Movement disorder

Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of neurological conditions characterized by

abnormal, involuntary movements or impaired voluntary movements. Parkinsonism, a
prevalent movement disorder, manifests with cardinal features such as bradykinesia (slowed
movements), rigidity (increased resistance to passive movement), and tremor. Rigidity,
distinct from spasticity, involves increased resistance to passive movement in both
directions, while spasticity primarily exhibits increased resistance in one direction.

Tremor, a hallmark of Parkinsonism, presents as involuntary, rhythmic oscillations of a body

part, occurring either during action (kinetic/postural tremor) or at rest (resting tremor).
Distinguishing tremor types aids in diagnosis, ranging from essential tremor to Parkinson's
disease-related tremor.

Dystonia, another movement disorder, entails intermittent or sustained muscle contractions

leading to abnormal postures or repetitive movements. Sensory tricks, such as the antagonist
gesture, where an action alleviates dystonic postures, are characteristic. Dystonia can be
task-specific, further complicating its presentation.

Chorea, derived from the Latin word for dance, manifests as brief, irregular, and
unpredictable movements. Hemiballismus represents a variant characterized by wild, flinging
movements, often unilateral.

Tics, sudden, rapid, recurrent movements, are individually recognizable and may be
accompanied by vocalizations like coprolalia (involuntary swearing) or echolalia (repeating
others' words). Premonitory urges often precede tic expression.

Myoclonus, characterized by brief, shock-like muscle contractions, exhibits both negative

(cessation of ongoing movement) and positive (additional movement) manifestations.
Understanding the nuances of these movement disorders aids in accurate diagnosis and
tailored management strategies for affected individuals.

Examination (special tests and ct scan

Treatment