Unit-III

What are the three components of a workflow diagram?

The components of a workflow diagram convey information about what
happens in a workflow. All workflows include inputs, transformations, and outputs.
Boxes, lines, arrows, and other symbols represent these components in a workflow
diagram.
Inputs: Inputs are the resources required to complete a step or a process. You can
also think of an input as the catalyst for a workflow step. Inputs include materials,
staff, money, machinery, or data, and information.
1 Transformations: Transformations represent how the inputs change to produce an
output. You can think of transformations as triggers for the next step in the
workflow. Transformations include such acts as forwarding an insurance claim for
approval, building a lawnmower, or applying an algorithm to raw data.
Outputs: Outputs are the result of transformations of inputs. Depending on the
circumstance, an output can be an end product, such as a finished lawnmower, or
the input for another process, such as an approved insurance claim that staff
forwards to accounting to start the payout process.

Explain how to create a workflow diagram?

1. Select your process
First, you’ll need to work out what process you intend to track and, most
importantly, why. What do you hope to discover? This will inform your choice of
diagram. It’s also important to remember who will see and use this diagram. If non-
technical people are going to see it, then you may want to create a BPMN chart, so
everyone understands what the symbols mean.

It’s also important to distinguish between whether your workflow depicts a process
as it currently stands or a future one you hope to implement.

2. Define the start and endpoints

Whatever happens in between is up to you, but make sure you have a clear kick-off
point and end goal.
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3. Gather together your information
Speak to different people and departments and gather information to ensure your
workflow is as accurate as possible. Outline which activities are involved in each
step, and label who is in charge of these decisions or tasks.

You should also note process timelines, deviations, potential bottlenecks, and
potential improvements.

4. Eliminate inefficiencies.
Next, take a look at your tasks and categorize them into ‘must-have,’ ‘useful,’ ‘nice
to have,’ and ‘not necessary.’ This will help you streamline your process and assign
jobs to the appropriate people.
 To categorize tasks, refer back to your overall goal and the company’s overall goal.
Is a specific task contributing to this goal? If it’s not, consider putting it on the ‘not
necessary’ pile.
5. Design the workflow
Now, it’s time to turn all that data into lovely visuals. Whether you use a pen and
paper or a diagramming tool is up to you. But whichever method you choose, make
sure it’s easily shareable, editable, and simple to use.
6. Analyze your results
Are there any bottlenecks? Are certain processes taking too long, or are some stages
more expensive than they should be? Can you improve efficiency through
automation? These are all valid questions to consider.

What are Product Data Management Best Practices For Manufacturers?

1. Establish Data Governance Policies.
2. Centralize Data.
3. Standardize Product Data Formats.
4. Implement Data Validation and Quality Checks.
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5. Utilize PDM Software.
6. Leverage Digital Asset Management (DAM).
7. Ensure Data Security.
8. Regular Data Audits.
9.
Write Note on following Product data issues.
1. Access
2. Applications
3. Archiving
4 4. Availability
5. Change
6. Confidentiality
Explain each one of it in detail, what are problem faced in data issues and its
solutions.
Explain in brief product data management system
Here are some of the main benefits of using a PDM system to capture and manage
product data:
1. Improved collaboration. PDM software features such as fast data sharing, file
version control and the ability to track revisions allow teams to collaborate better.
The PDM software prevents overwriting files, so there's no risk of creating
conflicting copies.
2. Streamlined engineering processes. PDM systems allow teams to create
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automated engineering change orders, bills of materials and more, while keeping all
data synchronized.
3. More efficient product development cycle. When engineering teams don't have to
waste their time searching for and managing data, they can spend more time on
value-added work.
4. Reduced risk of error. All files containing product data are stored centrally in the
PDM system. This reduces the chance of data loss, duplicate files and conflicting
copies.
 5. Easier creation of future products. A PDM system acts like a knowledge
repository that you can leverage for future designs.
Write down basic functions of PDM system.

What are stages across Product life cycle?

 Concept and design: The ideation phase, where a product’s requirements are
defined based on factors including competitor analysis, gaps in the market, or
customer needs.
 Develop: The detailed design of the product will be created, along with any
necessary tool designs. This phase includes validation and analysis of the
planned product, as well as prototype development and piloting in the field. This
generates vital feedback on how the product is used and what further
7 refinements are needed.
 Production and launch: Feedback from the pilot is used to adjust the design and
other components to produce a market-ready version. The production of the new
product is scaled – followed by launch and distribution to the market.
 Service and support: Following the launch of the new product, the period of
time when service and support is offered.
 Retirement: At the end of the product’s lifecycle, its withdrawal from the market
must be managed – along with any retrials or absorption into new concept ideas.
Explain following term in detail for PLM.
1. Information models
8 2. Product structure
Explain each term useful for PLM
 Explain in short
1. Product information data model.
9 2. The Product Model
3. Information Model
Explain each term useful for PLM with example

Write features of various PLM software

Explain any one or two feature like sales, material management, warehouse
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management, HRM, Finance etc. of any PLM Software like SAP, Oracle or BAAN
etc
Enlist PLM software and write features of it.
Soft wares - SAP, Oracle or BAAN etc.
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Features – Sales and distribution, material management, warehouse management,
HRM, Finance etc.
What are reasons for the deployment of PLM systems?
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List out benefits of PLM systems
What are phases of product development?
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Same as 7
What are benefits of product data management system?
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Write down 5 to 6 benefits of PDM
 Unit-IV
Explain evolution from MRP to MRP II to ERP
MRP(Material requirements planning)
MRP is a production planning and inventory control system that was in use
extensively before ERP came in the picture. MRP helps in integrating data from
production schedules from inventory and Bill of Materials (BOM) to calculate
purchasing and shipping costs and schedules for the parts required to build a product.
MRP is generally used for 3 functions:-
1. MRP helps in ensuring that right materials are available for production with right
quantity to avoid shortages.
2. MRP helps in reducing waste by maintaining lowest possible materials and product
levels in stock.
3. An MRP system helps plan manufacturing functions, delivery schedules and
purchasing.
The main shortcoming of an MRP system is Data Integrity. For successful material
requirements planning the data fed in the system must be accurate or it can cause
serious production and stock errors.

MRP II (Manufacturing resource planning)

Manufacturing resource planning or MRP 2.0 is an integrated system used by
businesses, it is an upgrade from manufacturing requirement planning, it allows
additional data such as employee and financial needs. The system is designed to
centralize, integrate and process information for effective decision making in
scheduling, design engineering, inventory management and cost control in
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manufacturing.
It is a computer based system that can create detail production schedules using real
time data to coordinate the arrival of component materials with machine and labor
availability.

ERP(Enterprise resource planning)

ERP stands for enterprise resource planning. All business have different systems, like
financials to watch the accounts, production to watch productivity, inventory to keep
tracks of your supplies, sales to keep in bringing the customers, services to look into
your customer needs and purchasing to shop for your product, now data of some of
these systems are needed for the functioning of other systems like data of sales system
can be needed for production system which can be needed for finance. Various
interfaces are used to transfer data from sales to manufacturing and then from
manufacturing to financial. This can reduce the efficiency of the company and can
cause data loss too.

The function of ERP is to create a common database serving in multiple functional

areas so whenever data of one system is needed for other it can be attained easily. An
ERP system seeks to streamline business operations by integrating the data and
refining the processes required to operate an organization. ERP is business solution
software that integrates and automates the data management of a company’s business
processes.
 Write short Note on
1. MRP-I
2 2. MRP-II
As above with proper example

Explain term ERP and ERP frame work

ERP Explained as above
ERP frameworks improve effectiveness and efficiency in various manners. By
incorporating monetary data in a single framework, ERP systems bring financial
details of the company together. They likewise incorporate order management,
making manufacturing, accounting, ordering, distribution, and inventory a lot
simpler and less error prone method. Most ERPs additionally incorporate customer
relationship management (CRM) to follow client collaborations, consequently
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giving further bits of knowledge about client conduct and needs.

They can likewise normalize and computerize supporting and manufacturing, and
bringing together acquisition across an association's unique specialty units. An ERP
Software framework can likewise give a normalized HR stage to expense tracking,
time reporting, skill matching, cost following, and so forth, and upgrade company’s
capacity to record the important announcement for government guidelines, across
HR, finance, and the inventory network.
Distinguish between Business Engineering and Business Process Engineering
BPR BPM

Stands for Business Process Re- Stands for Business Process

engineering. Management.

Implementation is radical and one- Implementation is evolutionary and

step change. continuous.

Time taken for implementation is Time taken for implementation is

long. short and smooth takeover.
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One major process at a time. It is flexible.

Its involvement is in business and Its involvement has process experts

process expert. and all related people.

Risk is High. Risk is Low.

Outcome sometimes comes out to be

Outcome is improved.
drastic.
 Cultural issues are major concern. Cultural issues are not much concern.

Implementation stress and concern is Implementation stress and concern is

high. low.

Enlist various ERP Software and explain any one of them with its feature.
List of ERP Software like SAP, Oracle, People soft, Baan etc
5
Any one or two features like Finance, material management, warehouse
management etc.
Enlist various ERP Software and compare them
6 List as same above
Compare any two
Write features and applications of EPP modules.
7 Any one or two features like Finance, material management, warehouse
management etc. and its applications
Explain the term
1. Manufacturing Information System in lean manufacturing
8 2. Industry 5.0. environment
3. Business blueprint (BBP)
Explain each in detail with example

Write in detail approach of customization in ERP software.

Some of the ERP Customizations are as follows
• User interface: Cosmetic and design changes based on user preferences.
• Documents and forms: The layout, format, and content of order confirmations,
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invoices, delivery notes, etc.
• Integrations: Third-party software designed to supplement the core ERP system.
• Functionality modifications and extensions: Changing the system’s source code to
add new features or enhance existing functionality.
 Unit-V
What is the manufacturing execution system?
A manufacturing execution system, or MES, is a comprehensive, dynamic software
system that monitors, tracks, documents, and controls the process of manufacturing
goods from raw materials to finished products. Providing a functional layer between
enterprise resource planning (ERP) and process control systems, an MES gives
decision-makers the data they need to make the plant floor more efficient and
optimize production.
Benefits of MES
• Improved quality control: Increased uptime: An MES generates realistic production
schedules by balancing personnel, material, and equipment resources. It integrates
scheduling and maintenance to maximise product flow and asset utilisation –
increasing uptime and improving overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).
1 • Reduced inventory: A manufacturing execution system updates inventory records
with new production, scrap, and non-conforming material so that your purchasing,
shipping, and scheduling departments know exactly what material is on hand at all
times. This reduces just-in-case inventory and work-in-progress (WIP) inventory –
saving money on manufacturing, transportation, storage, and inventory monitoring.
• Paperless shop floor: Eliminating paperwork means there is less chance for human
error. It also means that the data recorded from the shop floor is immediately available
to decision-makers across all integrated systems, to inform real-time decision-
making.
• Improved product tracking and genealogy: An MES follows the entire production
cycle from beginning to end, grouping final parts or batches with the corresponding
manufacturing data. This data allows for improved regulatory compliance for
manufacturers that must conform to government or industry regulations.
What are the functions of manufacturing execution system?
Modules of MES
• Resource allocation and status: Use real-time data to track and analyse the
status of resources, including machines, materials, and labour, to make allocation
adjustments.
• Operations/detailed scheduling: Optimise performance by scheduling, timing,
and sequencing activities based on priorities and resource capacity.
• Dispatching production units: Manage production data flow in real time to
easily make quick, calculated adjustments in production dispatching.
• Document control: Manage and distribute documents – including work
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instructions, drawings, standard operating procedures, batch records, and more – so
they’re accessible and editable.
• Data collection and acquisition: Track and collect real-time data about
processes, materials, and operations and use it to make better decisions and increase
efficiency.
• Labour management: Track worker schedules, qualifications, and
authorizations to optimize labour management with less investment of time and
resources from management.
• Quality management: Track quality deviations and exceptions for improved
quality control management and documentation.
 • Process management: Manage the entire production process from order
release to finished goods. Gain insight into bottlenecks and points that affect quality
while creating full production traceability.
• Maintenance management: Use data from your MES to identify potential
equipment issues before they happen and adjust equipment, tool, and machine
maintenance schedules to reduce downtime and increase efficiency.
• Product tracking and genealogy: Track the progress of your products and their
genealogy for informed decision-making. Having the data of a product’s full history
is extremely useful for manufacturers who must comply with government or industry
regulations.
• Performance analysis: Compare results and goals to identify strengths and
weaknesses in the overall process and use that data to make systems more efficient
Explain functional hierarchy model of Manufacturing Execution system.
3
Same as of 2
Explain various models of in details for MES:
1. Detailed production scheduling.
4 2. Product definition management.
3. Production Execution management
Explain each of them in short for Manufacturing execution system

What it meant by plant dashboard & its benefits.

Write some benefits of Plant dashboard like Reduction of manual tasks, Real-time
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results and availability at all times, Ability to identify trends by following historical
data, Ease of customization: focus on the information that is yours important etc.
Explain Workflow management in MES
1. In-Software Process Execution
The MES has been introduced, the users are trained up – everything is running
smoothly. After a while, those in charge decide during a CIP meeting that a better
overview of the current production status should be provided via a factory monitor.
All employees would benefit from this, as they could adapt their work accordingly
2. Applying Worker Assistance
6 When Worker Assistance is integrated into modeled processes, employees receive
precise instructions for the next work step. Examples include a request to estimate
the quality of a production part or a specific description of where a part is to be
installed. If this process is converted, Worker Assistance also adapts automatically
based on the stored workflow, thereby
• reducing the effort required for new workflow creation,
• avoiding errors and
• Significantly decreasing the training outlay for new employees.
3. Workflow of an Individual Factory Part
Workflows are not limited to people alone. Every factory part also has the potential
to trigger workflows; for instance, in the Internet of Things (IoT).
Explain manufacturing execution system integration with ERP.
5 ways ERP and MES integration can make manufacturing agile:
7 1. Achieve accuracy in demand forecasting
Insufficient inventory will delay deliveries and reduce customer satisfaction hurting
your company’s bottom line and reputation. Similarly, excess inventory ties up cash
flow that could be used to advance your business through important investments in
such things as new machinery or technology.
Collaboration between ERP and MES software coordinates operations on the shop
floor with customer service, logistics, and delivery to more accurately forecast
demand so you can keep inventory at the right levels. Knowing the appropriate
amounts of stock needed also ensures there is no employee or machine downtime
due to the inability to produce orders. With the ability to keep on top of inventory
needs you can easily pivot to meet consumer demand with insight into customer
trends.
2. Better manage inventory with JIT delivery
Just-in-time (JIT) delivery allows manufacturers to receive inventory when it is
needed to avoid having supplies of inventory sitting around using up space and
incurring the carrying cost of stock that is not ready for use. By having vendors
deliver supplies as they are needed, you reduce overhead and lower the cost of
doing business.
With integrated ERP and MES systems, you can more efficiently manage inventory
by having sales and service coordinated with manufacturing to understand supply
needs and reduce expenses. In turn, the savings can be passed on to customers to
improve your competitive advantage and market share. By keeping close tabs on
inventory needs you can quickly adjust supply orders as demand dictates.
JIT delivery can also help you understand when additional employees are needed on
the manufacturing floor and allow you to free up warehouse space to expand
manufacturing operations. JIT delivery adds customer value with a more flexible
workforce that can better focus on quality, and with lower overhead that can make
products more affordable.
3. Avoid rush orders and production delays
Rush orders are a big risk that supply chain managers sometimes are forced to take.
With rush order transactions, delivery of needed material, creation of customer
orders, and deliveries all happen on the same day. This situation is challenging
because there is so much opportunity for things to go wrong. The supplies might not
arrive on time or they might not be available, employees might make errors due to
the quick turnaround, or a machine might have issues causing a delivery delay.
MES and ERP integration allow you to avoid rush orders by knowing when to
reorder from suppliers before inventory falls below a set level. Having greater
control over supply needs minimizes production delays and errors, and eliminates
the rush delivery fees.
4. Achieve real-time visibility into quality issues
MES and ERP integration allow you to see what is happening in the production
process in real-time to handle problems immediately. Supplies can be tracked and
quality issues can be noted quickly so faulty material can be returned to the vendor
upon inspection to eliminate scrapping of material. ERP with MES software also
helps to avoid the possibility of liability from product defects and it monitors
machinery so any maintenance needs are predicted to adjust workflow accordingly.
Real-time visibility with ERP and MES software helps you to produce better quality
products and achieve a greater competitive advantage.
5. Gain greater productivity with increased connectivity
Connectivity to smart machines on the shop floor ensures efficient and leaner
manufacturing by planning an adequate quantity of goods for production. This
 access brings back-office and front-office executives onto the same page, leaving
little room for error or misinterpretation. This communication between systems can
increase productivity and ensure optimal uptime, promoting the present and future
growth of the business.
What are advantages of ERP implementation?
 Higher management performance
 Better accuracy and availability of information
 Improved coordination
 Precise planning
 Enhanced reports
8  Scalability and flexibility
 Cost-effectiveness
 Easier access to management systems
 Improved customer service
 Better competitiveness on the market
Explanation is necessary

Explain production scheduling in manufacturing execution system.

Five Components of Production Scheduling
1) Planning
In production scheduling, the role of planning is to utilize the company’s resources
to maintain a consistent production flow. By doing so, downtime is reduced, and
bottlenecks are mitigated to optimize production. Two types of planning that can
used for production scheduling: Dynamic Planning and Static Planning:
2) Routing
In discreet manufacturing where final products are made from a lengthy and complex
series of sub-processes, a bill of materials may be used to dictate what items are
required and in what quantity.
The routing maps the flow of required process steps and decides the path and
sequence of performed operations. It may include steps that must be done in-house
but can also include components that may need to be sub-contracted and then returned
to the production flow for final assembly.
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3) Scheduling
Scheduling utilizes the established planning level to produce goods from components
or raw materials. It is time based and must satisfy the demand established at the
planning level.
These time tables can be department specific, product specific and process specific.
Master production schedules are used at the highest level defining the product
timeframes while sub-schedules may be department specific for sub-assemblies or
for mixes and blends.
4) Dispatching
Dispatching is the process of assigning the order of jobs to be done next from a sub-
set of jobs in the production queue. Dispatching is used to make decisions for
immediate action. This is different in comparison to planning where decisions are
determined for future actions. Dispatching is used in both pull and push production
systems.
5) Execution
 Production scheduling must rely on proper execution to ensure that all processes are
done correctly and in the order they are intended to be produced.
It requires that everyone knows what they are supposed to do and when they are
supposed to do it. Execution requires informed management decisions, trained staff,
accurate data as inputs into the production plan and schedule and reliable sales figures
and forecast numbers. All must be present for the organization to execute its
production schedule and complete orders.
What are the modules of MES and explain any one in detail.
Core Functions of MES Systems:
 Planning System Interface
 Visual Scheduler
 eProduction/Dispatching
 Shop Floor Control
 Inventory Tracking and Management
 Material Movement Management
 Exception Management
10  Data Collection
 Maintenance Management
 Human Resources, Time and Attendance, Payroll
 Quality, Statistical Process Control
 Performance Management
 Document Management
 Genealogy / Product Traceability
 Product Configurator
 Bill of Material

What are benefits of tracking and tracing and explain it in manufacturing

execution systems?
 The Benefits of Tracking & Tracing
• Trend analysis – understand your data
• Replacement of spreadsheets and paper notes
• Reduce scrap and waste – capture defects and errors at the point of failure
• Reduce downtime – maintenance and preventive maintenance schedules and
data
• Reduce costs – identifying suspect material and containing it, error proofing
to ensure you use and ship the right parts every time, tools to eliminate waste by
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focusing on efficiencies and performance.
 In order to configure an MES for your facility make sure you focus on your
traceability needs.
• Define the parts you are going to build
• Define the components necessary to complete these parts
• Define how you are going to identify these parts or components. Are you able
to barcode pieces for serialization or do you require identifying by batches because
barcoding is not possible on each part?
• Define the routing or path that the parts need to travel in order to complete the
manufacturing cycle
• Define the values you need to collect at each of your operations along your
routing. These values should validate the measurements/tolerances required for your
parts to be considered good and within your specifications.
• Define the machining and tooling required to satisfy your specifications
 Unit-VI
Explain the following term.
1. Electronic Commerce- E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and
selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an
electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur
either as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-
to-consumer (C2C) or consumer-to-business (C2B). Explain each in short
1 2. Digital Organization
Digital transformation is the integration of digital technology into all areas of a
business, fundamentally changing how you operate and deliver value to
customers. It's also a cultural change that requires organizations to continually
challenge the status quo, experiment, and get comfortable with failure.
Digital transformation should begin with a problem statement, a clear
opportunity, or an aspirational goal. Write more about it

Explain Cross functional Enterprise Information system

Cross-functional information systems refer to software applications that are designed to
support collaboration, coordination, and information exchange between multiple
departments within an organization. These systems can be used to automate and
streamline work processes, increase operational efficiency, and improve decision-
making Examples of cross-functional information systems include enterprise resource
planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and
supply chain management (SCM) systems. The goal of these systems is to provide a
single source of truth for data and information, so that all departments can access the
same information and make informed decisions based on the same data Effective
implementation of cross- functional information systems can lead to improved
collaboration, increased productivity and better business outcomes.

Cross functional Information Systems components

The components of cross-functional information systems can vary depending on the
2 specific system and the needs of the organization, but some common components
include
1. Data storage and management: A centralized database that stores and manages data
from various departments, allowing for data integration and consistency across the
organization.
2. Business process automation Tools to automate and streamline business processes,
reducing manual effort and increasing efficiency.
3. Workflow management: A system to manage and track workflows between different
departments, allowing for better collaboration and coordination.
4. Reporting and analytics: A suite of tools to analyze data, generate reports, and provide
insights into business performance.
5. User interfaces: An intuitive interface for users to interact with the system and access
data, reports, and insights.
6. Integration with existing systems: Interfaces and APIs to connect the cross- functional
information system with existing systems and applications, reducing duplication of
effort and improving data consistency.
 7. Security and access controls: Measures to ensure the security and confidentiality of
data as well as to control access to the system and its components.
Explain Internet based business model.
Some of the Internet based business models are Brokerage, advertising, E-commerce
3 business sites like amazon, flipkart, Affiliate marketing, Subscription based models
etc. Explain some of the models in detail

Explain E-commerce business model

E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or
the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet.
4
These business transactions occur either as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-
consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C) or consumer-to-business (C2B).
Explain each in short
Explain the following business models with example.
1. B2B
In a B2B business model, a business sells its product or service to another
business. Sometimes the buyer is the end-user, but often the buyer resells to the
consumer. B2B transactions generally have a longer sales cycle, but higher-
order value and more recurring purchases.

2. EDI
EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange model. It is the exchange of
documents between companies through computers in a standard format using
networks, such as the internet. It replaces the paper-based exchange of business
documents. In EDI a standard format is used because the computer will be able
to read and understand the documents as it is a computer-based data exchange
method. It is widely used for ecommerce purposes.
The Various benefits of this model are:
 This model reduced the cost.
5  It increased the processing speed.
 This model provides information security.
 This model reduced errors.
 This model helps in improved relationship between business partners.

3. B2C
Businesses sell directly to their end-users. Anything you buy in an online store
as a consumer — from wardrobe and household supplies to entertainment — is
done as part of a B2C transaction.
The decision-making process for a B2C purchase is much shorter than a
business-to-business (B2B) purchase, especially for lower-value items.
Because of this shorter sales cycle, B2C businesses typically spend less
marketing dollars to make a sale while having a lower average order value and
fewer recurring orders than their B2B counterparts.
B2C includes both products and services as well. B2C innovators have
leveraged technology like mobile apps, native advertising and remarketing to
market directly to their customers and make their lives easier.
 Write down the role of Intranets and Extranets?
1. Intranet :
Intranet is owned by a single organization and is a tool for sharing information
throughout the organization. It is the type of Internet that is used privately. Since,
intranet is a private network so no one can use the intranet whose have not valid
username and password. In intranet, there are a limited number of connected devices
as compared to internet. Intranet is highly secure and has a small number of visitors. It
6 is used in order to get employee information, telephone directory etc.

2. Extranet :
Extranet is owned by either a single or a many organization. It is managed on a
contractual basis between organizations and is a tool for sharing information between
the internal members and external members. Like intranet, it is also a private network
so only those who have a valid username and password can use the extranet. Extranet
is used to check status, access data, send mail, place order etc.
Explain the term - Information requirement & system for SCM, CRM & SRM.
SCM (Supply chain management):
Top Features and Requirements
1. Monitoring and Planning:
SCM systems provide information like shipment date, time, ID, order number,
freight data and much more. Businesses can analyze these insights to track
KPIs and make better strategic decisions.
2. Order Processing and Inventory Management:
Getting an order from sale to delivery quickly and accurately is one of the
primary SCM requirements. Getting a head start with strong order processing
can make all the difference for the right company. Order processing
functionality streamlines your order-related activities, increasing the number of
perfect orders and improving customer satisfaction. It primarily handles the
creation and delivery of orders, including those from multiple channels and
drop shipments. You may choose a system that can handle your invoices as
well.
7 3. Warehouse Management:
A warehouse management system (WMS) brings a more precise level of
control to physical warehouse operations. SCM feature helps users more
capably direct what happens inside the warehouse. These systems help deal
with all parts of the equation, including labor, materials, floor space and
operational protocols, everything that makes a warehouse work day-to-day.
4. Transportation Management
Transportation management tools direct the systems that handle supplies in
transit. In many cases, this is a mix of over-the-road fleet management tools
and monitoring for other types of shipping, such as rail, air or sea shipping.
Being able to monitor shipments allows you to see issues in their early stages,
giving you the most time to get back on track.
5. Sourcing and Supply Management
Sourcing procurement and supplier management tools bring other slightly
different angles to the task of evaluating your supply chain processes. Many of
these tools look at costs, contract management, supplier quality and other
issues. They help drive the sourcing and procurement of raw materials and
 supplies, as well as assess the technical aspects of the relationships between
companies and their vendors.
6. Supply Chain Analytics
Along with the SCM features that support the functions of a supply chain, you
may want to invest in software that can evaluate your process. These tools use
business intelligence and analytics to help you understand how your problems
originate, what you can do to manage risks and what events are likely to occur
in the future.

CRM
The following is a checklist of typical CRM requirements:
1. Contact Management
Contact management is a core component of CRM solutions, allowing
companies to collect, store and act on data from prospects, leads and
customers. The best systems can maintain better contact management, easy
proposal creations and more. CRMs enable users to manage appointments with
prospects, leads, colleagues, vendors and other contacts.
2. Client Interaction Tracking
Once leads become customers, it’s important that you’re able to manage all the
touchpoints between them and your business. CRMs provide tools for handling
and keeping track of your interactions with clients, such as invoices, purchase
history and order status. Dashboards act as a central hub of information, so it’s
easy to see a record of a customer’s interactions with your brand.
3. Database Management
Mastering data management of your customer database should be a high
priority of your CRM platform, so you can ensure data integrity. In addition to
storing records in a central location, the database can allow you to link data
across different departments (such as sales and marketing) and view the
relationships between different records. It also helps you maintain clear, up-to-
date records and avoid duplicates.
4. Marketing and Campaign Management
One of the most essential features of a CRM is marketing automation. They go
hand-in-hand, so most CRMs offer marketing automation modules or have the
ability to connect seamlessly with the top standalone marketing automation
solutions.
5. Lead Management
Two critical parts of customer relationship management are generating leads
and properly managing them. CRMs come with embeddable web forms that
capture leads and store the data directly in the system. They simplify lead
distribution by assigning leads with pre-defined criteria to route them to the
appropriate sales representatives.
6. Sales Automation
It’s essential to know how well your CRM manages opportunities and how
marketing and sales teams can collaborate. Users of CRM systems can manage
sales opportunities from the first contact to sales closure, assigning each lead to
the most qualified sales rep to nurture them and ensuring every lead gets
attention.
SRM (Supplier Relationship Management):
 SRM is all about planning, tracking, structuring relationships and streamlining
processes. This is all to serve to deliver greater efficiency and save money while not
neglecting quality. For Supplier relationship management to be successful it must
target the processes between the company and its vendors on operational, tactical and
strategic levels.

Therefore, SRM must be flexible and able to respond quickly to change. This is why
the supplier relationship management process is so important. It must be a two-way
street, serving both the company and its vendors. There is a need for collaboration,
innovation and competitive advantage to make supplier relationship management
work. Follow these steps to develop a successful SRM process.

What is strategic enterprise management system?

Strategic Enterprise Management is a solution that was developed towards building an
integrated system to manage diverse processes within an organization. The major goal
is to integrate a single unified system to record each move of a department through
organizing, planning, executing and controlling processes.
Different Enterprise Management solutions are developed to support different
departmental objectives such as HCM in Enterprise Management, SD in Enterprise
Management, FI in Enterprise Management and so on. HCM in Enterprise Management
involves all the tasks coming under human capital management in the HR. Right from
hiring employees to managing the employee’s lifecycle within an organization,
everything is handled by this system.
SD in Enterprise Management works towards managing the sales data and distribution
details of an organization. On the other hand, FI in Enterprise Management manages the
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money involved in various departments in an organization. There are more strategic
Enterprise Management solutions such as materials management, customer relationship
management etc.
The aim behind developing Strategic Enterprise Management is to generate extension
to the primary Enterprise Management systems based on in depth work processes such
as risk management, strategy planning, performance monitoring, and communications
management and so on.
Components of Strategic Enterprise Management
Business Planning and Simulation:.
Business Consolidation:
Business Information Collection.
Corporate Performance Monitor
Stakeholder Relationship Management:
Explain following term in case of Information System

1. Cloud Computing
Cloud MES is a ‘Software as a Service (SaaS)’ solution, using software that runs
over the Internet in a public cloud. Using cloud MES solutions, all involved
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personnel can access real-time operational data at any time. This connects
departments and helps businesses monitor MES, ERP, and supply chains to form
integrated strategies off the back of the data they’ve collected. Synchronization
between MES and ERP can be straightforward, and it provides the ability for an
untethered workforce.
 Functions like monitoring inventory once required someone to be on the plant
floor, but this is no longer the case with cloud connectivity. Employees can now
check inventory on any mobile device from anywhere, anytime. If the system
goes down, not only does production halt but getting the MES functional again
becomes an IT nightmare. With systems in the cloud, your operations leaders
can focus on core business objectives—leaving IT functions in the hands of IT
experts.

2. Artificial intelligence systems

AI/ML have been transforming various tasks & fields, including MIS. AI can be
implemented using various techniques, including rule-based systems, expert
systems, and ML. Here are some specific impacts:

 Data Quality: This can be used to analyze data and identify inconsistencies,
errors, and missing data, and help organizations to improve data quality and
ensure that the data used in MIS is accurate and complete.
 Data Security: AI/ML can be used to detect and respond to security threats,
including unauthorized access and data breaches. This can help organizations to
improve their data security and protect sensitive information. AI can be used to
analyze user behaviour and identify anomalies that may indicate fraudulent or
malicious activity.
 Data Sharing: It can be used to integrate multiple systems and applications,
enabling data to be shared more easily and efficiently. This can help
organizations to streamline their operations and improve collaboration.

 Data Capturing: By using AI, the data collection and analysis process can be
automated, reducing the need for manual intervention and improving the speed
and accuracy of the analysis.

 Data Analysis: AI-powered predictive analytics can help companies make more
accurate and data-driven decisions, improving the efficiency and effectiveness
of their MIS systems.

 Improved Decision Support System: AI can help the MIS to provide decision
support by analysing and processing large amounts of data in real-time, and
presenting insights that can be used to make better business decisions.

With the help of AI/ML, the MIS can analyse the sales data and identify patterns
and trends in real-time, such as which products are selling the most, which stores
are performing better, and which customer segments are driving sales. Based on
these insights, the MIS can provide decision support to the company's
management team, enabling them to make informed decisions about inventory
management, product pricing, and marketing strategies. If the AI-powered MIS
identifies that a particular product is selling well in one store but not in another,
it can suggest moving the product to the underperforming store to increase sales

Explain Security of Information System.

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Security of an Information System
 Information system security refers to the way the system is defended against unauthorized
access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or
destruction.
There are two major aspects of information system security −
 Security of the information technology used − securing the system from malicious
cyber-attacks that tend to break into the system and to access critical private
information or gain control of the internal systems.
 Security of data − ensuring the integrity of data when critical issues, arise such as
natural disasters, computer/server malfunction, physical theft etc. Generally an off-site
backup of data is kept for such problems.
Guaranteeing effective information security has the following key aspects −
•Preventing the unauthorized individuals or systems from accessing the information.
•Maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life-cycle.
•Ensuring that the computing systems, the security controls used to protect it and the
communication channels used to access it, functioning correctly all the time, thus making
information available in all situations.
•Ensuring that the data, transactions, communications or documents are genuine.
•Ensuring the integrity of a transaction by validating that both parties involved are genuine,
by incorporating authentication features such as "digital signatures".
•Ensuring that once a transaction takes place, none of the parties can deny it, either having
received a transaction, or having sent a transaction. This is called 'non-repudiation'.
•Safeguarding data and communications stored and shared in network systems
What is Knowledge based expert system (KBES), explain it with example.
One of the principal members of the Al group is Knowledge-Based Expert System (KBES).
With the advancement of computing facilities and other resources, the focus has shifted to
more demanding tasks (which require intelligence).

The key features of the knowledge-based expert system in MIS are as described below:

1) High-Level Expertise :
The high-level expertise provided to help in problem solving is one of the most valuable
features of an expert system. This expertise is analogous to the best thinking by top experts
in the specific field providing solutions which are creative, precise and efficient.

2) Predictive Modelling Power :

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Predictive modelling power is another useful feature of an expert system. It acts as a model
of problem solving in the given domain and throws up answers for given problem situations
and also reflects the change in them (given new situations explaining the reason for change).
This helps the user to assess the potential effect of new facts or data and know about their
relationship to the results.

3) Institutional Memory :
Institutional memory refers to the body of knowledge which defines the ability of an expert
system. When people in important position leave an organisation, their expertise gets
reserved as institutional memory. This is significant and critical for vital military and
government institutions where personnel transfers are frequent.

4) Ability to Provide a Training Facility :

An expert system is also capable of providing training to important personnel. As expert
systems already have the knowledge and reasoning ability, they can train various employees
when required.