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    8 views30 pages

    Waveform Coding Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Preetham M. C Preetham M. C

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    “1 WAVE FORM CODING TECHNIQUES “ As we ctiscusted the Sampling procest, i& the fisst Step in cligited vepya sentation % analog Wave form, the mext Step ia Youncking off tre amplitude gq each Sample to the weavest discrete voltage Levels present in quankzer. After Youncling Off the crmphitucle q Lash Sample, allotting a binary word by usinga encocley. The -fisst ancl fundamental way Te prasenting amolog Wavedormn to digital mean, is Called a pute Cocle modulodio oy BO PCM System. The digital veprasemtetion 4 analog signals haw the following advantages, W Ruggedness > tyanemission Noike and interferencas W) Efficient regeneration F Pe Cocted signal atong tre Avo mission pats WO The potenkal fy Communication P¥ivaey aarel Security thyough the use % encryphen ecbyiques dv) Possibility 4 Yeprasenting aul Kinds 9. Signals ing UNi-fIM -formak Disadvantages © Requires Lay ger FY OME mi csion bend idts Gi) Tacreases the Com plercity 4 the System i) Cost & te Stem cat also increases, POLSE CopE MODULATION Consicy a PCM system, by which O analog Wave i oro OY Signal iz sHammitting thyough a tram mission channel. In a pem System, ameteg Signal ik Sampled aba Freqjuiny A,ZrwW, there Sarmples ave oppyodaeted ta fi xeel fevet Present 1% quonk yey amd then emtoced by a binary Herd. “the block cliagrarn % PEM gemovedoy if Shourn ™ $9 © xl) Pow pass 7) filter [>| S/H fe-w Fig-O Tr a PCM SyStem the signal xt) 18 Featt pass through a low-pass ther -for Tihrichng te band voids 4 the Signal to a ‘Ww! -Hy- The outpub 4 Low- pass Filtey Jens a Sampling and hold civcuit (S/H), hich Sarnply the Signal xCt) with a Saompling Frequency ¢ fy (fe 220) gives the Samples x(nTs). the Sample xCnts) ther applied ty a qtantiser, which Compares the amplitude g x nts) with fined amplituale level present in th and assigns any one the ew. Hone cluving, YR Quantization paves Sime W-h an extor occured hue to amplitude diffvenur bebweer xOot) end cemphitudle level assigned by a quunkae this evvor ik Call quantization ervey, the quamhyohio evyors ave the pewmane nt evvor%, because Bt Can net be eliminnted Completely ingtead t+ canbe reduced by Selecting A proper Serre pling frequensy Sp > Prefervable Fe Shout aboays be grectey than 2h FimeLuy amplitude atsigned by tke quamhizer i applied to a emteder vohich yeprasents the iacomming Sarnple by B-bite binary Word. “these “19! bits are Seviahized bya pagolleh to Serie Converter and the resulting signal Ucabled o Pom beged baseboard signal. kb A quomb3er has “g)) number 4 amplitude fest ond Lach tol vepraented by “9! binasy digits Here fore ye 2 __@ : ThE Mumber 4 bile generated por Second is cabled tre Signelling rode % A Pom System VY Bgivenby Ja ne 4 bitt/ Sample % no 4 Sormples /econd = C4 ——@® but 4, > 200 f @ The dyangrnission bund width weguired for Pom Jo 2Vw Signal generated ob the vote 'T' it half 9 tre Signalling rede & Band wits (Bw) = 3-7 the fg @ Shows the Pem veceiver, where th AR possible to recover the analog Signal back Ayo We Knowledge % Sommpte. From Pam receive block ciagierm, the dintoched Pem signal is first poss tkyough a vegenerotov, which veshapes the Signed pulses ancl vornover the NOE Signed present in PH “The wndizteted pom Signed cpplicd +o Sevicd to parsaltel Converter followed by Aigites +o emeclog Comverter ond Sovenpte/no tcl Cisceud amaver Phe Corves ponding fened hevely on a Resulbug anetoy weveform. Pinelly the Signed ix pass through oO Teconkterstion Filter, which lachaves Wee how pass fitter ancl allows the Signal Fvequerny Component, Up fo only ‘wl tty. The recovered signol Key 1K almost sSeome as the Origine Signal x) The Yerovered Signs ik Shoum in fig D The imterned block Biogrann % vegenevabyue Yepeater oy Yegemereto 1 Shon Tn 41g-@ Stompling natn Distovted (hte Pe Pem —— Decision | OM Signed du gna y 1 1 4 \ + pete The distorted pom Signal ig Crmplifred, and Sine Signal have been travelled for a Longer dittante any phase and delay dishytions ave Compensated by a Cquolizer. The timing ive genoredes the instant “T’ to Sample the output 4 comphifeer ancl equalizer for a every bit interval and, ik then Compared tn the Aecision Cevice -foy Yelovering Lrver Aree Pemsignal. the poem Jenenedor onc vecetuere are Synchronized dy accurde Aeteck ary 4 fhe Signot being tran mitted From tee “Hovey tter, PLt the boomdnoidis F TY vicleo and ancko Signob ig 4:5 MHz. Tf tre Signal i¢ Converted into PCM bit Stream vith 1024 qrLambgokim devel, find the number 4 bitt/Secmds qunwvaded by the Pom Syst —em. Assume that the Signal ik Lormphed ot the vee 20°), Above the Nyquist rede Ans: Given tha w= 495 Mp Gq = ory levels Ny quat vase = AW Akh SMH = Mth Soomphing vos (2, 20%, Aboue Ny qpest robe Ae paxgyif = 10-8 MH, ~ 5 v Y = oan Oe woz -, 2 = [o bik the number 4 bi ree genoroded by a pem System T= we = 10% fork x10” bits] see = logmbits] gee Phi the information tn an omoleg waveform eit Maximum Arequonwy f= SkH2 (3 40 be tram mitted overom M-lewel poem SyStem whore the Number 9 pulse fuvel ig MeI6. the Gwankzedion clitoshian ie Specified Mot to exceed 1% q peak-to Peak omaleg Signo Determine W what ig the Maximum Tumber o bits Sample trot Should be Usect im tsis PCM System Gi) pohak i tke Yinimum Sermpling vede amd what ig the Tesulking Lit robe 23d) Gs melé w Ya 2 > v= afer eo tS dos 2W= 2x Sk) = bk, bik vode oy Signobli ng Yoke 9! Fe Oho eS Ax 6 Kd = 2h Kbps P3. A Compact Disk CED) Yecovels Aurctio signeaty chigitally by using Pom System. Asserme thal the audio signal baadwrclis +p be 15 KHe D whet ix tre Nyquist ote W) Lp the Nyquist ample ave quantized into L= 65,536 Jevels ond then binary Coded, clefey mine the mumber F binary digit vequired +0 encede & Sample. Gi Determine tre number q bineny cligits [Second Yequired to encocle the auclio signal. Cv) Por practical yeasons the Signols ave Sampled at A vate well above Nyquist vote ab 44100 Samples Te Ls 65536, cdebermine te NUMber Per Second. gq bits/sec vequirved + emcee the Signal and ten mmission bandwidth F encoded Signal. Sle) we Sky Nyquiet rode = 2 2X15 Retz = Boktty, vi) qa Le 65536 we ye X 7 hog vy = Log 65536 we 1b bik . | (cy) Signadl ng yode Go Us 3 = 16x 3oxnle = Ago Kbps ; wes (iv) To obtain band widis if f= 44100 Banchordts = 7 Signalling rode =i vf, = X16 x 44100 = 352-8 KH, UNIFORM QUANTIZATION [LINEAR QUANTIZATION] As we know that, -from a Quamnbizedion pscers the Inpub Soomple Value is assigned to nearest digital ampli- tude Lovels This quantigedion Can be either a Uniform oy Non-Uniform, In Unifosm quantizodion, the Step Size ig constant oy difference behveem too quank gation level Yemains Constant over Complete amplitude vange. Depending upan the type 4. charedexistic, tse Uniform quantizers ave Clapified into three types which are W midtread quanhzer i) midviger quentizer di) Biased quanh3zer () MIDTREAD. QUANTIZER: “The trangfer charecteyi shies | & Micttread quantizer 1B Shown im Fig.--O, Prom fig -O, when input % befween Sand + Sh tee qrionhgen output ie Zero dy, -Y sxlo<& : xqlnt)=0 guenkger outpar xy lTe) 45 |-- -- e Z AK itdtal-peonfor HH Chareterishe wt posstarongh origin 6 ‘ Th irnscopemtietn th 5h, 3% -he . ‘rn 194 1% ents) “25 2381 lo | Fig-C) when inpak x(n) is By < xenmy< >, 1 ' \ ‘€ a) xqlnt) = 8 FYom 4ig-O, when inpal xCnts), the outpa 4 quantizer Xalniz) 1% alo Zevo, honte this tadhnique ix Called micttread Quankzor. The quantization ervey “€' 4 trig ie given by b= Xq Cnty) — XCnTs) whem XOnT) = YF, the Output 4 quanb3er ig Toro qupt before. this hovel heme emo is Go_ & the erm tam Tenge tree —H ses Hy & ctheye-fore the mayi mum quemiigehion em # oon ig 5, Emo = |%] i) mipaiser GuanwnzeR The -bromafer Charecturistics 4 Mid vier quank zor 18 Shown tay #4-@ (@) end te exter variadim Shown 7 tg 24b)) En tik coke, oho impub xCnty) ik Zead tre owtpne % quantizer is from -F > H & OS KEMB) Ig the Sermple 4 inpud Signal 9 xy and. amplitucleg impub signed Con Vay Prem — Kinase to + Xmax. From the -beanifer Chorrectey AKC 4 mid tiger Quomk 3ey thin XO) = 46, xq, nis) = 1% *(nTs) = -46 xq OTs) = -19), Correspondingly tre total amplitude q¢ input Signal 4 Total amphtude ToNge= Kae C= a) = Xm ————® The totod ormplitude rernge ig dovided in to ‘Gy bevel 4 qyank3ey, then Step Size~8' ig GWM by ba Tmax aa © whem Signa XO 7% aocmoNyect, Wen Xnax = | —%moey = —/ wo Se * @ Y The Step Size is enade Small to reduce tre AMOWN G quankigedion errvoy ‘E'. the Yuoudizahion erncur & Uniformly Aittsibuled ower on Sampling bnlerrvel G y 5 0 po Emax = | Al , ~9, 2 lina % % —6) The psp 4 quantization enver “¢! a) pee rT] g-cH) & oi. © Shy : Therefore fron PSD qe! FCs) 1k defined oy FO) = ] at 6 0 for 07 Se _ fer -% 58S —© The SNR 4 & Quant ger ix defired ay Gp ee aaees era Noixe Power CNormnevbized’) 2 “the noise Power — Vino ice Re Ca) ws Vinoite ig the mean Squore Value G Nike Voltage, Since noise ia defined oy a random Variable 'E' The meen Squave Value =ELeT= 2% 27. 0 eled= f efw@de —® fr Ss f eh x ide % Whoo Noise power ik mormolized, R=], tren Lrem Cquoken Ga) the Moise power ix given by & 2, NOV“E power (Hormatized) = 7 = mas) The number $ Ywonkgahm lew th quant suv i VY oand *eprasemkng tach hurl by ‘19’ bits y= —_@ bur a 2Xmoay = 2Xmax Vv 2” . 10m eyuaken (2x mex 98) 125 A Xue /2?* Es Noike power = therefore note power = fe Ket “Pp! tk the Signal power, then SNR is P ino Bx Be BP oy = x2 2 * MAX Maximum Signal 4 quembzaken noire wah 5 SP 2 QA) rage = an: ea max hob the impub Signal xt) is marmaliged & Xmax =I, then equation GD i given by Sy = BP x OY when Signol power "Pp ix Movmal zed Sy = Bue ve nag = C48 + 6) dB —(13) wT Pas Signed MH = 6Sin amt UF PraaK miltect Using 4rbit Pom system, qruanhaer is Qe anid Tiger tyet wits Gep Size Av. Sketch the Pom -foy one complete cycle. Assure Soxnphing vale 9 4 Samples] cee voit Samples hekam oF 7 Ye + Fe 5]p Sec. Determine the Codevoerds for , ~ , given Sor ple. sea Me)= 6 Sin aire , m= Ev (Peak) Sine S=iv, tee quantizer lovel are 065, £15, +25, £35, FAS, $5.5, Lb, + TS for the midizer quantgen The fows Sommpley G ome cycle are taken at t= thy +7 £%s, + Ye. The quantized ever and Corresponding out ps ix Shevsen below, cf Glo 6s tlol 5s 1100 AST loll 35 [oh as 1001 U5 [000 O54 Oo Onl -oF Ono 5s O10 25 0100 -35 OO AS oo10 —&S coo, 6-5" | poco TS i I 0. 3x36 ee + hy Ae 45 +s (100, N00 Ywantized towels xe 6 Sinamt fuankzel Semple pom Value olP % A242 AS 1100 . , 1100 Ys A+ 226 AS % 424-26 AS ooll % fe dyrb hes coll PS: Derive the expression for Signal-to quantizadion Noise vatto for Pom SYStem thet em phoyor Lineor—quamndi ~Zedin techniques Assame that inpuk to the PLM Sy stem TBA Sinusoidal Signal oR A Pom System uses Unidorn quantization Prollowed bp a '09' bit Entedur Show that the TMs Signal +o Quantzohion noise Tahto be approximately given by G-9+6W)de The impeak tg Simusoiclod Signal, havivg Peck Volkage Am. heh the Signed power P? te pivenby Dy P= V7e | years value Ve Aw) Pa (Amin) _ Aes za ~ “72 bohon Sigrod 'p' ie novmolized, tren R=) 2 p2 == —O w-l0 The Signal +o qtankgahio noiKe yodTo g POM Sy Stam 1& given by 3P 2v Wy = ome 25 —@) may . - bab Mina Xmon f pa AB inegnO® « Am Spy = 3 &) my pee! Arm = *%»x 2 Gdte= lo beg ( 44) + tolog (ge) = 176 + 2VWR10KO3 = 17646 Gn (v8 +60) PE: A Tv Signal With bandroidts 9 4:2 MHz 1s dyarymitted using binayy poem. The mumer 4 quombaatim love are S12. Colucntode Codersord Leng ts G) Trammencecion band voi ett QW Final bil vede QV) he owtpub Signalto quombzedhion noize radio Sole given Rob We ded Mit, ayo S12, G qe si. > 2% dogsin = logo Log sir w= 29 _ =e a bits on) Trang mission bandesidts B= aH = Ax yd MH. = 378 MH Wi) The bit rede de {Be Va, Sse 2w = 2 x 4d Met oy Bre £9 = Sil MHz FS AK Koy MHD = 15:6 Mbps WY) Signed +0 quom's aehten noice Fado Gy) ds= 4-8-4609 = 48 6xq = 5.8Ae CHANNEL Noise AND ERROR PROBABILITY IN PCM The Pexformance % Pom Syston 4 torfluuneed, by $90 magor Source % Noiges that cure incteponclent vor'ty Caen other Ch) channed noise: TE may be infrocdluced any where in the 4ranemission path w Puanhzing noikes TE generades at te PEM tearmamitien, vohen Approximating toe amplitude 4 Semple in the quanhger and fig beirgy Carried «ill the yeeoiuer. The Above tse noikes Lott Appear Simultaneous ly , when PEM System is Opervediong. he quomb3edtion moire ix already Gmsiduring only chemnel noine- Here, We Consider Separalely, being diteutted and hore w-l) At tee Pom-beantritter, a Sareple 4 inpul signol ix, bong veprasented by a Gop | binory digit, vabicn depends Upon te SiZe 4 the pcm Sy Sten. othe binary digits vee sonmmitted tr Sexiol-form, these Serio) binary digits arc Fepratemted by NRZ Unipolar end in vohidh for binary “42 ig Said to be Symbol’! and binary ‘0! os Symbbx"o'. when Syrnbol'1' is teurnyrnitied resulting signal dereed Os SK) iz given by Si BH= © 4t ‘ 7 ° t Enon 49-6 et Enon << Pogien 7, > Message + Message Point { pointe 2 fat wThe coosdinales 4 hwo points ae geven by = T Sy J SLE) bey de do Sy moot” 4! BH "NS Emuys 6, . Te ay a { LY) dle for Spenol “v'—_© = o 1 Bud the stgnel ab tse ottpud OF channel if giventy XO) = Soy + a Ww -12- we “The veceived signal i parstorough madched filer anid then output q it is Sampled and tke Sample X; x= fey gc) dt ——®© ° To caluttode tre peploals lity error Pe, Assuming x ik a Tancdom Variable, hon Symbol 0! &% traswmitied then PSD ig given by -*ip, 4a Ci)= ja € —@ be uk Peco) = Fx (%Jo) dx, VE nay] 9. 2 bo hy, lo = = [ eae o Leroy hak pe 4 » dz= sine dx) Axi=Iidz ) Zao X= Jems, Ze ae £ ae o Rewriting the equadin © interms GZ we hawe —2 RO= Fre ( x WNe dz e@ az —@ = Bub cecorcling ty Grandad Omplomontary ent furdhinn age a exfe(u)= fe “dy ® Comporaing equalim @® and B, we have Ro) = + erfe (& | Se.) Atsumiry both Symbol, ore Cqiprbable ten R= L enfe (4a) GH Pe. Pom POR LY + PU) AC) : aot lag at rhe (ES) = Lede [Fam )} —€) The Rao Emoxjy, Tepyosemts. de. peak signal energy. sto-woipe Spectred Berastty + THR vosio may ako be equeted tp the peak si ‘Goal to noise power redto & Ermey = Proves Emap _ Finan. Ne Noss, fohene Mejp Inthe average noite power Contained in o Atonpmiscion bandhndti Cguods to toe bit rode Yrg ROQUsT (NoNoniFoRm) QUANTIZATION Ln “sig quantisedin pro cegs, ase. Step Stze's! a A Quontizor i% not fired inglead fb Veerrey aceurcliny. do Certain laws or Ipod SigneS cenphitude. The Hangdey Charecler ig hy, 4] Nor -unefiy on prone (& Shou tn €e From Fig -O, th tx closer tty 70. oh Me Smoller Sop Size a made for fous teypud SignoS Jomls cemad Shep st50 cov lervger Oem plitucte lovely + U meade lorrguy taped Sonok. The Odkveniane Se EeTTEa esters ease estrone ones eae eee ieee eee Eee eet TE wld HOU quantizer ix thel a Comfant SNR Can be main Leined pegints) — Kp} re oO 44-0 TRE meinen guombgedion Camu ix % (4| but Sa 2X rman WhO KX mraye = | 8= Moy for a 4-bit pem Th Gye ae ie ee b= = = + buy = [Zl [2s af tbe Step size éK 1y, I 16 then in a Uniform Guantzer when Signed Ormphidude is od 2V ov av tre WV My becong Cosi hevebley high low ot Ikv,ISv ef l6V Q ty en Com be meglested. eek Vale Crest fachy = Yt Value COMPANDING in Poem Pradicolly there are mo techniques +o imple rent non uniferrn quembgaltios, bub this process (4 required cb maintain a Contant SNR ssaugh ont tmpus Signet Lewd. therefore do cudsive non-untferm qualtigehion by & proess Called Compandirg. In Companding a Lower Signal amp ~ Litucle Denk are crnplified and attenuating the higher ampktude lewd tren applying a Unifevin quant sahion. A Yeverse Process ik applied at the vecetver, This process 1% Cabled Commpamding Ln Companding procers Tedrctng the number 4 steps ab higher amplitude lovely Since we attenuakt and increasing the Atumber 4 Steps at lower Amplitude fovels Since we amplify the signal. The fig-O Shows the Compression and expansion Curves FO Gmpa aiding proce. Vou —— Compression ab Ry. IS Expansion ak Te Linear chayeekerishcy Gmpress lon oF Trang miter 4.. M-LAW COMPANDING FoR SPEECH SIGNALS Novmeshy rfor Speech and Husic Signedy a t- Law Compernding Canbe Used Tthig Cernpamding or Compression i& defined of doce MLA) Zw)= a) Ta |x| <1 yn ConPorndiing (Shs, — voi teow Compornding Fig-O Signe) bevel (Ae) © Fig -O Shows the variation 4 SNR wim veppeh to Signo leu, Fb cam be obtexve thab tails Compandlivg THRE SNR IA Constant wits reSped to Sigmas Lovet. ee eens COMPANDING A- law pervider a Plecersize Gn pregeoy Charestert ~ Sb. TE hey a Linear Seyment for lower in pub Jerdly amd Logertiemic Segre tet higher complidede. Jot ig defined oy Ale) fos oelelg & L0 = +p ban 4 Alx J bal) by) fee & Gee CinCipuyy> > 4 PT 2 Show trad fy kerrge values q LLZA, tre He has and A- law have Serme. Cornpamding goin Sele the Companding Gain Ge 4 givencs Gc= dz) du |x>o “The Compondiry gato for t- las = Af Untie os) 4c ar} TCD) Vase be Ho hey | [+X bn Cit u) x20 eee bn (140) eC = wis Now Cobuentose the Gompandiing goin % A~ hows, Consider only the -fint Segrenent @ ile ra eeel ‘dx V T+ bina 7 A I+ a @ dor ea Ge tov lu, a ° Ge In(i+a) Gc for A- law Ge= TES For loge Velues @ A LL ne) = t+ bola) Horn G_ (a-lug) = Ge Ci hea) P.8 Show thod, with a non-uniform quantizer, tke ‘Mean Square Value 4 the quantizahion evrev in Appooni - modely Cquod de - 57P;, where St ik the 1 Step Size and P, ih the poobability that the input Signal amplitude fies within the 7 interval. Assume that the Step Size Us Seroll Compared sity etcursien 4 tre impuk Signod . SUE Since Ga) Step Size 4 mon-umiformn i H3er ave . « Suanisantion lovely ee difjerenr & "WapAngy are Hey Kay Mg ky -_& . XS exes yt fDi Re Step Se in 1 quankgation Level x; Thore dere the instante nto squere value 4 quant -—ZAKM ervey i Mean @ = (x—x:)” i The poe g xx become f, (xi) xt hy eee} = J Oc oi £ Crax ye 1 = Ao) fo Cee aA = 4,60) (x- wy ae: «By $00) 4[-C 2] = 8° 4,05) —O Lek the probability tha *x' Lies in {© interval be Pp’ hen a - xr re J Aede = 409%] ee R= & oe rics (ey) = */s, —O Subshise 42) in@ &

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