STAGES OF MEASUREMENT PROCESS
Full scale Error – Absolute error
INSTRUMENTS are manmade device that are
used for determining the value of a process
quantity or variable.
SENSORS or TRANSDUCER converts the physical
quantities into an electrical signal
Physical quantities to electrical signal (Analog)
to another electrical signal (Digital) then it will
be sent to the controller element then
necessary calculation or adjustment is done.
What are the quantities we measure?
Examples: Temperature, pressure, flowrate,
position, and forces.
MEASUREMNT PROCESS TERMS
AND CONCEPTS
MEASUREMENT – it is A PROCESS OF
GATHERING information from physical world
and comparing this info with agreed standards
MEASURAND – Physical parameter UNDER
INVESTIGATION
ACCURACY – How close a measurement or
attempt is to the actual value
-Concerns how close the value you are getting
compared to the actual value
Types of accuracy
1. Absolute Error – Difference between
the real value of the measurand and the
sensor reading.
2. Relative Error – Shows how the
absolute value relates to the real value
that was measured.
(𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
∗ 100 = 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 )
100% − 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦
3.
divided by the range of the sensor or
the full scale of the sensor
PRECISION – How consistent the results are
regardless of the proximity or nearness to its
actual value
-Concerns how consistent you are getting a
value regardless of the true value you must
read.
TOLERANCE – Defined as the maximum error
expected in an instrument. Usually it is in plus
or minus and can be seen in the specification of
an equipment
REPEATABILITY - It is the closeness of reading of
sets of measurements made in the SHORT
TERM
REPRODUCABILITY - It is the closeness of
measurement when repeated over a LONGER
TIME.
SENSITIVITY – Measure of change in readings
for a given change in measure quantity
RESOLUTION – Smallest change in input reading
that can be traced accurately
OFFSET/BIAS – Difference between the desired
input and desired output.
-Input is ZERO, output is NOT ZERO.
DRIFT – is the change in output of an
instrument for the same input
CALIBRATION – setting or correcting of a
measuring device
TRANSFER FUNCTION - Relation between
sensor signal and physical variation is often
expressed by this. It can be linear or non linear
2 types of response

1. Static response - refers to the behavior

or output of a measuring instrument
when it is subjected to a steady or
unchanging input signal or condition.

2. Dynamic response - It is a measure of

how quickly the instrument can
respond to changes in the input signal
-Usually it is with respect to time,
natural frequency, amplitude,
frequency response, phase shift,
linearity and distortions, rise and
settling times, and slew rates.
-Linear or non-linear and often obtain
by using differential equations or
Laplace transform