XAVIER UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENTRAMPAS, MARY LOUISE U.

RELLIN, FRANCIS NIÑO S.
CE 39 Construction Methods and Management
Assignment No. 3

1. Using the formula 10-2 in the book, determine the safe load of an 8-inch square concrete pipe
40 ft. long. The unit weight of the pile is 150 lbs./cu. ft.

Pile Driver: single acting compressed air hammer; rated energy is 15,000 ft.-lbs; ram weight = 5,000
lbs. weight of driving appurtenances = 2,000 lbs. ; average penetration last six blows = ¼ in./blow.

Weight of Pile=
[ ]
( 8) ( 8)
144
( 40 )( 150 ) =2666.67 lb

W p =2666.67+1000=3666.67 lb

2666.67
Weight per foot of pile= =66.67 lb/ft
40

; therefore , K =0.4
S=0.25∈./blow

2E W r+ K W p
R=( )( )
S +0.1 W r +W p

R= ( (0.25+0.1 )( 5000+3666.67 )
2 ) (15000 ) 5000+ ( 0.4 )( 3666.67 )

R=63,956.03lb

2. a. How does a pile support applied load?

Piles support applied load from buildings by assisting in the transfer of loads to deeper and
stronger layers of soil or rock beneath.

b. What is the difference between a precast concrete pile and a Franki pile?

Precast concrete piles have high strength and resistance to decay. They also require proper
handling and care due to their brittleness and lack of tensile strength. Franki Piles on the
other hand have a different way of installation. They are also concrete piles which have a
bulb or enlarged base that is formed during driving. This increases the effectiveness of the
pile as an end bearing pile. It follows a more complicated process of installation than the
precast concrete piles, where zero-slump concrete is placed into the driving tube and driving
 both the concrete plug and the drive tube simultaneously using a drop hammer operating
inside the drive tube.

3. Give 4 defects in concrete construction. What are the causes of these defects and how can these
be corrected?

a. Unstable form bracing, and poor form alignment evidenced by form bulging, spreading,
or inaccurately aligned members. To prevent these, forms must be aligned both
horizontally and vertically and braced to remain in alignment. Form alignment should be
continuously monitored during concrete placement, and adjustments made if necessary.

b. Inadequate compaction (mechanical vibration, rodding, or spading)

c. Uneven floor slab finishes

d. Inadequate curing of floor slabs

4. What are the purpose or use of the following in concrete construction: a. construction joint b.
expansion joint c. control joints.

a. Construction Joints – is a type of concrete joint that is used when a new section of
concrete is poured adjacent to another concrete section that has already set. The purpose of a
construction joint is to allow for some horizontal movement, while being rigid against rotational and
vertical movement. Construction joints prevent the premature failure of the concrete structure.

b. Expansion Joints – Concrete is not an elastic substance, and therefore it does not bend or
stretch without failure. However, concrete moves during expansion and shrinkage, due to which the
structural elements shift slightly. To prevent harmful effects due to concrete movement, several
expansion joints are incorporated in concrete construction, including foundations, walls, roof
expansion joints, and paving slabs. It is placed in concrete to prevent expansive cracks formed due to
temperature change. Concrete undergoes expansion due to high temperature when in a confined
boundary which leads to cracks. Expansion joints are provided in slabs, pavements, buildings,
bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and other structures.

c. Control Joints - Control joints are used to relieve stress induced by small amounts of
movement caused by shrinkage during curing or small expansion and contraction movements as the
result of absorption and expulsion of moisture in concrete or masonry.

5. Give at least 3 precautions to be observed in placing and consolidating concrete in vertical

forms.

a. Prepare the underlying surface and the interior of all concrete forms.

b. Concrete forms must be clean and tight.

c. Interior surfaces must be coated with form oil or parting agent to allow removal of
the form from the hardened concrete without damaging the surface of the concrete.

6. Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete compared to cast in
place concrete.
 The advantage of prestressed concrete is that smaller, lighter members can be used in
supporting given loads. It also reduces the amount of deflection in a beam. Any cracking will
remain closed up and not be apparent. The disadvantage comes at a higher material,
equipment, and labor cost involved in its production.

7. What are the principal requirements for concrete formwork?

Concrete formwork should be safe, produce the desired shape and surface texture, and be
economical.

8. In excavation for foundation describe briefly 2 ways to protect workers from cave-ins?

a. Sloping and benching follows the rules of OSHA whenever workers are required to
be in an excavation. Sloping and benching specifications listed on the table depend
on the soil or rock type. Foor excavations greater than 20 ft deep must be designed
by a registered professional engineer.

b. Support the sides of the excavation by shoring. Shoring provides lateral support to
the sides of an excavation. The shoring system is essentially a cofferdam, a structure
designed to keep water and/or soil out of an excavation area.

9. What is the purpose of pressure grouting into soil or rock? Describe 3 methods of grouting.

Pressure grouting into soil or rock leads to increases in strength or stability, it protects
foundations, or reduces groundwater flow.

Methods of Grouting:

a. Slurry Grouting – involves the injection of a slurry consisting of water and a grouting
agent into soil or rock. One of the common materials for grouting includes Portland
cement, clay, fly ash, sand, lime, and additives. The usage of such materials depends on
the kind of soil. For gravel and coarse sand, use Portland cement. For medium and fine
sands, microfine cement is used. To control swelling of expansive clays and stabilize low-
strength soils, lime slurries are used.

b. Chemical Grouting – this method of grouting follows a process of injecting a chemical

into the soil. It is used mainly in sands and fine gravel to cement the soil particles
together for structural support or to control water flow.

c. Compaction Grouting – In this method, very stiff mortar grout is injected into a soil to
compact and strengthen it. Again, grouting materials for this method include silty sand,
cement, fly ash, additives, and water. Compaction grouting can create grout bulbs or
grout piles in the soil which serve to densify the soil and provide foundation support.
This method is also used to raise foundations that have settled back to their original
elevation.