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Alcohol abuse
December 5, 2014

Alcohol abuse is the second most common form of substance abuse in the United States,
after tobacco addiction. Some people are more severely affected than others.

When an individual's drinking causes distress or harm, that's called an alcohol use
disorder. An estimated 10% of adult men and 5% of adult women have an alcohol use
disorder. Their use of alcohol leads to health problems or troubles at home, at work, at
school, or with the law. Many of them have lost control of their drinking; they are unable to
stop or cut down despite serious negative health consequences and the loss of valued
activities or relationships.

Why some people abuse alcohol and others don't is not fully understood, but a family
history of addiction to alcohol places a person at higher risk. Children of parents who have
trouble with alcohol have a fourfold increased risk of the disorder.

Heavy drinking can seriously damage the liver, stomach, heart, brain, and nervous system.
It also increases the risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), and esophagus.
Women who drink heavily are at higher risk of developing breast cancer and osteoporosis.
In addition, people who drink heavily may not eat adequately, so they may develop vitamin
and mineral deficiencies.

Although there are many risks to drinking alcohol, there also may be some benefits of
moderate drinking. That means no more than two drinks a day for men and no more than
one drink a day for women. (A drink is defined as 5 ounces of wine, 12 ounces of beer, or 1½
ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits.) Moderate drinking appears to lower the risk of heart
disease, stroke, and other circulatory diseases. There is evidence that a small amount of

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