straight lines vsaq’s KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

1. Find the value of x, if the slope of the line

joining (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2. 5. Find the equation of the straight line passing
Sol: Slope of the line joining (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2. through (-2, 4) and making intercepts on the
y 2 - y1 axes whose sum is zero.
x -x =2
2 1 Sol: Equation of the straight line is
x y
+ =1
3-5 a b
 =2 Given a + b = 0
x-2 b = -a
 -2 = 2(x - 2) x y
 + =1
 -1 = x - 2 a -a
 x = 1.  x-y=a
 since it passes through the point (-2, 4), we get
2. Find the value of y, if the line joining (3, y), -2 - 4 = a a = -6.
(2, 7) is parallel to the line joining (-1, 4), (0, Required equation of the straight line is
6).
Sol: The line joining A(3, y), B(2, 7) is parallel to x - y + 6 = 0.
the line joining C(-1, 4), D(0, 6).
 Slope of AB = Slope of CD 6. Find the equation of straight line passing
through the point (2, 3) and making intercepts
7-y 6-4 on the axes of coordinates whose sum is zero.
 = x y
2 - 3 0 +1 Sol: Equation of the staight line is  1
a b
7 - y = -2
Given a + b= 0
y=9
b = -a
x y
 + =1
3. A(10, 4), B(- 4, 9) and C(-2, -1) are the vertices a -a
 x-y=a
of a triangle ABC, find the equation of the
since it is passing through (2, 3)
altitude through B.
 2-3=a
Sol: Given vertices are A(10, 4), B(- 4, 9) and C(-2, -
 a = -1
1)
 Required equaion of the straight line is x-y+1=0.
y 2  y1 1  4 5 5
slope of AC= x  x = = =
2 1 2  10 12 12
12
and slope of BE(m)= 
5
 AC  BE  , B(-4, 7. Find the equation of the straight line passing
through (-4, 5) and cutting off equal intercepts
9) on the coordinate axes.
Equation of BE is  y  y1   m(x  x1 ) Sol: Equation of the straight line cutting off equal
x y
intercepts on the axes is + = 1.
a a
12  x + y = a.
  y  9   (x  4)
5 since it passes through (-4, 5),
-4 + 5 = a
 5(y-9)= -12(x+4)
 a = 1.
 5y-45= -12x-48 Required equation of the line is x + y = 1.
 12x+5y+3=0.
4. Find the sum of the squares of the
intercepts of the line 4x - 3y = 12 on 8. Find the angle made by the straight line
the axes of coordinates. y = - 3 x +3 with the positive x-axis measured
Sol: Given line is 4x - 3y = 12 in the counter clockwise direction.
4x 3y x y Sol:- Given straight line y   3 x  3
 1  1
12 12 3 4 m=  3 y = mx+c
 x - intercept = 3, y-intercept = -4. tan  =  3
sum of the squares of the intercepts
2 2
= 32 + (- 4)2 tan  = tan( )  = .
3 3
= 9 + 16
= 25.

:1: QNO: 1 & 2

 straight lines vsaq’s KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

9. Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k)

12. Find the points on the line 4x - 3y - 10 = 0
and (0, b) where ab 0 to be collinear.
which are at a distance of 5 units from the
Sol: A(a, 0), B(h, k), C(0, b) are collinear.
point (1, -2).
 Slope of AB = Slope of AC Sol: Slope of the line 4x - 3y - 10 = 0 is m = tan  = 4/3
4 3
k-0 b-0  sin = , cos  =
 = 5 5
h-a 0-a
Required points on the given line which are at
on cross multiplication,
-ak = hb - ab a distance of 5 units from (1, -2)
 ab = hb + ak  ab
= (x1 + r cos , y1 + r sin )
h k 
 1= + 3  4 
a b = 1 5  , - 2  5   
 5  5 
h k = (4, 2), (-2, -6).
Required condition is + = 1.
a b
13. Reduce the equation 4x-3y+12=0 into
10. Find the equation of the straight line passing (i) slope- intercept form
through the points (at12, 2at1) and (at22, 2at2). (ii) intercepts form
A: Equation of the straight line passing through the (iii) normal form
points A(at12, 2at1) and B(at22, 2at2) is Sol: Given straight line 4x-3y+12=0
y 2 - y1 (i) slope intercept form
y - y1 = x - x (x - x1)  - 3y= -12-4x
2 1
4 x 12
2a (t 2 - t1 ) y  
y - 2at1 = (x - at1 )
2 3 3
a(t22 - t12 )
4x 4
2 y  4 where m =  and y- intercept = - 4.
3 3
 y - 2at1 = t + t (x - at12)
1 2 (ii) Intercepts form
 y(t1 + t2) - 2at12 - 2at1t2 = 2x - 2at12 -4x + 3y =12 (  by 12)
4x 3y
 2x - (t1 + t2) y + 2at1t2 = 0.   1
12 12
x y
11. Find the equation of the straight line   1
 3   4  .
passing through A(-1, 3) and (i) parallel
(ii) perpendicular to the straight line (iii) Normal form :
passing through B(2, -5) and C(4, 6). - 4x + 3y = 12 dividing both sides by
y 2  y1 6  5 11 a2  b2  ( 4)2  32  5 .
Sol. Slope of BC   
x 2  x1 4  2 2
 4  3  12
(i) Equation of the line parallel to BC and  x   y  
 5  5 5
passing through (-1, 3) is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
which is in the normal form x cos + y sin = p,
4 3 12
11 where cos = , sin = , p = .
y - 3 = (x + 1) 5 5 5
2
2y - 6 = 11x + 11 Transform the equation 3x + y + 10 = 0 into (i)
11x - 2y + 17 = 0 slope - intercept form (ii) intercepts form
(ii) Equation of the line perpendicular to (iii) normal form.
2 Ans : (i) y = - 3x - 10
BC and passing throug (-1, 3) is y -3 = (x
11
+ 1) x y
(ii) + =1
11y - 33 = - 2x - 2 -10 / 3 -10
2x + 11y - 31 = 0. (iii)
7π 7π
xcos + ysin =5
6 6

:2: QNO: 1 & 2

 straight lines vsaq’s KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

18. If a, b,c are in A.P. and ax + by + c = 0 represents

14. Transform the equation x + y + 1 = 0 into
a family of concurrent lines, find the point of
normal form.
concurrence.
Sol: Given equation of the straight line x+y+1=0
Sol: Given that a, b, c are in A.P.
 x  y  1 >0  2b = a + c
dividing both sides by  c = 2b - a
a2  b2  1  1  2
Now ax + by + c = 0 becomes
x y 1
   ax + by + 2b - a = 0
2 2 2 a(x - 1) + b(y + 2) = 0 which is of the form
 5   5  1  1 L 1 +  2 L 2 = 0.
x cos    y sin   
 4  4 2 so, the given equation represents a set of
concurrent lines.
Point of concurrence is point of intersection of the
15. Transform the equation 3 x + y = 4 into lines x - 1 = 0 and y + 2 = 0
i) Intercept form ii) Normal form Coordinates of point of concurrence = (1, -2).

Sol: i) Intercept form of 3 x + y = 4

Dividing both sides by 4, 19. Find the equations of the straight lines passing
3x y 4 x y through the origin and making equal angles
+ =  + =1 with the coordinate axes.
4 4 4 4/ 3 4
Sol: Equation of the line
ii) Normal form of 3 x + y = 4 > 0 passing through
Dividing throughout by origin and making
a2 + b2 = 3 + 1 = 2
an angle 450 with +ve
 3  1 4 X-axis is y = mx
x  2  + y   = where m = tan 450 = 1
  2 2
 y = x or x - y = 0.
π π
x cos + y sin = 2. Equation of the line
6 6 passing through origin
16. Find the value of p if the straight lines x + p = and making an angle
0, y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent. 1350 with +ve X-axis is
Sol: Given lines are x + p = 0  x = -p y = (tan 1350)x
y + 2 = 0  y = -2  y = -x  x + y = 0.
Since the given lines are concurrent, (-p, -2)
lies on (3)
Hence, the required lines are x - y = 0 and x + y = 0.
 3(p)  2( 2)  5  0
 3p  4  5  0 20. Find the ratio in which the straight line 2x
+ 3y = 5 divides the line joining the points (0, 0)
1
 -3p = -1  p = and (-2, 1).
3
Sol: Given straight line x + 3y = 5
Points are (0, 0) and (-2, 1).
17. Find the value of p, if the lines 3x + 4y =  L11 (0  0  5) 5
Required ratio = L22 = ( 4  3  5) = - 6
5, 2x + 3y = 4, px + 4y = 6 are concurrent.
Sol: Given that the lines 3x + 4y = 5, 2x + 3y = 4, or 5 : 6 externally.
px + 4y = 6 are concurrent.

3 4 5
 2 3 4  0
p 4 6
 3(-18 + 16) - 4 (-12 + 4p) - 5(8 - 3p) = 0
 3(-2) + 48 - 16p - 40 + 15p = 0
 - 6 + 48 - 40 - p = 0
 48 - 46 - p = 0
2 - p = 0
 p = 2.

:3: QNO: 1 & 2

 straight lines vsaq’s KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

x y
21. If is the angle between the lines + = 1,
a b 24. Find the straight line passing through the
x y point (5, 4) and parallel to the line 2x+3y+ 7 =
+ = 1, find the value of sin (a > b).
b a 0.
A: Given that  is angle between the lines Sol: Equation of the straight line parallel to
bx + ay - ab = 0, ax + by - ab = 0.
2x + 3y + 7= 0 is 2x + 3y + k = 0...(1)
b(a) + a(b)
cos = Given that (1) passes through (5, 4).
b 2 + a 2 a2 + b 2
 2(5) + 3(4) + k = 0  k = -22
2ab
 cos = 2  Requried line is 2x + 3y -22 = 0.
a + b2

25. Find the equation of a straight line (i) parallel

to (ii) perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y - 11 = 0
and passing through (-1, 3).
Sol: (i) Equat ion of the stra ight line parallel
to 2x + 3y - 11 = 0 is 2x + 3y + k = 0.
a2 - b 2
 sin = 2 since it passes through (-1, 3),
a + b2
2(-1) + 3(3) + k = 0 k = -7
Required equation of the line parallel to the given
22. Find the value of k, if the straight lines line is 2x + 3y - 7 = 0.
6x - 10y + 3 = 0 and kx - 5y + 8 = 0 are parallel. (ii) Equation of the straight line perpendicular to
Sol: The lines 6x - 10y + 3 = 0 and kx - 5y + 8 = 0 are 2x + 3y - 11 = 0 is 3x - 2y + k = 0.
parallel.
since it passes through (-1, 3),
a1 b1
 a =b Q their slopes are equal 3(-1) - 2(3) + k = 0  k = 9.
2 2
Required equation of the line perpendicular to
6 -10
 = the given line is 3x - 2y + 9 = 0.
k -5
 k = 3.
26. Find the straight line passing through the point
23. F i n d t h e v a l u e o f k , i f t h e s t r a i g h t (4, -3) and perpendicular to the line 5x - 3y + 1= 0.
l in e s y - 3kx + 4 = 0 and (2k - 1) x - (8k - 1) Sol: Equation of the straight line perpendicular to
y - 6 = 0 ar e pe rp en d i c u l ar.
5x - 3y +1= 0 is 3x + 5y + k = 0...(1)
Sol: Given that -3kx + y + 4 = 0 and
Given that (1) passes through (4, -3).
(2k - 1)x - (8k - 1)y - 6 = 0 are perpendicular.
 a1a2 + b1b2 = 0  12 -15 + k = 0
 (-3k) (2k - 1) + 1 (-8k + 1) = 0  k=3
 -6k - 5k + 1 = 0
2
 Requried line is 3x + 5y + 3 = 0.
 6k2 + 5k - 1 = 0
 6k2 + 6k - k - 1 = 0 27. Find the perpendicular distance from (-3, 4)
 (k + 1) (6k - 1) = 0 to the straight line 5x - 12y = 2.
 k = -1 or 1/6. Sol: Perpendicular distance from (-3, 4) to the
line 5x - 12y - 2 = 0 is
Find the value of p, if the straight lines | ax1 + by1 + c |
3x + 7y -1 = 0 and 7x - py + 3 = 0 are mutually d=
a2 + b 2
perpendicular. Ans : 3.
| 5(-3) - 12(4) - 2 | 65
d= =
52 + (-12)2 13
= 5 units.

:4: QNO: 1 & 2

 straight lines vsaq’s KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

28. Find the distance between the straight lines

3x + 4y -3 = 0,and 6x + 8y - 1= 0.
Sol: Given straight lines
3x + 4y -3 = 0  2
6x + 8y -6=0....(1)
6x + 8y - 1= 0....(2)
c 2  c1
Distance between parallel lines =
a2  b 2

1  6 5 5 5 1
= = =  
62  82 36  64 100 10 2

29. Find the distance between the parallel

lines 5x - 3y - 4 = 0, 10x - 6y - 9 = 0.
Sol: Distance between the parallel lines 10x - 6y - 8 =
0 and 10x - 6y - 9 = 0 is
| c1 - c 2 |
d=
a2 + b2

-8+9
=
102 + (-6)2

1

136
1
= units.
2 34

30. Find the foot of perpendicular from (-1, 3)

on the straight line 5x - y -18 = 0.
Sol: Give straight line is 5x - y - 18= 0 ...(1)
and P(-1, 3)
Let Q(h, k) is the foot of perpendicular from
(-1, 3) to the line (1)
h  x1 k  y1 (ax1  by1  c)
 
a b a2  b2
h  1 k  3 ( 5  3  18)
 
5 1 25  1
h  1 k  3 26
 
5 1 26
h 1 k 3
 1 1
5 1
h  1  5 k  3  1

h= 5-1 k = -1+3
h=4 k=2
(h, k) = (4, 2).

:5: QNO: 1 & 2

 3D
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

1. Find the distance between the points (3, 4, -2)

 A, B, C are collinear .
and (1, 0, 7).
Sol: Given points are A (3, 4, -2), B (1, 0, 7)

 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2
Now AB =
AB : BC = x1 - x : x - x2
 2   4   9 =3-5 : 5-9
2 2 2
=
=-2:-4
= 4  16  81 = 101 units . = 1 : 2.
5. Find the ratio in which YZ-Plane divides
2. Show that the points (1, 2, 3) (2, 3, 1) and the line segment joining the points A(2, 4, 5)
(3, 1, 2) form and equilateral triangle. and B(3, 5, -4). Also find the point of
Sol: Given points A(1, 2, 3) B(2, 3, 1) C(3, 1, 2) intersection.
Sol: Ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line segment
AB = (1 2)2  (2 3)2  (3 1)2  11 4  6 units
s joining A(2, 4, 5), B(3, 5, -4) = -x1 ; x2 = -2 : 3
Coordinates of the required point of intersection
BC = (2  3)2  (3  1)2  (1  2)2  1  4  1  6 units
s
 2(3)  3(2) 4(3)  5( 2) 5(3)  ( 4)( 2) 
CA = (3  1)2  (1 2)2  (2  3)2  4  1 1  6 units
s =  , , 
 2  3 2  3 2  3 
AB = BC = CA
ABC is an equilateral triangle.  6 - 6 10 - 12 -8 - 15 
=  , ,
2 - 3 
= (0, 2, 23).
 2-3 2-3

3. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), (7, 0, 1)

and (-2, 3, 4) are collinear. Find the ratio in which the XZ - plane divides the
line joining A(-2, 3, 4) and B(1, 2, 3).
Sol: AB = (x 2 - x1 )2 + (y 2 - y1 )2 + (z2 - z1 )2 Ans : - 3 : 2.
= (7 - 1)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (1- 3)2 = 36 + 4 + 4
6. Find the coordinates of the vertex C of ABC
= 44 = 2 11 if its centroid is the origin and the vertices
A, B are (1, 1, 1) and (-2, 4, 1) respectively.
BC = (-2 - 7)2 + (3 - 0)2 + (4 - 1)2 Sol: Let G be the centroid of ABC.
= 81 + 9 + 9 A = (1, 1, 1), B = (-2, 4, 1), G = (0, 0, 0),
Let the third vertex be C()
= 99 = 3 11  1 - 2 + α 1+ 4 + β 1+ 1+  
 , ,
3 
= (0, 0, 0).
CA = 2
(1 + 2) + (2 - 3) + (3 - 4) 2 2  3 3
-1 + α 5+β 2+
= 9 + 1 + 1 = 11 =0 =0 =0
3 3 3
Q AB + CA = BC, so A, B, C are collinear points. -1=0 +5=0 2 +  = 0
= 1 = -5 = -2
Coordinates of the third vertex = (1, -5, -2).
.Show that the points (5, 4, 2), (6, 2, -1) and (8, -
2, -7) are collinear.
Hint : AB + BC = CA. 7. Find the centriod of the tetrahedron, whose
vertices are
4. Show that the points A (3, 2, -4), B (5, 4, -6) (2, 3, -4), (-3, 3, -2), (-1, 4, 2), (3, 5, 1).
and C (9, 8, -10) are collinear and find the Sol: Given A(2, 3, -4) B(-3, 3, -2) C = (-1, 4, 2) D(3, 5, 1)
ratio in which B divides AC . Centriod of tetrahedron
Sol: A = (3, 2, - 4), B=(5, 4, - 6) and C (9, 8, -10)  x 1  x 2  x 3  x 4 y1  y 2  y 3  y 4 z1  z 2  z3  z 4 
= , , 
 4 4 4 
 2   2    2   12
2 2 2
AB 
 2  3  1  3 3  3  4  5 4  2  2  1 
=  , , 
BC = 42  42  ( 4)2  48  2 12  4 4 4 

CA  (  6)2  (  6)2  62  108  3 12  1 15 3 

=  , , .
Here AB + BC = CA 4 4 4 

:6: QNO: 3
 3D KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

8. If (3, 2, -1), (4, 1, 1) and (6, 2, 5) are three 11. Find x if the distance between (5, -1, 7) and
vertices and (4, 2, 2) is the centroid of a (x, 5, 1) is 9 units.
tetrahedron, find the fourth vertex. Sol: Distance between (5, -1, 7) and (x, 5, 1) is 9.
Sol: Let G be the centroid of the tetrahedron ABCD
 (x 2 - x1 )2 + (y 2 - y1 )2 + (z2 - z1 )2 = 9.
A = (3, 2, -1), B = (4, 1, 1), C = (6, 2, 5), G = (4, 2, 2)
Let the fourth vertex be (, , )  (x - 5) 2 + (5 + 1) 2 + (1 - 7) 2 = 9.
 3 + 4 + 6 + α 2 + 1+ 2 + β -1 + 1 + 5 +    (x - 5)2+ 36+ 36 = 81
 , ,  = (4, 2,  (x - 5)2 = 9
 4 4 4 
 x-5=3 x - 5 = -3
2)
x=8 x=2
13 + α 5+β 5+ The values of x are 2, 8.
=4 =2 =2
4 4 4
13 + = 16 5 + = 8 5 + = 8
= 3 = 3 = 3
Coordinates of the fourth vertex = (3, 3, 3). 12. Find the distance between the point P(3, -1, 2)
and the midpoint of the line segment joining
9. Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram the points A(6, 3, -4) and B(-2, -1, 2).
whose consective vertices are (2, 4, -1), (3, 6, -1) Sol: Midpoint of the line segment joining A(6, 3, -4)
and (4, 5, 1). and B(-2, -1, 2)
Sol: Given points are A(2, 4, -1) B(3, 6, -1) C(4, 5,  x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
=  , , 
1)  2 2 2 
Let D (,  ,  ) be fourth vertex of a  6 - 2 3 - 1 -4 + 2 
=  , ,
parallelogram ABCD.
 2 2 2 
In a parallelogram midpoint of AC = (2, 1, -1)
= midpoint of BD Distance between the points P(3, -1, 2) and (2, 1, -1)
 2  4 4  5 1  1   3   6   1    = (3 - 2)2 + (-1- 1)2 + (-1- 2)2
 2 , 2 , 2  2 , 2 , 2 
   
= 1+ 4 + 9
6 3 9 6 0 1  
   = 14 units.
2 2 2 2 2 2
6=6+  9=6+ 0 = -1 + 
= 6-3 = 3 = 9 - 6 = 3  = 1
D = (3, 3, 1).

10. Find the ratio in which the XZ plane divides

the line joining A(-2, 3, 4) B(1, 2, 3).
Sol: Given point A(-2, 3, 4) B(1, 2, 3)
x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2
XZ plane divides AB in the ratio
= - y1 : y2
= -3 : 2.
= 3.2 externally.

:7:
QNO: 3
 THE PLANE
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
1. Write the equation of the plane
4x-4y+2z+5=0 in the intercept form. 5. Find the d.c’s of normal to the plane
Sol: Equation of the plane is x + 2y + 2z - 4 = 0.
4x - 4y - 2z + 5 = 0 Sol: Given equation x + 2y + 2z - 4 = 0
-4x + 4y + 2z = 5 5 x + 2y + 2z = 4.
4x 4y 2z Dividing with a2 + b2 + c 2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3.
-   =1
5 5 5
x y z  1 2 2 4
  1 3x  3y  3z  3,
 5 5 5      

 4  4  2 .
      This is of the form x cos  + y cos  + z cos  = p
1 2 2 4
2. Find the intercepts of the plane where cos = , cos = , cos = ,p =
3 3 3 3
4x + 3y - 2z + 2 = 0 on the coordinate axes. Direction cosines of normal to the plane are
Sol. Given equation of the plane is
1 2 2
4x + 3y - 2z + 2 = 0 =  , , .
3 3 3
 4x  3y  2z  2 2
x y z
   1
1/ 2 2 / 3 1
x - intercept a = - 1/2 6. Find the equation of the plane passing
y - intercept b = - 2/3. through the point (1, 1, 1) and parallel
to the plane x + 2y + 3z - 7 = 0.
z - intercept c = 1.
Sol: Equation of the plane parallel to the plane x
+ 2y + 3z - 7 = 0 is in the form x + 2y + 3z + k = 0
3. Find the equation of the plane whose
intercepts on X, Y, Z axes are 1, 2, 4 Q It passes through (1, 1, 1), 1 + 2(1) + 3(1) + k = 0
respectively. k = -6
Sol: X, Y, Z intercepts of the plane are Required equation of the plane is x + 2y + 3z - 6 = 0.
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
Required equation of the plane is
x y z 7. Find the equation of the plane bisecting the
+ + =1
a b c line segment joining (2, 0, 6) and (-6, 2, 4)
x y z and perpendicular to it.
 + + =1 Sol: Given points are A(2, 0, 6), B(-6, 2, 4)
1 2 4
4x + 2y + z 2-6 0+2 6+4
Midpoint on AB =  , ,

4
=1
 2 2 2 
 4x + 2y + z = 4. = (-2, 1, 5) = (x1, y1, z1)
Direction ratios of AB = (-6 - 2, 2 - 0, 4 - 6)
= (-8, 2, -2)
4. Reduce the equation x + 2y - 3z - 6 = 0 of = (4, -1, 1) = (a, b, c)
the plane to the normal form. Equation of the perpendicularly bisecting
Sol: Given equation of the plane is x + 2y - 3z - 6 = 0. plane of AB is
x + 2y - 3z = 6
a(x - x1) + b(y - y1) + c(z - z1) = 0
Dividing by a2 + b2 + c 2 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 1 4  4(x + 2) - 1(y - 1) + 1(z - 5) = 0
 1   2   -3  6  4x + 8 - y + 1 + z -5 = 0
  x +  y +  z=  4x - y + z + 4 = 0.
 14   14   14  14
This equation is in the form of
x cos  + y cos  + z cos  = p
1 2 3 6
where cos = , cos = , cos = ,p = .
14 14 14 14

:8: QNO: 4
 THE PLANE KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

8. Find the equation of the plane

through the points (2, 2, -1), (3, 4, 2), 10. Find angle between the planes
(7, 0, 6). x + 2y + 2z - 5 = 0 and 3x + 3y + 2z - 8 = 0
Sol. Equation of the plane through the Sol: Given equation planes are
points (2, 2, -1), (3, 4, 2), (7, 0, 6) is x + 2y + 2z - 5 = 0 ...............(1)
3x + 3y + 2z - 8 = 0 ............ (2)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 If is the angle between the planes
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
. | a1a2  b1b2  c1c 2 |
x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z3  z1 cos = (a  b12  c12 )(a 22  b22  c 22 )
2
1

x  2 y  2 z 1 | 1(3)  2(3)  2(2) |

=
 3  2 4  2 2 1  0 (1  4  4)(9  9  4)
7  2 0  2 6 1 364 13
= 
9. 22 3 22
x  2 y  2 z 1
 13 
 1 2 3  0.  = Cos-1  .
 3 22 
5 2 7
(x - 2) (14 + 6) - (y - 2) (7 - 15)
+ (z + 1) (- 2 - 10) = 0.
20 (x - 2) + 8(y - 2) - 12 (z + 1) = 0.  4
5 (x - 2) + 2(y - 2) - 3(z + 1) = 0. 11. Find the constant ‘k’ so that the planes
5x - 10 + 2y - 4 - 3z - 3 = 0. x - 2y + kz = 0 and 2x + 5y - z = 0 are at right
 Required equation of the plane is angles.
5x + 2y - 3z - 17 = 0. Sol: Given equation of planes are
x - 2y + kz = 0, 2x + 5y - z = 0 are perpendicular
then a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
 1(2) + (-2) (5) + k(-1) = 0
9. Find the angle between the planes 2 - 10 - k = 0
2x - y + z = 6, x + y + 2z = 7.  k = - 8.
Sol: Let  be the angle between the planes
2x - y + z = 6 and x + y + 2z = 7
a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2
cos =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22

2(1) + (-1) (1) + 1(2)

=
4 + 1+ 1 1 + 1+ 4
2 - 1+ 2 3
= =
6 6 6
1
 cos =
2
π
= .
3

:9: QNO: 4
 limits & continuity KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

2|x|  sin ax
1. Lt+ 
Show that x→0 + x + 1 = 3 . 6. Compute lim , b 0, a  b.
 x  x 0 sin bx

2|x|  sin ax
Sol: Lt  + x +1 ( Q |x| = x is x > 0)
x→0+ x  sin ax x
lim
Sol: lim
x 0 sin bx =
x 0 sin bx
 2x 
Lt+  + x +1 = 2 + 0 + 1 = 3. x
x→0  x  
sin ax
(a)
Lt | x - 2 | . lim ax
2. Compute x  2- x - 2 = x 0 sin bx
(b)
bx
Lt | x - 2 | = Lt -(x - 2)
Sol: x  2- x - 2 x2 x-2 Q x < 2, x - 2 < 0 1 (a)
= 1 (b)
= x Lt (-1)
2
a
= (-1). = .
b

x x sin ax
3. Show that lim = 1 and lim = 1. 7. Evaluate x Lt
 0 x cosx .

x x0
x0  +
x
Lt sin ax Lt sin ax . 1
Sol: As x  0 , x > 0  | x | = x.
+
Sol: x  0 x cosx = x  0 x cos x
x x
lim = Lt 1 = 1.
= xlim  sinax   1

 As x  0,

= axLt

x 0 x 
x x 0 0 
 0  ax  a  Lt cos x  ax  0
As x  0-, x < 0, | x | = - x. x0 
1 Lt sin θ
x x = (1) (a) (Q θ  0 = 1.)
 lim  lim   lim  1 1 . 1 θ
x 0 
x x 0 
x x 0 
= a.

8 | x | + 3x Lt cos x
4. Compute x  Lt Compute x  π x - π .
 3 | x | - 2x . 8.
2 2
8 | x | + 3x 8x + 3x
Lt Lt
Sol: x   3 | x | - 2x = x   3x - 2x As x  , π π
Sol: Let - x = As x  , 0
|x| = x 2 2
11x
= x Lt
 x Lt cos x
Lt
xπ x- π = θ
cos π - θ
2  
Lt 11 2 2 0 (-θ)
= x  1
= 11.
Lt sin θ = -1.
= -θ 0 θ
x 2 - 8x + 15 sin (a + bx) - sin(a - bx)
5. Compute lim . 9. Find x Lt .
x 3 x2 - 9 0 x

x 2  8x  15  x  5  x  3  Lt sin(a + bx) - sin(a - bx)

Sol: lim = lim Sol: x 
x 3 x 9
2

x 3 x  3
 x  3  0 x

Lt 2 cos a sin bx
x5 = x 0
 lim x
x 3 x  3
(sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sin B)
35 2 1 As x  0,
= = = . = 2 cos a bxLt
0
sin bx (b)
33 6 3 bx
bx  0
= 2 cos a (1) (b)
= 2b cos a.

: 10 : QNO: 5 & 6
 limits & continuity KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

1 - cos 2mx 2m 2 tan (x - a)

10. Show that x Lt = . 13. Compute x Lt
a .
0 sin2 nx n2 x 2 - a2
2
Lt 1 - cos 2mx = Lt 2sin (mx)
Sol: x  Lt
tan (x - a)
0 sin2 nx x  0 sin (nx)
2 Sol: x  a x 2 - a2
(Q 1 - cos 2 = 2sin2 )
sin2 (m x) tan (x - a) 1
(m x)2 Lt x
(m x)2 = x a x-a Lt x + a
Lt x a
= 2x 0 sin (nx) (nx)2
2

(nx)2  1  Lt tan θ
=1   (Q θ  0 θ = 1)
 a+a

  m  
2
sin mx
 mxLt 0 mx
2 1
= .
=2   2a
  n  
2
 Lt sin nx 2
 nx  0 nx sin (x - a) tan2 (x - a)
14. Evaluate x Lt
a .
 12   m2  (x 2 - a 2 )2
= 2 x  12  x  n2 
   
sin (x - a) tan2 (x - a)
2m 2 Lt
Sol: x 
= 2 . a (x + a)2 (x - a)2
n
1 Lt sin (x - a)
Lt
= x
ex - sinx - 1 a (x + a)2 . (x - a)  0 x-a
(x - a) .
11. Find Lt
x →0 x
Lt tan2 (x - a)
x
e - sinx - 1 (x - a)  0 (x - a)2
Sol: Lt
x→0 x
1
  e x -1 - sinx  = (1) (0) (12)
Lt (a + a)2
= x→0  x


  0
=
4a2
 e x - 1 sin x 
 Lt    = 0.
x→0
 x x 
 e x - 1 sinx
 Lt    Lt
x→0
 x  x→0 x 1+ x - 1
15. Evaluate x Lt
0 .
= 1 -1 = 0. x
Lt
Sol: x 
1+ x - 1 Lt ( 1 + x - 1) x 1 + x + 1
=x 
0 x 0 x 1+ x + 1
sin (x - 1)
12. Evaluate x Lt
1 . 0
x2 - 1 Q It is in form
0
sin (x - 1)
Sol: x Lt
1 Lt
1+ x - 1
x2 - 1 = x 0 x( 1 + x + 1)
sin(x - 1) 1
= x Lt
1
. Lt
x
x -1 Lt x + 1 = x
x 1 0 x( 1 + x + 1)

Lt 1
 1 = x
=1   Lt sin θ = 1.)
(Q θ 
0 1+ x + 1
1+1 0 θ
1
1 =
= . 1+ 0 + 1
2
1
= .
2

: 11 : QNO: 5 & 6
 limits & continuity KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
ex - 1 e 3+x - e 3
16. Compute xlim
0 . 20. Evaluate Lt .
1+ x - 1 x→0 x
x
e -1
Sol: x lim
0 e3+x - e3
1+ x - 1 Sol: Lt
x→0 x
ex - 1 ( 1 + x + 1)
= x lim
 0 1 + x - 1 x ( 1 + x + 1) e3 .e x - e3
= Lt
x→0 x
(ex - 1) ( 1 + x + 1)
= x lim
0 1+ x - 1 e3 ex -1  e x -1 

)
= Lt Lt
 = e  x→0 
x  =e . 1 = e .
3 3 3

ex - 1 x→0 x 
= x lim
0 . x lim
0( 1 + x + 1)
x
= loge e ( 1 + 0 + 1) = 2. loge x
21. Evaluate xLt .
→1 x-1
3x - 1 Sol: Put x - 1 = y
17. Evaluate x Lt
0 . x=y+1
1+ x - 1
As x  1, y  0.
x
Lt 3 -1 0 loge x loge (1  y)
Sol: x  0 (Q It is in form)  Lt = yLt = 1.
1+ x - 1 0 y
x 1 x 1 0

x
Lt 3 -1 1+ x + 1
= x x x 2 + 5x + 2
0 1+ x - 1 1+ x + 1 22. Compute lim .
x  2x 2 - 5x + 1
x
Lt (3 - 1) ( 1 + x + 1)
= x 0 x 2  5x  2 1
1+ x - 1 Sol : xlim As x  , 0
 2x 2  5x  1 x
 3x - 1
Lt 
= x 0  x  ( 1 + x + 1)  x 2  5x  2 
 
ax - 1 x2
Lt
( Q x0 = loge a) lim  2 
x = 1   2x  5x  1 
x
 
= loge 3 ( 1 + 0 + 1)  x2 

= 2loge 3.= loge 9. 5 2

 1
lim x x2
= 1  5 1
x 2  2
ax - 1 x x
18. Find x Lt
 0 bx - 1 .
1 0  0 1
= = .
x
Lt a - 1 = Lt
 x- 1
ax 200 2

Sol: x  0 b -1
x x0  b x- 1
x

Lt
11x3 - 3x + 4
23. Find x   13x 3 - 5x 2 - 7 .
loge a
= log b = logba. 11x3 - 3x + 4
e Lt
Sol: x   13x3 - 5x 2 - 7

19. Compute xLt

e7x - 1
x
. 11x x- 3x + 4 
3
3

 13x - 5x - 7 
 x
→0
Lt
= x 3 2
3
e -1
7x
Sol: Lt
x→0 x
11- 32 + 43
 e7x -1 Lt x x 1
Lt
=  7x→0 7x  7  1 x 7 = 7. = 10 5- 7 As x  , 0
x 13 - x x3 x
 
11 - 0 + 0 11
e3x - 1 = = .
Compute xLt . Ans : 3. 13 - 0 - 0 13
→0 x

: 12 : QNO: 5 & 6
 limits & continuity KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
3x 2 + 4x + 5
24. Compute: xLt . 27. Is the function f, defined by
→∞ 2x 3 + 3x - 7
 x 2 if x  1
3x 2 + 4x + 5 f(x) =  continuous at 1.
Sol: Lt  x if x > 1
x→∞ 2x 3 + 3x - 7
Sol: Here f(1) = 12 = 1.
 3 4 5 Lt Lt
x3  +   Asx , x  1 - f(x) = x  1 x = 1 = 1
2 2

Lt  x x x
1
= x→∞ 3  3 7  0 Lt Lt
x 2 2  3  x x  1 + f(x) = x  1 x = 1
 x x
Lt Lt
 3 4 5  x 1 - f(x) = x  1 + f(x) = f(1)
 x+xx  Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Lt  
= 1
→0 3 7
x 2  2  3 
 x x 
 sin 2x , x  0
0 28. Show that f(x) =  x
= = 0.  1, x=0
2 is discontinuous at x = 0.
Sol: Given that f(0) = 1
25. Compute xLim
  ( x + x - x ).
2 Lt Lt sin 2x
x  0 f(x) = x  0 x
Sol: xLim
 ( x +x -x )
2
sin 2x
= xLt
0 2x . 2
( x 2 + x - x) ( x 2 + x + x) = 1 (2)
= xLim
 =2
( x 2 + x + x)
x Lt f(x) f(0)
x2 + x - x2 0
Lim
= x so f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
( x 2 + x + x)
x
= xLim 29. Prove that the functions sinx and cosx are
  ( x 2 + x + x) continuous on R.
1 As x  , Sol: Let f(x) = sinx and a  R.
Lim
= 10 x2 + x + x 1 0 lim f(x)  lim sinx  sin a  f(a)
x x2 x2 x x x a x a

Lim 1  lim f(x)  f(a)

x a
= 10 1+ 1
x x +1  f(x) = sinx is continuous at x = a.
since a is arbitrary, f(x) is continuous on R.
1 1 Let g(x) = cosx and a  R.
= = .
1+ 0 + 1 2
 lim g(x)  lim cos x  cosa  g(a)
x a x a

26. Evaluate xLim

 ( x +1- x) . So g(x) = cosx is continuous at x = a.

( x +1+ x)
Sol: xLim
  ( x +1- x) ( x +1+ x)
x + 1- x Since a is arbitrary, g(x) is continuous on R.
= xLim
  ( x +1+ x)
1
= xLim
 x +1+ x
Dividing numerator and denominator with x
1
Lt x
= 10 1
x 1+ x + 1
0
=
1+ 0 + 1
0
= = 0.
2

: 13 : QNO: 5 & 6
 Differentation
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

1. Find the derivative of y = 2x - 3 + 7 - 3x . 6. If f(x) = x2 2x log x (x > 0), find f (x) .

Sol: y = 2x - 3 + 7 - 3x Sol: f(x) = x2 2x log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 1 d 1 d d d x
 (2x - 3) + (7-3x) f (x) = x22x (log x) +x2logx (2 ) +
dx 2 2x  3 dx 2 7  3x dx dx dx
d 2
2 ( 3) 2x logx (x )
=  dx
2 2x  3 2 7  3x
1
= x22x + x2 log x 2x log 2 + 2x log x (2x)
1 3 x
=  .
2x  3 2 7  3x = x 2x + x2 . 2x log x + 2x . (2x) log x.

2 a-x dy
If f(x) = ax . e , then find f  x .
x
2. 7. If y = , find .
(
)

2
a+x dx
Sol: f(x) = ax e x ax
Differentiating w.r.t. x Sol: Given y =
ax
Differentiating with respect to x,
f  x = ax
d 2
 
ex  ex
2 d
ax  
(
)

dx dx d d
dy a  x  a  x   a  x  a  x
=a e x x2
(2x) + e x2 (a ) log a
x dx dx
=
a  x 
2
dx
2
= ax e x (2x + log a)
 a  x  1   a  x  (1)
dy =
a  x 
2
3. If y = e2x log (3x + 4) then find .
dx
Sol: y = e log (3x + 4)
2x
a  x  a  x
Differentiating w.r.t. x = a  x 
2

dy d d 2x
= e2x (log(3x+4)) + log(3x+4) (e )  2a
dx dx dx
= ax 2 .
 
 1 
= e2x   . 3 + log (3x + 4) . e2x . 2
 3x  4 
2x + 3 dy
 3  8. If y = , then find .
4x + 5 dx
= e2x  3x  4  2.log(3x  4) .
 
2x  3
4. Find the derivative of f(x) = ex(x2 + 1). Sol: Given y =
4x  5
Sol: Given f(x) = ex (x2 + 1)
Differentiating with respect to x on both Differentiating with respect to x,
sides,
d d
f (x)  e x
d 2

x  1  x2  1
d x
 
e    dy  4x  5   2x  3    2x  3   4x  5 
dx dx  dx dx
 4x  5 
2
dx
= ex (2x) + (x2 + 1) ex
= ex (x2 + 2x + 1)
= ex (x + 1)2.  4x  5  2   2x  3  4 
=
 4x  5 
2

5. Find the derivative of

y = 5 sinx + ex log x. 8x  10  8x  12
Sol: Given y = 5sinx + ex logx. =  4x  5 
2

differentiating with respect to x,

dy d d d 2
 5  sin x   e x log x   log x. (e x ) =  4x  5 2 .
dx dx dx dx
1
= 5 cos x + ex . x + logx . ex.

: 14 : QNO: 7 & 8
 Differentation KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
ax + b dy
9. If y = find .
cx + d dx
11. If f(x) = sin (log x), x > 0, then find f (x) .
ax + b
Sol: y =
cx + d Sol : Given f(x) = sin (log x)
Differentiating with respect to x,
  vu  uv 
Q u / v   v2 
  d
f   x   cos  log x  .  log x 
Differentiating w.r.t. x dx
1
d d = cos  log x  .
cx + d (ax  b)  (ax  b) (cx  d) x
(

dy dx dx
 cos  log x 
dx cx + d 2
(

) = .
x
cx + d a - (ax  b)c
(

=
cx + d 2
(

12. Find the derivative of y = Tan-1 (log x).

acx + ad - acx  bc
Sol: Differentiating with respect to x,
=
cx + d 2 dy 1 d
(

 log x .
dx 1  (log x) dx
2

ad - bc
= .
cx + d 2 1
(

= x 1   log x 2  .
 

 x2 + x + 2 
10. Find the derivative of y = log  2 
 x -x+2  3 + 3x
with respect to x. 13. If f(x) = 7x (x> 0) find f (x) .
x3 + 3x
 x2 + x + 2  Sol: f(x) = 7
Sol: y = log  2  differentiating with respect to x, we get
 x -x+2 
3 + 3x d 3
y = log(x2 + x + 2) - log(x2 - x + 2) f (x) = 7 x log 7 . (x + 3x)
differentiating with respect to x using chain dx
rule, d x
Q (a ) = ax . log a
dy 1 1 dx
= 2 (2x + 1) - 2 (2x - 1)
dx x + x + 2 x -x+2 3 + 3x
= 7x (log 7) (3x2 + 3) .
2 2
dy (2x + 1) (x - x + 2) - (2x - 1) (x + x + 2)
=
dx (x 2 + x + 2) (x 2 - x + 2) 14. If f(x) = log7 (log x), find f (x) .
Sol: f(x) = log7 (log x)
3 2 2 3 2 2
dy 2x - 2x + 4x + x - x + 2 - 2x - 2x - 4x + x + x + 2 7f(x) = log x
=
dx (x2 + 2)2 - x2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2
dy 4 - 2x 1
= 4 7f (x).log7.f (x) 
dx x + 4x2 + 4 - x 2 x
1
f (x) 
dy 4 - 2x 2 x.7 f (x ) log7
= 4 .
dx x + 3x 2 + 4
1
= .
x.log x.log 7

: 15 :
QNO: 7 & 8
 Differentation KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
dy 18. If y = log (tan 5x) find .
dx
15. If y = sin-1 x , find dx .
Sol: y = log (tan 5x)
Differentiating w.r.t. x
Sol: y = sin-1 x
dy 1 d
differentiating with respect to x using chain  (tan 5x)
dx tan5x dx
rule,
1 d
dy 1 d = sec25x. (5x)
= ( x) tan5x dx
dx 1 - ( x )2 dx
cos5x 1
1 1 = x .5
= . sin5x co s2 5x
1- x 2 x 10
1 =
2.sin 5x cos 5x
= .
2 x - x2 10
= = 10 cosec 10x.
sin10x
 3x  dy
16. If y = sinh-1   then find . 19. If f(x) = log(sec x + tan x), find f (x) .
 4  dx
Sol: f(x) = log (sec x + tan x)
 3x  differentiating with respect to x using chain rule,
Sol: y = sinh-1  
 4 
1 d
Differentiating w.r.t. x f (x) = (sec x + tan x)
sec x + tan x dx
dy 1 d  3x 
= . dx  4  sec x tan x + sec 2 x
dx  3x   2
=
1+   sec x + tan x
 4 
sec x (sec x + tan x)
=
sec x + tan x
1 3
= = sec x.
9x 4 2
1+
16 dy
20. If y = sin-1 (cosx), then find .
dx
1 3 Sol: Given y = sin-1 (cosx)
=
16  9x 2 4
 
4  y = sin-1 sin   x  .
2 
3
= .
16  9x 2 
y= x.
2
dy Differentiating with respect to x,
17. If y = log(cosh 2x) find .
dx
Sol: y = log(cosh 2x) dy
= -1.
Differentiating w.r.t. x dx

dy 1 d 21. Find the derivative of

 (cosh 2x)
dx cosh2x dx Tan-1 (secx + tanx).
1 d Sol: Let y = Tan-1 (secx + tanx)
= sinh 2x (2x)
cosh2x dx  1  sin x 
= Tan-1  cos x 
 
= 2(tanh 2x).
2
 x x
 cos  sin 
1  2 2 
= Tan 2 x 2 x
cos  sin
2 2

: 16 : QNO: 7 & 8
 Differentation KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
 x x
 cos 2  sin 2  25. If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + . ........... + x100, then find
 
= Tan -1
 cos x  sin x  f (1) .
 2 2 Sol: f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .......... + x100
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
 x
 1  tan 2  f (x) = 0 + 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ........ + 100x99
 x
= Tan-1  
x  = Tan-1 tan    put x = 1 in the above relation, we get
 1  tan  4 2 f (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + 100
 2
100 x 101 n(n + 1)
 x = (Q 1+2+3+....+n = )
y=  2 2
4 2
= 5050.
dy 1
Differentiating with respect to x,  .
dx 2 dy
26. If y = {cot-1 (x3)}2, find .
dx
dy
22. If y = log[sin-1 (ex)], then find . Sol: y = {cot-1(x3)}2
dx differentiating with respect to x, using chain rule,
Sol: y = log[sin-1(ex)]
differentiaitng with respect to x using chain dy d
rule, = 2cot-1 (x3) cot-1(x3)
dx dx
dy 1 dy (-1) d 3
= -1 x (sin-1 ex) = 2cot-1(x3) . (x )
dx sin e dx 1 + (x3 )2 dx
1 1 d (-1)
= -1 x x 2 (ex) = 2cot-1 (x3) (3x2)
sin e 1 - (e ) dx 1 + x6
ex
= . -6x 2 cot -1 (x 3 )
1 - e 2x sin-1 e x = .
1+ x6
dy
23. If y = sec ( tan x ), find . dy
dx 27. If y = xx, find .
dx
Sol: y = sec tan x Sol: y = xx
differentiating with respect to x, using chain taking logarithms on both sides,
rule, log y = x log x
dy d differentiating with respect to x,
dx
= sec  tan x  tan  tan x  dx tan x 1 dy  1
y dx = x  x  + log x (1)
 
1 dy
1 d  y = 1 + log x
= sec  tan x  tan  tan x  2 tan x dx
(ta
an dx

x) dy
 = y(1 + log x) = xx (1 + log x).
dx
sec tan x tan tan x (sec 2 x)
=
2 tan x  2x  dy
28. If y = sin-1  2  , find .
 1+ x  dx
24. Find the derivative of log[sin(log x)].
Sol: y = log (sin(log x)]  2x  put x = tan
Sol: y = sin-1  2 
Differentiating w.r.t.x  1 x   = tan-1 x
dy 1 d  2 tan  
 (sin (log x)) y = sin-1  1  tan2  
dx sin(log x) dx

1 y = sin-1 (sin 2)

d
= . cos(log x). (log x) y = 2
sin(log x) dx y = 2 tan-1 x
cot(log x) Differentiating w.r.t. x
=
x dy 2
 .
dx 1  x 2

: 17 : QNO: 7& 8
 Differentation KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

-1  2x  dy dy -e y
29. If y = Tan  2  , (|x| < 1) then find . 33. If x = tan(e-y) then show that = .
 1- x  dx dx 1+ x 2
Sol: x = tan (e-y)
 2x  put x = tan
Sol: y = Tan-1  2 
e-y = tan-1 x
 1 x   = tan-1 x Differentiating w.r.t. x
 2 tan   dy 1
y = Tan-1  1  tan2    -e-y =
dx 1+ x 2
y = Tan-1 (Tan 2) 1 dy -1
y = 2 - =
e dx 1+ x 2
y
y = 2 tan-1 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x dy -ey
 =
dy 2 dx 1+ x 2
 .
dx 1  x 2
 1+ x  dy
30. Find the derivative of tan-1  .
 1- x  34. If x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t, find
dx
.
 1+ x  Sol: x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t
Sol: y = tan  -1
 by parametric differentiation,
 1- x 
y = tan-1 1 + tan-1 x  dy  d (a sin3 t)
 dt 
dy   dt
 xy 
Differentiating w.r.t. x
Q Tan1  
 1  xy 
dx
dt 
= dx = d
dt
(a cos3 t)

 Tan1x  Tan1y a.3 sin2 t . cost

=
dy 1 a. 3cos2 t (-sint)
 .
dx 1  x 2 = -tant.

31. Find the derivative of cos-1(4x3 - 3x). 35. Differentiate f(x) = e x with respect to
put x = cos g(x) = x.
Sol: y = cos-1(4x3 - 3x)
 =cos 1x Sol: Let y = f(x) = ex and z = g(x) = x
y = cos (4 cos  - 3cos)
-1 3
Derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x)
y = cos-1 (cos 3) dy
y = 3 =
dz
y = 3 cos-1 x
Differentiating w.r.t. x d (ex ) (e x )
dx
dy

3 = d =  1  = 2 x ex.
. ( x)  
dx 1 x2 dx 2 x 

dy
32. If y = sin-1 (3x - 4x3). Find . 36. If y = aenx + be-nx thne prove that y  = n2 y .
dx
Sol: y = aenx + be-nx
put x = sin Differentiating w.r.t. x
Sol: y = sin-1 (3x - 4x3)
 =sin1x
dy
y = sin-1 (3 sin - 4 sin3) = naenx - nbe-nx
dx
y = sin-1 (sin 3)
y = 3 Again differentiating w.r.t. x
y = 3 sin-1 x d2 y
Differentiating w.r.t. x = n2 aenx + n2 be-nx
dx 2
dy 3 = n2 (aenx + be-nx)
 .
dx 1 x2  y = n2 y .

: 18 : QNO: 7 & 8
 Differentation KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

37. If f(x) = 2x2 + 3x - 5, then prove that

f (0) + 3f (-1) = 0 .
Sol: Given f(x) = 2x2 + 3x - 5
Differentiating with respect to x,
f (x) = 2(2x) + 3 = 4x + 3.
Now f (0)  3f ( 1)
= [4(0) + 3] + 3 [4(-1) + 3]
= 3 + (- 3)
= 0.
38. If y = x4 + tanx, then find y .
Sol: Given y = x4 + tanx.
Differentiating with respect to for two
times,
y   4x 3  sec 2 x

d
 
 y   4 3x 2  2 sec x
dx
 sec x 
= 12x2 + 2secx(secx tanx)
= 12x2 + 2sec2 x tanx.
39. If y = axn + 1 + bx-n, then show that
x 2 y = n(n + 1)y..
Sol: Given y = axn + 1 + bx-n
differentiating w.r.t. x successively for 2 times,
y  = a(n + 1)xn + b(-n)x-n - 1
y = a(n + 1) n.xn - 1 + b(-n) [-(n + 1)]x-n - 2
multiplying bothsides by x2,
x2 y = n(n + 1) [a . xn - 1 . x2 + b. x-n - 2 . x2]
= n(n + 1) [a . xn + 1 + b . x-n]
= n(n + 1)y.

: 19 : QNO: 7 & 8
 ERRORS &APPROXIMATIONS
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
4. Find the approximations value of 82
1. Find dy and y = f(x) = x2 + x at x = 10 when
x = 0.1. .
Sol: Given y = x2 + x at x = 10 and x = 0.1 Sol: Let f(x) = x , x+ x = 82
y = f(x +x) - f(x)
= (x + x)2 + (x + x) - (x2 + x) 1
f (x)  , x = 81, x = 1
= x2 + 2x x + (x)2 + x + x - x2 - x 2 x
= 2x x + (x)2 + x Approxmiate value of
= 2(10)(0.1) + (0.1)2 + 0.1 f(x + x)  f(x) + f’(x).x
= 2.11
1
dy = f (x) x, x  x  x  2 x x
dy = (2x + 1) x
dy = {(2) (10) + 1} 0.1 = 2.1 1
81  (1)
82  2 81
 dy 
 Since  2x  1
 d x  1
82  9 + 18
2 Find y and dy
82  9 + (0.0555)
y = x2 + 3x + 6, x = 10, x = 0.01.
Sol: y = f(x + x) - f(x) 82  9.056
= (x + x)2 + 3(x + x) + 6 - (x2 + 3x + 6)
= x2 + (x)2 + 2xx + 3x + 3x + 6 - x2 - 3x - 6 5. Find the approximate value of 3
65 .
= x(x + 2x + 3) Sol: Let f(x) = x =x
3 1/3

= 0.01(0.01 + 20 + 3) 1 2/3
f (x)  x , x + x = 65,
= 0.01 (23.01) 3
= 0.2301 x = 64, x = 1
Approximate value of
dy = f (x) x
f(x + x)  f(x) + f (x) .x
= (2x + 3) x
1 1 2
= (20 + 3) (0.01) 3
x  x  x  3 x x
3 3

= 23(0.01)
1 1 1
= 0.23. (64) 3  x . (1)
3
65  2
3 (64) 3

2(a). If y = 5x2 + 6x + 6, then find y and dy when 1

x = 2, x = 0.001. 3
65 ~ 4 + 48
Ans : 0.026005, 0.0261.
3
65 ~ 4 + 0.0208
3
65 ~ 4 + 0.0208
3 Find y and dy y = ex + x, x = 5 and x = 0.02.
Sol: y = f(x + x) - f(x) 3
65 ~ 4.0208
= (ex+ x + x + x) - (ex + x)
6. If the increase in the side of a square is
= ex+ x + x + x - ex - x
4 %. Then find the approximate percentage
= ex [ex - 1] + x of increase in the area of the square.
= e5 [e0.02 - 1] + 0.02 Sol: Let ‘x’ be the side and ‘A’ be the area of square
dy = f (x) x A = x2
log A = 2log x
= [ex + 1] x By differentiating
= (e5 + 1) x
1 1
= (e5 + 1) (0.02) . A  2. . x
A x
A x
x 100  2. x 100
A x
 2(4)
 8.

: 20 : QNO: 9
 ERRORS &APPROXIMATIONS
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
1
6(a). If the increase in the side of a square is  2 + 4(8)
2%, then find the approximate percentage
of increase in its area. Ans : 4. 1
 2+
32
7. The diameter of a sphere is measured to
 2 + 0.0312.
be 40 cm. If an error of 0.02 cm is made in
it, then find the approximate errors in  4 17  2.0312.
volume and surface area of the sphere.
Sol: let ‘x’ be the diameter 1
x = 40 cm 9. Find y and dy , y = x  2 , x = 8 and x = 0.02.
x = 0.02 cm
Sol: y = f(x + x) - f(x)
4 3 x
Let V r , r= 1 1
3 2 = xx 2  x2
3
4 x
V =    x  2  x   x  2
3 2 =  x   x  2  x  2 
 3 x
V= .x
6 =  x   x  2  x  2 
dV  0.0 2
V  .x =  8  0.0 2  2  8  2 
dx
  0.0 2
V  .3x2.x
6 = 10 10.0 2 
 0.01
 0.0 2
3 (40)2 ( 0.02 )
V  6 = 100.2
2
= 0.0001996
 (1600) (0.01)
dy = f (x) . x
 16 cu.cm.
1
Let ‘S’ be the surface area =  x  22 . x
S = 4r2
1
= .  0.0 2 
2 100
x
S = 4   = - 0.0002.
2
S = x2
10. Find y, dy if y = cosx, x = 600 and x = 10.
dS Sol: y = f(x + x) - f(x)
S  .x
dx
= cos(x + x) - cosx
S  .2x.x
= cos(x + x) - cos 600
S  .2(40) (0.02)
S  1.6 sq.cm. = 0.4848 - 0.5
= 0.0152
8. Find the approximate value of 17 . 4
dy = f (x) . x
Sol: f(x) = 4 x , x + x = 17. = (- sinx) x
x = 16, x = 1.
= - sin 600.10
1
1 1 1
f x  x 4
 3 
4 4.x 3/ 4 = - .
2 180
Now f(x + x)  f(x)  f (x) x = -(0.866). (0.0175)
1 = -0.01516.
4
17  4 16  (1)
4. 16 
3/ 4

: 21 : QNO:9
 ERRORS &APPROXIMATIONS
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

11. Find the approximation for sin 620.

Sol:
Let f(x) = sinx, x + x = 620
f (x) = cos x x = 600

x = 20 = 2. = 2(0.0175) = 0.035
180
Approximate value of
f(x + x)  f(x) + f (x) .x
sin(x + x)  sin x + cos x.x
sin (620)  sin 600 + cos 600 (0.035)
3 1
sin (620)   (0.035)
2 2
sin (620)  0.866 + 0.0175
sin (620)  0.8835.
12. The side of a square is increased from
3 cm to 3.01 cm. Find the approximate
increase in the area of the square.
Sol: Let x be the side of a square and A be its area.
Then A = x2. x = 3cm x = 0.01cm.
dA
A  x
dx
A  2xx
A  2(3) (0.01)  0.06 sq.cm.

13. If y = f(x) = k x n then show that the

approximate relative error (or increase) in
y is n times the relative error (or increase)
in x where n and k are constants.
Sol: Given y = kxn
taking log both sides.
logy = log kxn
logy = log k + logxn
logy = log k + nlogx
on differentiation
1 1
y y  n x  x.
 relative error in y is n times relative error in x.

14. Find the approximate value of 3

999 .
Sol: y = f(x) = x = x , x + x = 999.
3 1/3

1 2/3
f (x)  x , x = 1000, x = -1
3
f(x + x)  f(x) + f (x) x
1
x  x  x + 3x 2 / 3 x
3 1/3

1
3
999  (1000)1/3 + 3 1000 2 / 3 (-1)

1
3
999  10 - 300  9.9967.

: 22 :
QNO: 9
 Mean value theorem KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE

5. Let f(x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3). Prove that there

1. Define Rolle’s mean value theorem. is more than one ‘c’ in (1, 3) such that f (c ) = 0 .
Sol. Rolle’s Theorem:- Sol: f(x) = (x-1) (x-2) (x-3) on [1, 3]
If f : [a, b]  R be a function such that i) clearly f(x) is continuous on [1, 3]
1) f is continuous on [a, b]. ii) f  x = (x - 2) (x - 3) + (x - 1) (x - 3)+(x-1)(x-2)

(
)
= 3x2 - 12x + 11.
2) f is derivable in (a, b).
iii) f(1) = f(3) = 0
3) f (a) = f(b) then there exists c  (a, b) such Rolle’s theorem is applicable.
that f (c) = 0.
1 consider f (x) = 0.
3x2 - 12x + 11 = 0
2. Define Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
12  144  132 1
Sol: Lagrange’s mean value theorem:- x= =2+ (1, 3)
6 3
If a function f : [a, b]  R is
1) continuous on [a, b]. 1
 c  2  (1, 3) such that f (c)  0
2) derivable in (a b), then there exists 3
f(b) f(a)  Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.
c  (a, b) such that f1 (c) = .
b a 1
The roots of f (x)  0 are 2 
3

3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function Both these roots lie in the open interval (1, 3) and
y = f(x) = x2 + 4 in [-3, 3]. are such that the derivative vanishes at these
Sol: f(x) = x2 + 4. on [-3, 3] points.
i) since every polynomial is continous,
f(x) = x2 + 4 is continuous on [-3, 3] 6. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
f(x) = x(x + 3) e-x/2 in [- 3, 0].
ii) f (x) = 2x
Sol: f(x) = x(x + 3) e-x/2
clearly f(x) is differentiable on (-3, 3) Clearly f is continuous in [-3, 0] and differentiable
iii) Further f(3) = f(-3) = 13 in (-3, 0)
Rolle’s theorem is applicable. Also f (- 3) = 0 and f(0) = 0.
cosider f (x) = 0. x x
 1 
2x = 0. and f (x)  x  x  3  e 2    e 2  2x  3  .
x = 0 (-3, 3)  2
  c  0  (-3, 3) such that f (c)  0 1 2x
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies. =
2

e  x 2  3x  4x  6 
1 2x
4. Find the value of ‘c’ in Rolle’s theorem
=
2
e x2  x  6 .
for the function f(x) = x2 - 1 on [-1, 1]. f (x)  0  - x2 + x + 6 = 0
Sol: f(x) = x2 -1. on [-1, 1]
 x = - 2 or 3.
i) since every polynomial is continous,
Of these two values, -2 is in the open interval (- 3,
f(x) = x2 -1 is continuous on [-1, 1]
0) which satisfies the conclusion of Rolle’s
ii) f (x) = 2x theorem.
clearly f(x) is differentiable on (-1, 1)
iii) Further f(1) = f(-1) = 0 7. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f : [- 3,
Rolle’s theorem is applicable. 8]  R be defined by f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6.
cosider f (x) = 0. Sol: f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6, [- 3, 8]
2x = 0. since f(x) is a polynomial, so it is continuous on [-
x = 0 (-1, 1) 3, 8] and differentiable in (-3, 8).
  c  0  (-1, 1) such that f (c)  0 Also f(-3) = 30, f(8) = 30
 f(-3) = f(8)
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.
Thus, f satisfy all conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
f (x)  2x  5 .
Now f (c)  0  2c  5  0 .

: 23 :
QNO: 10
 Mean value theorem
KSJC JUNIOR COLLEGE
5 1
  3, 8 .
c  = log 2
2 c
Hence Rolle’s theorem is verified.
1
8. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function c=
f(x) = log (x2 + 2) - log 3 on [-1, 1]. log 2
Sol: Given f(x) = log(x2+2).log 3 c = log2 e  (1, 2)
i) f(x) is continuous on [-1, 1]. Lagrange’s theorem is verified.
2x
ii) f (x) 
x 2
2

11. Verify the Rolle’s theorem for the function

f(x) is differentiable on (-1, 1)
(x2 -1) (x - 2) on [-1, 2]. Find the point in the
iii) f(-1) = log 3 - log 3 = 0
interval where the derivate vanishes.
f(1) = log 3 - log 3 = 0
Sol: Given f(x) = (x2 - 1) (x - 2) on [-1, 2]
f(-1) = f(1)
i) f(x) is continous on [-1, 2]
 Rolle’s theorem is applicable
consider f (x)  0 ii) f (x)  2x(x  2)  (x 2  1)1
= 2x2 - 4x + x2 -1
2x = 3x2 - 4x - 1
=0
x 2
2
f is differentiable on (-1, 2)
2x = 0 iii) f(-1) = 0, f(2) = 0
x=0  f(-1) = f(2) = 0
 x = 0 (-1, 1)  Rolle’s theorem is applicable
  c  0  (-1, 1) such that f (c)  0 consider f (x)  0
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies. 3x2 - 4x - 1 = 0

9. Verify the conditions of the Lagrange’s 4  16  12 2  7

x=   (-1, 2)
mean value theorem for the function 6 3
f(x)= x2 - 1 on [2, 3].
Sol: Given f(x) = x2 - 1 on [2, 3] 2 7
 c   (-1, 2) such that f (c)  0
i) clearly f(x) is continous on [2, 3] 3
ii) f (x)  2x  Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.
f(x) is differenitable on (2, 3)
12 Find the value of ‘c’ so that
Lagrange’s theorem is applicable
f b -f a
(
)
(
)

f b -f a f c =
(
)
(
)

(
)

where f(x) = ex a = 0, b = 1.
 f  c = b-a
(
)

b-a
Sol: f(x) = ex on [0, 1]
f b -f a
(
)
(
)

f(b) = f(1) = e1
2c =
3-2 f(a) = e0 = 1
2c = 8 - 3 i) f(x) is contunious on [0, 1]
5 ii) f (x)  e x
c=  (2, 3).
2 f(x) is differentiable on (0, 1)
Lagrange’s theorem is verified. Lagrange’s theorem is applicable
f b -f a
(
)
(
)

Given that f  c =
(
)

10. Verify the Lagrange’s mean value theorem

b-a
for the function f(x) = logx on [1, 2].
Sol: Let f(x) = log x on [1, 2] e 1
ec =
i) f(x) is continous on [1, 2] 1 0
1 ec = e - 1
ii) f  x = log e = log (e - 1)
c
(
)

x
f(x) is differenitable on (1, 2) c = log2 (e - 1)  (0,1).

f b -f a
(
)
(
)

consider f  c =
(
)

b-a
1 log2  log1

c 21

: 24 : QNO: 10
: 25 : QNO: 10