Steel Structures CE418

(Welded Connections)
By: Engr. Muhammad Noman
DCE, IIU Islamabad
Email: muhammad.noman@iiu.edu.pk
Introduction
• It is a process of joining parts by means of heat & pressure,
causes fusion of parts.
OR
• Heating metal to fusion temperature with or without addition
of weld metals.
• Code & specification: American Welding Society (AWS)
Introduction (Cont’d)
Introduction (Cont’d)
Types of Welds
• Welds are classified according to their shape and method
of deposition into:

1. Groove Weld
2. Fillet Weld
3. Plug Weld
4. Slot Weld
Types of Welds (Groove Weld)
• Groove Weld is made in opening between two parts being
joined.
Types of Welds (Fillet Weld)
• Fillet Weld triangular in shape, joins surfaces which are at an
angle with one another.
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
• Groove welds are more efficient than fillet welds.
• Have greater resistance to repeated stress and Impact
loaded. Hence preferable for dynamically loaded
members.
• Groove welds require less weld metal than fillet weld
of equal strength.
But fillet welds are often used in structural work.
WHY ?
• Partly because many connections are more easily made
with fillet welds and
• Partly because groove welds require the member of
structure to be cut to rather close tolerances
Types of Welds (Plug Weld)
• Plug Weld is made by depositing weld metal in a circular hole
in one of two lapped places.
Types of Welds (Slot Weld)
• Slot Weld similar to plug but the hole is elongated.
Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to the position of weld during
welding as
1. Flat
2. Horizontal
3. Vertical
4. Overhead
Types of Welds (Flat Weld)
• Flat: Executed from above, the weld face approximately
horizontal.
Types of Welds (Horizontal
Weld)
• Horizontal: Similar to Flat weld but weld is harder to make.
Types of Welds (Vertical Weld)
• Vertical: Longitudinal axis of weld is vertical.
Types of Welds (Overhead
Weld)
• Overhead: Welding is done from underside of the joint.
Welded Joints
• They are classified as:
1. Butt Joint is groove-welded

2. Lap Joint is fillet-welded

Welded Joints (Cont’d)
• Tee Joint can be fillet-welded or groove-welded

• Corner Joint
Welding Procedures
There are essentially four main types of welding methods used in
structural applications:
1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
2. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
3. Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
4. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Welding Procedures (Cont’d)
Shielded metal arc
welding (SMAW):
• Also known as stick
welding
• An electric arc is
produced between
end of a coated metal
electrode and the
steel components to
be welded.
Welding Procedures (Cont’d)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW):
• Also known as MIG welding
• Fast and Economical
• A continuous wire is fed into the welding gun:
Welding Procedures (Cont’d)
Flux cored arc welding (FCAW):
• Similar to GMAW process
• A continuous wire is fed into the
welding gun.
• The difference is that the filler
wire has a center core which
contains flux.
• With this process it is possible
to weld with or without a
shielding gas.
• This makes it useful for exposed
conditions where a shielding gas
may be affected by the wind.
Welding Procedures (Cont’d)
• Submerged arc welding (SAW):
• Only performed by automatic or semiautomatic methods
• Uses a continuously fed filler metal electrode
• Great for long continuous welds.
Weld Symbols and Standard
Locations
Weld Symbols and Standard
Locations
• For this course, we’ll only be covering fillet welds (most
common)
• Therefore, these are the only types of weld symbols we’ll use:
Capacity of Fillet Welds
• Weld capacity is traditionally defined based on effective
throat.
• This is the section on a weld that is considered to be effective
in carrying load.
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
• If we define fillet weld based on its leg size “a”,
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
• Capacity of fillet weld is governed by the following equations:
• Strength of the base metal
• Strength of weld metal

Rn = FnBM ABM
Rn=Fnw Awe

• FnBM = nominal stress of the base metal (ksi)

• ABM = area of the base metal (in2)
• Fnw = nominal stress of the weld metal (ksi)
• Awe = effective area of the weld (in2)
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
FEXX = filler metal classification
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
• So the final equation for fillet weld capacity will become:
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
• Minimum size of fillet weld
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
Capacity of Fillet Welds
(Cont’d)
• The reason that we have maximum sizes is to try and minimize
distortion of plate elements during welding:
Summary of Equations
Problem 01:
• Determine the design strength of the connection below.
• A572 Gr. 50 steel is used for the tension member (PL 10” x ¾”)
• E70 electrodes are used for the fillet welds.
Problem 02:
• Using E70 electrodes, design a fillet weld to resist a service
dead load of 15 kips and a service live load of 40 kips.
• A572 Gr. 50 steel plate is used.
• Assume the capacity of the gusset plate to be adequate.
Thank You