Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life

27-04-2023
Fundamental Unit of life

 Cell: Structural and functional unit
 Membrane covered mass of protoplasm
 Cytology
 Study of form & structure of cell & cell organelles
 Use of microscope
 Cell biology
 All aspects of cell
 Structure, biochemistry, physiology, respiration, division, evolution,

genetics, etc
Department of Biology, FIITJEE

1
Kukatpally/Miyapur Centre, Hyderabad
Discovery of cell
 Robert Hooke (1665)
 Observed thin slice of cork (bark)
 Saw honeycomb like structures
 Small compartments, separated by a wall
 Latin - Cellula: small room
 Coined the term “cell”
 Published findings - Micrographia

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Discovery of first live cell
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
 Examined unicellular organisms (bacteria, protozoans)
 Observed sperms & RBC
 Using simple microscope

3
Cell theory
 M.J. Schleiden (1838), a German botanist
 Plant tissues – made of one or more types of cells
 Cells – structural units in plants
 Each cell – cell wall, nucleus & cytoplasm
 Theodore Schwann (1839), a German zoologist
 Animal tissues – made of cells
 Lack cell wall
 Cell hypothesis: animals & plants – composed of cells
 Cell theory – Schleiden & Schwann (1839)

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Cell theory
 Rudolf Virchow (1855)
 Cells develop from pre-existing cells
 Omnis cellula e cellula
 Luis Pasteur (1862)
 Experimental proof – goose neck flask experiment
 Two basic tenets of cell theory
 Cell – the basic structural & functional unit

5
Atoms
Molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
A multicellular organism

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Goose-neck flask experiment

7
Exceptions of cell theory

 Viruses
 Living nor non-living
 Protein and DNA/RNA
 First cell: not from pre-existing cell
 Mitochondria and chloroplast
 Independent reproduction
 Own genetic material

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Protoplasm theory
 Protoplasm: living substance of cell
 Similar: in all organisms
 Max Schultze (1861)
 Purkinje (1839)  “protoplasm”

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Instruments in cell science

 Microscopes
 Use: Microscopy
 Two principles
 Magnification: times of enlargement
 Limit of resolution: two objects are shown distinctly and

distantly
 Compound light microscope
 Electron microscope

11
Types of microscopes
Simple microscope Compound microscope Compound light

microscope
Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Zacharias Janssen

(1673) (1665) (1590)
300X and 1 µm 50X and 2 µm 1500X and 0.25 µm

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Electron microscope
• Knoll & Ruska (1931)
Transmission EM Scanning EM
1 – 3 Lakh X & 2 – 10 2 lakh X & 5

Å (0.2 – 1 nm) – 20 nm
2D image 3D image

13
Microscopic view of Bacteria

Compound LMS Transmission EMS Scanning EMS
Shape of the cell Internal structures Surface structures

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Cell size
 Microscopic to macroscopic
S. no Cell Size
1 Mycoplasma 0.1 – 0.5 µm
2 Bacteria 0.1 – 5.0 µm
3 Multicellular eukaryotic cell 10 – 100 µm
4 Striated muscle cell 1-40 mm×30-80µm
5 Human nerve cell > 90 cm
6 Aquatic algae (Caulerpa 6-12 inches

taxifolia)
7 Ostrich egg 170 × 135 mm
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Cell shape
• Function of cell
• Position of cell
• Mutual pressure
• Rigidity of CM

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Cell shape

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Types of organisms
Number of cells
Unicellular Multicellular
More cells & division of

One cell & all functions
labour
Bacteria, Plants,
Yeast Animals

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Cellular totipotency
 Ability of cell/organism  other cell/lost body part/complete
organism
 In plants: more easily
 Haberlandt (1902): Cellular totipotency
 F. C. Steward (1963):
 Carrot phloem cells
 Culture medium
 New carrot plants

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Cellular totipotency: animals

 Nucleus from somatic cell
 Total genetic information
 In an enucleated egg cell
 Normal embryo  new individual
 Dolly (5th July, 1996)
 Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut
 @ Roslin Institute, Scotland

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Cellular Differentiation
 Undifferentiated cells:
 Stem cells: animals
 Meristematic cells: plants
 Cell division  other types of cells
 Eg. Zygote, blastomeres, bone marrow cells

25
 Differentiated cells:
 Specialized cells
 Formed by cell division
 Definite shape, structure and function
 Eg. Muscle cells, RBC

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 Dedifferentiated cells:
 Lost the specialized nature
 Able to form new cells
 Secondary meristematic/stem cells
 Functions:
 Animals
 Wound healing
 Regeneration
 Lateral growth in plants

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Undifferentiated cell
Dedifferentiation Differentiation
Differentiated cell

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Types of cells
Genome constitution
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
No nucleus and Membrane bund nucleus

cell organelles and cell organelles
Chlamydomonas,
Bacteria
Yeast

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Structure of prokaryotic cell - Bacteria

31
Structure of eukaryotic cell

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Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life

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27-04-2023

Fundamental Unit of life

 Membrane covered mass of protoplasm

 Study of form & structure of cell & cell organelles

 All aspects of cell

 Structure, biochemistry, physiology, respiration, division, evolution,

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

 Observed thin slice of cork (bark)

 Saw honeycomb like structures

 Small compartments, separated by a wall

 Latin - Cellula: small room

 Coined the term “cell”

 Published findings - Micrographia

Discovery of first live cell

 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

 Examined unicellular organisms (bacteria, protozoans)

 Observed sperms & RBC

 Using simple microscope

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

 Plant tissues – made of one or more types of cells

 Cells – structural units in plants

 Each cell – cell wall, nucleus & cytoplasm

 Theodore Schwann (1839), a German zoologist

 Animal tissues – made of cells

 Lack cell wall

 Cell hypothesis: animals & plants – composed of cells

 Cell theory – Schleiden & Schwann (1839)

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

 Cells develop from pre-existing cells

 Omnis cellula e cellula

 Luis Pasteur (1862)

 Experimental proof – goose neck flask experiment

 Cells develop from pre-existing cells

 Two basic tenets of cell theory

 Cell – the basic structural & functional unit

 Cells develop from pre-existing cells

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Goose-neck flask experiment

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Exceptions of cell theory

 Living nor non-living

 Protein and DNA/RNA

 First cell: not from pre-existing cell

 Mitochondria and chloroplast

 Own genetic material

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Instruments in cell science

 Magnification: times of enlargement

 Limit of resolution: two objects are shown distinctly and

 Compound light microscope

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Simple microscope Compound microscope Compound light

Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Zacharias Janssen

300X and 1 µm 50X and 2 µm 1500X and 0.25 µm

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

1 – 3 Lakh X & 2 – 10 2 lakh X & 5

Department of Biology, FIITJEE

Microscopic view of Bacteria

Shape of the cell Internal structures Surface structures