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Valve material and valve standards- detailed version.

What material is WCB/LCB/LCC/WC6/WC in the valve?

W, wrought casting; C, Carbon steel; A, B, C indicate the strength value of

steel grades from low to high.

WCA, WCA, WCC represent carbon steel, ABC represents the strength level,
and WCB is commonly used. The corresponding pipe material of WCB should
be A106B, and the corresponding forging material should be A105.
WC6 is an alloy steel casting, the corresponding pipe material is about A355
P11, and the forging is A182 F11; there is also WC9, high temperature
resistant alloy steel, the corresponding pipe material is about A355 P22, and
the corresponding forging is A182 F22.
WC: weldable casting
LCB/LCC (ASTM A352) low temperature carbon steel
ITCS is carbon steel with impact toughness; impact test C=carbon S=steel
(A350)
Split body split type, side entry side mounted (referring to the actuator),
corresponding to TOP entry top mounted type

Commonly used valve casting and forging carbon steel material table:

material country standard material grade name

WCA WCB WCC
China GB/T 12229
ZG205-415 ZG250-485 ZG275-485
Casting
WCA WCB WCC
USA ASTM A216/A216M
UNS J02502 UNS J03002 UNS J02503
GB/T 12228 GB/T
China 25 25Mn 35 40 A105
Forged 699
USA ASTM A105/A105M A105
Low temperature casting parts material name and temperature range
C C C-Mn C-Mo 2.5Ni Ni-Cr-Mo 3.5Ni 4.5Ni 9Ni Cr-Ni-Mo
LCA LCB LCC LC1 LC2 LC2-1 LC3 LC4 LC9 CA6NM
J02504 J03303 J02505 J12522 J22500 j42215 j31550 j41500 j31300 j91540
-32 -46 -46 -59 -73 -73 -101 -115 -115 -73
Commonly used valve ASTM Casting and Forged material sheet (ASME B16.5)
ASTM Casting ASTM Forged China name Temp °C suitable medium
Carbon steel
water,steam,air,petroleum
A216 WCB A105 20 -29/427
products
Low temp Carbon steel
A352 LCB A350 LF2 16Mn -46/343

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A352 LCC A350 LF2 16Mn -46/343

High temp alloy
High temp, High pressure
A217 WC1 A182 F1 20MnMo -29/454
medium
High temp, High pressure
A217 WC6 A182 F11 15CrMo -29/552
medium
High temp, High pressure
A217 WC9 A182 F22 10Cr2Mo1 -29/593
medium
Corrosive high temperature
A217 C5 A182 F5 1Cr5Mo -29/650
medium
High sulfur oxidizing
A217 C12 A182 F9 Cr9Mo1 -29/593
medium
Martensitic stainless steel
High sulfur oxidizing
A217 CA15 A182 F6a Cr9Mo1 -29/593
medium
Austenitic stainless steel（C≤0.08）
A351 CF8 A182 F304 0Cr18Ni9 -196/537 corrosive medium
A351 CF3 A182 F304L -196/425 corrosive medium
A351 CF8M A182 F316 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti -196/537 corrosive medium
A351 CF3M A182 F316L -196/425 corrosive medium
low carbon Austenitic stainless steel（C≤0.03）
A351 CF3 A182 F304L 00Cr18Ni10 -0.459016393 corrosive medium
A351 CF3M A182 F316L 00Cr18Ni14Mo2 -196/454 corrosive medium
Special alloy
Oxidizing medium and
B462Gr.NO8020
A351 CN7M -29/149 various concentrations of
(ALLOY20)
sulfuric acid
A494 M-30C Hydrofluoric acid, Sea
B4564 Gr.NO4400 -29/482
(Monel alloy) water
Strong corrosive medium
Hastelloy H.B
such as dilute sulfuric
H.C
acid

Notes:
1. Forged valve body material is dense, not easy to have defects, the structure
size is not limited by the mold, and the pressure bearing performance is
reliable. It is mostly used for high pressure, oxygen working conditions, small
diameter or other small batch valve manufacturing, generally at high
temperature, Choose forgings under high pressure or low temperature or
special medium; castings are generally only suitable for medium and low
pressure, and are mostly used for mass production of standardized molded
valves.

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2. The difference between material A351 CF3M and A182 F316L: the
materials corresponding to the two standards are 316 stainless steel. CF3M
stands for castings and is often used as valve material. The corresponding
forging steel code is A182 F316L. ASTM A216 WCB is a casting, and its
forging is A105; the casting of SS304 is A351-CF8, and the forging is
A182-F304.

Selection of valve material:

There are many materials for manufacturing valve parts, including various
types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys, and various
non-metallic materials. The materials for manufacturing valve parts are
selected according to the following factors:
1. The pressure, temperature and characteristics of the working medium.
2. The force of the part and its function in the valve structure.
3. Have better manufacturability.
4. If the above conditions are met, there must be a lower cost.

Section one: the material of the valve body, bonnet and valve plate
1. Gray cast iron: Gray cast iron is suitable for water, steam, air, gas, oil and
other media with a nominal pressure of PN≤1.0MPa and a temperature of
-10°C–200°C. The commonly used grades of gray cast iron are: HT200,
HT250, HT300, HT500.

2.. Malleable cast iron: suitable for water, steam, air and oil media with a
nominal pressure of PN≤2.5Mpa and a temperature of -30-300°C. Commonly
used grades are: KTH300-06, KTH330-08, KTH350-10.

3. Nodular cast iron: suitable for water, steam, air and oil with PN≤4.0Mpa and
temperature of -30-350°C. Commonly used grades are: QT400-15, QT450-10,
QT500-7.

4. Carbon steel (WCA, WCB, WCC): Suitable for nominal pressure PN≤32MPa,
suitable for medium and high pressure valves with operating temperature
between -29°C and +425°C. Among them, 16Mn and 30Mn work at -29-595°C,
and are often used to replace ASTM A105. Commonly used grades are WC1,
WCB, ZG25 and high-quality steel 20, 25, 30 and low-alloy structural steel
16Mn.

5. Low temperature carbon steel (LCB): suitable for ethylene, propylene, liquid
natural gas, liquid nitrogen and other media with nominal pressure
PN≤6.4MPa and temperature ≥-196°C. Commonly used grades are
ZG1Cr18Ni9, 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, ZG0Cr18Ni9.

6. Alloy steel (WC6, WC9), suitable for high temperature and high pressure
valves with non-corrosive medium working temperature between -29-595°C;

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WC5, WC9 are suitable for working temperature between -29-659°C High
temperature and high pressure valves for corrosive media.

7. Austenitic stainless steel, suitable for valves with corrosive media with
working temperature between -196-600°C.
Eight. Monel alloy: mainly suitable for valves with hydrofluoric medium.
nine. Cast copper alloy: Mainly suitable for valves for oxygen pipelines whose
operating temperature is between -29 and 595°C

Fig.1-1 Commonly used valve body material:

valve body material standard temp PN/Mpa medium

Grey cast Iron -15/200 ≤1.6 water,gas
Black Heart Malleable
-15/300 ≤2.5 water, seawater, gas, Ammonia
Cast Iron
ductile cast iron -30/350 ≤4.0 water,seawater,gas,air,steam
carbon steel
ASTM A216 -29/425 ≤32 non-corrosive water, oil, gas
(WCA,WCB,WCC)
Low temp carbon steel
ASTM A352 -46/345 ≤32 low temp application
(LCB,LCC)
Alloy（WC6，WC9，C5， -29/595 High
ASTM A217 non-corrosive corrosive medium
C12） -29/650 pressure
Austenitic stainless
ASTM A351 -196/600 corrosive medium
steel
Monel alloy ASTM A494 400 Hydrofluoric acid medium
Strong corrosive medium such as
Hastelloy ASTM A494 649
dilute sulfuric acid
Titanium alloy Various strong corrosive media
Cast copper alloy -273/200 Oxygen, sea water
Plastic, Ceramic -60 ≤1.6 corrosive medium

Name material standard temp range °C application

non-corrosive water, oil
WCB carbon steel ASTM A216 -29/425
and gas
low temp carbon
LCB ASTM A352 -46/345 low temp applicaion
steel
LC3 3.5% nickel steel ASTM A352 -101/340 low temp applicaion
1.25% chromium,
WC6 non-corrosive water, oil
0.5% molybdenum ASTM A217 -30/593
and gas
WC9 2.25% chromium
5% chromium,0.5%
C5
molybdenum light or non-corrosive
ASTM A217 -30/649
9% chromium 1% application
C12
molybdenum

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CA15(4) 12% chromium ASTM A217 704 corrosive application

CA6NM(4) 12% chromium ASTM A487 -30/482 corrosive application
corrosive,ultra low/high
stainless steel -268/649 when <425,
CF8M ASTM A351 temp with no corrosive
316 need C=0.04% info
application
stainless steel -268/649 when <425, high temp, corrosive
CF8C ASTM A351
347 need C=0.04% info application
corrosive,ultra low/high
stainless steel -268/649 when <425,
CF8 ASTM A351 temp with no corrosive
304 need C=0.04% info
application
stainless steel
CF3 ASTM A351 425 corrosive or non-corrosive
304L
stainless steel
CF3M ASTM A351 454 corrosive or non-corrosive
316L
Good resistance to hot
CN7M alloy ASTM A351 425
sulfuric acid corrosion

Weldable grade, good

resistance to common
M35-1 monel ASTM A494 400 organic acid and salt water
corrosion, resistance to
most alkaline solutions
Suitable for treating
various concentrations and
temperatures of
N7M Hastelloy B ASTM A494 649 hydrofluoric acid, with
good resistance to
corrosion by sulfuric acid
and phosphoric acid
Very good resistance to
strong oxidation,
resistance to phosphoric
CW6M Hastelloy C ASTM A494 649
acid, sulfurous acid and
sulfuric acid at high
temperatures
Resistant to strong
CY40 Inconel alloy ASTM A494 corrosive fluids at high
temperatures

Section 2: Sealing surface material

The sealing surface is the most critical working surface of the valve. The
quality of the sealing surface is related to the service life of the valve.
Generally, the sealing surface material considers factors such as corrosion

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resistance, scratch resistance, erosion resistance, and oxidation resistance.

Generally, sealing surface materials are divided into two categories:
1. Soft materials

 1. Rubber (including nitrile rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, fluorine

rubber, etc.)

 2. Plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, etc.)

2. Hard sealing material

 1. Copper alloy (for low pressure valve)

 2. Chrome stainless steel (used for ordinary high and medium pressure
valves)

 3. Stellite alloy (used for high temperature and high pressure valves and
strong corrosion valves)

 4. Nickel-based alloy (used for corrosive media)

Section 3: Valve Stem Material

During the opening and closing of the valve, the valve stem bears tensile,
compressive and torsional forces, and is in direct contact with the medium. At
the same time, there is relative frictional movement with the packing. Therefore,
the valve stem material must ensure sufficient strength at the specified
temperature And impact toughness, a certain degree of corrosion resistance
and abrasion resistance, and good manufacturability. Commonly used valve
stem materials are as follows:
1. Carbon steel: For water with low temperature and medium temperature not
exceeding 300°C, when steam medium, A5 ordinary carbon steel is generally
selected (now Q275, A3 is Q235)
2. Alloy steel: For medium pressure and high pressure, when the medium
temperature does not exceed 450°C, 40Cr (chromium steel) is generally used
when the medium temperature does not exceed 450°C. Water, the medium
temperature does not exceed 540°C For steam and other media, 38CrMoAlA
nitriding steel can be selected; for high-pressure steam media with a medium
temperature not exceeding 570°C, 25Cr2MoVA chromium molybdenum
vanadium steel is generally selected.
3. Stainless and acid-resistant steel: used for medium and high pressure,
non-corrosive and weakly corrosive media with a medium temperature not
exceeding 450°C. 1Cr13, 2Cr13, 3Cr13 chromium stainless steel can be
selected; when used in corrosive media, it can be used Use Cr17Ni2,
1Cr18Ni9Ti, Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti and other stainless
acid-resistant steels and PH15-7Mo precipitation hardening steels.
4. Heat-resistant steel: 4Cr10Si2Mo martensitic heat-resistant steel and

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4Cr14Ni14W2Mo austenitic heat-resistant steel can be used for

high-temperature valves whose medium temperature does not exceed 600°C.

Section 4: Valve Stem Nut Material

The stem nut directly bears the axial force of the stem during the opening and
closing of the valve, so it must have a certain strength. At the same time, it and
the valve stem are threaded transmission, which requires a small coefficient of
friction, no rust and avoid seizure. The main materials are as follows:
1. Copper alloy: Copper alloy has a small friction coefficient and does not rust.
It is one of the commonly used materials. For low pressure valves with
Pg<1.6Mpa, ZHMn58-2-2 cast brass can be used.
2. Steel: When the working conditions do not allow the use of copper alloys,
high-quality carbon steels such as 35, 40, 2Cr13, 1Cr18Ni9, Cr17Ni2 and other
stainless and acid-resistant steels can be selected. The working conditions do
not allow the following:
For electric valves, stem nuts with gua-shaped clutches require heat treatment
to obtain high hardness or surface hardness.
When the working medium or the surrounding environment is not suitable for
copper alloys, such as ammonia medium that is corrosive to copper.
When selecting steel stem nuts, pay special attention to thread seizure.

Fastener materials: Fasteners mainly include bolts, studs and nuts. The
fastener directly bears the pressure on the valve, which plays a key role in
preventing the outflow of the medium. Therefore, the selected material must
ensure sufficient strength and impact toughness at the operating temperature.

When selecting fastener materials according to medium pressure and

temperature, the following table can be selected:

medium temp /°C

Name Pn(Mpa)
300 350 400 425 450 530
1.6-2.5 Q235(A3) 35 30CrMoA -
bolt
4.0-10.0 35 35CrMoA 25Cr2MoVA
Stud bolt
16.0-20.0 30CrMoA 35CrMoA 25Cr2MoVA
1.6-2.5 Q235(A3) 30 35
nut 4.0-10.0 30 35 35CrMoA
16.0-20.0 35 35CrMoA
Heat treatment must be carried out when selecting alloy steel materials. When
there are special corrosion resistance requirements for fasteners, stainless
acid-resistant steels such as Cr17Ni2, 2Cr13, 1Cr18Ni9 can be selected.

Packing /Filler material:

On the valve, the packing is used to fill the space of the valve cover packing
chamber to prevent the medium from leaking through the valve stem and the
bonnet packing chamber.

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ductile iron, DI, butterfly valve, manufacturer, center line, TH valve

Requirements for packing.

 1. Good corrosion resistance, the filler must be able to withstand the

corrosion of the medium in contact with the medium.
 2. Good airtightness, the packing will not leak under the action of the
medium and working temperature.
 3. The friction coefficient is small to reduce the friction torque between
the valve stem and the packing.

Types of filler:

1. Soft filler: it is a string woven from plant matter, that is hemp, flax, cotton,
jute, etc., or mineral, that is, asbestos fiber, or asbestos fiber with metal wire
inside and graphite powder coated on the outside. Pressed molding fillers, and
flexible graphite filler materials developed in recent years.
Vegetable packing is often used for low pressure valves below 100°C; mineral
packing can be used for valves with 450-500°C. In recent years, the
temperature of structural media using rubber O-rings as fillers is generally
limited to below 60°C.
The packing on the high temperature and high pressure valve is also made of
pure asbestos and flake graphite powder.

2. Hard filler: that is, filler made of metal or metal mixed with asbestos and
graphite and filler formed by pressing and sintering of PTFE, metal filler is used
less.

Selection of filling material:

The choice of packing should be based on the medium, temperature and
pressure. The commonly used materials are as follows:

 1. Oil-impregnated asbestos rope, can be selected according to Table

5-2
 2. Rubber asbestos rope, can be selected according to 5-3
 3. Graphite asbestos rope: The asbestos rope is coated with graphite
powder, the usable temperature is above 450°C, and the pressure can

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reach 16MPA, which is generally suitable for high-pressure steam. Lately, it

gradually adopts the compressed herringbone type packing, which is
placed in a single circle and has good sealing performance.
 4. Polytetrafluoroethylene: This is a kind of filler that is currently widely
used. Especially suitable for corrosive media, but the temperature should
not exceed 200°C. Generally, it is made by pressing or rod car.

Fig.5-2:

Grade Max Pressure max

Material shape size(dia or square) application
name kgf/cm2 temp/ °C
3,4,5,6,8,10,13,16
F
,19,22,25
5,6,8,10,13,16,19,
YS450 Y 60 450
22,25
water,
Oil-impregnated 3,5,6,8,10,13,16,1
N steam,air,petro
asbestos rope 9,22,25
leum products
3,5,6,8,10,13,16,1
YS350 F,Y,N 45 350
9,22,25
3,5,6,8,10,13,16,1
YS250 F,Y,N 45 250
9,22,25
Note: The shape code F means square, through the heart or one or more
layers of weaving; Y means round, with a twisted core in the middle and one
or more layers of weaving on the outside; N means twisted.
Fig.5-3:
Max
Grade
Material size(dia or square) Pressure max temp/ °C application
name
kgf/cm2
Rubber, XS450 60 450
steam,petroleum
asbestos, XS350 3,4,5,6,8,10,13,16,19,22,25,28 45 350
products
packing XS250 45 250

Valve Gasket material:

The gasket is used to fill all the unevenness between the two joint surfaces
(such as the sealing surface between the valve body and the bonnet) to
prevent the medium from leaking between the joint surfaces.

1. Requirements for gaskets: The gasket material has a certain degree of

elasticity, plasticity and sufficient strength at working temperature to ensure
sealing. At the same time, it must have good corrosion resistance.

2. Types and selection of gasket materials: gaskets are divided into two types:
soft and hard. The soft is generally non-metallic materials, such as cardboard,

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rubber, asbestos rubber sheet, and PTFE. Hardness is generally metal

material or metal-coated asbestos, metal and asbestos entangled, etc.

There are many forms of gaskets, including flat, round, oval, tooth-shaped,
lens-shaped and other special shapes.
Metal gaskets are generally made of 08, 10, 20 high-quality carbon steel and
1Cr13, 1Cr18Ni9 stainless steel, which require high machining accuracy and
surface finish, and are suitable for high temperature and high pressure valves.
Non-metallic gasket materials generally have good plasticity and can be
sealed with less pressure, which is suitable for low temperature and low
pressure valves.
The gasket material can be selected according to Table 5-4.

Table 5-4:
Gasket material medium Pressure/Mpa Temp/°C
cardboard water, oil ≤10 40
Oil-impregnated cardboard water, oil ≤10 40
rubber board water,air ≤6 50
asbestos board steam, gas ≤6 450
PTFE corrosive ≤25 200
water steam, air,
rubber asbestos board XB-450 ≤60 450
gas
water steam, air,
XB-350 ≤40 350
gas
water steam, air,
XB-250 ≤15 200
gas
Oil-resistant rubber asbestos
oil 160 30
sheet
08 steel and XB-450 filling steam 100 450
08 steel and XB-350 filling steam 40 350
1Cr13,0Cr13 and asbestos filling steam 100 600
08 steel and oil-resistant rubber
oil 100 350
and asbestos filling
copper water steam,air 100 250
aluminium water steam,air 64 350
10steel, 20steel water steam, oil 2-- 450
1Cr13 steam 200 550
1Cr3Ni9 steam 200 600
Attached Table 1-2 Common Materials for Valve Trim:
internal parts suitable internal parts suitable
material temp/°C material temp/°C
304 -268/316 SS440 60RC -29/427

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316 -268/316 17-4PH -40/427

bronze -273/232 6 alloy(Co-Cr) -273/816
inconel alloy -240/649 Electroless Nickel -268/427
K monel alloy -240/482 chrome -273/316
monel alloy -240/482 NBR -40/93
hastelloy B -198/371 Viton -23/204
hastelloy C -198/538 PTFE 200
Titanium alloy -29/316 Nylon -73/93
Nickel alloy -198/316 Polyethylene -73/93
20 alloy -46/316 Neoprene -40/82
SS416 40RC -29/427
Attached Table 1-3 Common materials and operating temperature of valve
sealing surface:
Sealing surface temp range
hardness suitable medium
material / °C
water, seawater,
bronze -273/232
air,oxygen,saturated vapor
Slightly corrosive and non-impact
316L -268/316 14HRC media like steam, water, oil,
gas,liquid gas

17-4PH -40/400 40-50HRC slightly corrosive and impact medium

Cr13 -101/400 37-42HRC slightly corrosive and impact medium

40-45HRC (normal
Stellite alloy -268/650 temp); 38HRC impact and corrosive medium
(650°C)
27-35HRC, Air-free acid solution like alkali,
Monel alloy KS -240/482
30-38HRC salt,food
Corrosive mineral acid, sulfuric
acid, phosphoric acid, wet
Hastelloy CB 371, 538 14HRC, 23HRC hydrochloric acid gas, chlorine-free
acid solution, strong oxidizing
medium
Oxidizing medium and various
20 alloy -45.6/316 36-61HRC
concentrations of sulfuric acid
Material table of stem, sealing surface, gasket, packing and fastener of cast
iron valve:
name standard material name remarks
ASTM A182 F6a
Vlave stem ASTM A276 410,420
GB/T 1220 1Cr13, 2Cr13
sealing GB/T 1176 ZCuZn25A15Fe3Mn3 Cast aluminum

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surface brass
Cast manganese
ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2
brass
cast aluminum
ZCuS19Mn2, ZCuAl10Fe3
bronze

GB/T 1220 1Cr13,2Cr13,1Cr18Ni9,1Cr18Ni9Ti

PTFE
rubber
rubber asbesto
GB/T 3985 XB350,XB450
sheet
gasket
1Cr13/XB450 Spiral wound
GB/T 3985 1Cr18Ni9/XB450 gasket
PTFE
filler
JB/T 6617 flexible graphite ring

GB/T 699 bolt 35/nut25

fastener GB/T 3077,
bolt 30CrMo, 35CrMo/nut 35,45
GB/T 699

Monel alloy for corrosion resistant valve

1. Introduction/overview of Monel alloy:
Monel alloy, cast nickel alloy, Hastelloy alloy, etc. are all materials for making
special purpose valves. Monel alloy is a Ni-Cu alloy in nickel-based
corrosion-resistant alloys. It was first developed by the US Nickel Company. Its
typical composition is 70% Ni and 30% Cu. It is the most widely used
nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy.

Monel alloy not only has high strength and toughness, but also has excellent
resistance to corrosion by reducing acid and strong alkali media and sea water,
so it is usually used to manufacture and transport hydrofluoric acid (HF), salt
water, neutral media, and alkali salts. And reducing acid medium equipment.
Monel alloy is also suitable for dry chlorine, hydrogen chloride, high
temperature chlorine (425°C) and high temperature hydrogen chloride and
other media, but it is not resistant to corrosion by sulfur-containing media and
oxidizing media (such as nitric acid, media with high oxygen content), and it is
nickel It reacts violently with sulfur and oxygen and easily forms Ni3S2 and
NiO.

2. Performance of Monel alloy:

Monel alloy is a Ni-Cu solid solution, where Cu is used as a non-oxidizing
resist added to Ni, which improves the corrosion resistance of nickel alloys and
acts as a strengthening alloy. The addition of C can improve the casting
performance of the alloy, but only 0.15% of C can be dissolved in the alloy at
room temperature, and the excess C will be precipitated as a graphite phase.

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Adding 1.5%-3.5% Fe can also improve the casting performance of the alloy.
Adding Mn and Si can improve the mechanical properties of the alloy,
especially the content of Si has an important influence on the mechanical and
physical properties of the Monel alloy.

3. Classification of Monel alloy:

Monel alloys are classified into casting alloys and deformed alloys.
3.1 Deformation alloy: There are more than 10 types of deformed Monel alloys
in the United States, such as Monel400, MonelC, Monel403, Monel404, Monel
R2405, Monel406, Monel411, MonelK500, MonelK501 and Monel502.
Because Monel has its own representation methods in different American
standard systems, SAE and ASTM jointly developed ASTM2SAE unified digital
system (unified numbt system2 UNS) in order to facilitate the use and unified
management of calculations. In the United States’ UNS, nickel alloys have 5
grades of deformed Monel alloys, including solid solution hardened No5500
(Monel400), No4404 (Monel404) and No4405 (MonelR2405), and precipitation
hardened NO5500 (MonelK500) and NO5502 (Monel502). ) Etc. (refer to
Table 1). Among them, the deformed Monel alloy commonly used in the
manufacture of corrosion-resistant valves is Monel400 and MonelK500.
Table 1. Chemical composition of deformed Monel alloy in United States UNS

Table 1. Chemical composition of deformed Monel alloy in United States UNS

chemical composition/ %
Grade name
C Si Mn S Ni Fe others
NO4400(Monel400) ≤0.3 ≤0.5 2 ≤0.024 63-70 ≤2.5 Cu base

No4404(Monel404) ≤0.15 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.024 52-57 ≤0.5 Cu base, Al≤0.05

No4405(MonelR2405) ≤0.3 ≤0.5 ≤2.0 0.025-0.06 63-70 ≤2.5 Cu base

Cu base,
No5500(MonelK500) ≤0.25 ≤0.5 ≤1.5 ≤0.01 63-70 ≤2
Al213-3115,Ti0135-0185
NO5502(Monel502) ≤0.10 ≤0.5 ≤1.5 ≤0.01 63-70 ≤2 Cu base, Al215-315
3.2 Casting alloy: The American cast Monel alloy has five grades of M35-1,
M35-2, M-30H, M-25S and M-30C in ASTM A494 (Table 2), which is in the US
Federal Standard QQ-N2-88 There are also 5 cast Monel alloys (Table 3).
Table 2. Cast Monel alloy in ASTM A494:
chemical composition /% mechanical properties
Compres
grade Tensile Elongat
sive
name C Mn Si P.S Cu Fe Ni Nb strengt ion HB
strengt
h/Mpa rate/%
h/Mpa
M35-1(a) ≤0.35 ≤1.5 ≤1.25 ≤0.03 26-33 ≤3.5 Ba ≥450 ≥170 ≥25
M35-2 ≤0.35 ≤1.5 ≤2.00 ≤0.03 26-33 ≤3.5 Ba ≥450 ≥205 ≥25
M-30H ≤0.30 ≤1.5 2.7-3.7 ≤0.03 27-33 ≤3.5 Ba ≥690 ≥415 ≥10

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M-25S ≤0.25 ≤1.5 3.5-4.5 ≤0.03 27-33 ≤3.5 Ba 243-294(b)

M-30C(a) ≤0.30 ≤1.5 1.0-2.0 ≤0.03 26-33 ≤3.5 Ba 1-3 ≥450 ≥225 ≥25 125-130(b)

Notes:
1.Ba=balance, means the balance is all Ni content.
2. To remove the weldability, it should be M3521 or M230C
3. This table is a data parameter
4. HB minimum is 300
Table 3 QQ2N2288 cast Monel alloy:

chemical composition /% mechanical properties

Compress
Tensile
QQ-N-288 ive Elongati
C Si Mn Cu Fe Ni Nb strength/ HB
strength on rate/%
Mpa
/Mpa
A ≤0.35 ≤2.0 ≤1.5 26-33 ≤2.5 62-68 ≥448 ≥224 ≥25 125-150
B ≤0.30 2.7-3.7 ≤1.5 27-33 ≤2.5 61-68 ≥689 ≥455 ≥10 240-290

C ≤0.20 3.3-4.5 ≤1.5 27-31 ≤2.5 ≥60 ≥825 ≥550 ≥10 250-300

D ≤0.25 3.5-4.5 ≤1.5 27-31 ≤2.5 ≥60 ≥300

E ≤0.30 1.0-2.0 ≤1.5 26-33 ≤2.5 ≥60 1-3 ≥448 ≥221 ≥25 125-150

4. Application of Monel alloy:

The A and E levels of M35-1, M35-2 and QQ-N2-88 are usually used to
manufacture refined Monel alloy pumps,valves and accessories. The B-grade
(3.5%Si) Monel alloy with the highest Si content is mainly used to manufacture
shafts and wear-resistant rings that require good wear resistance due to its
high strength, corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Class D (4.0% Si)
Monel alloy is used to manufacture parts that require higher wear resistance
and corrosion resistance.
Monel alloy valves have two types: integral and internal. The integral Monel
alloy valve means that the valve shell and internal parts are all Monel, which is
mainly used in the HF acid regeneration tower part of the alkylation unit of the
refinery. Due to the high HF acid regeneration temperature (149°C) and high
water content, an overall alloy valve is required. In addition, the overall Monel
alloy valve is also used in the production of ashless additives for catalysts in
refineries and high-concentration chlor-alkali systems in chlor-alkali plants.
Situation.
The Monel alloy internal valve means that the valve housing is made of carbon
steel or stainless steel, and the internal valve is made of Moenl alloy. The
Monel alloy valve with carbon steel as the shell is mainly used in the low
temperature area of ​ ​ the HF calculation system of the alkylation unit of the
refinery. The use of carbon steel is good for low temperature (≤71°C)

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anhydrous hydrofluoric acid (HF) However, carbon steel will form a film on its
surface due to corrosion when used in this working condition for a long time. If
carbon steel is used in the valve sealing part, the film formed after corrosion
will affect the sealing performance of the valve. It should be pointed out that
the commonly used Cr13 type sealing material for carbon steel valves cannot
resist the corrosion of HF acid, and the internal material is much cheaper for
Monel alloy valves. The Monel alloy valve with carbon steel as the shell can
also be used in working conditions such as sea water. The valve housing is
made of stainless steel Monel alloy internal valve, which is used in ethylene,
propylene, liquid oxygen, pure oxygen, sea water and other working conditions.
The monolithic Monel alloy valve and Monel alloy internal valve used in the
alkylation unit require a pressure level of CL300 from a safety point of view.
The pressure level of Monel alloy internal valve for other working conditions is
CL150 and CL300. Or PN116-614Mpa etc.
5. Melting and casting of monel alloy:
The smelting and casting technology of Monel alloy is the key to determine
whether the qualified Monel alloy castings can be produced. Because Moenl
alloy has developed dendrites, shrinkage cavities and porosity, the tendency of
gas absorption (hydrogen absorption, oxygen absorption) is great, and it will
Sulfurizing chemical reaction occurs with molding materials. From a safety
point of view, Monel alloy valves are required to undergo radiographic
inspection in accordance with Class A pipeline valves in highly toxic and
dangerous media such as hydrofluoric acid, chlorine and hydrogen chloride
gas. . Although the American standard points out that casting M35-1 can be
welded, in fact its weldability is extremely poor, and the quality of repaired
castings is difficult to guarantee. The density of M35-1 alloy is 8163t/m3 (at
20°C), the solidification shrinkage rate is 21mm/m, and the alloy melting point
is 1315-1345°C. The Class A and Class E of M35-1, M35-2 and QQ-N2-88 are
delivered as cast. Although there are many grades of cast Monel alloy, when
used to cast Monel alloy valve castings, M35-1 in ASTMA494 is mainly used.
Cast Monel alloy and deformed Monel alloy have little change in chemical
composition (Table 4), but this change satisfies its better deformability for
deformation and gold, while it provides better casting for cast alloys.
performance. This is the reason why cast Monel alloy grades are used when
casting, and deformed Monel alloy grades are used when selecting rolling
materials.
Table 4. Commonly used cast and deformed Monel alloy chemical composition
of valves (%)

chemical composition /%
Grade name
C Mn Si P S Cu Fe Ni others
M35-1 ≤0.35 ≤1.5 ≤1.25 ≤0.03 ≤0.03 26-33 ≤3.5 Ba
Monel400 ≤0.30 ≤2.0 ≤0.5 ≤0.024 Ba ≤2.5 63-70

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Al2.5-3.5,
MonelK500 ≤0.25 ≤1.5 ≤0.5 ≤0.01 Ba ≤2.0 63-70
Ti0.35-0.85

6. Conclusion
The current U.S. technical standards for Monel alloys include ASTM, SAE,
AMS (American Aeronautical Standards Institute), MIL (U.S. Department of
Defense Standards), ANSI, ASME and QQ (American Federal Standards). For
the Monel alloy of the same grade, different technical specification systems are
adopted, not only the representation method of the grade is different, but the
number and content of the specification are not completely the same. Usually
military products use MIL, QQ or AMS specifications, and civil products use
ASTM and ASME specifications.
General valve material
The internal material combination specified by API600 for general valve
material:
Stem material sealing surface
hardness
types seal part no., material type hardness
1 13Cr ≥HB250
4 13Cr ≥HB750
5 or 5A HF ≥HB350
13Cr 200-275
6 13Cr/NiCu ≥HB750/≥HB175
7 13Cr/13Cr ≥HB250/≥HB750
8-8A 13Cr/HF ≥HB250/≥HB350
18Cr-8Ni 2 18Cr-8Ni
25Cr-20Ni 3 25Cr-20Ni no require
9 Nickel copper alloy
Nickel copper
Nickel copper
alloy 11 or 11A no require/≥HB350
no require alloy/HF
10 18Cr-8Ni-Mo no require
18Cr-8Ni-Mo
12 or 12A 18Cr-8Ni-Mo/HF no require/≥HB350
13 19Cr-29Ni/HF no require
19Cr-29Ni
14 or 14A 19Cr-29Ni/HF no require/≥HB350
Commonly used valve trim material combination:

valve stem sealing surface valve stem sealing surface

13Cr 13Cr/13Cr 321 321/321

13Cr 13Cr/STL 321 321/STL
13Cr STL/STL 321 STL/STL
13Cr 13ZCr/Monel 1Cr18Ni9Ti 1Cr18Ni9Ti/1Cr18Ni9Ti
17-4PH STL/STL 1Cr18Ni9Ti 1Cr18Ni9Ti/STL
17-4PH 17-4PH/17-4PH 1Cr18Ni9Ti STL/STL

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Monel Monel/Monel 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti/1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti

304 304/304 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti/STL
304 304/STL 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti STL/STL
304 STL/STL 20 Alloy 20alloy/20alloy
316 316/316 Hastelloy B Hastelloy B/Hastelloy B
316 316/STL Hastelloy C Hastelloy C/Hastelloy C
316 STL/STL F51 F51/F51
304L 304L/304L F51 F51/STL
304L 304L/STL 38CrMoALA STL/STL
304L STL/STL 25Cr2MoIV A STL/STL
316L 316L/316L 4Cr10Si2Mo STL/STL
316L 316L/STL 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo STL/STL
316L STL/STL Inconel Inconel/Inconel
Commonly used fastener material:
Bolts Nuts Max temp °C
35 25 425
35CrMo 35, 45 425
35CrMo 30CrMo 500
25Cr2MoVA 30CrMo 550
0Cr18Ni9 0Cr18Ni9 600
0Cr17Ni12Mo2 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 600
25Cr2Mo1VA 25Cr2Mo1VA 600
25Cr2MoVA 25Cr2MoVA 600
Matching materials of bolts and nuts for American standard valves:
Bolts nuts
application temp
standard grade name standard grade name
B7 2H -29/425°C
-29/425°C NACE standard,
B7M 2HM
anti-sulfer valve
ASTM A193
B16 7 -29/593°C
ASTM A194
B8 8
-196/700°C
B8M 8M

ASTM A320 L7 4 -46/101°C Cryogenic valve

Chemical composition and mechanical properties of commonly used bolts and nuts for
American standard valves:

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Conditions of use of metal gaskets

suitable
material HB max Pressure Mpa(lb)
temp °C
10/08 120 2.0-42(150-2500) 450
0Cr13 170 540
0Cr18Ni9 2.0-15(150-900)
160 600
0Cr17Ni12Mo2
Spiral wound gasket service conditions:
metal belt Non-metallic Pressure grade Mpa suitable
material belt material (lb) temp °C
flexible
0Cr18Ni9
graphite
650
flexible 2.0-26(150-1500)
0Cr17Ni12Mo2
graphite
00Cr17Ni14Mo2 PTFE 200
Conditions for use of metal-clad gasket:
Cladding metal pressure suitable
HB filling material
material Mpa(lb) temp °C
Al L3 40 200
Co T3 60 300
Galvanized steel
asbestos 2.0-15(150-900)
sheet
90 400
Galvanized steel
sheet 08F

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0Cr18Ni9
00Cr19Ni10 187 500
00Cr17Ni14Mo2
Use conditions of flexible graphite composite gasket:
Core board and pressure grade Mpa
suitable temp °C
edging material (lb)
low-carbon steel 2.0-11(150-600) 450
0Cr18Ni9 2.0-11(150-600) 650
Non-metallic gasket usage conditions:
suitable
material name code name pressure Mpa
temperature °C
natural rubber NR 2.0 -50/90
Neoprene CR 2.0 -40/100
NBR NBR 2.0 -30/110
Ethylbenzene rubber SBR 2.0 -30/110
EPDM rubber EPDM 2.0 -40/130
fluororubber Viton 2.0 -50/200
Asbestos Rubber Sheet XB350
Oil-resistant asbestos XB450 2.0 ≤300 P.T≤650 Mpa °C
rubber sheet NY400
Modified or filled with PTFE 5.0 -196/260

Comparison table of common metal materials specified by Chinese, Japanese, German,

British, American and international standards:

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WC carbon steel +A/B/C --WCA,WCB,WCC

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