Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of

Technology Jalandhar

Grand Trunk Road, Barnala - Amritsar

Bypass Road,Jalandhar, Punjab 144011

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ITPC-322 SOFT COMPUTING CONCEPTS LAB

B. TECH IT – III YEAR (6th SEMESTER)

Submi ed by:
Name: Saloni Aggarwal
Roll No. 21124095
Group – A4

Submi ed to

Dr Neeraj Kumar

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 Index

S.No Experiment name Page No. Date Remarks

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 Lab – 1 (Part -1)
Logic Gates in Python.

1. AND Gate:
The AND gate produces a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high (1).
Python Code:
def and_gate(input1, input2): return input1 and input2

2. OR Gate:
The OR gate produces a high output (1) if at least one of its inputs is high (1).
Python Code:
def or_gate(input1, input2): return input1 or input2

3. NOT Gate:
The NOT gate produces an output that is the opposite of its input.
Python Code:
def not_gate(input1): return not input1

4. XOR Gate:
The XOR (exclusive OR) gate produces a high output (1) only if the number of high inputs is odd.
Python Code:
def xor_gate(input1, input2): return (input1 or input2) and not (input1 and input2)

5. NAND Gate:
The NAND gate produces a low output (0) only if all its inputs are high (1).
Python Code:
def nand_gate(input1, input2): return not (input1 and input2)

6. NOR Gate:
The NOR gate produces a low output (0) if at least one of its inputs is high (1).

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PYTHON CODE:

def and_gate(input1, input2):

return input1 and input2

def or_gate(input1, input2):

return input1 or input2

def not_gate(input1):

return not input1

def xor_gate(input1, input2):

return (input1 or input2) and not (input1 and input2)

def nand_gate(input1, input2):

return not (input1 and input2)

def nor_gate(input1, input2):

return not (input1 or input2)

def main():

# Example inputs

input_a = True

input_b = False

# AND gate

result_and = and_gate(input_a, input_b)

print(f"AND gate: {input_a} AND {input_b} = {result_and}")

# OR gate

result_or = or_gate(input_a, input_b)

print(f"OR gate: {input_a} OR {input_b} = {result_or}")

# NOT gate

result_not = not_gate(input_a)

print(f"NOT gate: NOT {input_a} = {result_not}")

# XOR gate

result_xor = xor_gate(input_a, input_b)

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 print(f"XOR gate: {input_a} XOR {input_b} = {result_xor}")

# NAND gate

result_nand = nand_gate(input_a, input_b)

print(f"NAND gate: {input_a} NAND {input_b} = {result_nand}")

# NOR gate

result_nor = nor_gate(input_a, input_b)

print(f"NOR gate: {input_a} NOR {input_b} = {result_nor}")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

OUTPUT :

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 Lab – 2
Implementa on of Fuzzy and Crisp in Python
THEORY:
Crisp Sets:

 Defini on: Crisp sets, also known as classical or tradi onal sets, deal with well-defined,
dis nct elements.

 Characteris cs: Each element either belongs to the set (membership value of 1) or does not
belong (membership value of 0).

 Representa on: Typically represented using mathema cal nota on, where membership is
binary (0 or 1).

 Example: The set of prime numbers less than 10 is a crisp set.

Fuzzy Sets:

 Defini on: Fuzzy sets introduce the concept of par al membership, allowing elements to
belong to a set to varying degrees between 0 and 1.

 Characteris cs: Membership values are not strictly binary but can be any real number
between 0 and 1, expressing the degree of belongingness.

 Representa on: O en represented using linguis c terms (e.g., "very high," "medium,"
"low") to capture the uncertainty or vagueness.

 Example: The set of tall people in a room, where height membership values can range from 0
to 1 based on a defined criterion.

Key Dis nc on:

 Crisp sets have clear, well-defined boundaries for membership (either in or out).

 Fuzzy sets accommodate uncertainty and vagueness, allowing for par al membership and
gradual transi ons between in and out.

PYTHON CODE:
import numpy as np

def Crisp(taste, behav):

if (taste and behav):
return 200
elif (taste and not behav):
return 100
elif (not taste and behav):
return 100
elif (not taste and not behav):

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 return 0

def sigmoid(x):
return float(1 / (1 + np.exp(-x)))

def fuzzy():
tas = float(input("Enter the taste"))
beh = float(input("Enter the behav"))

print(sigmoid(tas)*10*sigmoid(beh)*10)
print()

def main():
tas = int(input("Enter the taste[0-1]"))
beh = int(input("Enter the behav[0-1]"))

print(Crisp(tas, beh))
fuzzy()

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

OUTPUT:

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 LAB: 3 Implemen ng Fuzzy Logic in MATLAB

CODE:

% Define input variables

food = 5; % Scale of 1 to 10 (where 1 is very bad and 10 is very good)

behavior = 8; % Scale of 1 to 10 (where 1 is very bad and 10 is very good)

% Define membership func ons for food quality

food_bad = gaussmf(food, [1 1]);

food_good = gaussmf(food, [1 5]);

food_very_good = gaussmf(food, [1 10]);

% Define membership func ons for behavior

behavior_bad = gaussmf(behavior, [1 1]);

behavior_good = gaussmf(behavior, [1 5]);

behavior_very_good = gaussmf(behavior, [1 10]);

% Define output membership func ons

p_low = gaussmf(0, [1 0]);

p_medium = gaussmf(0.15, [1 0.5]);

p_high = gaussmf(0.3, [1 1]);

% Fuzzifica on - determine degree of membership for each input value

food_membership = [food_bad food_good food_very_good];

behavior_membership = [behavior_bad behavior_good behavior_very_good];

% Apply fuzzy rules

rule1 = min(food_bad, behavior_bad);

rule2 = min(food_good, behavior_good);

rule3 = min(food_very_good, behavior_very_good);

% Apply aggrega on (combining all rules)

aggregated = max(rule1, max(rule2, rule3));

% Defuzzifica on (calculate the crisp output value)

p = defuzz([0 0.15 0.3], aggregated, 'centroid');

disp(['The p amount is: ', num2str( p)]);

OUTPUT:

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Fig 3.1 All cases with values of service and food.

Fig 3.2 All rules are shown with weight and name.

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Fig 3.3 All input and output with func on and parameters.

Fig 3.4 Input and output are represented.

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 LAB 4: Converting coloured image to grayscale in MATLAB.

THEORY:
Converting a colored image to grayscale in MATLAB involves transforming each pixel's RGB (Red,
Green, Blue) color values into a single grayscale intensity value. This process can be done using
several methods, but a common one is luminance-based conversion, which mimics the human
perception of light.

RGB to Grayscale Conversion: In a colored image, each pixel is represented by three values
corresponding to its Red, Green, and Blue components. Grayscale images, on the other hand,
represent each pixel with a single intensity value representing its brightness.

CODE:
RGB = imread('1911265.jpg');
imshow(RGB)

[h,s,v] = imsplit(HSV);
saturationFactor = 2;
s_sat = s*saturationFactor;
HSV_sat = cat(3,h,s_sat,v);
imshow(HSV_sat)

RGB_sat = hsv2rgb(HSV_sat);

I = rgb2gray(RGB);
Figure

imshow(I)

OUTPUT:

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 LAB 5: Creating a perceptron using MATLAB.

THEORY:

A perceptron is a basic unit of a neural network used for binary classification tasks. It takes
multiple input values, each with an associated weight, computes a weighted sum, and applies
an activation function (often a step function) to produce a binary output. The weights are
adjusted during training based on the error between the predicted output and the true output
using a learning algorithm (e.g., perceptron learning rule). Perceptrons are simple and
efficient for linearly separable problems but have limitations for complex tasks.

To create a perceptron using MATLAB:

1. Initialize Weights: Start with random weights.
2. Define Activation Function: Typically, use the step function for binary classification.
3. Training: Adjust weights iteratively using the perceptron learning rule.
4. Testing: Evaluate the perceptron's performance with new data.

CODE:

x = [80 30 10 10; 15 10 20 10];

t = [80 20 10 10];

% Create a perceptron
net = perceptron;

% Set the number of epochs (e.g., 992)

epochs = 992;

% Train the perceptron with the specified number of epochs

net.trainParam.epochs = epochs;
net = train(net, x, t);

% View the trained network

view(net);

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OUTPUT:

Fig 5.1 Ini al values of perceptron’s variables and representa on of perceptron with ac va on func on step.

Fig 5.2 Performance of model over 992 epochs.

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