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CET201 - MOS - Module 1
CET201 - MOS - Module 1
Bennet Kuriakose
Module Syllabus
Mechanics of Solids
Module 1
Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose
Department of Civil Engineering
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai.
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Equilibrium
• The body should have any acceleration or the
resultant force is zero
REVIEW
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Equilibrium Equilibrium
coplanar concurrent force system Coplanar non-concurrent force system
FR = 0
(∑ Fx )2 + (∑ Fy )2 = 0
( ∑ Fx ) 2 + ( ∑ Fy ) 2 = 0
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fx = 0
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300
Tension in rope
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Stress
• If the body is in equilibrium under externally
applied loads, “internal resistive forces” develop
within the body to resist the applied loads.
• Internal resistive forces are exerted on each other
by particles within the body
• Internal resistive force per unit area of cross
section STRESS
STRESS AND STRAIN
• Engineering unit N/mm2 (MPa)
• GPa = 1000 MPa
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∆A
F1
F4 F5
F4
F5
“The continuum potato”
Lim ∆P
This represent a structure of any shape, dimensions or material! Stress =
∆A → 0 ∆A
Stress is defined at a point
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F4
F5
Lim ∆PN
Normal Stress (σ) =
∆A → 0 ∆A
Types of Stresses
Lim ∆PS
Shear Stress (τ ) =
∆A → 0 ∆A
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Strain Strain
• Quantifies the change in dimension of a body – Volumetric Strain (Dilatation)
• Defines as the ratio of change in dimension to the original
dimension.
• Types of Strain
– Normal (Direct) Strain ∆V
Volumetric strain, e =
∆L V
Normal strain ε =
L
Tensile
Compressive
– Shear Strain
∆L Unit no unit
Shear strain γ = = tan γ
L μ (10-6) ( read as “microstrains”)
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Strain
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Extensometer
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Strain-softening region
Elastic limit
or
Limit
Plastic flow region
or
Elastic region
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Brittle failure
Engineering Stress-strain diagram
Ductile failure
Mild steel failure (ductile)
ε ε
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ε ε
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Working Stress and Factor of Safety Working Stress and Factor of Safety
• A structural member is “designed” based on the
Working stress (Safe stress or Allowable stress).
Working stress = Failure stress/ Factor of safety
Failure stress
Working stress
Yield stress (for ductile materials)
Failure stress or
Ultimate stress (for brittle materials)
Working stress Failure stress
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Loads Loads
• Externally applied force is called LOAD • Axial Loads
• Cause due to: – Load acting along the axial direction of a member
– Service Conditions (dead load, live load, vehicle load,
fluid pressure) – Tensile Loads
– Earthquake, wind, tsunami, waves etc.
Body tend to be pulled apart
– Contact with other members or soil
• Deformable bodies (structures) deform in – Compressive Loads
response to the externally applied loads
Loads Loads
• Bending Loads – tend to bend a member • Torsional Loads – tend to twist a member with
respect to axial direction
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– Bending Moment
F A P
– Torsional Moment
Line diagram of left part
• Used for ‘Structural Analysis’ F A X B F
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∆L
P σ = Eε
stress, σ =
A
P ∆L
=E
∆L A L
strain, ε =
L
PL
∆L =
AE
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0
.
0
0
0
3
0
3
σ 63.66
=
stretch of the member is found to be 0.638 mm. Find
strain, ε = =
the Young’s modulus of elasticity.
3
0
3
m
i
c
r
o
s
t
r
a
i
n
s
E 2.1 ×105
= Given:
L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
0
.
4
5
5
m
m
Elongation, ∆L = ε L = 0.000303 × 1500 = A = 75 mm × 150 mm = 11250 mm 2
OR
P = 45 kN = 45000 N
∆L = 0.638 mm
0
.
4
5
5
m
m
PL = 20000 ×1500 = To find: E
Elongation, ∆L =
9
4
0
4
.
4
M
P
a
AE 314.16 × 2.1×10
5
PL PL 45000 ×1500
∆L = ∴E = = =
AE A ∆L 11250 × 0.638
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Example 3
AXIALLY LOADED NON-PRISMATIC
A hollow steel tube with internal diameter of 80
mm is used to carry a tensile load of 320 kN. If the BARS
stress is limited to 140 MN/m2 , determine the
external diameter.
Given: d req = 80 mm, P=320000 N, σ allow = 140 MPa
To find: Dreq
P 320000
Areq = = = 2285.7 mm 2
σ allow 140
π
but Areq =
π
(D 2
req − d req
2
) 2285.7 =
4
(D
2
req − 80 2 )
4
Dreq = 96.5 mm
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b1 − b2
Rate of change of depth, k =
L
Width of the section strip, b= b1 − kx
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P P Pc
Stresses within parts: σa = a σb = b σc =
Aa Ab Ac
PL 200 × 103 ×1500 σa
Change in length of portion 1 = ∆L1 = =
AE π × 402 × 2 × 105
= 1.194 mm
εa = σb σc
Strains within parts: εb = εc =
4 Ea Eb Ec
4 PL 4 × 200 ×103 × 500 = 0.796 mm Pl Pl
Change in length of portion 2 = ∆L2 = =
Changes in lengths of parts: ∆la = a a ∆lb = b b Pl
π Ed1 d 2 π × 2 ×105 × 40 × 20 ∆lc = c c
1 Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec
.
8
9
0
m
m
∆L1 + ∆L2 = 1.194 + 0.796 =
Total Change in length = Note: Here Pa = Pb = Pc = F
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35000 N 35000 N
2 cm φ 3 cm φ 5 cm φ
20 cm 25 cm 22 cm
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77 7
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8
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lb = 207.2 mm
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Pl Pl Pl
∆l = a a + b b + c c = 1 ( P l + P l + P l )
Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec AE
a a b b c c
1
= ( +50000 × 600 + (−30000) ×1000 + (−10000) ×1200 )
1000 × 1.05 × 105
= -0.1142 mm
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Pa L PL Given: P = 250 kN
Note : ∆l = = s
Aa = 1200 mm 2 As = 1000 mm 2
A E
a a As Es
la = 160 mm ls = 240 mm
Ea = 1 × 105 N/mm2 Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2
To Find: σ a , σ s , ∆l
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Pa la Pl
Compatibility Equation ∆la = ∆ls ⇒ = ss
Aa Ea As Es
Pa la 80360 × 160
∆l = = = 0.11 mm
Aa Ea 1200 ×1 ×105
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END OF MODULE 1