Title: Navigating the Complexity of Writing a Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Thesis

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The heating temperature depends primarily on the properties of the material to be deposited, but may
also depend, at least in part, on the substrate 14 or 34, and other conditions in the OAD system. The
biological interactions can include, but are not limited to, bonding or hybridization among one or
more biological functional groups located on the first biomolecule and the second biomolecule.
Different virions were able to be distinguished on the basis of their Raman band positions and
intensities. By clicking “Accept All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Sometimes a
Raman probe head is connected to a spectrometer to perform in situ Raman analysis of a sample in
industrial settings. If the second biomolecule 208 bonds or otherwise attaches to the first
biomolecule 206, the array of nanorods 204 in combination with the first biomolecule 206 and the
second biomolecule 208 has a second measurable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic signature
that is different (e.g., a statically significant difference, in that it is unlikely to have occurred
randomly or by chance) than the first measurable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic signature.
When energy excitation energy of 2.33 eV is applied to ZnO and molecules, charge transfer
transition can only be caused by C-term for 4-MPY (denoted by blue arrow) and B-term for 4-MBA
(denoted by red arrow), respectively. Functional Functional Functional cookies help to perform
certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect
feedbacks, and other third-party features. As used herein, “polynucleotides” include single or
multiple stranded configurations, where one or more of the strands may or may not be completely
aligned with another. This increase in Raman signals can lead to detections of low concentrations
without requiring fluorescent labelling. In case of a metal substrate, the charge transfer transition
between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of analyte molecules and the fermi level of
metal is most relevant. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to
provide customized ads. The length of the substrate can be from about 1 mm to about 75 mm. The
strong band at 731 cm ?1 has been assigned to denatured DNA caused by its interaction with the
silver SERS substrate. Spectra shown in Figure 4 are the Raman spectra of the NaNO 3 powder in
Figure 3, where the Raman spec- trum collection zones are offset from the illumination zone with
different distances, here the Raman peak in- tensity of the plastic bottle is normalized. As same as
the spectra in Figure 3, the Raman spectrum of the bot- tled NaNO 3 is extremely similar with the
one of the empty bottle, without obvious NO 3. The spectra of both parainfluenza virus (PIV-3) and
adenovirus (AD) are presented. We suggest that there can be a dominant enhancement mechanism in
CE that can lead us to design combinations of materials showing maximal Raman enhancement
effect. However, when the offset distance is more than 6mm, the ratio of the signal to the noise
becomes worse, and the increase of the relative intensity of NO 3. There is, therefore, a critical need
for a rapid, reproducible and highly sensitive and specific method of diagnosing viruses such as RSV
that inflict substantial disease burdens on human and animal health and (not insignificantly) for other
respiratory viruses that also pose a significant threat as agents for bioterrorism. The layer 146 can
have a thickness of about 10 to 50 nm, about 10 to 100 nm, about 10 to 200 nm, about 10 to 500 nm,
about 10 to 800 nm, about 10 to 1000 nm, and about 10 to 2000 nm. Since RSV has spike-like
glycoprotein projections on the membrane envelope including three different glycoproteins (e.g., F, G
and SH) it is believed that the virus binds to the Ag nanorod SERS substrate through an amino
group giving rise to a strong C—N stretching mode. Methods of making the SERS systems and
methods for detection of a biomolecule of interest, such as a virus or other infectious agent are also
provided. Kyle fabricates a new Ag SERS substrate and wants to calculate the EF. We also observed
significant enhancement of Raman signal from molecules adsorbed on 2-dimensional transition metal
dichalcogenide surface that is completely consistent with our previous results. Kiril Kirilov Faculty
of Physics, Sofia University, 5. blvd. J.Bourchier, 1164 Sofia,Bulgaria. This example illustrates
several of the advantages SERS possesses over other widely used biomedical detection methods. The
first is the molecular transition from HOMO to LUMO, related with “A-term” in Herzberg-Teller
(HT) treatment ( Albrecht, 1961; Schatz and Ratner, 2002 ), the second is a charge transfer transition
from molecular HOMO to CB of semiconductor substrates (B-term in HT picture), the third is a
charge transfer transition from the VB of semiconductor substrates to molecular LUMO (HT's C-
term), and the fourth is the band or excitonic transition from VB to CB of semiconductor substrates.
An important feature in the RSV SERS spectrum is a strong band at 1044 cm ?1 (identified with the
shaded band in FIGS. 14 and 15 ) that has been assigned to the C—N stretching vibration in
previous SERS studies. The present minireview focuses on analyzing current and potential strategies
to tackle problems and realize the SERS performance necessary for translation to practical
applications.
This non-linear optical process of the third order involves a triplet of laser beams, a Stokes beam of
frequency. How 2020 sales taxes are calculated in santa clara. Many variations and modifications
may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) of the disclosure without departing substantially
from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. The purpose of this particular setup is to achieve an
environment in which all experimental conditions are the same for each different rod length. If high
enough powered radiation is incident on the molecule, stimulated Anti-Stokes radiation can be
generated. This, along with XYZ movement and automated focusing can produce the chemical
images of a sample while examining minerals, polymers, ceramics, cells, forensic trace evidence, etc.
In this paper, measurement and contrasting analysis for NaNO 3 powder concealed in opaque and
sub-trans- parent bottles have been carried out through conventional Raman configuration and SORS
configuration individu- ally. We also using drop casting method for depositing R6G molecules on
WS 2 nanoflower structure. In the configuration, a lens F 2 with 20mm diameter and 50mm focal
length is adopted for spectra collecting and collimating, then the interaction zone of laser and the
sample is imaged onto the fiber detector (a single fiber with 1mm diameter) with the ratio of 1:1 by
F 3 with specifications as same as F 2. Photo credit: NASA. RUTGER VAN DEELEN JOCHEN
LANDGRAF, ILSE ABEN. When such frequencies are graphically plotted against their intensity, it
gives rise to the Raman Spectrum. Chapters explain the physics of Raman spectroscopy while also
indicating its relevance to designing protocols and methodologies for biosensing and imaging. SERS
spectra of the RSV-IgG complex on the Ag nanorods were then collected using the same spectral
conditions as before. However, the low-scattering cross-sections and resultant low sensitivity have
limited the applications of standard Raman spectroscopy. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
belongs to the Retroviridae family, is approximately 120 nm in diameter and has a single stranded
RNA genome contained within a lipid-bilayer envelope. In their theory, however, there is no a priori
difference between B- and C-terms, that is, large enhancement can occur due to any of the two
processes and there would be no preference or advantage from one process over another. Another
method of detecting an analyte of interest (e.g., a biomolecule) in a sample, includes contacting a
sample suspected of containing the analyte of interest with a SERS substrate including an array of
nanostructures (e.g., nanorods) and measuring a SERS spectrum. On the other hand, Fourier
Transform (FT) Raman Spectrometers use powerful lasers, eliminate fluorescence problems in the
spectrum without degrading the sample. Provided the bottle wall is not too thick, some of the
photons will Figure 4. Therefore, a need in the industry exists to improve SERS data for biological
molecules. This gain is brought about by subjecting Raman spectroscopy to a metal surface of
nanoscale roughness having molecules from the sample adsorbed in it or within a few Angstroms of
the said surface. The virus droplet was allowed to dry and bind to the silver surface for ?1 hour prior
to the Raman experiment. Organic materials Advantages Disadvantages Applications Future of
organic semiconductor. In embodiments, the nanostructure can have a length of about 10 nm to
10000, about 10 nm to 5000 nm, about 10 nm to 4000 nm, about 10 nm to 3000 nm, about 10 nm to
2000 nm, about 10 nm to 1000 nm, about 10 nm to 500 nm, about 10 nm to 250 nm, about 10 nm to
100 nm, and about 10 nm to 50 nm. As can be seen in FIG. 16, the SERS spectra of the three strains
within a single virus type ( FIG. 16 ) are more similar than are the SERS spectra between virus types.
If the second biomolecule 208 bonds or otherwise attaches to the first biomolecule 206, the array of
nanorods 204 in combination with the first biomolecule 206 and the second biomolecule 208 has a
second measurable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic signature that is different (e.g., a statically
significant difference, in that it is unlikely to have occurred randomly or by chance) than the first
measurable surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic signature. Mass communication is unlike
interpersonal communication. It has been observed that at greater monolayer coverage the SERS
intensity drops off significantly. The layer 146 can be made of a material such as those described
herein for forming the nanostructures, such as, but not limited to, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal
nitride, a metal oxynitride, a doped material, a polymer, a multicomponent compound, and
combinations thereof. Exemplary polypeptide binding agents include, but are not limited to,
antibodies or fragments thereof.
A new ultrafast technique, called Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy provides the
relevant information with high spectral and temporal resolutions. The purpose of this particular setup
is to achieve an environment in which all experimental conditions are the same for each different rod
length. Stronger enhancement with larger EF is associated with charge transfer transition from
semiconductor substrates to analyte molecules. The surfaces are prepared through chemical
roughening, metallic coating, or deposition of colloidal metallic nanoparticles onto a surface. In case
of a metal substrate, the charge transfer transition between highest occupied molecular orbital
(HOMO) of analyte molecules and the fermi level of metal is most relevant. An important feature in
the RSV SERS spectrum is a strong band at 1044 cm ?1 (identified with the shaded band in FIGS.
14 and 15 ) that has been assigned to the C—N stretching vibration in previous SERS studies.
Having mobile detection equipment is very important, with previous methods of analysis including
liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Since RSV has spike-like glycoprotein projections on
the membrane envelope including three different glycoproteins (e.g., F, G and SH) it is believed that
the virus binds to the Ag nanorod SERS substrate through an amino group giving rise to a strong
C—N stretching mode. The first and second layers 156 and 158 can be made by changing the
incident angle. This results in shifting the energy level of the laser photons to oscillate up and down
and give information about the vibration patterns of the system, a phenomenon called the Raman
Effect. The diameter is representative of the average width of the tips of several hundreds of rods at
a given length. Therefore, SORS has advantages that the con- ventional Raman spectroscopy can’t
provide at the detec- tion of the underlying substance below diffusely scater- ing nontransparent
medium. 5. Conclusions Raman spectra of NaNO 3 powder concealed in nontrans- parent media
(opaque and semi-transparent plastic bottles) are studied using conventional Raman spectroscopy
and the SORS individually. The zig-zag nanostructure can be created by changing the angle
periodically from ? 1 to ? 2 (or from ? 1 to ? 2, in the case of non-planar substrates) during vapor
deposition to change the tilt angle. Dimensional parameters including the heights and diameters of
microwalls can be controlled by modifying the lithographic pattern mask or varying the growth
parameters of catalyst-free CVD process. This could be due to a difference in the nature of binding
of the surface proteins on the surface of this particular virus. The dimensions of the nanostructure
152 can include those described herein. A metal dielectric graphene sandwich for surface enhanced
raman spectroscopy xuechao yu a jin tao a youde shen b guozhen liang a tao liu a yongzhe zhangc
and qi jie wang ab the raman intensity of rhodamine b rhb is enhanced by inserting a thin high k
dielectric layer which reduces the surface plasmon damping at the gold graphene. In the conventional
mode, backscattering geometry is often adopted whose focus of the collecting lens is strictly
overlapped with the illuminated spot. It can now be used as a sensitive probe of ultra?low DNA
concentrations adsorbed on colloidal silver 11, of capillary electrophoresis eluents 13, and also for
the quantitative determination of picomolar amounts of important industrial and biological
compounds. A number of researchers have shown that the enhancement factors are as large as 10 14 -
10 15, leading to Raman scattering cross sections that are comparable to or even larger than those of
fluorescent organic dyes. A schematic of the set-up is shown in FIG. 1A. A glass microscope slide
with size 1?3. The emergence of biosensing strategies that leverage nanotechnology for direct, rapid,
and increased sensitivity in detection of viruses, are needed to bridge the gap between the
unacceptably low sensitivity levels of current bioassays and the burgeoning need for more rapid and
sensitive detection of infectious agents. The length depends, at least in part, upon the deposition
time, deposition rate, and the total amount of evaporating materials. You can try Nikalyte’s surface
enhanced Raman sensor substrates in your lab. Additional details of the thin film are described
below. Raman scattering. Detects normal modes Vibrations or rotations in gases or liquids. Current
detection and diagnostic methods for many bacterial pathogens are not sensitive enough for early
and rapid detection. This could be due to a difference in the nature of binding of the surface proteins
on the surface of this particular virus. The materials can be any combination of the materials
described herein.
The samples we used exhibit high crystalline quality with little defects and display excellent optical
characteristics, as shown in previous reports ( Kim et al., 2012, 2017, 2019; Park et al., 2015 ). This
gain is brought about by subjecting Raman spectroscopy to a metal surface of nanoscale roughness
having molecules from the sample adsorbed in it or within a few Angstroms of the said surface. For
CE, there are four energy scales that need to be considered. However, the low-scattering cross-
sections and resultant low sensitivity have limited the applications of standard Raman spectroscopy.
Cookie Settings Accept All Manage consent Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to
improve your experience while you navigate through the website. A custom shutter 42 was built that
could be controlled externally by a feed through, and the shutter was used to selectively reveal
increasing portions of the substrate 34 during the deposition process. The length of the substrate can
be from about 1 mm to about 75 mm. Buys Ballot Research School 2004. OUTLINE. Satellite
measurement of backscattered sunlight Raman scattering features Radiative transfer model Model
result. These results highlight the use of SERS as a detection method for important pathogenic
viruses central to human health care. Neverthe- less, some of them will involve Raman scattering
ones taking information of the sample. A new ultrafast technique, called Femtosecond Stimulated
Raman Spectroscopy provides the relevant information with high spectral and temporal resolutions.
These unique spectral features provide distinguishing spectral characteristics for each of the viruses
examined. The metals can include, but are not limited to, silver, nickel, aluminum, silicon, gold,
platinum, palladium, titanium, copper, cobalt, zinc, other transition metals, composites thereof,
oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, suicides thereof, phosphides (P 3? ) thereof, oxynitrides thereof,
carbides thereof, and combinations thereof. The holo- graphic notch filter centered at 532 nm (Kaiser
Optical Systems, Inc.) between F 2 and F 3 is the crucial element, which can reduce the intensity of
Rayleigh scattering by three orders of magnitude, whereas the Raman scattering light is of no
attenuation. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. A laser
wavelength, compatible with the chosen SERS metal, is used for excitation. This region is identified
with the shaded bands in FIGS. 14 and 15. The strong band at 837 cm ?1 (identified with a dashed
line in FIGS. 14 and 15 ) corresponds to Tyr. Since a vacuum system is used, the purity of the
nanorods is very high, and the vacuum system is compatible with conventional microfabrication
processes. Surface enhanced raman scattering sers is a technique which offers orders of magnitude
increases in raman intensity overcoming the traditional drawback of raman scattering its inherent
weakness. Virus purification was performed using a sucrose cushion to allow comparison of spectral
bands in the SERS spectrum of RSV infected cell lysate to virus alone. What is the EF (assuming
that the laser power and collection time were the same for both measurements). The present
minireview focuses on analyzing current and potential strategies to tackle problems and realize the
SERS performance necessary for translation to practical applications. Additional details regarding the
disposition of the binding agent on the nanostructures are provided in the examples below. The
dimensions of the nanostructure 152 can include those described herein. These vibrations can be
assigned to amino acid, protein or nucleic acid molecules, as indicated. The government has certain
rights in the invention(s). On comparison with the Ad SERS spectrum, a shift in the frequency of the
guanine band is apparent. The OAD system 30 for the planar substrate 34 also includes a motor for
moving the planar substrate 34 in a polar rotation 38, which changes the incident angle (?) between
the surface normal axis of the substrate (e.g., axis 40 ) and the vapor source direction (e.g., vapor
arrival line 32 ). Therefore, SORS has advantages that the con- ventional Raman spectroscopy can’t
provide at the detec- tion of the underlying substance below diffusely scater- ing nontransparent
medium. 5. Conclusions Raman spectra of NaNO 3 powder concealed in nontrans- parent media
(opaque and semi-transparent plastic bottles) are studied using conventional Raman spectroscopy and
the SORS individually. A motor of the OAD system 10 can move the non-planar substrate 14 in a
polar rotation 18, which changes the incident angle (?) between the substrate rotating axis (e.g.,
center axis of rotation) and the vapor source direction (e.g., vapor arrival line 22 ).
Approximately 0.5-1.0 ?L of intact virus was applied to the SERS substrate and allowed to bind for
1 hour at room temperature prior to spectrum acquisition. It means that structural fingerprinting of
low concentration analytes is possible. The diameter of the substrate can be about 1 mm to about 75
mm. After 1 hour the excess unreacted antibody was washed off with saline solution. The assay is
rapid, ultra-sensitive, and does not require virus manipulation to achieve results. Comparing this with
the energy band diagram of R6G and WS 2 in Figure 4D, we can see that large enhancement at 2.33
eV observed in Figure 3 is associated with C-term (blue arrow in Figure 4D ). Notch F 1 F 2 F 3
Sample M Laser Spectrometer S Figure 2. Researchers are currently examining ways to use
nanoparticles for SERS enhancement, as well as exploring different solid roughened surfaces and
how they could enhance SERS signals. The layer 146 can be made by changing the incident angle.
TERS has been shown to have sensitivity down to the single molecule level. Several studies have
shown that Raman enhancement factors of the order of 10 14 to 10 15 can be gained using particles
of an appropriate size, which depends on the selected laser excitation wavelength. This drop-off has
been attributed to inter-adsorbate interactions and coverage-dependent dielectric interactions.
Current diagnostic methods are either cumbersome, time-consuming, or have limited sensitivity. The
samples we used exhibit high crystalline quality with little defects and display excellent optical
characteristics, as shown in previous reports ( Kim et al., 2012, 2017, 2019; Park et al., 2015 ). All
vertical arrows indicate possible charge transfer routes between molecules and semiconductor
substrates. Spectra shown in Figure 4 are the Raman spectra of the NaNO 3 powder in Figure 3,
where the Raman spec- trum collection zones are offset from the illumination zone with different
distances, here the Raman peak in- tensity of the plastic bottle is normalized. Since a vacuum system
is used, the purity of the nanorods is very high, and the vacuum system is compatible with
conventional microfabrication processes. In preferred embodiments, the nanostructure is a nanorod.
SERS spectra of the RSV-IgG complex on the Ag nanorods were then collected using the same
spectral conditions as before. Organic materials Advantages Disadvantages Applications Future of
organic semiconductor. The zig-zag nanostructure can be created by changing the angle periodically
from ? 1 to ? 2 (or from ? 1 to ? 2, in the case of non-planar substrates) during vapor deposition to
change the tilt angle. Cookie Duration Description cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics 11 months This
cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One method to amplify weak raman signals is to
employ surface enhanced raman scattering sers. Both the surfaces and solutions consist of
nanostructured metals of varying shapes and sizes. Its use has tremendously grown in the last 40
years owing to improved nanofabrication, biomolecules extraction and sensitive signal acquisition
techniques. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being
placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Consequently, SORS
technique has the ability to depress the Raman and fluorescence signals emanating from the surface
(bottle wall) significantly, breaking through the neck of the Raman spectroscopy detection and
realizing the probing of the substance concealed in the diffusely medium (opaque or sub-transparent
plastic bottle). The SORS of NaNO 3 contained in the sub-transparent plastic bottle with different
spatially offset distance are shown in Figure 6, where Raman peak intensity of the bottle is
normalized. In an embodiment of a modified OAD technique, the OAD system can include a two-
axis substrate motion apparatus in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system (e.g., thermal
evaporation, e-beam evaporation, sputtering growth, pulsed laser deposition, and the like) that
operates at temperatures lower than the melting point of the material used to form the
nanostructures. This results in shifting the energy level of the laser photons to oscillate up and down
and give information about the vibration patterns of the system, a phenomenon called the Raman
Effect.
Briefly described, a representative embodiment of a SERS system of the present disclosure, among
others, includes an array of nanorods on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate. Exemplary
polypeptide binding agents include, but are not limited to, antibodies or fragments thereof.
Scattering of light by molecules can be either elastic (Rayleigh scattering) or inelastic (Raman
scattering). For both planar and non-planar substrates, varying the incident angles. After 1 hour the
excess unreacted antibody was washed off with saline solution. Additional details regarding the
excitation source and SERS data collection and analysis systems are provided in the examples below.
Spectra were acquired for about 10 s and obtained for multiple spots on each substrate. Ultrafast
SERS could also be possible if the method can be connected with femtosecond stimulated Raman
spectroscopy. Pollution Monitoring in Water Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is excellent for
monitoring water quality and pollutant levels. With this information, we can have better
understanding of chemical enhancement mechanism and we can establish microscopic theory of CE.
However, its effect on other metals is insignificant. It can now be used as a sensitive probe of
ultra?low DNA concentrations adsorbed on colloidal silver 11, of capillary electrophoresis eluents
13, and also for the quantitative determination of picomolar amounts of important industrial and
biological compounds. An “oligonucleotide” generally refers to a nucleotide multimer of about 2 to
100 nucleotides in length, while a “polynucleotide” includes a nucleotide multimer having any
number of nucleotides greater than 1, although they are often used interchangeably. If the
conventional Raman spectroscopy is employed, the fluo- rescence and Raman spectra of the target
are collected simultaneously, whereas the Raman spectrum of the sub- surface is relatively very
weak, and it is often interfered seriously or even overwhelmed by the fluorescence and Raman
spectra from the surface layer, so it becomes ex- tremely complicated or even impossible to separate
the spectrum of the surface and the one of the subsurface. Veltkamp Center for Process Analytical
Chemistry University of Washington Bernd Wittgens SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway. Approximately
0.5-1.0 ? L of intact virus was applied to the SERS substrate and allowed to bind for 1 hour at room
temperature prior to spectrum acquisition. However, there are limitations in the viewing of the
spectrum as the associated UV-visible absorption fluorescence may interfere with the emission. The
holo- graphic notch filter centered at 532 nm (Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.) between F 2 and F 3 is
the crucial element, which can reduce the intensity of Rayleigh scattering by three orders of
magnitude, whereas the Raman scattering light is of no attenuation. After 1 hour incubation, the
excess RSV on the surface of the substrate was removed. This is in contrast to other techniques that
operate under conditions (e.g., high temperatures) that are not compatible with many substrates of
interest. The layer 146 can be made by changing the incident angle. The nanorod can have the
dimensions and characteristics as described below. Deanna O’Donnell Informal P-Chem Review
June 4 th, 2009. SERS offers a highly sensitive, multi-capable means of non-destructive testing that
offers insight into organic and inorganic pollutants in water. A first nanorod at a first position on the
substrate is formed. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.
The diameter of the nanostructure is about 10 to 30 nm, about 10 to 60 nm, about 10 to 100 nm,
about 10 to 150 nm. This process is done through plasmon-mediated amplification of electrical fields
or chemical enhancement. To study details of chemical enhancement mechanism, we prepared various
low dimensional semiconductor substrates such as ZnO and GaN that were fabricated via metal
organic chemical vapor deposition process. Obviously there should be another mechanism to explain
SERS results that depend not only on substrates but also analyte molecules, which is referred to as
chemical mechanism ( Wang X. et al., 2012; Alessandri and Lombardi, 2016 ).