Developmental Psychology - Plato: “selective breeding”

Nature vs Nurture Debate - Galton: problematized why

intellectuals have lesser children than the
Rationalist Epistemology commoners
*Epistemology: where does knowledge - Scientific Racism and White
come from supremacy
*Rationalist: knowledge comes from reason
 Socrates, Plato: remember what
your soul knew all along
 St. Agustine, St. Aquinas: goal of
the soul is to reunite with creator, the
soul knows it all
Empirical Epistemology
- soul doesn’t know everything
- knowledge is from sensory
experience
- grow with the world Monozygotic Twins
- Tabula Rasa: The soul is a clean - separated early in life, then
slate (John Locke) reunites as adults
- The soul is barbaric; in need of - 50 Hours of testing (Four
education (Thomas Hobbes) Personality Scales, Three Aptitude Tests,
Two Intelligence Tests)
*Modern thought*
- Conducted multiple interviews
- the soul could be both (Rationalist
and Empirical) - Wants to answer nurture vs. nature
- Mind-Body Problem - Findings: Genetically determined
(nature wins)

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature: inborn, biological given, based on
genetic inheritance
Nurture: favorable circumstances that
trigger the expression of genes, Physical
and social world, influence biological and
psychological development
Epigenetic Principle (Erik Erikson)
-Unfolding of personality in
predetermined stages
- Factors: culture and environment
Eugenics (Plato and Francis Galton)
Childhood 1. Continuous or Discontinuous
Development
Stages
Periods of Development
 Early (2-6 years old)
 Middle/ Late (6-11/11-12 years) Prenatal Conception
to birth
Domains Infancy and Birth to 2
Physical Toddlerhood years
Early Childhood 2-6 years
Cognitive Middle Childhood 6-11 years
Adolescence 11-12 years
Socio-emotional
Emerging 18 -25
I. Early Childhood Adulthood years
- Preschool years
2. One Course of Development or Many?
- Learning new things
Unique combinations of:
- Manipulation (can influence adults)
Genetics and Environment
Parents: - problem age/ troublesome age
- can result in different paths
- less appealing than babyhood of development
- toy age Ecological Systems Theory
- independence (Bronfenbrenner)

Educators: - preschool age - environment can influence our

development
Psychologists: - Pre-gang, exploratory
questioning, imitative, creative age - an ever-changing system
- children are both products and
producers of their environment
II. Late Childhood
Parents: - troublesome age
-sloppy age
Educators: - Elementary school age
- Achievement-drive
Psychologists: - gang age
- slow development
Development Tasks of Late Childhood
1. physical skills (body) for ordinary games
2. building wholesome attitudes
3. learning to get along with age-mates
Early Scientific Study of Development
Issues in Development
Baby Biographies: observations
Normative Approach: Age-related
averages, measurements of large numbers
of people
Mental Testing Movement: Simon and
Binet: Early developers of Intelligence tests
James Mark Baldwin: Developmental
theorist, nature or nurture equal importance
Physical Development
- late childhood: slow and uniform
growth, until puberty begins Gender Differences in Motor Skills

- early childhood: rapid pace Girls

- important to record growth para I - better than boys in fine motor skills
track (health reasons) and gross motor skills

Signs of Physical Growth - spend less time on sports and

fitness-related
1. Limbs: much slimmer than when infant pa
siya Boys

2. Muscle Growth: faster, proper nutrients - better in other motor skills

should be provided (strength, throwing, catching, jumping,
running)
3. Brain Development: growth in the frontal
lobes, by 6-7 kay 90% of its adult size - better strength bc less fat and more
muscles
4. Motor Skills: perform tasks on an
everyday basis - better remaining skills reflect the
activities na involved sila
Development of Gross Motor Skills
(Early Childhood) During middle/late childhood
- growth 2-3 inches per year
- weight gain 5-7 lbs each year
- baby fat decrease
- muscle mass increase
- fine motor skills improve
- Myelination of CNS increases
- boys: greater number of muscles/
stronger than girls
-Girls: better in fine motor skills
Development of Fine Motor Skills (Early - 10-12: manipulative writing skills
Childhood) show, ability to master complex activities
Growth
 -Boys and girls are same size - ability to focus, remember info,
(elementary years) think more critically
- girls enter puberty toward end of - understand relationships, grasp
elementary cause and effect
- 11-12: average girl half inch taller Piaget’s Cognitive Development
than boy
- 7-10 ages: needs well balanced
diet, 2400 calories/day (1/4 nito kay
breakfast)
Physical Fitness and Health Problems
- Multiple risk factors for obesity:
little physical activity, too much time spent
sedentary activities
Obesity
- problem in children (6-11)
- 6 years (25% risk)
Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years)
- 12 years (75% risk)
Major Characteristics and Developmental
Participating in Sports
Changes
- Very good venue, beneficial
- Infant knows the world through
(improves in social, cognitive and physical
their movements and sensations
skills)
- learn the world through grasping,
- Staying healthy
sucking, looking, and listening
Cognitive Development
- Object Permanence: objects
- one’s ability to gain learn from experience continue to exist kahit na wala sila now
and information
- Ma realize na nila na ang actions
- help shape connection of nila may consequences
these neural patterns
Mental Representations
Cognitive Development in Early
- Internal, mental depictions of
Childhood
information (images, concepts)
*children are more verbal or wala sila filter
- ma manipulate na nila with their
compared sa adults
mind (different ways of presenting
Information Processing information)
- lower level - allow deferred imitation, make-
believe play
- the ability to think also escalates
Preoperational Stage (ages 2-7)
- more skillful and make connections
to other info more easily Major Characteristics and Developmental
Changes
 - think symbolically and learn to use - involves changing our existing
words and pictures to represent objects schemas
- egocentric and struggle to see - new information, new knowledge,
things from the perspective of others new schemas
- still use concrete terms - mas mature na schema
- more skilled at pretend play, think - Example: not all men are cheaters
very concretely about the world around
them Equilibration

- struggle to understand the idea of - Piaget: try to strike a balance

constancy between assimilation and accommodation

The Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7- - helps explain bakit naga move ang
11) children from one stage of thought to the
next, progression
-Begin to think logically about
concrete events Cognitive Development in Middle/Late
Childhood
- concept of conservation
- School age
- thinking becomes logical and
organized Concrete-Operational Period (7-11 years)

- reason inductively - less egocentric

- tend to struggle with abstract and - rarely confuse appearances with

hypothetical concepts (mga math churva) reality

Important Concepts (Piaget’s Theory) - perform mental operations

Schema - able to solve perspective-taking,

conversation
- mental and physical actions
involved in understanding the world around - resists conclusions that are
us; help us understand and interpret the opposite sa known facts
world Formal Operational Period (11 years to
- schema includes both category of adult ages)
knowledge and the process of obtaining that - can reason abstractly and
knowledge hypothetically
Assimilation - deductive reasoning to draw logical
- as experiences happen, new info is conclusions from the facts
added to previous schema (parang naga - Piaget overestimated abilities of
change ating view of things (schema) adults
because of new experiences)
Information Processing: increases in the
- ignorant schema, parang gina efficiency with which children process
generalize nila information (working memory > long term
- example: All Men are cheaters memory for retrieval)

Accommodation - Encode, Store, Retrieve

Memory Strategies - trained in measuring psych
characteristics (intelligence and personality)
7–8-Year-olds: less effective learning and
memory strategies, rehearsal - administer tests
Older Children: more effective like: - why measure? Para malaman kung
may difficulty sila in a specific area then
 Organization: structuring new give proper intervention
infor to related categories
 Elaboration: making new info The Hierarchical View of Intelligence
memorable by embellishing it
-John Carroll (1993)
(deep processing)
- may three levels of IQ
- makes use of external aids
to memory 1. Top: g factor (general IQ)
Metacognitive processes 2. Middle: eight broad
subcategories
Cognitive Self- regulation
3. Lowest: several specific
- strategies, goals, monitoring self,
skills connected sa 8 sub cat
kaya na nila self nila
- this theory is purely
- aware of perception, cognition,
psychometrically driven
intention, knowledge work and adjusting
strategies Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
- skill of identifying goals, selective Nine types of Intelligence
effective strategies, monitor accurately
- 1-3: Linguistic, Logical-
- monitoring self improves with age Mathematical, Spatial
Metamemory - 4-9: Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic,
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic,
- Our intuitive understanding of
Existential
memory, acquiring newer information,
diagnosing memory problems Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
-Theory of Mind: Some memory - use one’s emotions and others’
tasks are easier than others, memories can emotions in living happily
be wrong
- higher scores kay better
: growing knowledge
of memory can help children use memory Implications for Intelligence
strategies more effectively - schools should foster all
Metacognitive Knowledge intelligences

- may knowledge na siya and - teachers should know the child’s

awareness of cognitive processes profile para ma improve kanilang strengths

- grows rapidly during elementary Sternberg: Theory of Successful

Intelligence
- naga hypothesize na siya
- Successful intelligence is using
Theories of Intelligence one’s abilities to achieve personal goals
Psychometricians - Analytic, Creative, Practical
Intelligence Testing
- IQ tests no longer use the MA/CA
comparison for computation of IQ
- IQ score: 100 (average), > 100
(above average), < 100 (less than average)
- IQ scores predict: School
achievement, occupational success,
performance
- Self-discipline can predict school
grades better than IQ
Hereditary and Environmental Factors
Environment and IQ
- IQ scores increased during 20th
Century
- Children have greater IQ when:
 parents talk frequently to
their children,
 provide cognitive challenging
materials,
 expose ang children to
experience outside ng bahay
Impact of Interventions
- interventions increased basic
reading readiness and social skills
- Increase students’ IQ and school
achievement scores
- more likely to work full time and
healthier
Socio-Emotional Development in
Childhood
Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial
Development
1. Basic trust vs. Mistrust
- proper balance= hope
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- proper balance= will, acting on
their world intentionally
3. Initiative vs. guilt
- balance= purpose
4. Industry vs Inferiority
- success: competence
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
- success: fidelity
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
- virtue of love
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
- care
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
- wisdom
The Growth of Attachment
-attachment to caregivers is a critical
aspect to the first stage
- whatever ang attachment niya
noon, possibly yun rin sa pag adult nila
- Evolutionary Psychology: human
behaviors are successful adaptations to the
environment, survival attachments
: naturally, humans
form parent-child attachments
The Attachment Theory
- Bowlby and elaborated by
Ainsworth
- capacity to form attachments is
part of our evolutionary heritage.
- quality ng attachment nila before
can affect the quality of attachments nila
during adult
Forms of Attachment
Ainsworth Strange Situation paradigm
- basta yung gi iwan ng mom ang
child sa room na maraming toys tapos
nagbalik siya/ may stranger rin na nag Secure attachment = predictable, sensitive,
pasok sa isang phase and responsive parenting
- gi observe nila ang reactions ng Parental training = helps parents interact
child during each phase more responsively, sensitively,
affectionately
- found out four types of attachments
Parent-Child Attachments
1. Secure Attachment (60-65%)
Age 3
- baby may or may not cry pag alis
ng mom; pag balik ng mom nag stop na siya - child grows more independent of
cry then play na siya ulit the parent
- baby believes that his need will be Children
met, warmth, happy
- continue to seek attention and
2. Avoidant Attachment (20%) approval from their parents
- baby not upset when separated, - hanap peers/ friends for support
ignores mom when she returns
Play
- his need probably won’t be met,
emotionally distant - allows children to develop many
skills
3. Resistant/ Ambivalent attachment (10-
15%) - create healthy emotional
relationships
- Separation upsets baby when mom
comes back continues to cry The Joys of Play

- cannot rely on his needs to be met, - 6 months old: look smile and point
anxious, insecure, angry at each other

4. Disorganized Attachment (5-10%) - 12 months: parallel play, children

play alone but interested sa ibang tao
- separation and return confuse the
baby - 15-18 months: simple social play

- depressed, passive, non- - 24 months: cooperative play

responsive - 1 year old: first pretend play
Quality of Attachment - 2-5 years old: pretend play
- quality of attachment during infancy blossoms, social pretend play
predicts relations during adolescence, - School age: organized games with
young adulthood rules
- mothers spend more time Make-Believe Play
caregiving than fathers
- Promotes Cognitive Development
Consequences of Attachment
- explore frightening topics
- Infant-parent attachment lays as
the foundation for all the infant’s
relationships in the future
Solitary Play (independent play)
-not an indicator of problems
 - can reflect uneasiness with others
Gender Differences in Play
- 24-36 months: prefer playing with
same-sex peers
- gender typed play styles
(boys=rough, girls=cooperative)
Parental Influence in Play
- parental influence in play can lead
to improved peer relations
Helping Others
- prosocial behavior: one benefits
another
- Altruism: driven by feelings of
responsibility towards others
- 18 months: recognize others’
distress by comforting them
Gender Stereotypes
- our world is not gender neutral
- 18 months: children look longer at
gender stereotyped toys
- 4 years: extensive knowledge of
gender-stereotypes
Parental Differences
- Fathers: encourage gender-related
play, respond based on gender stereotypes
- Mothers: respond based on child’s
need
Gender Identity and Gender Schema
Gender Identity
- sense of self (male or female)
Gender Schema

- 3 years: starting to understand the - how children learn about gender

needs of others, giving the appropriate and gender roles
responses By school age, they know that gender roles
Skills that they can learn: are flexible

 Perspective Taking: *Gender roles evolve over time

Empathy Family Relationships
Situational Influences - a system
 Feelings of responsibility - protect and nurture young children
 Feelings of competence
 Mood Parenting Styles
 Costs of altruism - vary across cultures
Socialization of Altruism - Two General parenting
dimensions:
- Children are more empathetic
when parents:  Warm and Responsive vs hostile
 Model warmth and concern for and uninvolved
others  Extreme control vs no control
 Use reason when naga disciplining 1. Authoritative: High parental involvement
 Give children chances to behave and parental control
pro-socially in and outside the house
2. Permissive: High parental involvement,
Gender Roles Low parental control
- Social Role: how we should 3. Authoritarian: Low parental involvement,
behave High Parental control
4. Uninvolved: Low parental involvement, - Children Can thrive parin
Low parental control
- stepfathers should be involved
Punishment
Resilience
- can be effective kapag explained
- Protective factors
- has some serious drawbacks
- Ego resilience: respond adaptively
- spanking is ineffective and resourcefully to new situations
- time-out Friendships
Influences of the Marital System - voluntary relationship of two people
- harmful effects of chronic parental - Preschoolers: common interests
conflict (maka anxious)
- 8-12 years: common interests and
- parents need to work as a team psychological characteristics
Children’s Contributions - Adolescents: ^^ and
loyalty/intimacy
- Parenting styles differ with the
child’s age - less lonely or depressed, cope
better with stress
- active children require greater
parental control - Co-rumination: discuss personal
problems
Siblings
- Peer Pressure: pressure to
- older child can result to conform with their standards (can be nega
withdrawing or maging childish or positive)
- Harmonious if: same sex, parents’
good relationship, parents are caring, in
adolescence Popularity and Rejection
Birth Order  Popular: liked
 Rejected: hated
- Firstborn: higher IQ, willing to
 Controversial: some like, some
conform
disliked na children
- Only children: succeed more in  Average: liked and disliked by
school, not spoiled classmates but lesser intense
 Neglected: ignored
Divorce and Remarriage
Aggressive Children
- can impact children a lot
- can predict adult aggression
- more depressed as adults
- victims have low self-esteem,
- okay lang ang child if: no
depressed
psychological problems, parents get along,
stay involved Electronic Media
Blended Families  TV
 Video Games
- mother, her children, and a
stepfather  Social Media
 = can influence the child Brain Development
Emotional Development - back to the front (amygdala to
prefrontal cortex)
- Emotions have functional value
(guide behavior) - Adolescence = 95% of brain size
and weight
- help adapt sa environment
- Synaptic Pruning and
As they get older: Myelination
 Develop emotional > Pruning: removing of unused
competence (greater connections
understanding with emotions)
 Learn about display rules for > Myelination: strengthening of
emotion connections

Expressing Emotions Thicker synaptic connection the faster

- Basic emotions: subjective Motor Development

feeling, psychological change, and overt
- girls are slower than boys
behavior
- physical dominance = self-esteem
- Emotions occur in 8-9 months
and social standing
As they grow, emotions expand
Sexual Maturation
- 5 and 6: regret and relief
- reaching Biological Destiny (now
- 9 years: emotions are being capable of reproduction)
expressed appropriately (cognitive growth)
- cognitive- control network is
- emotions are expressed differently among triggered
cultures
- neurons respond to excitatory
Regulating Emotions neurotransmitters

- controlling what one feels and - urges are easier to follow (di naga
communicate why they are feeling that way isip sa consequences)

- not all children regulate their Primary: penis, scrotum, ovaries uterus
emotions well vagina
Secondary: Pubic hair, body hair, breasts

Adolescence Menarche: First mens

Physical Development - first, I share sa mom, then friends

Physical Maturation Spermarche: first ejaculation

- Puberty: rapid increase in - boys always deny, better prepared

biological growth and sexual maturity
- Growth Spurt in this stage
(Height, Sexual maturity, and organs)
- girls reach maturity faster, men
catch up physically
Youth Adult and Fertility Scale (YAFS 4)
Study
- provide information sexuality and
reproductive healths among Filipinos aged
15-24
Findings: 1. Never married: 2013 (76.6%) - reproductivity is rampant
2. Living in: (13.8%) - as women mature, egg quality
decreases
3. Average sleep: 8 hours (decreases as
educational attainment goes up) Sexuality
4. Consumed food: chips, instant noodles, - 70% of people have sexual
fried chicken intercourse
5. Most consumed drink: soft drink - more open na to living in
*Exposure to Porn: 26.3% males, 8% - PDA
females (increases with educational
attainment) - less sexually active than
adolescence
6. Smoking: 38.8% (56%males)
Psychological Stress
7. Drinking: 68%
- adulting
> College have higher drinking habits
8. Drug Use: 4%
Piaget’s Cognitive Development
9. Suicidal Ideation: decline in ideation
13.4% to 8.7% - Hypothetico-deductive reasoning is
developed (Identify the problem > why >
10. Sexual Behavior: before 18 (25% male, answers the why)
female 23%)
11. Female Fertility: 13.6 (2013)
Deductive vs Inductive
Deductive: providing evidence supporting a
Physical Changes during adulthood claim
- Peak of our human physical Inductive: generalized to specific
development
- Adolescents and adults are
- biological aging (joint pain, cannot expected to think like their age
run as fast, seeping in over going out)
- Mental operations: ability to
-Motor performance declines imagine hypothetical situations of what ifs
- athletes performances remain Prepositional thought: evaluate logic of
stable propositions w/o real world circumstances
- regular exercise regulates better - don’t rely on real world
sleeping patterns
- children cannot do deductive
Nutrition hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- “Calorie counting” Information- Processing Approach (IPT)
- overweight adults report social - encoding in memory
discrimination
- sensory memory > short-term
- Personal stigma triggers anxiety memory > long term memory
Reproductive Capacity - working memory increases
 - Inhibition can identify necessary Adult Cognitive Development
and not
- Piaget: adolescents and adults
- strategies: identify learning strategy similar thinking (Formal Operational)
best for learner
- Nuances, expertise, and
Children and Adolescent metacognition = more evident sa adults
- children do not believe opinions na Postformal Thought:
opposite sa kanilang view
Deciding based on real and
- adolescents hypothesize practical, not dependent on opinion of
others, beneficial for them
Increase Cognitive Skills
Epistemic Cognition: how adults arrive at
- exposure to stimulating facts
environment
- Conclusions based on logical
- attend formal schooling assumptions and personal exp.
- learn metacognitive skills - Adolescents think dichotomous
(hypothesize) (good or bad)
- keep yourself updated As you grow older:
Dialectical Thought: ability to understand
Developmental Milestones (Adolescent) the other side of the argument

- New Egocentrism emerges= Develops to:

difficulty to understand others Commitment thinking: understands that
Imaginary audience: everyone is looking at there are contradictions with your opinions
me and facts, don’t have to agree with each
other
Personal Fable: sense of importance
Choosing my Path
- At the age of exploring
 Fantasy Period: during childhood
- Parental Criticism (seen as  Tentative Period: interests and
personal attack) values
- Adolescents are wayed by  Realistic Period: commit to a career,
immediate rewards process of exploration and
crystallization
- They are not willing to take risks,
do not want any negative consequence Emotional and Social Early Adulthood

- They go to what is safe Emerging Adulthood

Additional Info - late teens to mid to late twenties

- Authoritative parent = mataas - feeling in between, identity

academic achievement exploration, self-focused, instability,
possibilities
- All other parenting styles = poor
acads Identity Development

Transition to Adulthood - increase explore in depth

(evaluating existing commitments)
 - shape individuals across various
contexts
- who you are, values, intentions, ur
known for, what you want to become
Erikson’s Stage Theory
 12-19 years: Identity vs. Confusion
(Fidelity)
 20-25 years: Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Love)
Erikson Psychosocial Theory
- extended theory of Freud
- talked about relationships, each
developmental stage = psychological
struggle
- epigenetic= happens in stages
- Basic strength vs Core pathology
Identity vs Role Confusion
- strive to know who you are
- try to look at different self-images
to look for identity
- Studying emerges from two
sources:
 Childhood identification
 Societal norm
- we gain Fidelity (security) sa own
self natin
Role Repudiation (rejecting the role)
Tendencies
 Lack of self-trust, confidence
(shy)
 Defiance: rebel against
authority
-Identity crisis
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Intimacy: fusing own
identity with another person, allowing
yourself to be vulnerable
- relationships (we are each
other’s world)
- “I have my own world, you have
yours, we have a shared world”
- involves sacrifice, compromise,
commitment, and understanding
- Isolation: incapacity to take
chances with sharing true intimacy
- financial success doe not equal to
free from isolation
- we gain LOVE
- if ma fail: Exclusivity (pushing
away)
More on Identity
- an active process one undergoes
followed by commitment
- knowing what you want
- usually look up to individuals and
how happy sila then, mag decide
Changes in Self-Esteem
- Adolescents evaluate self-based
on:
 Close friends
 Romantic appeal
 Social status
- teenagers assert they are mature,
attractive, responsible
- higher self-esteem = more well-
adjusted
- Authoritative Parents: better at
improving the esteem of children
- peer acceptance = buffer for teens
who do not receive parental warmth
Marcia’s Identity Theory
1. Identity Achievement: after
exploring, commit to an identity
2. Identity Moratorium: actively
seeking but no commitment
 3. Identity Foreclosure:
Commitment w/o exploring
4. Identity Diffusion: Not exploring,
Not committed
- adolescents go back and forth with
exploration
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
- Cognitive moral development
happens in stages
- focuses on the why than the what
- how an individual justifies, defends,
or explains an action
Stages
1. Preconventional
(Childhood)
 Level 1: Punishment
and Obedience
 Level 2: Egocentrism
2. Conventional
 Level 3: Good Job!
Here is a cookie.
(social recognition)
(Adolescence)
 Level 4: Nobody is
above the law (Early
Adulthood)
3. Postconventional (nobody
reaches this stage)
 Level 5: I have my
rights!
 Level 6: The world is
a better place (no
right or wrong)
- moral development does
happen immediately
- level 1,2 = childhood
Family
- adolescent years, teens
parents grow apart
- Assert their autonomy
Autonomy
 Emotional Component: rely more
on the self for judgements
 Behavioral component:
independent decisions related to
their future
- autonomy can only foster by warm,
supportive, adolescents
- allow room for mistakes
- controlling parents = deter
autonomy in children
Friendships
- BFFs: 4 -6 years old, 1-2 adulthood
Characteristics of bffs:
 Intimacy: physical
closeness
 Mutual Understanding:
shared interests
 Loyalty: not leave after a
misunderstanding
- friendships also benefit from self-
disclosure
- emotional closeness is more
evident with women (can talk for hours)
- boys prefer activity to bond over
(games/sports)
- develop within individuals
coruminate (discuss problems together)
- excess of coruminate triggers
not anxiety
How friendships develop?
- Close friendships help explore self
- provide foundation for future
and intimate relationships
- help young people deal with stress
 - improve attitudes towards school
involvement
Look out for:
 Mental Health Problems
(experienced but not
reported)
 Feelings of inferiority
 Identity and sexual crisis
 Suicide
Sex
Age
Depression of hopelessness
Previous attempts
Excessive drug use
Rational Thinking loss
Separated/divorced/widow
Organized Plan
No support
Stated future intent
Early Adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
- period in between adolescence and
adulthood
- continued identity crisis
achievement
- feeling in between, identity
exploration, dating is more rampant
- self focused, instability, possibilities
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- long term commitment towards
intimate partner
- intimacy requires more holistic
identity with a partner
Levinson’s Theory of Life
- relationships with individuals and
group
- adults start with a dream, image of
themselves
- look for a mentor
Close Relationships
- looking for romantic love, need for
intimacy, close friends
- Social Clock: certain age, may
certain achievement na dapat
- generativity: passing on children
Sternberg’s Triarchic Love
Three Components
 Passion
 Intimacy
 Commitment
- beginning: always passionate,
intense sexual attraction
- over time, this decline (maging
warm)
- compassionate love is forced,
concerned na sa well-being of the other
person
Four Horsemen (Relationships)
1. Criticism: overly critical, attacking
the partner
and
2. Contempt: demeaning,
disrespectful, mocking them
3. Defensiveness: overly defensive
4. Stonewalling: withdrawing from
interaction, not present
Middle Adulthood
- Ages 40 and 65 years
- Geographical context: varied life
expectancies over the years
- least studied stage, most boring
Developmental Tasks (Lachman 2004)
 - in-between stage - increase verbal memory, spatial
skills, inductive reasoning, vocabulary
- losing parents and experiencing
associated grief
- launching children
- adjust home life w/o children
- preparing for late adulthood Outdated Processors
- caregivers for aging parents or  Mechanics of Cognition
spouses
- working memory and processing
Physical Development speed decline
 Declining Vision - memory enhances in the form of
 Autoimmune Diseases enhancement strategies
 Weight Gain
 Long Term is more stable
 Hearing Loss
- takes time to learn, less likely to
The Climacteric
forget, looks for relevance n meaning
Menopause
They are already Experts
- 50 to 52 ages
- they are more automatic
- ovaries stop releasing eggs
Novice
- production of estrogen and
- rely on formal procedures and
progesterone decreases
guidelines
- loss of vaginas lubrication, vaginal
- by the book
walls become thinner
- opposite ng experts
- Hot flashes and sweats
Psychosocial Development
Andropause
Midlife Crisis (Levinson)
- ability to reproduce is not lost
- reconciling past dreams and
- lower sperm count
current reality
- low testosterone levels
- recalibration and transition
- breast enlargement
- build on what you have right now
Cognitive Development
Goal free Living (Shapiro)
Old Dogs, New Tricks?
- mapping life vs. Using a compass
- Intelligence is not plastic anymore
- be more realistic, easier to accept
- Formal Operational and Post-
Erikson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation
formal Intelligence (they can think
abstractly, think practically, anticipation) - may meaning ba ginagawa ko?
- Increase in Tacit Knowledge: Family Relationships
“know-how” and “Professional Instinct”
- less spouse-related stress
 - an adult and a child at the same Why do we age?
time
Cell Life
- kin keepers: daughters, mga
kinkeepers - Hayflick limit: cells divide 50 times
before they become senescent
- boomerang kids
- shortening of telomeres
- challenge of caregiving
Free Radical Theory
- unpaired electrons causing cellular
Late Adulthood damage
- 65+ to 85 Protein Crosslinking
- Centenarians - sugars bind to protein so mag
produce ng protein na hindi naga help
Aging
DNA Damage
 Normal Aging: health issues and
social concerns - toxic agents, pollutants
 Optimal aging: good health and
Immune System Decline
social well-being
- weakens, more prone to diseases
Graying Societies
- japan
Cognitive Development
Physical Development
Steady Decline
Life expectancy vs. active life
expectancy Sensory Register Sensitivity Decline
- Life expectancy, how long you live Working Memory Capacity
= higher among women
- difficulty in concentrating, multi-
- Active life expectancy, active years tasking, manipulating info
= higher sa men
Long-Term Memory
Factors
- well-learned info = retrieved easily
- marriage = longevity; stressful
marriages is a risk of illnesses - focus on meaningful external cues
for recall
- Attention to health
Wisdom
- social support
- using common sense and good
Primary Aging (inevitable changes) judgements in making decisions
- skin, hair, muscle loss, visual - age + experience = wisdom
problems
- emotional wisdom (more stable)
Secondary Aging (caused by
illness/disease) - Reliance on younger people

- arthritis, hypertension, heart, Dementia

stroke, diabetes, etc.
 - severely impaired judgement,
memory and problem solving
Psychosocial Development
 Integrity vs Despair (Erikson)
- making sense of life, finding
meaning, adjusting to coming death
Integrity: acceptance and
understand
Despair: bitterness and regrets

 Disengagement vs. Activity

(Cummings and Henry)
- individual and society
mutually withdraw or isolate
 Activity Theory
- barred from meaningful
experiences
 Continuity Theory
- ole people are the same
just in older bodies