TAI GOLWALKAR MAHAVIDHYALAYA, RAMTEK UNIT IV -PHARMACOGNOSY — 089) aveaneta (Ole) Shivani Dhanule Assistant Professor Sbloprrusn tole miielect ygPHARMACOGNOSY Q Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals. Q It includes the study of sensory, biological, chemical, structural, and physical characters and the uses of crude drugs. Q Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants, and their active compounds for therapeutic purposes. Q It encompasses the identification, isolation, characterization, and evaluation of bioactive substances from various sources.SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY Q It has played a crucial role in the finding of new plant drugs for Medicine. Q Identifying and classifying plants used in traditional medicines or as potential source of active compounds. Q Isolating, characterizing, and studying the chemical constituents of natural products from various sources. Q The knowledge of pharmacology is essential for understanding action of drugs on animals and the human system. Q Several crude drugs are utilized for the preparation of medicines from natural components. Q Pharmacognosy is a vital link between Ayurvedic and Allopathic systems of medicines. Q It provides a system wherein the active principles of crude drugs derived from natural origin could be formulated and manufactured in dosage forms acceptable to allopathic system of medicine.DRUG ADULTERATION Q Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic propertie: Q Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances. Q Adulteration means inferiority, deterioration, admixture, spoilage, sophistication, substitution of drug. ADULTRANT: Q Adulterant are either of substandard varieties of original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substances present in original drug which decrease its quality. Q The substance which are added in crude drugs.Inferiority Inferiority is a natural substandard condition which can be avoided by more careful selection of the plant material. Deterioration Deterioration is an impairment of the quality of drug due to destruction of valuable constituents by treatment or aging or to the deliberate extraction of the constituents and the sale of the residue as the original drugs. Admixture Admixture is the addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness e.g. inclusion of soil on an underground organ or the co-collection of two similar species.Spoilage Spoilage is a substandard condition produced by microbial infestation, which makes a product unfit for consumption, which can be avoided by careful attention to the drying, and storage conditions. Sophistication Sophistication is the deliberate addition of inferior material; such materials are similar looking to the genuine drug. e.g. powder ginger may be diluted with starch with addition of little coloring material to give the correct shade of yellow colour. Substitution Substitution is the addition of an entirely different article in place of original drug. e.g. supply of cheap cottonseed oil in place of olive oil.TYPES OF ADULTERATION 1. Direct / Deliberate / Intentional Adulteration > Intentional and purposeful act of adding low grade substances to increase weight or mimic characteristics of a higher quality product. » Deliberate adulteration are normally commercial, mainly with the intention of enhancement of profits. » Reason: Scarcity of the drug and its high price in market. eg: Clove, Cinnamon, Cardamom 2. Indirect / Accidental / Unintentional Adulteration » Unintentional inclusion of impurities in a product. > Occur during various stages of cultivation, harvesting, processing, or storage. > Mostly, similar looking plant species may contribute to accidental adulteration.Different Methods used for Intentional Adulteration Methods Example Substitution with inferior (substandard) commercial varieties Due to the morphological resemblance inferior quality drugs adulterated to the original drug Japanese ginger to adulterate medicinal ginger Capsicum minimum replaced by Capsicum annum, Substitution by superficially similar (Inferior/ cheaper natural substance) Drug which is used for adulteration physically very similar to the original drug Indian dill with European dill or caraway Belladonna and Senna leaves substituted by Ailanthus leaves Substitution by exhausted drag In this method active constituent of drug extracted out and are used again. Clove, Fennel after extracting volatile oil. Used tea leaves dried and mixed with genuine drug. Adulteration / Substitution by artificially manufactured substance Substance are artificially made to look like similar to adulterate the original drug Compressed chicory in place of coffee, Artificial invert sugar for honey Usage or presence of vegetative matter from the same plant Harmful adulteration Presence of excessive amount of vegetative part of same plant Adulteration by faulty collection Generally stone and gravels are added to the drug to increase its weight excessive amount of stem in Senna, Starmonium, lobelia. mosses, liver worts and lichens growing on bark are mixed with the cinchona or cascara Limestone is adulterated with Asafoetida; Opium with lead shots Addition of synthetic principles Additions of synthetic substance to the original drug Citral to lemon oil, Benzyl benzoate to balsam of peru Adulteration of powder Powdered form of drugs frequently adulterated Red chilly powder adulterated with brick powder and colourAdulteration Original Drug “Adulteration| Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) - Papaya sod (Cartes papaya) Safton (Croc stint) Capsicum minimum (Capsicum anu Original Drug Original Drug Adulteration Original Drug, ‘Adulteration Original Drug Indian Dill Caraway Belladona leaves Ailaohus leaves Turmeric Powder an Q i Sn Che x Mentanil Yellow Clove Exhausted cloveOriginal Drug, Original Drug Adulteration| Original Drug, Adulteration| Original Drug ‘Adulteration Moss, iverwors and ihens loci amount of sowing on bark are mixed Senna leaves Stems Sema eaves Cincom Bak ‘withthe cinchona bark Asafoetida Picce of Lime Stone Liquorice Root ‘Other hard woods (Toxic) Original Drug, ‘Adulteration| Original Drug ‘Adulteration a Ss = \ ( Red chillies Powder Brick Powder + Colour Honey Artificial invert sugar Anethum graveolens : indian DilReasons of Unintentional Adulteration Reason Description Example Confusion in vernacular names Lack of knowledge about authentic source Confusion occur due to same vernacular name of different species and vice versa and due to which the two herbs are interchanged or adulterated. This is one the reason by which adulteration takes place in which supplier is unaware of authentic source Ashoka is the vernacular name of medicinal plat Saraca asoca and ornamental plant Polyalthia longifolia Mesua ferrea (Nagakesara), market samples are adulterated with flowers of Calophyllum inophyllum (Punnaga) Similarity in morphology Reason of adulteration is due to the similarity in appearance of adulterant with the genuine drug Mucuna pruriens adultered with other _ similar Papilionaceae seeds like Mucuna utilis (White variety) & Mucuna deeringiana (Bigger variety) Unscientific Collections and storage of drug Carelessness at the time of collection of herbs Saileyam or Shilapushpam (Parmelia perlata), a lichen usually admixed with Parmelia perforata & Parmelia cirrhata. Lack of authentic plant Due to the limited availability of certain species In India limited availability of Hypericum perforatum, H. patulum sold in the name of same Similarity in color In the course of time the drug material changed to or substituted due to similarity in color Ratanjot original only source in past is Ventilago Madraspatana but the present source is Arnebia euchroma,Mesua ferrea Calophyllum inophyllum‘ypes of Unintentional Adulteration Types Discription Example Faulty Collection Medicinally active constituent 1. Season, Stage of development & Age 1. Collection of correct part of genuine > Colchicum corm collected during early summer. plant without regard to time factors > Linseed — when fully ripe causes adulteration. » Belladonna root — root of 3-4 year old 2. Collection of other less valuable part of | 2. Drug — official part — less valuable part ‘a genuine plant. > Clove — Flower bud — Flower stalks 3. Collection of drug from foreign species | 3. Drug — official source — source of adulteration due to superficial resemblance or » Cinnamon — C. zeylanicum — C. cassia ignorance. > Linseed oil — Linum usitatissitmum — oil of cottonseed, sunflower etc. Imperfect Preparation 1. Collection of other less valuable part of | 1. Drug — official part— Undesirable part a genuine plant. > Orange and lemon peels — outer part of pericarp — inner white spongy part of pericarp 2. Neglect of proper condition of drying | 2. Drug — Faulty Treatment — Results leads adulteration. » Colchicum corm — drying at a temperature above 65°C — hydrolysis of colchicine Incorrect Storage Destruction of valuable constituents by distillation, extraction, aging, moisture, light, temperature, microrganisms insects or other means deteriorate the drug considerably. Drug ~ storage condition Cod-liver oil — Protected from light which would decompose the vitamin A Coffee — caffeine is lost by overheatingDRUG EVALUATION Q Evaluation of drug deals with correct identification of plants and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration. Q Crude drug can be evaluated on the basis of their organoleptic, microscopic, biological, chemical, and physical properties.METHODS OF DRUG EVALUATION Evaluation method Description Morphological/Organoleptic Evaluation In this type of evaluation, drugs are evaluated with the help of sense organs In this type of evaluation drug or its powder are examined under the the quality and purity of drug a | Miemenopic Evaluation microscope to study the arrangement of tissue and characteristics of powder «| Ppateal aes This method include evaluation of moisture content, specific gravity, optical yaica eee rotation, melting point, viscosity and solubility in different solvents. a ; This method is used to determine the active constituent in a drug by the 4 — | Chemical Evaluation ; ; chemical test or chemical process 5 | Biological Evaluation In this type of evaluation biological activity of drug is determined a | Chromatography and spectrophotometry | Different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to checkBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION Q Biological evaluation is also knows as bioassay or biological assay. Q Some drugs have specific biological and pharmacological activity which is utilized for their evaluation. Q The biological activity is due to the presence of specific type of constituent in the plant extract. Q For evaluation the experiments are carried out on living animal, isolated living organ and tissue, and microorganism. Q It is the estimation of potency of crude drug or its preparation by means of its effect on living organisms like bacteria, fungal growth or animal tissue or entire animal. Q It is the measure of sample, capable of producing biological effect as that of the standard preparation.Biological assay methods are mainly of 3 types 1. Toxic 2. Symptomatic 3. Tissue methods Q In toxic and symptomatic techniques, the animals are used. Q In tissue method, the effect of a drug is observed on isolated organ or tissue. Q Among the drugs that are subjected to bioassay are cardiac glycosides, natural pesticides and antibiotics. Stability Testing of herbal products Q The finished products of herbal medicine have low concentration of active constituents. Q The purpose of a stability testing is to provide proof on the varying quality of the herbal products with the time under the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination, trace metal contamination, leaching from the container and to establish a recommended storage condition and shelf-life. Q Based on the climatic conditions, storage conditions can be determined. Q Stability studies performed on three production batches of the herbal products for the proposed shelf-life, which is normally denoted as long term stability and is performed under natural atmospheric conditions. Q Modern analytical techniques like spectrophotometry, HPLC, HPTLC generate a sound stability data of herbal products and predict their shelf-life.Analytical methods for Herbal products The analysis of herbal preparations is mostly done by running high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods, quantitative determinations by UV visible spectroscopy or combinations of these. HPLC and GC methods can be used for identification and purity testing, as well as the detection of single compounds for assay, is possible during one analysis. Shelf-life — It is recommended that in case of a herbal medicinal product containing a natural product or a herbal drug preparation with constituents of known therapeutic activity, the variation in component during the proposed shelf- life should not exceed + 5% of the initial assay value. Importance of Stability testing: It evaluates the efficacy of a drug. Stability studies are used to develop suitable packaging information for quality, strength, purity & integrity of product during its shelf life. It is used for determination of the shelf life.