Crafting a Fiber Optic Gyroscope Thesis: Navigating Challenges

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People can use the direction of gyro to identify direction, determine attitude, calculate angular
velocity. It generates uniform heating in a highly consistent and repeatable manner, and provides
high splice strength, typically from 100 kpsi to 200 kpsi depending on fiber diameter. Measuring the
phase shift between the two beams reveals changes in orientation.Objects being free to rotate in three
dimensions, iXblue’s Fiber-optic based inertial navigation systems contains three FOG gyroscopes,
measuring rotations on those three different axis. It is important that splices do not add significantly
to the intrinsic fiber PER. Minimizing return loss from all surfaces (splices in particular) needs to be
managed in production. They can measure anything which changes the way light travels through the
fiber, or alters the light’s properties. This can enable either higher sensitivity in the same package as a
current design, or similar sensitivity in a smaller package. It improved upon the first generation with
a hybrid approach using an analog signal in the coil with digital signal processing. Overall, they hope
that the current results represent an important first step toward achieving the ultimate sensitivity
limits in fiber-optic gyroscopes. The method is well known for the resulting quality and performance
of the recoat, and for its manufacturing longevity. For more information, contact Dan Bowden of
Vytran at This email address is being protected from spambots. To work as a team. Complete
assigned activity’s on schedule. The resultant differential phase shift is measured using
interferometry in FOG. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely,
please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. FOG Requirements and Splicing Techniques
PER Figure 2. Sagnac in 1913, that is, the phase difference between two light waves propagating in
opposite directions along a closed loop is proportional to the input angular velocity in the normal
direction of the closed optical path. The fiber ends are then cleaved using a tension-and-scribe
technique, critical for producing the low cleave angle and high facet quality required to achieve a
high strength splice. Previously, the relatively large size and high cost of the optical components
required to realize a closed-loop FOG (transceiver source and detector elements, lithium-niobate
optical phase modulators, and polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber) has limited their use to mostly
the high-performance applications in low volumes, such as spacecraft and aircraft navigation and
attitude control. 21st-Century Compact FOG Design Figure 4. For autonomous navigating vehicles
operating in GPS-denied environments, such as underwater or in urban settings with the possibility
of jamming, the requirements on drift-rate can be significantly better than 1 degree per hour. As the
individual photons pass through the device, their discrete nature means that the flow is not perfectly
smooth, resulting in white noise. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high
volume of messages. Also, slew-rates for gyros in autonomous vehicle applications can be very high
and exceed the capabilities of many gyro systems. Figure 1. Block diagram of a typical fiber optic
gyro. Autonomous vehicles place tough demands on gyroscope technology, including extreme
ruggedness, small-size, light-weight, low-cost, and low power operation. The surrounding case is a
metal construction resistant to parasitic magnetic fields. Finally, fiber management is done before
and after the full FOG splice process, which leads to a high utilization efficiency and high ROI. This
is why FOGs equip systems operating in extreme environments or expecting high resistance from
their sensors: satellites, strategic submarines, long-range artillery, extreme deep-water robots and
vehicles. Boreas is the first product to be released that is based on Advanced Navigation’s new
DFOG (Digital Fibre Optic Gyroscope) technology, which is the culmination of 25 years of
development involving two research institutions. Adopting miniaturized high-precision three-axis
fiber optic gyro and high-precision quartz flexible accelerometer, it achieves rapid north seeking
under the shaking pedestal, and can be maintained after entering the compass mode, then keep
azimuth and horizontal attitude accuracy. 5.Strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS): High-
precision three-axis fiber optic gyroscopes and high-precision quartz flexible accelerometers
implement north seeking and positioning. The duration of time required for operation in a GPS-
denied environment, combined with the motions executed by the platform and the azimuth accuracy
requirement over the mission duration, drive the requirements on the gyroscope drift rate. Neither
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Emcore’s FOG transceiver, utilizing patented technology, provides high optical efficiency (typically
four times greater than traditional designs). It is important that splices do not add significantly to the
intrinsic fiber PER. Individual 40mm-diameter fibers are difficult for a technician to work with, so a
minimalist approach to fiber handling is even more essential. The Boreas is an ultra-high accuracy,
strategic-grade INS, offering a 40% reduction in size, weight, power, and cost relative to competing
systems. Vytran’s FAS-3000 is a fiber splicing workstation that can fully automate the process and
the entire splice sequence (strip, clean, cleave, align, splice, recoat, and proof test) can take less than
two minutes. In order to develop such a compact transceiver without sacrificing performance, a new
lens mounting technology was developed that allows sub-micron lens positioning in the context of
an optical package. The preferred method is thermo mechanical stripping (TMS). DFOG was created
to meet the demand for smaller and more cost-effective FOGs, while increasing reliability and
accuracy. Summary Autonomous vehicles require gyroscopes that are high-performance, light-
weight, low-power, rugged and low cost. Yields can also improve as operator variability is
eliminated, and final quality can be improved by the 100%-in-situ proof testing. A rich, responsive
embedded web interface provides full access to all of the device’s internal functions and data. It also
allows a smaller FOG with less coil length to achieve the accuracy of one with a longer coil. Split the
radiation from the light source into two counter propagating waves viz.Ilockwise and counter
clockwise, in the fiber coil and to recombine the waves,Ifter propagation, on a photodetector (PD).
For each axis, a FOG uses a transmitter to generate a beam of light into a fiber. Back-reflections can
either be intrinsic to the fiber (Rayleigh scattering) or extrinsic (reflections from interfaces). Three
possible options to join fiber, depending on application. Any automation platform must maintain the
advantages of the current workstation approach, while offering high performance, scalability, and
excellent return on investment (ROI). Active feedback on the alignment is not necessary as the end
face alignment on this system provides ample performance on PER and loss. PM fiber has a “fast
axis” and a “slow axis” (birefringence). For high-precision applications in high-dynamic
environments with severe thermal excursions, shock and vibration, FOGs are a highly-desirable
navigation solution, but high-precision FOGs have heretofore been too expensive for most volume
applications. The rapid development of the field has greatly improved the stability and reliability of
optical components. The recent focus of technology development has been on bringing the cost of
high-precision FOGs down to the point where they are a viable alternative to RLG technology. It has
a vital military role and has an irreplaceable advantage in the civilian field. It consists: optical
detector: converts the incoming optical signal into an electrical signal. The loop is closed by driving
the integrated optical phase modulator with a voltage ramp whose slope is proportional to rotation
rate. A modern FOG combines the transmitter and receiver functions into one integrated transceiver
package for each axis as shown in Figure 2 (a complete FOG system usually includes three sensors
aligned with pitch, roll and yaw). People can use the direction of gyro to identify direction,
determine attitude, calculate angular velocity. In a new study, physicists have experimentally
demonstrated for the first time that using entangled photons overcomes this classical limit, called the
shot-noise limit, and achieves a level of precision that would not be possible with classical light. The
primary parameter of interest for PM fiber is crosstalk or Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER). This
article was written by David Douglass, Ph.D., and Jean-Michel Pelaprat, Vytran (Morganville, NJ).
There is demand for smaller diameter fibers to miniaturize FOG designs and some fibers as small as
40mm in diameter are now commercially available. This level of integration and performance is
achieved through the use of an InP semiconductor optical transceiver, a lithium-niobate optical
modulator, and closed-loop DSP-based electronics. Leveraging the massive prior investment in
telecom packaging technology is key to keeping the cost of the FOG components as low as possible,
and enabling a new generation of affordable FOGs. During power-up north search, the gyro rotates
at a high speed, so it cannot be moved during the north seeking process. 2.Inertial navigation
system(INS): Without any satellite navigation information, it is usually using gyro and acceleration
sensor(accelerometer) to realize autonomous navigation device. It is also known as fiber optic
rotation sensor.The Sagnac effect depends on effective area of the closed optical path. Light from
the source is injected into the fiber in counter-propagating directions using the optical coupler. Due
to the relatively short fiber lengths used in FOGs (compared to telecommunications networks),
power loss is usually not a critical parameter. In a new study, physicists have experimentally
demonstrated for the first time that using entangled photons overcomes this classical limit, called the
shot-noise limit, and achieves a level of precision that would not be possible with classical light. At
the Applied Metrology Laboratory, we leverage digital interferometric methods to develop high
performance, low cost fibre optic gyroscopes. Novel materials and material structures have made it
possible to improve the wavelength stability of our devices by a factor of four compared with
conventional devices. The resultant differential phase shift is measured using interferometry in FOG.
The primary parameter of interest for PM fiber is crosstalk or Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER).
Summary Autonomous vehicles require gyroscopes that are high-performance, light-weight, low-
power, rugged and low cost. To avoid this effect, single mode polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber is
generally used. Three sensors are mainly used to measure angular velocity viz.iiber optic gyroscope
(FOG), ring laser gyroscope (RLG) and The measurement of angular velocity is used in various
applications ranging from missile It mentions Fiber Optic Gyroscope advantages or benefits and
Fiber Optic Gyroscope disadvantages or drawbacks. The Boreas is targeted at applications requiring
always available, ultra-high accuracy orientation and navigation including marine, surveying, subsea,
aerospace, robotics, and space.Idvanced Navigation’s CEO, Xavier Orr said “Boreas is the first
product on the market to offer our patent-pending DFOG technology. The amplitude noise
requirement also places stringent requirements on the low-noise performance of the electrical current
driver of the SLED. Fiber lengths from 200m to 1.2 Km have been demonstrated utilizing exactly the
same optical components and DSP-electronics, with only simple changes to the firmware of the DSP
required to accommodate different fiber lengths. This algorithm is more intelligent than the typical
extended Kalman filter and is able to extract significantly more information from the data by making
use of human inspired artificial intelligence. In order to develop such a compact transceiver without
sacrificing performance, a new lens mounting technology was developed that allows sub-micron lens
positioning in the context of an optical package. Future Trends Miniaturization Figure 4. 40-mm fiber
pre- and post-splice Typical FOGs are currently produced using 80-mm-diameter PM fiber. Optical
fiber splicing and related processes are at the core of this achievement. We are trusted by over 60
navies and armies worldwide and provide a wide range of high-performance and reliable solutions.
It is highly raliable and offers longer life time. ?Since it is a solid state device with no moving part
nor sealed cavity. The application of fiber optic gyroscope is mainly embodied in three aspects of
positioning, attitude control and absolute measurement. For maximum performance, active feedback
alignment is an option. The FOG with scanning phase-shift demodulates technology based on anti-
noise filter circuit improvement of DSP algorithm is proposed in this paper. A FOG's precision is
limited by several sources of noise, with the major contributor being shot noise. Although the shot
noise can be decreased by increasing the power (the rate of photons passing through), a higher power
increases other types of noise, resulting in a trade-off. For each axis, a FOG uses a transmitter to
generate a beam of light into a fiber.