Anshu Thesis Updated

A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF PRANAYAM ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND BLOOD

PRESSURE AMONG MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
OF SELECTED COMMUNITY AREA
OF BHIWANI
By
MS. ANSHU
Dissertation submitted to
Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Science, Rohtak, Haryana
In partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Nursing

(Community Health in Nursing)
Under the guidance of
Guide Co- Guide

Mr. Vikas Choudhary Ms. Seema
Dept. of Community Health Nursing Dept. of Community Health Nursing
Satya College of Nursing, Satya College of Nursing,
Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak
Pt. BD SHARMA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ROHTAK
i
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I, Ms. Anshu, MSc. Nursing Final year student hereby declare that this
dissertation/thesis entitled “A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of
pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among menopausal women of
selected community area of Bhiwani” is a bonafied and genuine research work
carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. Vikas Choudhary, Dept. of
Community Health Nursing, Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak, Haryana.
Date: Signature of the Candidate
Place: Bhiwani Ms. Anshu

M.Sc. Nursing Final year Student
Community Health Nursing
Satya College of Nursing,
Sisar Khas,Meham, Rohtak
SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING, Pt. BD SHARMA PGIMS, BHIWANI
ii
iii
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE AND CO-GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled, “A comparative study to

assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among
menopausal women of selected community area of Bhiwani” is a bonafide
research work done by MS. ANSHU under the guidance of Mr. Vikas Choudhary,
Satya College of Nursing, Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak.
Signature of Guide Signature of the co-guide
iv
ENDORSEMENT BY THE PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled, “A comparative study to

assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among
menopausal women of selected community area of Bhiwani” is a bonafide
research work done by MS. ANSHU, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Master of Science in Community Health Nursing.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the Co-Guide
Prof. Mr. Vikas Choudhary, Ms. Seema

Satya, College of Nursing Satya, College of Nursing
Forwarded to Pt. BD SHARMA University of Health Sciences, Rohtak
Signature of the Principal
Ms. Om Devi
Principal
Satya College of Nursing
Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak, Haryana
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“I Praise and thank god for his abundant blessings,
Constant love and guidance”
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Lord for the blessings bestowed

during this research endeavor.
The Essence of all beautiful art, all Great art, is gratitude. Gratitude can never
be expressed in words but this is only deep perception, which makes the words to
flow from one’s inner heart.
The Success of this study would not have been possible without the help
guidance and contributions of some of the teacher well-wisher and other and the
investigator wishes to thank them all.
My special thanks to Director of Satya College of Nursing, Sisar Khas,

Meham, Rohtak, Haryanafor providing me with an opportunity to undertake this
study.
My heartfelt thanks to Principal Om Devi for the encouragement,

inspirations, support as well as for providing all facilities for successful completion of
this study.
It gives me great pleasure to thank with deep sense of gratitude and respect to
my Guide Mr. Vikas Choudhary, and Co- Guide Ms. Seema, Dept. of
Community Health Nursing, Satya College of Nursing, Sisar Khas, Meham,
Rohtak, Haryana,for the guidelines, encouragement and co-operation for the
completion of this study.
My Sincere thanks to All Experts for doing the translation of the tool and for
editing this thesis.
I acknowledge here with respect to All Faculty Members of Satya College of

Nursing, Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak, Haryana, for their constant guidance and
timely support during the course of study.
vi
I am grateful to the Administrator of Satya College of Nursing, Sisar Khas,
Meham, Rohtak, Haryana,for permitting me to conduct the study.
I extend my deepest gratitude to all the experts who have contributed with
their valuable suggestions in validating the tool.
My Sincere thanks to all the Participants who formed the core and base of
this study for their whole hearted co-operation.
Lastly I am grateful to all of them who have directly or indirectly helped in

completion of this study.
With a grateful heart
Ms. Anshu
vii
ABSTRACT
Menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of the monthly

female reproductive cycles, which is usually a manifest of a permanent absence
of monthly periods and menstruation. Likes menarche, menopause is an
important development event in awomen’s life having physical, psychological
and facial implication for the women. Menopausal women suffers from many
problems such as hot flushes, headache, profusenight sweating, fatigue, hair loss,
insomnia, weight gain, joint pain, muscle pain, dry skin, vaginal dryness and
mood disorders and it is well understood that menopausal women has been
suffering from hot flushes, insomnia, headache, fatigue and profuse night
sweating there is a need to overcome this unsatisfied life event. Thus the
investigator conducted a study to assist the effectiveness of pranayama on quality
of life and blood pressure on Menopausal symptoms among menopausal women.
The objective of the study is to determine the outcome of Pranayama on selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal women in experimental & control
group. The conceptual framework is based on modified Weidenbach’s helping
art of clinical nursing theory (1964). A quasi experimental design with evaluative
approach was adopted and the study was conducted in Bhiwani. 60 Menopausal
women who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected by non-probability
purposive sampling technique were assigned 30 samples each in experimental &
control group. The variables selected for the study were age, education,
occupation, type of work, type of food, mode of delivery and number of delivery.
The tools used for assessment of severity of selected menopausal symptoms were
modified menopausal rating scale for menopausal women. The pre-test and post-
test was done by using the same tool. The menopausal women in experimental
group practiced pranayama daily 15 minutes in the morning and evening before
food for 30 days. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the
data. In the Experimental group, the pretest mean score was 12.60 with S.D 1.48
and in the post-test the mean score was 8.17 with S.D 1.12. The calculated ‘t’
value was 24.130 which was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. In
the control group, the pretest mean score was 12.10 with S.D 1.35 and in the
post-test mean score was 12.30 with S.D 1.51. The calculated ‘t’ value was -
viii
0.902 which was not statistically significant at p=0.375 level. Thus the research
hypothesis stated that there is a significant relationship between Pranayama on
selected menopausal symptoms among menopausal women was accepted.
Therefore Nurse Midwife must continue to pranayama among menopausal women to
bring the positive outcome.
ix
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGENO.

INTRODUCTION 1 - 12
I
Background & Need for the study
1
Statement of the problem
7
Objectives
7
Variables of the study
Hypothesis of the study 7
Operational definition 7
Assumptions Delimitations 8
Projected outcome 8
Summary 8
Organization of the report

13 - 22
II REVIEWOFLITERATURE
Part I: Review of Literature 14
Part II: Conceptual Framework 17
23 – 28
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Approach Research Design 23
Variables under the study 24
Research Setting 25
Population 25
Sample 25
Sample size 25
Sampling Technique 25
Criteria for Sample selection 25
Method of developing the Tools 26
Description of Research Tools 26

Validity of the Tool 26
10
Reliability of the Tool 27
Ethical consideration 27
Pilot study 27
Data Collection Procedure 27
Data Analysis Procedure 28
IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 29 – 61
V DISCUSSION 62 – 67
VI SUMMARY, NURSING IMPLICATION, 68 – 71

RECOMMENDATION & LIMITATION
VII REFERENCE 72 – 77
ANNEXURES 78 – 102
11
LISTOFTABLES
TABLENO. TITLE PAGENO.
1 Frequency and percentage distribution of 32

demographic variables in the Experimental and
Control group
2 Frequency and percentage distribution of pretest 41
level of Selected menopausal symptoms in the

Experimental and control group
3 Frequency and percentage distribution of post-test level 43
of Selected menopausal symptoms in the Experimental

and control group
4 Comparison of pretest and post level of Selected 44
menopausal symptoms in the Experimental and control
group
5 Association of post-test level of menopausal symptoms 46
in Experimental group with their Demographic

variables
6 Frequency and percentage distribution of overall pretest 52
and post level of selected menopausal symptoms in the
experimental group
7 Frequency and percentage distribution of overall pretest 54
and post level of selected menopausal symptoms in the
control group
8 Comparison of pretest and post-test level of menopausal 56
symptoms score in the experimental and control group
9 Association of post-test level of menopausal symptoms 58
with the demographic variables in the experimental group
10 Association of post test level of menopausal symptoms 60
with the demographic variables in the control group
12
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
Conceptual Framework (Modified Weidenbach’s
1 11
helping art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1964)
2 Percentage distribution of age in the Experimental and 34

Control group
Percentage distribution of education in the
3 35
Experimental and Control Group
Percentage distribution of occupation in the
4 36
Experimental and Control group
Percentage distribution of work in the Experimental

5 37
and Control group
Percentage distribution of food in the Experimental

6 38
and Control group
Percentage distribution of type of delivery of women
7 39
in the Experimental and Control group
Percentage distribution of number of delivery in the
8 40
experimental and control group
Percentage distribution of pretest level of selected
9 42
menopausal symptoms in experimental group
Percentage distribution of post-test level of

10 45
selected menopausal symptoms in experimental
group
Percentage distribution of pre and posttest level of
11 47
Hot flushes in Experimental and control group
12 48
profuse night sweating in Experimental and control
group.
13 49
fatigue in Experimental and control group.
13
14 50
headache in Experimental and control group.
15 Percentage distribution of pre and posttest level of 51

insomnia in Experimental and control group
Percentage distribution of overall pretest and post level
16 53
of selected menopausal symptoms in the experimental
group
Percentage distribution of overall pretest and post level
17 55
of selected menopausal symptoms in the control group
Comparison of pretest and post-test level of menopausal
18 56
symptoms score in the experimental and control group.
14
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
MHT : Menopausal Hormone Therapy
MC : Menstrual Cycle
BP : Blood Pressure
15
Chapter I
Introduction
1
CHAPTER –I
INTRODUCTION
BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY
Pranayama is the yogic practice of focusing on breath. In Sanskrit, prana means "vital
life force", and yama means to gain control. In yoga, breath is associated with the
prana, thus, pranayama is a means to elevate the prana shakti, or life energies.
Pranayama is described in Hindu texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras of
Patanjali. Later in Hatha yoga texts, it meant the complete suspension of breathing.
Macdonell gives the etymology as prana (prāṇa), breath, + āyāma and defines it as the
suspension of breath.[1]
Monier-Williams defines the compound prāṇāyāma as "of the three 'breath-exercises'

performed during Saṃdhyā (See pūrak, rechak (English: retch or throw out),
kumbhak".[2] This technical definition refers to a particular system of breath control
with three processes as explained by Bhattacharyya: pūrak (to take the breath inside),
kumbhak (to retain it), and rechak (to discharge it). There are other processes of
prāṇāyāma besides this three-step model.[3]
V. S. Apte's definition of āyāmaḥ derives it from ā + yām and provides several

variant meanings for it when used in compounds. The first three meanings have to do
with "length", "expansion, extension", and "stretching, extending", but in the specific
case of use in the compound prāṇāyāma he defines āyāmaḥ as meaning "restrain,
control, stopping".[4]
Ramamurti Mishra gives the definition:
Expansion of individual energy into cosmic energy is called prāṇāyāma (prāṇa,

energy + ayām, expansion).[5]
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Pranayama is the fourth "limb" of the eight limbs of Ashtanga Yoga mentioned in
2
verse 2.29 in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[8][9] Patanjali, a Hindu Rishi, discusses
his specific approach to pranayama in verses 2.49 through 2.51, and devotes verses
2.52 and 2.53 to explaining the benefits of the practice.[10] Patanjali does not fully
elucidate the nature of prana, and the theory and practice of pranayama seem to have
undergone significant development after him.[11]. He presents pranayama as
essentially an exercise that is preliminary to concentration.
Yoga teachers including B. K. S. Iyengar have advised that pranayama should be part
of an overall practice that includes the other limbs of Patanjali's Raja Yoga teachings,
especially Yama, Niyama, and Asana.[12]
Hatha yoga
The Indian tradition of Hatha Yoga makes use of various pranayama techniques. The
15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika is a key text of this tradition and includes various
forms of pranayama such as Kumbhaka breath retention and various body locks
(Bandha).[13] Other forms of pranayama breathing include Ujjayi breath ("Victorious
Breath"), Sitali (breathing through the rolled tongue),[14] Bhastrika ("Bellows
Breath"), Kapalabhati ("Skull-shining Breath", a Shatkarma purification),[15] Surya
Bhedana ("Sun-piercing Breath"),[16] and the soothing Bhramari (buzzing like a
bee).[17] B. K. S. Iyengar cautions that pranayama should only be undertaken when
one has a firmly established yoga practice and then only under the guidance of an
experienced Guru.[12]
According to the scholar-practitioner of yoga Theos Bernard, the ultimate aim of

pranayama is the suspension of breathing (kevala kumbhaka), "causing the mind to
swoon".[18] Paramahansa Yogananda writes, "The real meaning of Pranayama,
according to Patanjali, the founder of Yoga philosophy, is the gradual cessation of
breathing, the discontinuance of inhalation and exhalation".[19]
Yoga as exercise
The yoga scholar Andrea Jain states that pranayama was "marginal to the most widely
cited sources" before the 20th century, and that the breathing practices were
"dramatically" unlike the modern ones; she writes that while pranayama in modern
yoga as exercise consists of synchronising the breath with movements (between
3
asanas), in texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, pranayama
meant "complete cessation of breathing", for which she cites Bronkhorst 2007.[20]
[21]
Buddhism
According to the Pali Buddhist Canon, the Buddha prior to his enlightenment
practiced a meditative technique which involved pressing the palate with the tongue
and forcibly attempting to restrain the breath. This is described as both extremely
painful and not conducive to enlightenment.[22] In some Buddhist teachings or
metaphors, breathing is said to stop with the fourth jhana, though this is a side-effect
of the technique and does not come about as the result of purposeful effort.[23]
The Buddha did incorporate moderate modulation of the length of breath as part of
the preliminary tetrad in the Anapanasati Sutta. Its use there is preparation for
concentration. According to commentarial literature, this is appropriate for beginners.
[24]
Indo-Tibetan tradition
Later Indo-Tibetan developments in Buddhist pranayama which are similar to Hindu

forms can be seen as early as the 11th century, in the Buddhist text titled the
Amṛtasiddhi, which teaches three bandhas in connection with yogic breathing
(kumbakha).[25]
Tibetan Buddhist breathing exercises such as the "nine breathings of purification" or

the "Ninefold Expulsion of Stale Vital Energy" (rlung ro dgu shrugs), a form of
alternate nostril breathing, commonly include visualizations.[26][27] In the Nyingma
tradition of Dzogchen these practices are collected in the textual cycle known as "The
Oral Transmission of Vairotsana" (Vai ro snyan brgyud).[28]
Benefits
Pranayama, the practice of controlled breathing, can be found as a part of many types
of yogas. This practice is believed to help encourage relaxation and improve
breathing. Although limited in nature, research studies on a small group of subjects
indicate pranayama to have a positive impact on lung function and lung parameter as
4
an adjunctive treatment.[29] Long term and large scale studies would be needed in
order to validate the research and confirm the effects of pranayama and reach global
acceptance.[30]
Effectiveness
A Cochrane systematic review on the symptomatic relief of mild to moderate asthma

by breathing exercises stated that there was limited evidence they might bring about
improvement in quality of life, hyperventilation symptoms, and lung function.[31]
[32] A study from 2017 proves that a regular practice of Pranayama helps decrease
stress, and also improve the sleep quality simultaneously.[33][34][35]
Risks
Although relatively safe, Hatha Yoga is not risk free. Beginners should avoid
advanced moves and exercise within their capabilities. Functional limitations should
be taken into consideration.[36] According to at least one study, pranayama was the
yoga practice leading to most injuries, with four injuries in a study of 76 practitioners.
There have been limited reports of adverse effects including haematoma and
pneumothorax, though the connections are not always well established.[36]
MENOPAUSE
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in women's lives when
menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.[37]
Menopause usually occurs between the age of 48 and 52.[38] Medical professionals
often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any menstrual
bleeding for a year.[39] It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production
by the ovaries.[40] In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but still have
ovaries, menopause may be considered to have occurred at the time of the surgery or
when their hormone levels fell. Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms
typically occur earlier, at an average of 45 years of age.[41]
In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular,[42, 43]
which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier
in the amount of flow. During this time, women often experience hot flashes; these
5
typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering,
sweating, and reddening of the skin. Hot flashes can last from four to five years.
Other symptoms may include vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, and mood changes.
The severity of symptoms varies between women. While menopause is often thought
to be linked to an increase in heart disease, this primarily occurs due to increasing age
and does not have a direct relationship with menopause. In some women, problems
that were present like endometriosis or painful periods will improve after menopause.
Menopause is usually a natural change. It can occur earlier in those who smoke
tobacco. [44] Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types
of chemotherapy. At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a
decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. While
typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring
hormone levels in the blood or urine. [45] Menopause is the opposite of menarche,
the time when a girl's periods start. [46]
Specific treatment is not usually needed. Some symptoms, however, may be

improved with treatment. With respect to hot flashes, avoiding smoking, caffeine, and
alcohol is often recommended.[47] Sleeping in a cool room and using a fan may help.
The following medications may help: menopausal hormone therapy (MHT),
clonidine, gabapentin, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. [48, 49] Exercise
may help with sleeping problems. While MHT was once routinely prescribed, it is
now only recommended in those with significant symptoms, as there are concerns
about side effects. High-quality evidence for the effectiveness of alternative medicine
has not been found. There is tentative evidence for phytoestrogens. [50, 51]
6
STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM
“A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life

and blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community area of
Bhiwani”
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms among

menopausal women in experimental and control group.
2. To assess the post-test level of selected menopausal symptoms
among the menopausal women in experimental and control group.
3. To determine the effectiveness of pranayama on selected menopausal
symptoms among the menopausal women in experimental and
control group.
4. To associate the post-test level of pranayama on selected menopausal
symptoms among menopausal women with their selected
demographic variables in experimental and control group.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1 – There is a significance relationship between pranayama on selected

menopausal symptoms among Menopausal women.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Outcome
Impact of pranayama on selected menopausal symptoms among

menopausal women which is measured by using modified menopausal rating
scale.
Pranayama
The process of inhale and exhale the breath through right nose by closing the
left nose, repeat the same for left nose by closing the right nose and these
can be repeated for 10 to 15 times twice a day for 4 weeks in morning and
evening before food.
7
Menopausal Women
It refers to the women aged 45 – 50 yrs with the cessation of menses.

Menopausal Symptoms
It refers to symptoms such as hot flushes, profuse night sweating, fatigue,

head ache and insomnia.
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Menopausal women may experience some menopausal symptoms.
2. Perception of menopausal symptoms may vary from women to women.
3. Pranayama may have some effect on selected menopausal symptoms

among menopausal women.
DELIMITATIONS
The study was delimited to 4weeks.
The study was delimited to menopausal women
PROJECTEDOUTCOME
The nurse could provide pranayama as a routine physical therapy to treat

menopausal symptoms among menopausal women, which would try to maintain
positive approach.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual frame work and the model for the present study is based on
Weidenbach’s helping art of clinical nursing theory [1964]. It describes a desired
situation and a way to attain it. It directs action towards the implicit goal. This
theory consist of three factors central purpose, prescription, and realities. A nurse
develops a prescription based on central purpose and implements it according to
the realities of the situation.
8
1. Central purpose is the model refers to what to accomplish. It is the overall
goal towards which a nurse strives. It transcends the immediate intent of
the assignment or basic by specifically directing towards the patient good.
2. Prescription refers to the plan of care for a patient. It specifies the nature
of action that will fulfill the nurse’s central purpose and the rationale of
the action
3. A reality refers to the physical, psychological, emotional, spi Anshual

factors that come into play in a situation involving nursing action. The five
realities are
1. Agent
2. Recipient.
3. Goal
4. Means
5. Framework.
The conceptualization of nursing practice according to this theory

consists of three steps which are as follows:
I. Identifying the need for help.
II. Ministering the need for help.
III. Validating the need for help.
The model adopted for this study is a modified form of Weidenbach’s

helping art of clinical nursing theory. The investigator adopted this model and
perceived apt in enabling to assist the effectiveness of pranayama on selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. This model views the
selected menopausal symptoms among menopausal women as an individual
unique experience that is in need for relief from menopausal symptoms.
The central purpose of the study is to reduce severity of menopausal

symptoms among menopausal women. The investigator planned the prescription
9
that will fulfill the central purpose (reduce the level of menopausal symptoms) by
identifying the various means to achieve the goal. Thus the investigator selected
two groups where pranayama is provided for one group and mass health
education was given for the other group after the study.
The realities identified is the
a) Agent-investigator
b) Recipient-menopausal women
c) Goal-reduce the level of menopausal symptoms.
d) Means-pranayama.
e) Environment–home/community setting.
10
FIGURE: 1 Shows MODIFIED WEIDENBACH’S HELPING ART OF
CLINICAL NURSING THEORY (1964)
11
SUMMARY
This chapter consists of introduction, background, significance and need for the
study, title, statement of the problem, objectives, variables, hypothesis,
operational definition, assumptions delimitations, and projected outcome.
12
Chapter II
Review of Literature
13
CHAPTER - II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A review of literature is an essential part of scientific research. It is

systematic identification, location, scrutiny and summary of written materials that
contain information relevant to the problem. An extensive review was done to
gain insight in to the selected problem.
Section A – General information about yoga and pranayama.
Section B – Studies related to menopausal symptoms
Section C – Studies related to pranayama on quality of life and blood pressure

among menopausal women.
SECTION–A GENERALINFORMATIONABOUTYOGAANDPRANAYAMA
Dutta Abhijit, Mooventhan Aruchunan, Et. Al. (2020) Accumulated

evidence garnered in the last few decades has highlighted the role of yoga in health
and disease. The overwhelming mortality and morbidity mediated by non-
communicable epidemics such as heart disease and cancer have fostered a search for
mechanisms to attenuate them. Despite overwhelming success in acute care, the
efficacy of modern medicines has been limited on this front. Yoga is one of the
integrative therapies that has come to light as having a substantial role in preventing
and mitigating such disorders. It thus seems trite to analyze and discuss the research
advancements in yoga for 2020. The present review attempts to distill recent research
highlights from voluminous literature generated in 2020.This review was conducted
on the articles published or assigned to an issue in 2020. The authors searched the
PubMed database for clinical studies published in the English language, using yoga
(including meditation) as the intervention, and having an adequate description of the
intervention. Then, they extracted data from each study into a standardized Google
sheet. A total of 1149 citations were retrieved in the initial search. Of these, 46
studies met eligibility criteria and were finally included. The studies were
predominantly on mental health and neuropsychology, addressing various issues such
14
as anxiety, postural balance, migraine, academic performance, and childhood neglect.
Anxiety, stress, and depression were other common denominators. Eight studies were
on cardiorespiratory systems, including exercise capacity, cardiac rehabilitation,
myocardial infarction, and hypertension. Three studies were on diabetes, evaluating
the effect of yoga. Five studies focused on cognition, health status, and autonomic
regulation and few others included cancers, infertility, ulcerative colitis, urinary
incontinence, restless leg syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, and metabolic
syndrome. Finally, most studies were on non-communicable diseases with one
exception, human immunodeficiency virus; two randomized controlled trials were
dedicated to it. Yoga has been studied under a wide variety of clinicopathological
conditions in the year 2020. This landscape review intends to provide an idea of the
role of yoga in various clinical conditions and its future therapeutic implications. 54
Manisha R. Kadam, Kavita V. Et. Al. (2019), The Objective of this study is
to study the concept of Bhramari Pranayam literally and to understand the effect of
the Bhramari Pranayam. Method:-Literary study has been compiled from Yogic texts
and all relevant books for study of Bharamari Pranayama and Yoga and source of
internet for research papers based on Bhramari Pranayam. Pranayama: -Pranais the
breath of life of all beings in the universe. Pranais usually translated as breath.
Pranayama is a conscious prolongation of inhalation, retention and exhalation. The
Bhramari Pranayamis one of the type of Pranayama. In this Pranayaminhalation and
exhalation through nostrils slowly and deeply takes place. While exhaling, will have
to produce sound (humming sound) like bumble bee strictly through nasal airways. It
is a method of harmonizing the mind and directing awareness inwards. Conclusion:-
The vibration of the humming sound creates a soothing effect on the mind and
nervous system. Bhramari Pranayam is one of the type of Pranayam which relieves
stress and helps in alleviating anger, anxiety and insomnia, increasing the healing
capacity of the body.56
Kumar Sharma Yatendra, Kumar Sharma Sushil, Et. Al. (2018) In the
world of yoga there are ―Eight limbs path‖ which helps in different aspects like
coordination of body and mind and helps to create positivity of mind and help the
body healthy and fit by which the functioning of the body improves. In today‘s
modern life various type of disease and deformity takes place most of the things takes
15
place due to unbalanced food, & other. The mind is always wondering and being
rebellious, never focusing on the moment. It is the mind job to think, it is relentlessly
interpreting everything. That is seen, perceived and experienced and this pattern of
habit goes through change to behavior and attitude. Many people who practice yoga
do so to maintain their health and well-being, improve physical fitness, relieve stress,
and enhance quality of life. In addition, they may be addressing specific health
conditions, such as back pain, neck pain, arthritis, and anxiety. Basically yoga has
been more effective than control and waitlist control conditions, although not always
more effective than treatment comparison groups such as other forms of exercise.
More randomized controlled studies are needed in which yoga is compared to active
exercise groups. Having established the physical and mental health benefits of yoga
makes it ethically questionable to assign participants to inactive control groups.
Shorter sessions should be investigated for cost-effectiveness and for daily practice.53
Dr. Ishwar V. Basavaraddi, Et. AL. (2015), Yoga is essentially a spiritual

discipline based on an extremely subtle science, which focuses on bringing harmony
between mind and body. It is an art and scince of healthy living. The word ‘Yoga’ is
derived from the Sanskrit root ‘Yuj’, meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’ or ‘to unite’. As
per Yogic scriptures the practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual
consciousness with that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony
between the mind and body, Man & Nature. According to modern scientists,
everything in the universe is just a manifestation of the same quantum firmament.
One who experiences this oneness of existence is said to be in yoga, and is termed as
a yogi, having attained to a state of freedom referred to as mukti, nirvana or moksha.
Thus the aim of Yoga is Self-realization, to overcome all kinds of sufferings leading
to 'the state of liberation' (Moksha) or ‘freedom’ (Kaivalya). Living with freedom in
all walks of life, health and harmony shall be the main objectives of Yoga
practice."Yoga” also refers to an inner science comprising of a variety of methods
through which human beings can realize this union and achieve mastery over their
destiny. Yoga, being widely considered as an ‘immortal cultural outcome’ of Indus
Saraswati Valley civilization – dating back to 2700 B.C., has proved itself catering to
both material and spiritual upliftment of humanity. Basic humane values are the very
identity of Yoga Sadhana.55
16
Pallav Sengupta, Et. Al. (2012), Thousands of years ago yoga originated in
India, and in present day and age, an alarming awareness was observed in health and
natural remedies among people by yoga and pranayama which has been proven an
effective method for improving health in addition to prevention and management of
diseases. With increasing scientific research in yoga, its therapeutic aspects are also
being explored. Yoga is reported to reduce stress and anxiety, improves autonomic
functions by triggering neurohormonal mechanisms by the suppression of
sympathetic activity, and even, now-a-days, several reports suggested yoga is
beneficial for physical health of cancer patients. Such global recognition of yoga also
testifies to India's growing cultural influence.52
SECTIONB - STUDIESRELATEDTOMENOPAUSALSYMPTOMS
Apar Avinash Raghavendra N.K.Manjunath, Et. Al. (2019), Pranayama or

breath regulation is considered as an essential component of Yoga, which is said to
influence the physiological systems. We present a comprehensive overview of
scientific literature in the field of yogic breathing. We searched PubMed, PubMed
Central and IndMed for citations for keywords “Pranayama” and “Yogic Breathing”.
The search yielded a total of 1400 references. Experimental papers, case studies and
case series in English, revealing the effects of yogic breathing were included in the
review. The preponderance of literature points to beneficial effects of yogic breathing
techniques in both physiological and clinical setups. Advantageous effects of yogic
breathing on the neurocognitive, psychophysiological, respiratory, biochemical and
metabolic functions in healthy individuals were elicited. They were also found useful
in management of various clinical conditions. Overall, yogic breathing could be
considered safe, when practiced under guidance of a trained teacher. Considering the
positive effects of yogic breathing, further large scale studies with rigorous designs to
understand the mechanisms involved with yogic breathing are warranted.57
Ramajayam Govindaraj, Sneha Karmani, Et. Al. (2016) Yoga is a

multifaceted spiritual tool with enhanced health and well-being as one of its positive
effects. The components of yoga which are very commonly applied for health
benefits are asanas (physical postures), pranayama (regulated breathing) and
meditation. In the context of asanas, yoga resembles more of a physical exercise,
which may lead to the perception that yoga is another kind of physical exercise. This
17
article aims at exploring the commonalities and differences between yoga and
physical exercise in terms of concepts, possible mechanisms and effectiveness for
health benefits. A narrative review is undertaken based on traditional and
contemporary literature for yoga, along with scientific articles available on yoga and
exercise including head-to-head comparative trials with healthy volunteers and
patients with various disease conditions. Physical exercises and the physical
components of yoga practices have several similarities, but also important
differences. Evidence suggests that yoga interventions appear to be equal and/or
superior to exercise in most outcome measures. Emphasis on breath regulation,
mindfulness during practice, and importance given to maintenance of postures are
some of the elements which differentiate yoga practices from physical exercises. 60
Holger Cramer, Carol Krucoff, Et. Al. (2013) While yoga is gaining
increased popularity in North America and Europe, its safety has been questioned in
the lay press. The aim of this systematic review was to assess published case reports
and case series on adverse events associated with yoga. Medline/Pubmed, Scopus,
CAMBase, IndMed and the Cases Database were screened through February 2013;
and 35 case reports and 2 case series reporting a total of 76 cases were included. Ten
cases had medical preconditions, mainly glaucoma and osteopenia. Pranayama, hatha
yoga, and Bikram yoga were the most common yoga practices; headstand, shoulder
stand, lotus position, and forceful breathing were the most common yoga postures and
breathing techniques cited. Twenty-seven adverse events (35.5%) affected the
musculoskeletal system; 14 (18.4%) the nervous system; and 9 (11.8%) the eyes.
Fifteen cases (19.7%) reached full recovery; 9 cases (11.3%) partial recovery; 1 case
(1.3%) no recovery; and 1 case (1.3%) died. As any other physical or mental practice,
yoga should be practiced carefully under the guidance of a qualified instructor.
Beginners should avoid extreme practices such as headstand, lotus position and
forceful breathing. Individuals with medical preconditions should work with their
physician and yoga teacher to appropriately adapt postures; patients with glaucoma
should avoid inversions and patients with compromised bone should avoid forceful
yoga practices.59
Andreas Michalsen, Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Et. Al. (2012) This report
summarizes the current evidence on the effects of yoga interventions on various
18
components of mental and physical health, by focussing on the evidence described in
review articles. Collectively, these reviews suggest a number of areas where yoga
may well be beneficial, but more research is required for virtually all of them to
firmly establish such benefits. The heterogeneity among interventions and conditions
studied has hampered the use of meta-analysis as an appropriate tool for summarizing
the current literature. Nevertheless, there are some meta-analyses which indicate
beneficial effects of yoga interventions, and there are several randomized clinical
trials (RCT’s) of relatively high quality indicating beneficial effects of yoga for pain-
associated disability and mental health. Yoga may well be effective as a supportive
adjunct to mitigate some medical conditions, but not yet a proven stand-alone,
curative treatment. Larger-scale and more rigorous research with higher
methodological quality and adequate control interventions is highly encouraged
because yoga may have potential to be implemented as a beneficial
supportive/adjunct treatment that is relatively cost-effective, may be practiced at least
in part as a self-care behavioral treatment, provides a life-long behavioural skill,
enhances self-efficacy and self-confidence and is often associated with additional
positive side effects.58
SECTIONC - STUDIESRELATEDTOPRANAYAMA ON QUALITY OF

LIFE AND BLOOD PRESSUREAMONG MENOPAUSALWOMEN.
Karmakar, Nabarun Somak Majumdar, Et. Al. (2017)During
menopausal transition, there is a lot of fluctuation in the hormone levels making
the peri and postmenopausal women susceptible to various mental and physical
disorders. There is considerably lack of awareness about the effects of the
menopausal symptoms in women in India. Studies on issues relating to
menopause, especially among rural women, are also lacking. With this
background, the current study was carried out in a rural area of West Bengal with
the objective to assess the quality of life (QOL) of peri-menopausal women. The
study was carried out among 100 peri and postmenopausal women (40-60 years)
in Dearah village of West Bengal which is the rural field practice area of All India
Institute of Hygiene and Public Health during February-March 2014. The
questionnaire used as study tool had two parts - Part 1: Sociodemographic
characteristics. Part 2: About QOL due to menopausal symptoms based on four
domains (vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual) using the 29-item
19
Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Occurrence of vasomotor
symptoms was average with 60% of them reporting hot flushes and 47%
sweating. Most prevalent psychosocial symptoms reported were feeling of anxiety
and nervousness (94%) and overall depression (88%). Physical symptoms were
quite varying in occurrence with some symptoms such as feeling tired or worn
out, decrease in physical strength and lack of energy occurring in 93% of the
women to only 5% suffering from growth of facial hair. Overall sexual changes
were reported among 49% who reported of avoiding intimacy with a partner and
26% complained of vaginal dryness. The results support that menopause causes
both physical and psychiatric problems. Education, creating awareness and
providing suitable intervention to improve their QOL are important which should
be imparted to menopausal women at both individual and community level.63
Min-Ju Kim, Juhee Cho, Et. Al. (2014) Physical activity may be an
effective way of preventing or attenuating menopause-related symptoms, and it
has been shown to improve quality of life in menopausal women. However, there
have been some inconsistencies regarding between exercise and menopausal
symptoms, and study investigating this association has been scarce in Korea. In
this study, the association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms in
perimenopausal women in Korea was assessed. This cross-sectional observational
study was conducted between November 2012 and March 2013. In total, 2,204
healthy women aged 44–56 years were recruited from a healthcare center at the
Kangbuk Samsung hospitals for investigating women’s attitudes towards
menopause. To investigate the influence of physical activity on perimenopause-
associated symptoms, 631 perimenopausal women were selected for this study.
Their physical activity levels were assessed using the International Physical
Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The Menopause-specific Quality of
Life (MENQOL) questionnaire was used to assess menopause-related
symptoms.61
20
Gayathry Nayak, Asha Kamath, Et. Al. (2014) Perimenopausal period
is characterized by a continuous decline in ovarian function due to which women
are vulnerable to various physical and psychological symptoms affecting their
quality of life. Currently these symptoms are managed by hormone replacement
therapy. However, hormonal therapy can cause complications including
malignancy which has resulted in search for various alternative therapies to
improve the quality of life (QOL). Yoga is one such alternative therapy shown to
enhance the QOL at all stages of human life associated with the chronic illness.
There are very few scientific studies regarding the effect of yoga on
perimenopause and in this study we investigated the effects of yoga therapy on
physical and psychological symptoms using the standardized questionnaire. To
study the effect of yoga therapy on physical, psychological, vasomotor and sexual
symptoms of perimenopause. It is a prospective non-randomized control study of
216 perimenopausal women with 12 weeks of intervention. The subjects were
divided in two groups with either yoga therapy [n = 111] or exercise [n = 105] as
the interventional tool. The symptoms control and QOL before and after
intervention in both the groups were assessed by using the menopausal QOL
questionnaire. The perimenopausal symptoms in all the four domains were
improved by yoga therapy, thus significantly improving the overall QOL
compared to the control group. This study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness
of yoga therapy in managing the distressing perimenopausal symptoms. It is easy,
safe, non-expensive alternative therapy helping the well-being of perimenopausal
women and must be encouraged in the regular management of perimenopausal
symptoms. The study participants were, on average, 48.5 ± 2.7 years old and had
a mean body mass index of 22.8 ± 3.1 kg/m2. The total MENQOL score and the
psychosocial and physical subscores exhibited U-shaped trends in relation to the
level of physical activity. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for
confounding variables showed that perimenopausal women who performed
moderate physical activity reported significantly lower psychosocial (β = -0.413,
P = 0.012) and physical symptoms (β = -0.445, P = 0.002) than women who
performed low physical activity. By contrast, a high level of physical activity did
not influence the MENQOL total score and subscores relative to the low activity
group. In addition, no associations were observed between physical activity and
21
the vasomotor and sexual symptoms in any group. Moderate level of physical
activity was associated with reduced psychosocial and physical menopause
symptoms in perimenopausal Korean women. Although these findings must be
confirmed by prospective longitudinal studies, they suggest that physical activity
may improve the symptoms of menopause, thereby increasing quality of life.62
22
Chapter III
Research Methodology
23
CHAPTER – III
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology adopted by the investigator to

assess the level of menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. It deals
with the research approach, research design, and setting of the study, population,
sample and sampling technique, method of developing the tool, description of the
tool, validity of the tool, ethical consideration, pilotstudy, data collection
procedure and data analysis procedure.
RESEARCHAPPROACH: Evaluative approach.
RESEARCHDESIGN
The study designed chosen for the study is quasi experimental research
design. It was represented as
Group Pre test Intervention (pranayama) Post test
assessment assessment
Experimental O1 X O2
Control O1 - O2
VARIABLES
Independent Variable: Pranayama
Dependent Variable: Menopausal symptoms
Demographic Variables: Age in years, education, occupation, type of work, type

of food, mode of delivery, number of deliveries
RESEARCHSETTING
The study was conducted in Bhiwani for experimental group.
24
POPULATION
Target Population:
It includes all menopausal women.
Accessible Population
It comprises of menopausal women aged between45-50years residing in

Bhiwani
SAMPLE
Menopausal women aged between 45-50 years who fulfilled inclusion criteria.
SAMPLESIZE
The sample size comprises of 60 menopausal women who fulfilled the inclusion
criteria.30 samples each in experimental and control group.
SAMPLINGTECHNIQUE
Non-probability purposive sampling technique.
CRITERIAFORSELECTIONOFSAMPLES
Inclusion Criteria
1. The women who were in the age group of 45–50yrs.
2. The women who were experiencing the selected menopausal symptoms

such as hot flashes, profuse night sweating, headache, fatigue and
insomnia.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Menopausal women with medical disorders such as diabetes Mellitus and
hypertension etc.,
2. Menopausal women who were under medical treatment.
25
3. Women who were not willing to participate.
METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOOL
The following steps were carried out in developing the tool
I. Literature review
II. Experts opinion
DESCRIPTIONOFTHETOOL
The tool consists of two parts:
Section-A :It deals with demographic variables such as age, education,

occupation, type of work, type of food, mode of delivery and no of deliveries.
Section-B: Modified menopausal rating scale scores between 0-3 which indicates
0= Not experiencing
1= Once in a week
2= 2-3Times in a week
3= Daily experiencing
Scoring key:
0–5 - MILD
6–10 - MODERATE
11–15 - SEVERE
VALIDITYOFTHETOOL
The validity was obtained from nursing experts, yoga professor and gynecologist.
All the correction said by the experts was incorporated into the study.
26
RELIABILITY OF THE TOOL
The reliability of the tool was established by inter-rater method. The

correlation valuer = 0.8. The score indicates a high correlation and considered as
reliable.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
The study was conducted after the approval of dissertation committee. The
consent was taken from village administrative officer and medical officer before
proceeding with study. menopausal women were explained clearly about the
study purpose and consent from menopausal women was obtained before
intervention. All information about samples was kept confidential.
PILOTSTUDY
Pilot study was conducted from ……… consent was obtained from village
administrative officer before proceeding with study, 6 menopausal women who
fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected and assigned to the experiment and
control group. A brief introduction about self and study were explained. Consent
was obtained and confidentiality of the response was assured. Pre-test was done
by modified menopausal rating scale. Menopausal women in experimental group
practiced pranayama and then the level of menopausal symptom was assessed by
using same scale.
But in control group post-test was assessed without any intervention and
the reliability of the tool was established by using inter-rater reliability method
(r=0.8). This trial run study revealed the clarity, feasibility and practicability in
all aspects to conduct the study.
DATA COLLECTION
The main study was conducted from ……... Written consent was obtained from
village administrative officer before proceeding with study. Menopausal women
who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected and assigned to the experimental
and control group. A brief introduction about self and study were explained.
27
Consent was obtained and confidentiality of the response was assured. Pre-test
was done by using structured interview questionnaire method and by using
modified menopausal rating scale. Menopausal women in experimental group
practiced pranayama daily in the morning and evening for 15 minute. In control
group menopausal women were not practiced pranayama. Following last day
intervention post-test were done by the same questionnaire and by using modified
menopausal rating scale. After the study a mass health education was given to the
control group.
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data analysis of
demographic variables in terms of frequency and percentage distribution, mean and
standard deviation was used to compute the Pre and Post-test level of selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal woman in experimental and control group.
Paired “t” test was used to evaluate the outcome of pranayama on among selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal woman and chi-square test was used to
associate the post-test level of selected menopausal symptoms among menopausal
woman in experimental group with their demographic variables.
28
Chapter IV
Data Analysis And Interpretation
29
CHAPTER–IV
DATAANALYSISANDINTERPRETATION
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretations of data

collected from 60 menopausal women (30 Experimental and 30 Control) on
menopausal symptoms to evaluate the outcome of pranayama on selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal women in Bhiwani.
ORGANISATION OF DATA
The findings of the study were grouped and analyzed under the following sections:
Section A: Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic

variables of selected menopausal symptoms in Experimental and control
group.
Section B: Assessment of pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms

in the experimental group and control group.
Section C: Assessment of posttest level of selected menopausal

symptoms in the experimental group and control group.
Section D: Comparison of pretest and post-test level of selected menopausal

symptoms in the experimental and control group.
Section E: Association of post-test level of menopausal symptoms with

the demographic variables in the experimental group.
30
SECTION-A
TABLE I
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AND
CONTROL GROUP
n=60
Experimental Group Control Group
Demographic Variables
No. % No %
.
Age in years
45 - 46 years 8 26.67 8 26.67
47 - 48 years 12 40.00 12 40.00
49 - 50 years 10 33.33 10 33.33
Education
Illiterate 6 20.00 7 23.33
Primary 13 43.33 11 36.67
Higher secondary 9 30.00 8 26.67
Graduate 2 6.67 4 13.33
Occupation
Govt. employee - - 3 10.0
0
Private 3 10.00 9 30.00
House wife 27 90.00 18 60.00
Type of work
Sedentary 10 33.33 11 36.6
7
Moderate 14 46.67 13 43.33
Heavy 6 20.00 6 20.0
0
Type of food
Vegetarian 3 6.67 3 10.00
Non vegetarian 27 93.33 27 90.0
31
0
Mode of delivery
Normal delivery 17 56.6 15 50.0
7 0
LSCS 13 43.3 15 50.00

3
Number of delivery
1 3 10.0 8 26.6
0 7
2 16 53.3 11 36.6
3 7
More than two 11 36.6 11 36.6

7 7
Table I shows frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables in

experimental and control group.
With regard to the age in years, in experimental group12(40.00%) were in

the age group of 47-48 years, 10(33.33%) were in the age group of 45-46 years
and 8(26.67%)were in the age group of 49-50 years, and in control group
12(40.00%) were in the age group of 47-48 years, 10(33.33%)were in the age
group of 49-50years, and 8(26.67%)were in the age group of 45-46years.
Considering the education, in experimental group 13(43.33%) were in

primary education, 9(30.00%) were in Higher secondary education, 6(20.00%)
were illiterates,2(6.67%) were graduates, and in control group 11(36.67%) were
in primary education,8(26.67%) were in Higher secondary education,7(23.33%)
were illiterates, 4(13.33%)were graduates.
With regard to the occupation, in experimental group27(90.00%)were

Housewives, 3(10.00%) were working in private concern, none of them working
as government employee, and in control group 18(60.00%) were Housewives,
9(30.00%)were working in private concern, 3(10.00%) working as government
employee.
32
Considering the type of work, in experimental group 14(46.67%) were
moderate workers, 10(33.33%) were sedentary workers, 6(20.00%) were Heavy
workers, and in control group 13(43.33%) were moderate workers, 11(36.67%)
were sedentary workers,6(20,00%)were Heavy workers.
Regarding the type of food, in experimental group 27(90.00%)were non-

vegetarian, 3(10.00%) were vegetarian, and in control group 27(90.00%) were
nonvegetarian3(10.00%)were vegetarian.
With regard to mode of delivery, in experimental group 17(56.67%) were

Normal delivery, 13(43.33%) were undergone LSCS, and in control group
15(50.00%) were undergone Normal delivery and LSCS.
Considering the number of delivery, in experimental group 16(53.33%)

were delivered 2 children, 11(36.67%)were delivered more than two children,
3(10.00%)were delivered one child, and in control group 11(36.67%) were
delivered 2 children, and11(36.67%) were delivered more than 2children,
8(26.67%) were delivered one child.
33
60 ExperimentalGroup
ControlGroup
P 50
e 40% 40%
r 40 33.33%33.33%
c
26.67% 26.67%
e 30
n
t 20
a
g 10
e
% 0
45-46years 47 -48 years 49 -50 years
Percentage distribution of age in years
Figure (ii) Shows the percentage distribution of age in years of menopausal

women
In experimental group12(40.00%)were in the age group of 47-48 years,

10(33.33%) were in the age group of 45-46years and8(26.67%)were in the age
group of 49-50years, and in control group 12(40.00%) were in the age group of
47-48 years, 10(33.33%)were in the age group of 49-50years, and 8(26.67%)were
in the age group of 45-46years.
34
Figure (iii) Shows the percentage distribution of educational status in
menopausal women
In experimental group 13(43.33%) were in primary education, 9(30.00%)

were in Higher secondary education, 6(20.00%) were illiterates,2(6.67%) were
graduates, and in control group 11(36.67%) were in primary education,8(26.67%)
were in Higher secondary education,7(23.33%) were illiterates, 4(13.33%) were
graduates.
35
100 Experimental Group 90%
90 Control Group
P 80
e 70 60%
r
60
c
50
e
n 40 30%
t 30
a 20 10% 10%
g
10 0
e
0
Govt.employee Private Housewives
Percentage distribution of occupation
Figure (iv) Shows the percentage distribution of occupation of the menopausal

women
In experimental group 27(90.00%)were Housewives, 3(10.00%) were

working in private concern, none of them working as government employee, and
in control group 18(60.00%) were Housewives, 9(30.00%) were working
inprivateconcern,3(10.00%)working as government employee.
36
ExperimentalGroup
60
ControlGroup
P 46.67%
e 50 43.33%
r
36.67%
c 40 33.33%
e
n
t 30
a 20% 20%
g
20
e
10
0
Sedentary Moderate Heavy
Percentage distribution of type of work
Figure (v) shows the percentage distribution of type of work in the

menopausal women
In experimental group 14(46.67%)were moderate workers, 10(33.33%)

were sedentary workers, 6(20.00%) were Heavy workers, and in control group
13(43.33%) were moderate workers,11(36.67%)were sedentary
workers,6(20,00%)were Heavy workers.
37
90% 90%
100 Experimental Group
P 90 Control Group
e 80
r 70
c 60
e 50
n
40
t
30
a
20 10% 10%
g
e 10
0
Vegetarian Non-vegetarian
Percentage distribution of type of

food
Figure (vi) shows the percentage distribution of type of food
In experimental group 27(90.00%)were non-vegetarian, 3(10.00%) were

vegetarian, and in control group 27(90.00%) were non-vegetarian 3(10.00%)
were vegetarian.
38
70 Control Group
P 56.67%
e 60 50%
50%
r 43.33%
50
c
e 40
n
t 30
a 20
g
e 10
0
Normaldelivery LSCS
Percentage distribution of type of delivery
Figure (vii) shows the percentage distribution of type of delivery of women
In experimental group 17(56.67%)were Normal delivery, 13(43.33%)

were undergone LSCS, and in control group 15(50.00%) were undergone Normal
delivery and LSCS.
39
Figure (viii) shows the percentage distribution of number of delivery
In experimental group 16(53.33%) were delivered 2children,

11(36.67%)were delivered more than two children, 3(10.00%)were delivered one
child, and in control group 11(36.67%) were delivered 2 children,
and11(36.67%)were delivered more than 2 children, 8(26.67%) were delivered
one child.
40
SECTION–B
TABLE–II

PRETEST LEVEL OF SELECTED MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS
IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
n=30
Menopausal Symptoms No Mild Moderate Severe
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Hot flashes 2 6.67 - - 12 40.0 16 53.33
Profuse night sweating - - - - 11 36.67 19 63.33
Fatigue - - - - 12 40.0 18 60.0
Headache 2 6.67 1 3.33 12 40.0 15 50.0
Insomnia - - 1 3.33 9 30.0 20 66.67
The table II shows that the frequency and percentage distribution of

pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms in the experimental group.
With regard to hot flashes, majority 16(53.33%) had severe level, 12(40%)
had moderate level, 2(6.67%) had no hot flashes, and none of them are in mild
level of hot flashes.
With respect to profuse night sweating, majority19(63.33%)had severe

level, and11(36.67%) had moderate level, none of them had mild level, and none
of them had no profuse night sweating.
Considering the fatigue, majority 18(60%) had severe level, and 12(40%)
had moderate level of fatigue, none of them had mild level, and none of them had
no fatigue
41
Regarding headache, majority 15(50%)had severe level,12(40%)had
moderate level, and 2(6.67%)had no symptom of headache and 1(3.33%) mild
level of headache.
With respect to insomnia, majority 20(66.67%) had severe level, 9(30%)had

moderate level, and 1(3.33%) had mild level, none of them had no insomnia.
7 Hotflashes 66.6
63.33%
Profusenightsw 6
6 Fatig
53.3
Heada 50
5 Insom
P
40
e 36. 40%4
r 4 67
c 30
e 3
n
t 2
a
1 6.67 6.67 3.33%3.

0 0 0 33%
0 0
0
N Mil Moder Sev
Level of Menopausal Symptoms
Figure (ix) Shows the percentage distribution of pretest level of menopausal

symptoms in the experimental group
42
TABLE–III

PRETEST LEVEL OF SELECTED MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS
IN THE CONTROLGROUP
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Hotf lashes 3 10.0 - - 13 43.33 14 46.67
Profuse night sweating 2 6.67 - - 15 50.0 13 43.33
Fatigue - - - - 14 46.67 16 53.33
Headache 1 3.33 - - 11 36.67 18 60.0
Insomnia 1 3.33 - - 13 43.33 16 53.33
The table III shows that the frequency and percentage distribution of
pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms in the control group.
With regard to hot flashes, majority 14(46.67%)had severe
level,13(43.33%)had moderate level, 3(10%) had no hot flashes, and none of
them had mild level of hot flashes.
With respect to profuse night sweating, majority 15(50%) had moderate
level , 13(43.33%) had severe level, 2(6.67%) had no profuse night sweating and,
none of them had mild level of profuse night sweating.
Considering the fatigue, majority 16(53.33%)had severe level and
14(46.67%)had moderate level and none of them had mild level, and none of
them had no symptom of fatigue.
Regarding headache, majority 18(60%) had severe headache, 11(36.67%)
had moderate and 1(3.33%) had no headache and none of them had mild level of
headache.
With respect to insomnia, majority 16(53.33%) had severe level,
13(43.33%)had moderate level, 1(3.33%)had no insomnia and none of them had
43
mild level of insomnia.
44
TABLE-IV

POSTTEST LEVEL OF SELECTED MENOPAUSAL
SYMPTOMS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
n=30
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Hot flashes 2 6.67 9 30.0 18 60.0 1 3.33
Profuse night sweating - - 6 20.0 24 80.0 - -
Fatigue - - 8 26.67 22 73.33 - -
Headache 2 6.67 7 23.33 21 70.0 - -
Insomnia 2 6.67 14 46.67 14 46.67 - -
The table IV shows the frequency and percentage distribution of posttest

level of selected menopausal symptoms in the experimental group.
With regard to hot flashes, majority 18(60%)had moderate

level,9(30%)had mild level, 2(6.67%) had no symptom of hot flashes and
1(3.33%) had severe level of hot flashes.
With respect to profuse night sweating, majority 24(80%)had moderate

level, and 6(20%) had mild level, none of them had severe level, and none of
them had no symptom of profuse night sweating.
Considering the fatigue, majority 22(73.33%) had moderate level of

fatigue,8(26.67%)had mild level of fatigue, none of them had severe level and
none of them had no symptom of fatigue.
45
Regarding headache, majority 21(70%) had moderate headache,
7(23.33%) had mild and 2(6.67%) had no symptom of headache and none of
them had severe level of headache.
With respect to insomnia, majority 14(46.67%) each had moderate and

mild levelo f insomnia and 2(6.67%) had no insomnia and none of them hads
evere level of insomnia.
10 Hotflas
0
hes
9 Profuseni
80
0
% ghtsweati
8 73.33% ngFatigu
0 7
0 e
P 7 Heada
0 60
e
% che
r 6 Insom
c 0 46.6
46.6
nia
e 5 7%
7%
n 0
t
4
a 0 30 26.67%
g 23.
3 %
e 33
0
%
2
0
6.67 6.67 6.67
% 3.33
1 % %
0 % 0 0 0 0
0 0
N Mil Moder Seve
o d ate re
Level of Menopausal Symptoms
Fig (x) Percentage distribution of post-test level of menopausal symptoms in the

experimental group
46
TABLE-V

POSTTEST LEVEL OF SELECTED MENOPAUSAL
SYMPTOMS IN THE CONTROLGROUP
n=30
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Hot flashes 3 10.0 1 3.33 13 43.33 13 43.33
Profuse night sweating 2 6.67 1 3.33 17 56.67 10 33.33
Fatigue - - - - 7 23.33 23 76.67
Headache - - 1 3.33 9 30.0 20 66.67
Insomnia 1 3.33 1 3.33 9 30.0 19 63.33
The table V shows the frequency and percentage distribution of posttest level
of selected menopausal symptoms in the control group.
With regard to hot flashes, majority13(43.33%)had severe

level,13(43.33%)had moderate level, 3(10.0%)had no hotflashes and
1(3.33%)had mild level of hot flashes.
With respect to profuse night sweating, majority 17(56.67%) had moderate

level, 10(33.33%)had severe level, 2(6.67%)had no night sweating and 1(3.33%)had
mild level of profuse night sweating.
Considering the fatigue, majority 23(76.67%) had severe level, 7(23.33%)

had moderate level, none of them had mild and no symptom of fatigue.
Regarding headache, majority 20(66.67%)had severe level, 9(30%)had

moderate and1(3.33%)had mild and none of them had no symptom of headache.
47
With respect to insomnia, majority19(63.33%)each had severe level of
insomnia,9(30%)had moderate,1(3.33)had mild and1(3.33%)had no in somnia.
Figure (xi) Shows the percentage distribution of pre and posttest level of hot
flushes in Experimental and control group.
48
Figure (xii)Shows the percentage distribution of pre and post test level of
profuse night sweating in Experimental and control group.
49
Figure (xiii) Shows the percentage distribution of pre and post test level of
fatigue in Experimental and control group.
50
Figure (xiv)Shows the percentage distribution of pre and post test level of
headache in Experimental and control group.
51
Figure (xv)Shows the percentage distribution of pre and post test level of
insomnia in Experimental and control group
52
TABLE–VI

OVERALL PRETEST AND POST LEVEL OF SELECTED
MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
n=30
Menopausal Symptoms Mild Moderate Severe
No. % No. % No. %
Pretest - - 3 10.0 27 90.0
Post-test 1 3.33 29 96.67 - -
The table VI shows the comparison of pre test and post level of selected
menopausal symptoms in the experimental group.
Considering pre test majority 27(90.0%),are in severe level,3(10.0%)are in

moderate level, and none of them are in mild level of menopausal symptoms.
With regard post-test majority 29(96.67%) are in moderate level, 1(3.33%)

are in mild level and none of them are in severe level of menopausal symptoms.
53
Pretest 96.67%
100 90%
PostTest
90
P
80
e
r70
c
60
e
n50t
40
a
g30e
%20
10 10%
3.33%
0 0 0
Mild Moderate Severe

Overall score in experimental group
Fig. (xvi):Percentage distribution of overall pre test and post level of selected
menopausal symptoms in the experimental group
54
TABLE–VII

OVERALL PRE TEST AND POST LEVEL OF SELECTED
MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS IN THECONTROL GROUP
n=30
Menopausal Symptoms Mild Moderate Severe
No. % No. % No. %
Pretest - - 3 10.0 27 90.0
Post-test - - 4 13.33 26 86.67
The table VII shows the Comparison of pretest and post level of selected
menopausal symptoms in the control group.
Considering pretest majority 27(90.0%), are in severe level, 3(10.0%) are in

moderate level, and none of them are in mild level of menopausal symptoms.
With regard posttest majority 26(86.67%) are in severe level, 4(13.33%) are
in moderate level and none of them are in mild level of menopausal symptoms.
55
100 Pretest 90%86.67%
90 PostTest
p
80
e
r 70
c 60
e
n 50
t 40
a
30
g
13.33%
e 20 10%
%
10 0 0
0
Mild Moderate Severe
Overall mean score in control group
Figure (xvii):Percentage distribution of overall pretest and post level of selected

menopausal symptoms in the control group.
56
SECTION-D
TABLEVIII
COMPARISON OF PRETESTANDPOST-TEST LEVEL OF

MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS SCORE IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
AND CONTROL GROUP
n=60
Group Pretest Post-test ‘t’Value
Mean S.D Mean S.D
Experimental Group 12.60 1.48 8.17 1.12 t=24.130***
p=0.000,(S)
Control Group 12.10 1.35 12.30 1.51 t=00.902
p=0.375,(N.S)
***p<0.001,S–Significant, N.S–Not Significant
The table VIII shows the comparison of pretest and post-test level of
menopausal symptoms score in the experimental and control group,
Considering the experimental group, the pretest mean score was 12.60 with
S.D1.48, regarding the post-test, the mean score was 8.17 with S.D 1.12. The
calculated‘t’valuewas24.130 which was statistically highly significant at p<0.001
level With respect in the control group, the pretest mean score was12.10 with S.D
1.35 and regarding the post-test the mean score was 12.30 with S.D 1.51. The
calculated ‘t’ value was 00.902 which was not significant at p=0.375, which
shows that there was no significant difference between the pretest and post-test
level of selected menopausal symptoms.
57
16 Control Group
P
12.6% 12.1% 12.3%
e 14
r
12
c
e 10 8.17%
n
8
t
a 6
g
e 4
% 2
0
Pretest Post Test
Comparison of overall pre and post-test level of
mean score
Fig.(xviii):Comparison of pretest and post-test level of menopausal symptoms

score in the experimental and control group.
58
SECTION–E
TABLE–IX
ASSOCIATION OF POST-TEST LEVEL OF MENOPAUSAL

SYMPTOMS WITH THE DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN
THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
N=30
Mild Moderate
Demographic Variables No. % No. % Chi-SquareValue
Age in years 2=1.552
45-46years - - 9 30.0 d.f=2p=0.460
47-48years 1 3.3 11 36.7 N.S
49-50years - - 9 30.0
Education 2=2.414
Illiterate - - 6 20.0 d.f=3p=0.491
Primary - - 13 43.3 N.S
Higher secondary 1 3.3 8 26.7
Graduate - - 2 6.7
Occupation 2=0.115
Govt.employee - - - - d.f=1p=0.735
Private - - 3 10.0 N.S
Housewife 1 3.3 26 86.7
59
Type of work 2=1.182
Sedentary - - 10 33.3 d.f=2p=0.554
Moderate 1 3.3 13 43.3 N.S
Heavy - - 6 20.0
Type of food 2=0.074
Vegetarian - - 2 6.7 d.f=1p=0.786
Non-vegetarian 1 3.3 27 90.0 N.S
Mode of delivery 2=0.791
Normal delivery 1 3.3 16 53.3 d.f=1p=0.374
LSCS - - 13 43.3 N.S
Number of delivery 2=0.905
1 - - 2 10.0 d.f=2
2 1 3.3 15 50.0 p=0.636N.S
More than two - - 11 36.7
N.S–Not Significant
The table IX shows that none of the demographic variable had statistically
significant association with the post-test level of menopausal symptoms in the
experimental group.
60
TABLE-X
ASSOCIATION OFP OST-TEST LEVEL OF MENOPAUSAL

SYMPTOMS WITH THE DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN
THE CONTROL GROUP
n=30
Moderate Severe
Demographic Variables No. % No. % Chi-Square Value
Age in years 2=0.149
45-46years 1 3.3 6 20.0 d.f=2p=0.928
47-48years 2 6.7 11 36.7 N.S
49-50years 1 3.3 9 30.0
Education 2=3.280
Illiterate 2 6.7 5 16.7 d.f=3p=0.350
Primary 1 3.3 10 33.3 N.S
Higher secondary - - 8 26.7
Degree holder 1 3.3 3 10.0
Occupation 2=2.596
Govt. employee 1 3.3 2 6.7 d.f=2p=0.273
Private - - 9 30.0 N.S
Housewife 3 10.0 15 50.0
Type of work 2=0.639
61
Sedentary 2 6.7 9 30.0 d.f=2p=0.726
Moderate 1 3.3 12 40.0 N.S
Heavy 1 3.3 5 16.7
Type of food 2=00.513
Vegetarian - - 3 10.0 d.f=1p=0.474
Non0vegetarian 4 13.3 23 76.7 N.S
Mode of delivery 2=1.154
Normal delivery 1 3.3 14 46.7 d.f=1p=0.283
LSCS 3 10.0 12 40.0 N.S
Number of delivery 2=0.400
1 1 3.3 7 23.3 d.f=2p=0.819
2 2 6.7 9 30.0 N.S
More than two 1 3.3 10 33.3
N.S–Not Significant
The table X shows that none of the demographic variables had shown any
statistically significant association with the posttest level of selected menopausal
symptoms in the control group.
62
Chapter V
DISCUSSIONS
63
CHAPTER–V
DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the findings of the study derived from descriptive and
inferential statistical analysis.
“The statement of the problem was “A comparative study to assess the

effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among
menopausal women of selected community area of Bhiwani”
The objectives were
To assess the pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms among

To assess the post-test level of selected menopausal symptoms among the

To determine the outcome of pranayama on selected menopausal symptoms

among the menopausal women in experimental and control group.
To associate the post-test level of pranayama among menopausal women

with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group.
The demographic variables selected in the study were age, education, occupation,
type of work, type of food, mode of delivery and number of delivery.
The frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variables in the

experimental group considering age majority 12(40%) were aged between 47 –
48 yrs, regarding education, majority 13(43.3%) were primary education,
regarding occupation, majority 27(90%) were house wives, considering type of
work 14(46.67%) were moderate workers, with respect to the type of food
28(93.33%) were non-vegetarian, regarding type of delivery 17(56.67%) were
normal delivery, considering number of children 16(53.33%) had two children.
64
Regarding the control group 12(40%) were aged between 47 – 48 yrs,
considering education 11(36.67%) were comes in majority under primary
education, regarding occupation, majority 18(60%) were house wives,
considering type of work 13(43.33%) were moderate workers, with respect to
type of food 27(90%) were non0vegetarian, regarding mode of delivery 15(50%)
were normal delivery and LSCS , considering number of children 16(53.33%)
had two children.
Here with the demographic variable, age in years and type of food shows the
homogenisity.
The First objective was to assess the pretest level of selected menopausal
symptoms among menopausal women in experimental and control group.
In the experimental group, considering the symptom, hot flashes majority
16(53.33%) had severe hot flashes, regarding the symptom profuse night
sweating, 19(63.33%) had severe level, with respect to the symptom fatigue,
18(60%) had severe level ,considering the symptom headache 15(50.0%) had
severe level, regarding the symptom insomnia 20(66.7%) had severe level, and in
control group, considering the symptom hot flushes 14(46.67%) majority are in
severe level, regarding the symptom profuse night sweating 13(43.33%) were in
severe level, with respect to the symptom fatigue 16(53.3%) were in severe level,
considering the symptom headache 18(60.0%) were in severe level, regarding the
symptom insomnia 16(53.33%) were in severe level.
The study findings were consistent with the study conducted by Rahman SA et al
(2004) to determine the menopausal symptoms among Sarawakian women using
modified MRS questionnaire among 356 women aged 40-65 years and were
interviewed to document 11 symptoms commonly associated with menopause.
The most prevalent symptoms reported were joint pain and muscular discomfort
[80.11%], physical and mental exhaustion [67.1%] and sleeping problems
(52.2%),followed by hot flashes and sweating (41.6%), irritability 37.9%, dryness
of vagina (37.9%), anxiety (36.5%), depressive mood (32.6%), other complaints
noted were sexual problem (30.9%), bladder problem (13.8%) and heart
discomfort (18.3%).
65
The Second objective was to assess the post-test level of selected menopausal
symptoms among the menopausal women in experimental and control group.
In experimental group the post-test level considering the symptom hot flushes
majority 18(60.0%), were in moderate level, with regard to profuse night
sweating 24(80.0%) were in moderate level, regarding fatigue 22(73.33%) were
in moderate level, considering headache 21(70.0%) were in moderate level, with
regard insomnia 14(46.67%) were in moderate level and in the control group, the
majority 13(43.33%) had moderate and severe level of hot flushes. Regarding
profuse night sweating majority 17(56.67%) had moderate level, with respect to
fatigue majority 23(76.67%) had severe level, considering headache majority
18(60.0%) had severe level, regarding insomnia majority 19(63.33%) had severe
level of insomnia.
The study findings were supported by J. Burt, J. et al, (2009) study aimed to
explore the efficacy of Yoga Therapy in the treatment for Sleep Disturbance or
Insomnia. Ten clients of a local Yoga Studio who were troubled by Insomnia
were invited to take part in a Yoga Therapy Program. The Program consisted of
six weekly one hour Yoga Therapy sessions at the Studio as a group, the
techniques learned were applied at home between sessions. Pre-test were
conducted to all participants. Tool used were 5 point scale from worst to best. Pre
and post-Program Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires were completed.
Results shows that Participation in the Yoga Therapy Program were excellent, as
completion of the questionnaires. Occupational functioning improved 24.6%,
Physical functioning improved 16.1%, Social functioning improved 20.6%;
General Health improved 9.1%, Quality of Life improved 31.25% and Emotional
Health improved 36.7%. It Concludes that the Yoga Therapy Program resulted in
a significant improvement in Participant’s sleep patterns using easily replicated
Yoga, breathing and relaxation techniques.
The Third objective was to determine the outcome of pranayama on selected

menopausal symptoms among the menopausal women in experimental and
control group.
In the experimental group, the pretest mean score was 12.60 with S.D 1.48 and in
the post-test the mean score was 8.17 with S.D 1.12. The calculated ‘t’ value was
66
24.130 which was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level.
Hence the research hypothesis H1 stated that “there will be a significant relation
between pranayama on selected menopausal symptoms among menopausal
women” was accepted.
The study findings were supported by Little, M. et al (2010) who conducted a
study to gauge the impact of a prescribed pranayama practice on Emotional
Intelligence, in particular its influence on an individual’s outlook on life and their
response/reactions to life. This multiple case study (N=8) of four weeks duration
evaluated the effects of a daily practice of nadi shodhana (alternate nostril
breathing) on Emotional Intelligence (EI). Participants were recruited from fitness
centres and Yoga schools in suburban Melbourne and the randomly selected
group consisted of eight females with an age range of 18 to 50. Participants were
taught the nadi shodhana breathing practice and asked to practice it for eight
rounds after rising each morning. A ‘self-reporting’ Trait Emotional Intelligence
questionnaire was used in beginning, midway and at the end of the study. The
four categories of EI measured :well-being, self-control, emotionality and
sociability. The result shows there was improvement noted in the areas of Self
Control. This study did show improvement in two of the areas of EI, following
the daily practice of nadi shodhana pranayama.
The conceptual framework of this study was based on modified Weidenbach’s
helping art of clinical nursing theory [1964]. The investigator adopted this model
and perceived apt in enabling to assist the outcome of pranayama on selected
menopausal symptoms. This model views the menopausal symptoms among
menopausal women as an individual unique experience that is in need for relief
from menopausal symptoms. The central purpose of the study is to reduce
severity of menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. The investigator
planned the prescription that would fulfill the central purpose (reduce severity of
menopausal symptoms) by identifying the various means to achieve the goal.
Thus the investigator selected two groups where pranayama was provided for one
group and mass health education was given for the other group after the study.
The study findings concluded that the women in experimental group had
reduction in the selected menopausal symptoms when compared with control
group after the intervention; hence pranayama can be incorporated as an effective
therapy in managing selected menopausal symptom among menopausal women.
67
The Fourth objective was to associate the post-test level of pranayama
among menopausal women with their selected demographic variables in
experimental and control group
The association table reveals that none of the demographic variables had shown
any statistically significant association with the post-test level of menopausal
symptoms in the experimental group.
68
Chapter VI
SUMMARY, NURSING IMPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATION
69
CHAPTER–VI
SUMMARY, NURSING IMPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONSAND LIMITATION
This chapter presents the summary of the study and conclusion drawn. It
clarifies the Nursing implication, Recommendation and Limitation of the study in
different areas of life Nursing practice, Nursing administration, Nursing
education, Nursing research.
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
The statement of the study was “A comparative study to assess the

effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among
menopausal women of selected community area of Bhiwani”
The objectives of the study were

1. To assess the pre-test level of selected menopausal symptoms among
menopausal women in experimental and control group
2. To assess the post-test level of selected menopausal symptoms among
menopausal women in experimental and control group
3. To determine the outcome of pranayama on menopausal symptoms
among menopausal women in experimental and control group
4. To associate the post-test level of pranayama among menopausal women in
their selected selected demographic variables in experimental and control
group.
The assumptions of the study were
 Menopausal women may experience some menopausal symptoms.
 Pranayama have some effect on selected menopausal symptoms among
menopausal women.
 Menopausal symptoms vary from women to women.
70
The following Research Hypothesis was set for the study
H1: There is a significant relationship between pranayama on selected
menopausal symptoms among menopausal women.
Review of literature revealed studies related to pranayama and outcome of
pranayama on selected menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. The
conceptual frame work adopted for the study was based on modified
Weidenbach’s helping art of clinical nursing theory [1964].The evaluative
approach and a quasi experimental design was used. The study was conducted in
community area of Bhiwani. Menopausal women who fulfilled inclusion criteria
were selected non - probability purposive sampling technique was assigned into
experimental and control group respectively. Pilot study and the main study were
conducted in the Bhiwani Consent was obtained and confidentiality of the
response was assured. Pre-test was done by using structured interview
questionnaire method and by using modified menopausal rating scale.
Menopausal women in experimental group practiced pranayama and then the
level of menopausal symptoms was assessed by using the same scale. But in
control group post-test was assessed without any interventions.
The study findings concluded that the women in experimental group had
reduction in selected menopausal symptoms. when compared with control group
after the intervention; hence pranayama can be incorporated as an effective
therapy in managing selected menopausal symptom among menopausal women.
The investigator has derived the following implication from the study which is vital
concern in the field of nursing practices, administration, education and research.
Nursing Practice
The Nurse should insist pranayama as a routine therapy among menopausal woman to
manage menopausal problems.
The Nurse should advocate the clients regarding yoga and help them to choose
appropriate therapy.
Nursing Administration
The Nurse administrator should organize public awareness program in their
organization on yoga and pranayama and its wide range of benefit to menopausal
women.
Nursing Education
The Nurse Educator should involve the concept of yoga in Nursing practice.
71
Educator can encourage the nurse to bring out innovative and creative ideas pertaining
to management of selected menopausal symptoms.
Yoga is a specialized field that can be integrated with nursing curriculum as a
extracurricular subject.
Nursing Research
Nurse researcher can provide more research in this evolving discipline.
The finding of the study serves as a basic for the student to conduct further studies
regarding management of menopausal symptoms.
RECOMMENDATION
1. A similar study can be conducted with a large sample size with longer
duration.
2. A comparative study can be conducted among the pre menopausal

and post menopausal woman.
3. A comparative study can be conducted in different hospital settings.
4. Health education program can be organized for menopausal
woman regarding management of menopausal symptoms.
LIMITATION
The review of literature does not contain Indian studies related to
pranayama on menopausal symptom due to its non availability.
72
Reference
73
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vasomotor symptoms". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America.
(March 2015). 42 (1): 163–79. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008. PMID
25681847.
36. Macdonell 1996, p. 185, main entry prāṇāghāta.
37. Mallinson, James (2018). Dominic Goodall; Shaman Hatley; Harunaga
Isaacson (eds.). The Amṛtasiddhi: Haṭhayoga's Tantric Buddhist Source Text.
Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: A Festschrift for Alexis Sanderson.
Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–3 with footnotes.
38. Menopause: Overview". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original
on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
39. Menopause: Overview". PubMedHealth.. Archived from the original on 10
September 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
40. National Institute on Aging. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
41. Norbu , Chogyal Namkhai,et al Adriano Clemente. Yantra Yoga Snow Lion
Publications, p. 1.
42. Pande, G. C., Foundations of Indian Culture: Spiritual Vision and Symbolic
Forms in Ancient India. 1990 Second edition published by Motilal
Banarsidass Publ., ,pp. 217–218.
43. Pandey, Pallvi; Pandey, Smriti; et al "Effect of Pranayam on Vital and Lung
Parameters". World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. (2019). 8
44. Passages cited by Apte for this usage are 224. Bhagavatgita 4.29 and
Manusmriti 2.83.
45. Pranayama Benefits for Physical and Emotional Health". 15 May 2020.
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46. Rachel Brahinsky, "Use "Bee Breath" to Get Anxiety to Buzz Off". Yoga
Journal. (2017). Retrieved 3 June 2019.
47. Sharma, Vivek Kumar; et al "Effect of fast and slow pranayama on perceived
stress and cardiovascular parameters in young health-care students".
International Journal of Yoga. (2013). 6 (2): 104–110. doi:10.4103/0973-
6131.113400. PMC 3734635. PMID 23930028.
48. Sievert, Lynnette Leidy Menopause : a biocultural perspective (2006). New
Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780813538563.
Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
49. Surya Bhedana Pranayama, surya bhedana pranayama is inhaling fully
through the right nostril, By practicing surya bhedana pranayama, the yogi
taps into and activates the pingala nadi energy. 3 June 2019 Taimni 1961, p.
205.
50. Takahashi TA, Johnson KM "Menopause". The Medical Clinics of North
America. (May 2015). (3): 521–34. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. PMID
25841598.
51. Tenzin Wangyal. Awakening the Sacred Body, page 1
52. Thayla, S. A.; Gabriela, S. S.; et al "Breathing exercises for adults with
asthma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (25 March 2020). 3
(3): CD001277. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001277.pub4. PMC 7096190.
PMID 32212422.
53. Theos Bernard, Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience. Harmony.
(2007). p. 57. ISBN 978-0-9552412-2-2. OCLC 230987898.
54. Warren M, Soares CN, The menopausal transition: interface between
gynecology and psychiatry (2009). ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Basel: Karger. p. 73.
ISBN 978-3805591010.
55. What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?". Eunice Kennedy
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 28 June
2013. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
56. Wood J. "9". Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry,
Demography. Transaction Publishers. p. 401. ISBN 9780202365701.
Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
57. www.cohrain.com
58. www.google.com
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59. www.medline.com
60. www.Menopausalsymptoms.comwww.Menopusal rating
scalewww.yoga.com
61. www.pubmed.com
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Publications. p. (2005). part10 (online). ISBN 978-1931833189.
78
Annexures
79
ANNEXURE-I
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE

RESEARCH PILOT STUDY
From Dated-------
Ms. Anshu
M.Sc.Nursing II year Satya College of Nursing,
Rohtak,Haryana
To,
The INCHARGE
Through:--The principal, Satya College of Nursing, Rohtak,Haryana
Sub:- Requesting letter for the Permission for data collection to conduct pilot study.
As above mentioned subject, I am M.Sc. Nursing II year student of Satya College of

Nursing Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak, I am doing Research project which is submitted
to the Pt.B.D. Sharma University of health science Rohtak in partial fulfillment of the
university requirement for award of M.Sc. Nursing degree.
TOPIC: “A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality

of life and blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community
area of Bhiwani”
I am interested in data collection for conducting pilot study in your organization from
-------to----------, hence request you to kindly grant permission and do the needful.
Place Yours sincerely
Principal, Satya College Of Nursing Ms. Anshu
Bhiwani
80
ANNEXURE-II
LETTER SEEKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE RESEARCH

MAIN STUDY
FROM:
Ms. Anshu
TO
………………….…….
Through
The Principal, SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING
Sub:-- Requesting letter for the Permission for data collection to conduct main
study.
As above mentioned subject, I am M.Sc. Nursing II year student of SATYA College

of Nursing Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak. I am doing Research project which is
submitted to the Pt. B.D.Sharma University of health science Rohtak in partial
fulfillment of the university requirement for award of M.Sc. Nursing degree.
TOPIC: “A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality

of life and blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community
area of Bhiwani”
The population of study are the menopausal women of selected community area of
Bhiwani. I am interested in data collection for conducting pilot study in your
organization from -------to----------, hence request you to kindly grant permission and
do the needful. Herewith I am enclosing a copy of.
Place Yours sincerely
PRINCIPAL, SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING Ms. Anshu
ROHTAK, HARYANA
81
ANNEXURE-III
LETTER SEEKING EXPERT OPINION FOR CONTENT

VALIDITY OF TOOLS
From,
Ms. Anshu
M.Sc. Nursing Final Year (Medical Surgical Nursing)
SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING, ROHTAK, HARYANA,
To,
………………..…………………
……………………………………
Forwarded through:-
Principal,
SATYA College of Nursing
Sisar Khas, Meham, Rohtak, HR
Sub: Request expert opinion and suggestion of experts for establishing content
validity of data collection tool.
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am a M.Sc. Nursing Final Year student from SATYA college of nursing Rohtak,
Haryana. As Part of My academic requirement for the partial fulfillment of Masters of
Science in Nursing Degree from Pd. B.D. Sharma, University of Health Sciences
Rohtak, I am undertaking “A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of
pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among menopausal women of
selected community area of Bhiwani”
With regards to this, I have prepare a data collection tool under the guidance
of my research guide and co guide for the collection of data. I am herewith sending a
copy of tool to you for its content validity.
82
Hence I am request to you kindly examine the tool for its appropriateness and
relevancy of against the given criteria and give your expert opinion and valuable
suggestions for its improvement.
Your expert opinion and kind cooperation will be highly appreciated.
Thanking you
Date:
Place: Bhiwani
Enclosed:
1. Problem statement and objectives Yours sincerely

2. Criteria of tool validation
3. Tool validation certificate
4. Data collection tool
Thanking you in anticipation
83
ANNEXURE –IV
LIST OF EXPERTS VALIDATED THE TOOLS
1. Mr.
2.
3.
84
ANNEXURE V
CERTIFICATE OF TOOL VALIDATION
This is to certify that I have validate the tool of Ms. Anshu,M. Sc. Nursing
(Second) Year student of SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING, Rohtak affiliated to
B.D. Sharma University of Health Science Rohtak who is undergoing “A
comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and
blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community area of
Bhiwani”
Date:-
Signature
Place:-
Name & Designation of Expert
85
ANNEXURE-VI
LETTER SEEKING CONSENT OF SUBJECTS FOR

PARTICIPATION IN THE STUDY
Dear Respondents,
This is “A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on

quality of life and blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community
area of Bhiwani”
You are requested to participate in this study by giving the responses to the
statements, which will take about 40-50 minutes to complete. Information about your
age, religion, education, etc. will help me in the analysis process.
Your kind co-operation and honest responses are valuable. I assure you that
information given by you will be kept strictly confidential and used only for the study
purpose.
Please give your consent signing the form given below:
Thanking you.
Date: yours sincerely

Place: Rohtak Ms. Anshu
M.Sc. (N) Final Year,
SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING
Sisar Khas, Meham,
Rohtak, Haryana
86
ANNEXURE VII
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
Dear respondent,
I am a student of M.Sc. nursing programme at SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING.

As a part of the programme, I am doing research on “A comparative study to assess
the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life and blood pressure among
menopausal women of selected community area of Bhiwani”. I would like to give
you some questions regarding educational interventional module on quality of life
and blood pressure among menopausal women. The information given by you will be
used for research purpose only and will be kept confidential. The successful
completion of the study largely depends on your active co-operation and
participation.
Thanking you, Yours sincerely
87
CONSENT FORM
Code No:
Name of the Student: -------------------------------------------------
Signature of the student -------------------------------------------------
Address -------------------------------------------------
Date -------------------------------------------------
Name of the witness: -------------------------------------------------
Signature of the witness -------------------------------------------------
Address -------------------------------------------------
Date -------------------------------------------------
Project Title:
“A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life

and blood pressure among menopausal women of selected community area of
Bhiwani”
Investigators:
Anshu
M Sc Nursing Final Year Student
Satya College of Nursing Rohtak, Haryana.
Guide: Co- Guide:

88
The subject ----------------has been fully informed about the nature and purpose of the
study. The subject has been assed, if any question have arises regarding study and
these question have been answered to the best of the investigator ability. A signed
copy of this from will be made available to the subject. The subject ensure that
whatever information. She/ He have provided during the study and also their identity
will be kept confidential and will be utilized for the study purpose.
I have been fully informed of the above noticed study is understand that there is
no risk associated with the study. I hereby agree to participant in the study. It further
more recognize the fact that I am free to withdraw this consent and to discontinue
participation in this at any time without prentice to care.
Name of the investigator: -------------------------------------------------
Signature of the investigator -------------------------------------------------
Address -------------------------------------------------
Date -------------------------------------------------
89
ANNEXURE-VIII
SUBJECT INFORMATION SHEET

Investigator:
Anshu
M.Sc. Nursing Final Year Students,
Rohtak, Haryana
Guide: Co- Guide:

Dept. of Community Health Nursing Dept. of Community Health
Nursing
Contact for information:
Satya College of Nursing, Rohtak, Haryana.
Background: Menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of the monthly
female reproductive cycles, which is usually a manifest of a permanent absence of
monthly periods and menstruation. Likes menarche, menopause is an important
development event in a women’s life having physical, psychological and facial
implication for the women. Menopausal women suffers from many problems such as
hot flushes, headache, profuse night sweating, fatigue, hair loss, insomnia, weight
gain, joint pain, muscle pain, dry skin, vaginal dryness and mood disorders and it is
well understood that menopausal women has been suffering from hot flushes,
insomnia, headache, fatigue and profuse night sweating there is a need to overcome
this unsatisfied life event.
STUDY:
If you consent a few question will be asked to you. You are required to give correct
90
opinion or no response to the questions asked.
RISK OF STUDY:
There is no risk to you associated with the study.
POTENTIAL BENEFIT IF THE OF THE STUDY:
The finding of the study may assist in making health personnel aware about the actual
knowledge quality of life and blood pressure among menopausal women.
ALTERNATIVES OF PARTICIPATION:
Alternative of participation or to withdrawn from the study at any time. If you have
any further question please contact Ms. Anshu. It will guide the health personnel to
take different action to improve the knowledge regarding deep breathing Exercise on
level of blood pressure among hypertensive senior citizen.
CONFIDENTIALITY:
Iassure you that your identity and the information given by you will be kept
confidential and will be utilized only for the purpose of the study.
Financial consideration:
Neither you will be charged nor awarded prize for the inclusion in the study.
QUESTION:
I will try to answer your entire question regarding study up to your satisfaction before
you give your consent for participation in the study.
Thanking you for your co-operation.
Yours Faithfully,
Anshu
M Sc. Nursing final year student,
Rohtak, Haryana.
91
ANNEXURE-IX
DEMOGRAPHICVARIABLES
1. Age in years
a) 45–46years
b) 47–48years
c) 49–50years
2. Education
a) Illiterate
b) Primary
c) Higher secondary
d) Graduate
3. Occupation
a) Government Employee
b) Private Employee
c) Housewife
4. Type of work
a) Sedentary work
b) Moderate work
c) Heavy work
92
5. Type of food
a) Vegetarian
b) Non-vegetarian
6. Mode of delivery
a) Normal delivery
b) LSCS
7. Number of delivery
a) 1
b) 2
c) More than two
93
MODIFIED MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS RATING SCALE
 1.HOT FLASHES:
It describes about the severity of hot flashes.
0 1 2 3
 2. PROFUSE NIGHT SWEATING:
It describes about the severity night sweating
0 1 2 3
 3. FATIGUE:
It describes about the intensity of fatigue.
0 1 2 3
 4.HEADACHE:
It describes about the intensity of headache.
0 1 2 3
 5. INSOMNIA:
It describes about the intensity of insomnia
0 1 2 3
94
95
 SCORING
 0- Not experiencing
 1- Once in a week
 2-2- 3Times in a week
 3- Daily experiencing
 SCORING GRADES:
 0-5- MILD
 6-10– MODERATE
 11-15- SEVERE
96
MASTER DATA SHEET OF PRE-TEST
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
7 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
8 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
13 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
14 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
17 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
97
18 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
19 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
21 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
22 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
23 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
24 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
27 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
28 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
29 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
30 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
31 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
32 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
33 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
34 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
35 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
36 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
37 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
98
38 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
39 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
40 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
41 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
42 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
43 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
44 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
45 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
46 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
47 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
48 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
49 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
50 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
51 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
52 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
53 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
54 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
56 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
57 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
99
58 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
59 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
60 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
100
MASTER DATA-SHEET OF POST-TEST
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
4 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
6 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
7 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
9 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
10 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
11 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
12 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
13 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
15 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
16 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
17 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
101
18 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
19 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
20 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
21 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
22 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
23 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
24 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
25 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
26 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
27 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
28 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
29 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
30 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
31 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
32 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
33 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
34 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
35 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
36 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
37 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
102
38 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
39 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
40 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
41 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
42 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
43 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
44 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
45 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
46 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
47 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
48 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
49 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
50 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
51 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
52 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
53 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
54 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
55 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
56 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
57 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
103
58 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
59 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
60 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
104

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF PRANAYAM ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND BLOOD

In partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of

Master of Science in Nursing

Guide Co- Guide

Pt. BD SHARMA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ROHTAK

Date: Signature of the Candidate

Place: Bhiwani Ms. Anshu

SATYA COLLEGE OF NURSING, Pt. BD SHARMA PGIMS, BHIWANI

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled, “A comparative study to

Signature of Guide Signature of the co-guide

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled, “A comparative study to

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Co-Guide

Prof. Mr. Vikas Choudhary, Ms. Seema

Dept. of Community Health Nursing Dept. of Community Health Nursing

Forwarded to Pt. BD SHARMA University of Health Sciences, Rohtak

Signature of the Principal

“I Praise and thank god for his abundant blessings,

Constant love and guidance”

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Lord for the blessings bestowed

My special thanks to Director of Satya College of Nursing, Sisar Khas,

My heartfelt thanks to Principal Om Devi for the encouragement,

I acknowledge here with respect to All Faculty Members of Satya College of

Lastly I am grateful to all of them who have directly or indirectly helped in

With a grateful heart

Menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of the monthly

CHAPTER TITLE PAGENO.

Organization of the report

Method of developing the Tools 26

Description of Research Tools 26

IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 29 – 61

VI SUMMARY, NURSING IMPLICATION, 68 – 71

1 Frequency and percentage distribution of 32

level of Selected menopausal symptoms in the

of Selected menopausal symptoms in the Experimental

in Experimental group with their Demographic

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2 Percentage distribution of age in the Experimental and 34

Percentage distribution of work in the Experimental

Percentage distribution of food in the Experimental

Percentage distribution of post-test level of

15 Percentage distribution of pre and posttest level of 51

MHT : Menopausal Hormone Therapy

BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

Monier-Williams defines the compound prāṇāyāma as "of the three 'breath-exercises'

V. S. Apte's definition of āyāmaḥ derives it from ā + yām and provides several

Ramamurti Mishra gives the definition:

Expansion of individual energy into cosmic energy is called prāṇāyāma (prāṇa,

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

According to the scholar-practitioner of yoga Theos Bernard, the ultimate aim of

Later Indo-Tibetan developments in Buddhist pranayama which are similar to Hindu

Tibetan Buddhist breathing exercises such as the "nine breathings of purification" or

A Cochrane systematic review on the symptomatic relief of mild to moderate asthma

Specific treatment is not usually needed. Some symptoms, however, may be

“A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of pranayam on quality of life

1. To assess the pretest level of selected menopausal symptoms among

H1 – There is a significance relationship between pranayama on selected

Impact of pranayama on selected menopausal symptoms among

It refers to the women aged 45 – 50 yrs with the cessation of menses.

It refers to symptoms such as hot flushes, profuse night sweating, fatigue,

2. Perception of menopausal symptoms may vary from women to women.

3. Pranayama may have some effect on selected menopausal symptoms