? Oe ike° Wasa xe DD ‘Trigonometry comes from the Greek words rigon (triangle) and metron (measure), It isthe study of triangles. Trigonometry i usually studied as the measurements of sides and angles of triangles and as points on a unt circle. The measures of angles are usually represented by letters from the Greek alphabet such as 8, «, , and t. Definitions & the Pythagorean Theorem ‘Right triangle: Triangle with exactly one 9° igh) sale ‘Fiypotenuse: Longest side of ght triangle: aways located opposite the right angle. ‘Legs: The two shorter sides ofa ight tangle EX: Triangle 48C is aright trang AC ani BC are leas, and ABs the ypotemase A 1 < cl 8 “The Pythagorean Theorem sates ths the sum ofthe squares of the lags of right triangle fe aqual tothe ‘Square ofthe hypotenuse, » Symubolicaly, thie is represented or hors a and b are the lengths of the logs of a neht triangle, and c is the Tenth of the hypotenuse Trigonometric Ratios Ratio of the length of to sides of a right rangle relative ta given angle, These include the site, ats. ABC (with acute angles A and 2), the ratios are defined es follows "Sine ratio: Ratio ofthe cxpaste eg oe npotonse Cosine ratio: Ratio of the aijacent leg to the inpoteiuse sTangent ratio: Ratio of the apposite leg to the cl cajacent eg “ a) Ne Sine ration po aia, EN: Sole for in ioht inal RST. 2icm 26 r sol ‘see agri Te, Special Right Triangles ‘There ar two speclal right trlangles with proper that ae very een problem soling. These tances ‘ocar in enough applications thet ther side length relationships shouldbe memorized +4. 30°-6090° triangle has 230° angle, « 60° ane, snd right ngle Ina 30°-60" 90° rangle, the sides are inthe ratio 1-3: 2 Tn other words, ifthe shorter ” “7 wort ‘The reciprocal trigonometric ratios are the cosecant, secant, a2 tangent ratios [EX: Find te sine, cosine, and tangeat ratios for the acute angles night tnanale RST. cof Covscast yet (spec of sis) Ss (eipeoel of cosine) Caangeat LoS (cecpocaloftngen) | en= T= SE Trigonometric Functions ‘The trigonometsic ation define trigonometric functions of an angle measure, 9. For example, the functions y = sin), “ sino") = 0.766 ory least and 608315) =0707 y= col), can be uied tan) 1376 to describe the particular ese(60") = 1155 ratio fora given angle gee(75) ©3864 Ima, Yo in & el) £3782 Jeghas length then the longer Te and the hypotenuse is 2 unis long. EX: Ifa=15 ft then b =15V5 ft, and ¢ = 30% +A 45°-45°.90° triangle has two 45° angles and a ‘ight ange. In 45°45°-90° trample, the sides are in ‘the ratio 1:1: V2. Ifthe legs each have length x, thea. the hypotanuse ix? units lo 4 om, timate the values of trigonometric functions for @ ven angle measure. Inverse trigonometric functions take 2 siven ratio sn “undo” the corespending trigonometric funtion to detenaine the axle mease. These functions are denoted bythe prefix arc or by an exponent of -L. EX: The thre fictions y = acsia x = scx, y= arccos x = cos? x, and y = arctan x = tan’ x {eposent the inverse ofthe sine, cosine, and engent unetions, respectively NOTE: The -1 exgonent used in the notation y= sin! © indicotes the inverse sine function, rot the reciprocal of the sine function. Thus, snr (ins) Be careful torecogniz the comset, olan when solving problems volung averse ‘nigonomeine functions. Solving for Unknown Sides & Angles ‘Trigouometrie ratoe aud inverse tnigonometnie functions can be used to find unknown side longthe ad augle measures night trans, EX: Find 4 and mC in the figure, Round othe secret fonth of depre. A 23 uligh Triangle Teigomey (oud) Solution: Relative fo angle 4, the adjacent side and the fnypotonue ere known Use the cosine ratio oeolve fee. ane eget ceos'(cos4)= cosi(3) Take the inverse cosine fenton of en side nanos ‘hea scifi attr sera cor (4). n£o~90~614=266° The ae angles ee complements EX: Find inthe gre. Round the erst et 4 NX) _ L 7S Solution ‘he measure of Ziad the hypotenuse are known Side Fis opposite 2. Use th sine ratio to solve feel Apply the sine ratio, ‘Multiply each side by 73 ‘Use a scientific cleuatr to vale sin36 Angles of Elevation ‘Definition: Angle farmed by a horizontal ine (ether real imagined) andthe line af ight looking wp rom the horizontal TEX: Ama stood 4800 fet fom atoy rocket aunching pad. She detrmined thatthe engleofebvtion fom ‘er vantage pois as 73° when he rocket reached is ‘hest pout. If Aana measured the ange of elevation ffom a height of 55 fet above the ground, wt was ‘he highest point reached by the rocket? Solution: ‘Draw picture fo represent the problem. Then apply the tangent lato solve fr the height each by the rocket ina oflraon | a mwsiige ae 4 A print vow, F] _——— | x Sag Anite taneet ti 4.90% an 7°= May exch side b 40, 157001% Una wii salto t endo a fs157056 3855 fet oh cout eee The rocket reached height of abou 1,705.6 fet Angles of Depression ‘Definition: Angle formed by a horizontal ine (ether ‘eal or imagined) andthe line of sight looking down ‘em the horizontal TEX: A coast guard crew was dying a rescue ‘mission in e helicopter A member ofthe crew sported a boat i trouble wale observing Som thehelicopter ata 25° angle of depression. Ifthe Inlicopter was 300 fet above the water level, howe far did the helicopter have to travel horizontally 19 ‘be above the boat? Solutior Draw « picture to represent the problem. Then apply the tanga! aio to salve fo the horizontal iste a7 Ig - IP a = 25s he ange of deesion vans apply te tng rato, > tan25*= 300 Multiply each side by Divide ech side by tan25° Ure a scion caloulatr to ate tan 25°. The helicopter had to travel about 613.4 fet horizon- tally to be above te boat. ‘Oblique triangles are triangles that do not contain a right angle. Acute Triangles ‘Defnition: Triangle that has thee acute anoles. Any acute triangle can be Oblique Triangles Law of Cosines “Definition: Formulas tat canbe used o solve oblique rianles when you are sven two side lengths andthe included angle (SAS) oral tree side lengths and no angle measies (SSS), ‘epee nto two ight angles by cotroing ane semen um one of te a B Sle eres ee erate ere o aa ‘*Once an acute triangle has been deconstructed into two right tnaneles, the trisono- Zaceos B ‘metric ratios can be applied to each right triangle to solve for unknown angles and tabeos C < side enti EX: Find in the gue TEX: ABC canbe fone int right ingles ABD and BCD ty drawing HD Rowe othe ae tenth A perpendicular to side AC. L * a c B M 1 A c 2(LA( Meo. Apply the law of cosines D 12K1}e08 50 Substitute ME 95 3007102. simply Obtuse Triangles mzo8 “Take the square rot ofeach side, ‘Definition: Triangle with exactly one obtuse angle. Any obtuse triangle can be spre Law of Sines converted into a nit tranle by constructing & ne sement fom one ofthe ‘vertes that perpendicular tothe Line conta the ade opposite Vee. EX: In L480, ZC is obtuse Extond side AC and draw BD perpendicular tothe extended ide. The result sight tale BD. “Inan obtuse or acute tana, the satios ofthe sine ofan ange tothe Inet ofthe opposite sido are equal The la of snes con be used to solve triangles when you are given the measures of two angles and aside length (AAS or ASA B A c sind sin _ sn Law of sings: t= 557 =S0€ A sect printed =n 2/25/2002 12:04 mt vie cioweastaao AMEAC Mexico Horde, AL2 aoe subjece to betps://mm obese. son/ceme-ot-eseLEX: Find c inte figure Round tothe nearest tenth. % Apply the law of sins, Substitute Solve fa c= 265, ‘Simplify using a scientific calculator. ‘The Ambiguous Case (SSA) “When you know the measures of two sides of a triangle eee ee eared Te EES ‘two different triangles. This is known as the ambiguous: eae “ie es, pon of peers a eta yeas ‘when applying the law of sines. ST ee eee ica a ee “We sng sch tang ig LN corer ee LEX: Suppose d = 11, f= 15, and mZD = 42°. Reseed eae are Sea eee ste cee ere etd Area of a Triangle ‘The area of triangle can be found using the formula c > ‘EX: Fiad the ree ofARST. Round tothe nearest tenth R 65 io2y6un 1 42293 square units ‘fom one point (cli the center ofthe cic) ‘Radius, r: Line seoment whose endpoints are 2 ‘point onthe circle andthe contr ofthe circle ‘Chord: Line segmcat whose endpoints both Ke on the citele. All other points onthe chord ae pots in the interior ofthe circle. ‘Diameter, d: Choed that contain the center ofthe catle EEN: InciclaC the contr ofthe cz is point TS a chord, Wis a chord anda diameter, and CAisaradis, Ss A ‘Cireumterence, C: Distance around the cite Gircumference: C= 2rr of C= nd ‘rea, 4: Number of square units that are needed to cover the interior ofthe cls Area: 4= a EN: Fiad the circumference and the area of cicle .F Round tothe nearest teh Cincomference fomla Subsituter = 45 Simpify Uses set cate ‘Area formals Substitte r= 45 Simpl ‘Use scientific cleulator Central Angles & Arcs *Central ange: Anse with 2 vertex atthe center of the ciel. The sides contain two radi ofthe circle EN: ZABC isa central angle of circle . A C) ‘are: Portion of a cicle that is defied by two audi on the ice EN: Arc AC can alt be denoted as 10 >, Seer ler ee ona cate The means of« minora les fan 180" nd gulf the menor oft aed cent angle Sep ee eet ee ons cate The meu of «aaj ae pele han 180 nd eqal 0 30° mim the measur of ere eee semicircles Are ith endpoints tht tie on a diameter The mens ofa semacle 180% Ae PCs a minor and wit = 84° ‘Ae YNC isa msjr ae and. ne Degrees & Radians Angles are measured in depres, denoted by the symbol © One degree is equal to 3p of a tum wound a cule, A degree may be subdivided in to 60 minites (smitten 60). Each mine can be {ore subdivided sto 60 seconds (Written 60") ‘There are 360° a cick ‘Degree measure of an angle: Degree measure of ‘he intercepted arc for which i central anle ‘Angles can aio be measured ia radians, One radian is equal tothe messue ofa central angle ‘hat nterceps anor equal a length to the radius of ‘he circle. There are 25 radians ina circle ‘The radian measure of a central ange of a cite in sadians€ sequal othe ratio ofthe intercepted ac, tothe ads, , ofthe ele, “he mean ofthe angle i 0-2 radian Converting Degrees & Radians ‘Thre are Drains mone completion of cic 202 rainy and 360" ae quale, The Ee etter ee "To conver fom depres to rain, sip by ig ree eerie ree tp by EN: Convert 150° to radians x EN: Convert radians to depres.ce Akad oe Generated Angles A generated angle i a central angle withthe vertex placed atthe origin of the coordinate plane. One side of the anole is ortented along the postive 2-2xis we the other sie is rotated in either a clocewite or counterclockvite dee tion. Angles genersted in uch a monner are sid to be in standard position, +The side tht doesnot rotate is cllad th initial side The side that does rotate 1 calle the terminal side egative angles ate formed when the terminal side rotates clockwise Positive angles are formed when the temninal side rotates eounterclockvie, Quadrantal & Reference Angles +A penerated angle in which the terminal side lies on the x- oF y-axis is called ‘ quadrantal angle lo ‘a trigouometry, st is ofen more convenient to evaluate tagonometnic functions using avte angles as the argument. If @ is @ nonquadrantal angle in standard position, its reference angle. #. isthe acuts angle formed by the ‘terminal side of @ and the x-axis, ircle EX: Find the reference angle foreach angle 1 1sse Solution: Le’ = 180° - 155° = 25" a 20 5 ‘You can use the coresponding reference angle to evaluate trigonometric auctions for any given angle, €. The sign of the seeult i determined by the quadrant in which the terminal side ofthe anole lies. » Step 1: Find the reference angle, & » Step 2: Evaluate the trigonometric funtion Smee + | sn. ese ae cos see— | cos see+ » Step 3: Use the chart to determine the sign gfmeat— | tam cat = of the rest a,c | ne cos,sec— | con.see + EX Biciatcos 120° ing ereience mE J omc Solution: = 120" Given angle @'= 180" 120° =60° Determine the ference angle (erminal side, quadrant 1) cos 60° = Evaluate the function for the reference angle eos 120°= Apply the conect sgn lermina side, quadrant I). The Unit Circle *Aoucle centered atthe ongin of the coordinate plane with a radius of 1 unit The equation ofthe unit ele i82 +)? Pe Pe.) 2~Ptx,») 180°/ Yo |” : ©. x 4 70 Fi +A pot, P, ison the unit cele sf and only f the distance from the center of| the cici to the point ss equal to the radius of exactly one unt. Points can be labeled using the eppropriat ordered par, (x, ). “By constructing aight tangle to deseribe the location ofa point en the unit circle, P(r, y), the trigonometric functions can be defined in terms of the generated angle @ end the coordinates + andy as fellows: Frequently Used Angles «There are several angles frequetlynsed in applied trigonometry > e epresents foquently used angle in degrees > crepresents that same angle, but ia radians » (represents an undefined value PEST emf 1 +] 0 [+ 5 +] 0 [4 1The sine, cosine, tangent, and reciprocal fuetions as defined onthe unit cizele se called ercular functions ‘The domain ofeach function is the set ofall possible angle messates, and ‘the range ithe set ofall posible angles that are generated by the respective finction. The functions are periodic and repeat a pattem. ‘The period of circular function i the horizontal length of one complete cycle. The amplitude 18 one-half the postive difference between the ‘maxionum and minimam values of the function, Sine Function ‘Parent function: = sin x ‘Domain: Ail real numbers Range: [1.1] tercept: (0 0) Intercepts: (rz, 0), where isan integer Period: 2 + Ampliu Cosine Function «Parent function: y= 00s Domain: All real numbers “Range: [1.1] 0.1) tercepts: (£1. 0), where mis an integer “Period: 2x Amplitude: 1 Tangent Function Parent function: y=tan x ‘Domain: All eal numbers x, sue that ©*4 Vm, where isan integer ‘Range: Al eal numbers spIntereept: (0,0) intercepts: (x, 0), where nis an integer Period: *Asymptotes: © ‘Transformations of Trigonometric Functions ‘Trigonometric functions can be transformed on the coordinate plane with vertical translations, horizontal translations (called phase shifts), amplitude changes, and period changes. +The general forms ofthe sine and cosin functions are: jak cone C)~D, where diets ampliode > dein te pe 5 [37 1 se the nonzana phase sit »Disthe vertical sit When a tigonometrc facto strated up or down, the ine =D it the reve hoizial ie about which the graph cates This ine called the tlie ofthe faction, sin(20—)+1 EX: Graph the fiction Solution: Determine the amplitude, midline, period, phase shift, and vertical shit ofthe function Use this information to generate the graph ofthe function, (CHECK cos? @- cos 8-2 ‘A trigonometric equation contains tigonometic fxpressions and an‘ sign. A trigonometric aque tion ean be solved to find the veluo() thst make it ‘rue (if they exist) Algebra techniques such as factoring or applying the properties of equality can be used to solve trigonometric equations. Au extrancous solution i a solution that 32 Introduced as a result of the processes used to solve an equation. It will aot result in e true number sentence when itis substituted back into ‘the original equation. When solving trigonometric ‘equations t 8 mmportaat to check for extraneous solutions LEX: Solve the equation co ~ cos 6— 2 = 0 for Osos Solutior cos? — cos 8 Original equation (cos 0-2) (cos 6+ 1)=0 Factor the left side cos 8=2=0 or cos 8+ =0 Apply the zero ‘produet propery. 08 8= 2 or cos Simplify €054(2) or €= cos (1) Solve for 8 undefined or 8 = x Simplify. On the interval 0 < @ < 2x, there is one solution: 8 = = EX: Solve the equation 1 + cos @ = sin @ for Fees To oor oar (1+ cos 6 = sin? @ Square each side, A oo ey he py agien ety crete 2cos 0 + 2co876=0 Simplify. }80°. The value @= 270" cos 6 + cos’ 6 =0 Divide each side by 2. ates Sareea aro erie SHcor(Qer8-eaic1) Saeee, REAR esconcat - peenees an 4/19/2002 12/04 Rt vie UBIVERSIOAD AMQHOAC wexico woare® Sui aap subyece co neepa//mmmabace.con/teses-cf-n00Key Identities & Formulas Using Double-Angle & Half-Angle Identities trigonometric identity is an equation iavolvine You can use doubleanale and half-anle identities to help you determine exact values of anton that ste forall values for which the functions ar dena. trigonomrc ratios. Some ofthe more frequently used identities and tieonometnc formulas are shown below EEN: Find the exact valve of sn 2 if sin ® Solution Find cos 6 “sie @=1 Apply the pythagoran dent = sist @ Apply the subtraction propery of equality 5 a irteteenn50° com8= simplify Substitute ‘ Take the equare rot of each sie. cos “Take the positive root since 0° <8 < 90" [Ure a double-angle identity to find the exact vale of sin 28 ors O= oO sin 28=2 nos 6 Appythe dbl nee ienty tan? 0+ 1 = sec" Oor tan? O= see? sn 29-2 subttte sin? Simpl cos(9# x)= c0s B cos x F sind sin x TEX: Find the exact vale of cos 5 ifsind = $ and is between 0° and 90° (0x) —sin corr F eas O sin = Solution | Fain cov @-rss' ©=1 —_Amly tha pthogorm et Apply the subtraction property of equality G0620=Te080—1 | Ure ahaangle tent oSidte exact ae ofcos © etn: tet Apply the half-angle identi — a Take the positive root since 0° <8 < 90" Verifying Trigonometric Identities z “tis pnbl fo rv a a igre ety ate by ming oe of he — are trun lial i er ide by sng tot ies lt eee cos Osin x Tz ‘Typically. is easier to bepin by transforming the more complicated side ofthe equation. sind cosx= 2A 0-8) EX: Vey at +0 = 78%; i tng ident Guodans SM@=)-awy SY S0tuon 2 "rns es die tis pt ~oan(O:2) op (02) 1econ0= 2% orignal quien nn e=25n (28) on(=8) . . rT TEEN) 220 0— SSS; HEE mini city tint Gat 224 sino —sinx~200(43) cin(58) 2 2 ‘Use the FOTL method to simplify the denominator Apply the pythagorean identity eos -cos= unl) sn('54) us. 95 free case IPAS Bat eos: o7a-esessee-2 Me Wi geds lies a fake dane Fedmon quick: com 50695 = ata ii 546 14NOS3B6NN a Sauncl 9978 1423"23 3862! ie geomet ee epee sac ete, omc oe cpg reece No par of pblicaton a Serpe tment ay em eth ol ana Shir Ping er ey deseo mec ecg aye. vga beeen See nd veel em rsecnaet - pvintea =n 2/26/2002 12101 ma von thuvesszaAo AaMEAS Mexico nord, aL2 aoe susject co betps://wm.cbsss.son/tomme-ce-ene