avg lt SoG ee J oe Se CE). ee L j 7 C6), Example ni i Pe cat S \ ° ‘ |7 oS Berit fe feeacy)s Aa = (458) N A Se: es oe eas A; Ss J > ae( P| Ay ie = Selene ancien), h=1 Daan OThus, cheosmg the elfen vectors as the bases es Con amaplety a problem because whe matrix Vepresenta thon of an operator 4s wach simpler Hw. nS —oten- mR Ve tke? = ee Vee Lec g)e 2 KORxy ey™) (Fe S75 sme = mekxy ky Betas Core yoy eet 4 “mes X= -akxt ky 4 ’ 2 ens 2 0G) So! Fy =~ Sami = kx-sky Lf the phy stea| (ve eigenvalues 3: etyenvectors & : g aw Seats