SRAMMAR STOP Present Continuous >The Present Continuous is used to talk about actions which are temporary or ncomplete. Examples: - At this moment, Monash University is offering free activities for the whole com- munity: photography and drawing. - Now, they are learning the present continuous tense. Statements: Subject + am/is/are (not) + verb + ING Questions: (Wh- word) + am/is/are + Subject + verb + ING? Typical temporal expressions: now, at present, currently, at this moment. Wh- questions =>Wh- questions are information questions, introduced by the following interroge tive words: what, where, when, why, how, who, whose, which, how much, how many, how long, how often, how far. Examples:- What is a motto? - Where is Monash University? - Why are you studying? - What are you thinking about?GRAMMAR STOP present Simple facilities we use verb in the present tense such as has/h s/have, ato describe ‘occupy/occupies, cover/covers. eased se there is/are Example: e accuplG3 a large lot of land which covers 98.84 acres in San Just Province. There are 18 latest generation computing labs in the ‘ea (rave the newest computers availabe for students’ use, There is soa id an interactive video lab with technical support. ~~ a una! ros Aires sity. They he language lab an Expressing existence Questions: (How many...) + is/are there ...? Statements: There is (not) + singular noun. There are (not) + plural noun. Expressing possession - The university has a very complete library. “American universities have student accommodation. - UNLaM doesn’t have student accommodation. “Some American universities don’t have student accommodation. = Does the university have a complete library? - Do American universities have complete libraries? action and characteristics Talking about permanent use the To talk about habits and to describe places, we ‘Simple Present tense- Affirmative statements: 1/ We / You / They study _ at a National university le / She studies ‘an area of 90 acres sity (It) covers ents: 1s / They don’t studyat a National univers. doesn’t study o ity (It) doesn’t cover an are? of 90 5eee (Wh- or) + Does/Do + Subject + infinitive verb? Do you/we/they study at a private university? Does he/she go to the library? Does it cover a big area? Where do you/we/they study? What area does the UNLaM cover? Answers: Yes / No, (subject pronoun) (auxiliary). No, we don’t. No, she doesn’t. Yes, it does. It covers an area of 98.84 acres.GRAMMAR STOP Comparison of adjectives erences between two objects, we use adjectives in their com- are diff moon They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, ir parative forms. this pattern: Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective +than+ noun (object). The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (1) Examples: - This term I’m attending English and Computing, but I like English better (1). - UNLaM campus is larger than Morén University campus. * Some classrooms are noisier and more crowded than others. Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper 0! wer limit of a quality. The: ject i - are us arec 3 group of Bee iy, ed in sentences where a subject is comp: loun ji (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object)-he group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the eg, ext, Examples: co We sometimes talk in class when the teachers are explaining. Some students tay he loudest. My classroom is the smallest in this sector. In summer it is the hottest, yTo compare and show equality you use the following structure: not) as + adjective + as ‘ample: Harvard University is not as old as Bologna University. + Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number if syllables in the original adjective. Number of syllables Adjective Comparative Superlative One syllable new newer (than) —_‘the newest (of all) hot hotter the hottest Two syllables simple simpler the simplest dirty dirtier the dirtiest Three or more syllables important more important the most important expensive more expensive the most expensive Examples: - Bologna University’s library is more complete than NUL's. - Harvard University is one of the most expensive universities in the world. There are common adjectives that have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms. Adjective Comparative Superlative good better the best bad worse the worst little less the least much. more the most. far further/farther the furthest/the farthest LINKING WORDS *To connect two ideas in a sentence: And, but, because. To show addition: and - UNLaM offers services to the communityTo show contrast: but - UNLaM is open to all people but there are admission restrictions. To show reason: because - I want to move to a Latin American country because I want to learn Spanish.GRAMMAR STOP simple Present We use the simple present for: - repeated or habitual actions - thoughts, feelings and states ~ an idea which is always true. Affirmative and negative statements 1 You take down we don’t take down They He takes down She doesn’t take down The computer takes down ay Yes-No questions and short answers I you Do we they take down notes oe at university? DOES she the computer _ take down notes? (it) Wh- questions and answers 1 do you When we- they he miners. ; foes’ she the English course notes at university, notes. Yes, I/you/we/they do. No, I/you/we/they don’t. Yes, he/she does. No, he/she doesn’t. Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t take down notes?prequency adverbs Trou/we/They always use body language. don’t use /never use ae often uses body language. Ber doesn’t use /never uses Te (The English ‘sometimes starts at 8.00 o'clock. course) doesn’t finish/never finishes | in November is always* popular among students. + Note the position of adverbs with be. of emotion: like/love/enjoy/dislike/hate/prefer + inc! Verbs lence an emotion. They are commonly used in These verbs express how we experi the Simple Present tense. Examples: . Hove searching the Internet. students hate getting low marks in exams but they enjoy passing difficult sub- jects. Modal verbs: CAN We use modal verb CAN to show: + ability > possibility Reamer: Subject + CAN/CAN’T + infini' verb form + ... ions: (WH) + CAN/CAN’T + Subject + infinitive verb form + ...? CAN'T shows the lack of ability or possibility. Modal verbs never inflect, and they are used as auxiliaries to ask questions andGRAMMAR STOP Simple Past #The Simple Past is used for an activity or situation that began and ended in the past, It is usually used with past time expressions such as yesterday, last month, year, a few days ago, and dates such as: in 1990, in 300 BCE, etc. There are regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs add ed to the base form. Irregular verbs form the Simple Past in a ariety of different ways.AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVe I/he/she/It + was +... I/he/she/it + was not + Was + I/he/she/it +.» was I/he/she/It popular V/he/she/it was not pop- among women? ular among women You/we/they+ were You/we/they+ were + 1/he/she/it was popu- lar among women Were + you/we/they 4 i ? You/we/they were not Were you/we/they popy. You/we/they were popular among women popular among women lar among women? LEXICAL VERBS OTHER THAN “BE” AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE (All persons) + past (All persons) + did not Did + (all persons) + form of the verb 4+Base form of the verb _base form of the verb? (All persons) +de- (All persons) + did not Did + (alll persons) + fended the thesis. defend +the thesis. defend the thesis? (All persons) + left (All persons) + did not Did + (all persons) + Athens. +leave + Athens. leave Athens? Spelling rules for adding ed to the verb: 1. When the verb ends in e, add only d. Move moved live Lived 2. When the verb ends in a consonant + y, change the y to I, and add ed. Study studied try Tried 3. When the verb ends in a vowel + y (ay, ey, oy, uy), the y does not change. Play played enjoy Enjoyed 4. When the verb is one syllable i pprens yllable and ends in a con: Stop Roope plan 5. When the verb has more than one s\ syllable an nant, double the last letter only if the last syllal Prefer preferred permitjon of -ed janine ged a2 verb to nda pst (or to form a post part mmipen vs APT eon varies according to the sound ofthe last syllable of the pe) its Bezemember that the sound (not the letter) is what is important, al- pase vey times they may coincide 00 al He Jid/ emis prov The -ED form is pro- The ~ED form is pro- me ee Pp wen the nounced /t/ when the last nounced /id/ when the sconce I ‘ound of the verb base is last sound of the verb E ofthe verb S ee base is ae 1. /p/ 1. /df over ea,jplccy stop - stopped /stont/ deri deckles Be 2. K/ /ai'saidid/ 20h ped /robd/ 100k - looked /lukt/ 2. ft! Bs 3. /s/ invite ~ invited ee ragged /éragd/ cress - dressed /drest/_/in'vatti/ 4. imi: 4, /sh/ slom - slammed finish ~ finished /finisht/ slam 5. /ch/ 5.0 watch - watched /wotcht/ open - opened /oupend/ 6. /ks/ (x) fix - fixed /fikst/ 6. ih Jove - loved /lavd/ 7. /ff (gh) 7. ids! laugh ~ laughed /laft/ change - changed ‘cheindsdy 8. jaf buzz - buzzed /bazd/ 3. ll called /kold/ *re9ular plural of nouns midwife ~ midwives wife — wives life lives Person ~ people child - children woman ~ women man - menGRAMMAR STOP Asking about the subject of the sentence in the past tense: The case WHO Read the following questions and their answers: Who. thought (hat women were inferior to men?” Aristotle OR Aristotle aid, -Who was the first woman to earn 4 Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Europein the modern era? Stefania Wolicka: -Who disguised herself as 2 man to practise medicine-on men?” Agnodice OR Agnodice aid, There is no auxiliary verband the: ‘These are called subje D of the sentence, For the first:question,sien GRAMMAR STO The imperative mood wWe use the imperative in many different ways, for example, to give instruc tions and orders, to make suggestions and requests, and to give warnings or ad- vice. sIthas the same form as the infinitive without to. Examples: -Begin studying. for exams early. Design a weekly study planner. “On the day of the exam, wake up early. ise your exam before handing it in.We make the negative imperative with don’t/do not + infinitive. Examples. ~Don't study for longer than 50 minutes without a break. -Don’t try to study the entire course in one sitting. -Do not memorise a lot of information. ~Don't cheat at exams. Examples of warnings: -Stop! There is an instructor coming. -Have a seat please, separated from your peer. -Don't bring your mobile phone to the exam room.GRAMMAR STOP Modal verbs e a personal attitude towards the Message b group and are written before the Subjec Modal verbs are used to communicat ‘e the time when something happens, They are always the first word in a ver! do not normally indicat in questions. They Below there is a list of modal verbs with their primary meanings: SHOULD: advisability MUST: stronger sense of obligation - necessity MUSTN'T: prohibition MAY: possibility Examples: - Invigilators should inform students about the exam regulations. - Students must write in ink. - Students mustn’t cheat at exams. - Students may wear informal clothes when they attend classes. - Students may take calculators to exams.GRAMMAR STOP Answers to WHY questions ™»We can answer a WHY question either with because OR sometimes it is possible to answer with to infinitive. Examples: Why did the Chinese student go to the professor's office? Because he wanted to thank him. To thank him. a) Answer these questions with because and/or to infinitive.GRAMMAR STOP Talking about the future WILL + INFINITIVE VERB Negative form: WILL NOT or WON’T Statements: Subject + will (not) + bare infinitive + ... Questions: (WH) Will (not) +subject + bare infinitive + "To make a prediction about the future with no concrete evidence in the Present Examples: There will (probably*) be more virtual participation in 2050. - Distance education will (surely/probably*) make it harder for everyone to get é true university experience which includes a social environment. FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL bal ee suppositions about the future, the first type conditional can be used. xample: “if people are not digitally literate, they will (probably*) not get a job. Statements: Subject + will (not) + bare infi iti ject + sim- ple present verb form oD Memon TE +. Subj Questions: (WH) Wil simple present ve. *Some adverbs may 110GRAMMAR STOP AM/ARE/IS (NOT) GOING TO + INFINITIVE VERB To make a prediction based on present, concrete evidence: - In the near future, some institutions are going to include more online course Statements: Subject + am/is/are (not) + going to infinitive + ... Questions: (Wh) Am/Is/Are (not) + Subject + going to infinitive + ...? To express intention or future decision: - Students from across the world are going to attend university courses online LINKING WORDS. If, after, before, when, so. To connect two ideas in a sentence: To express a condition in a Cause/effect relation: if ~ IF I graduate in five years’, I will enroll in an MA, To show time: after, before, when 7 J don't know what I’m going to do after I graduate. -Before I graduate, I want to lie on my own, -I'm going to give a party when I graduate to celebrate with my friends. To express consequence: so - Iam going to miss university so I’m 118,