1.186 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN ‘The pressure under the plate = 2790/34(31)] = 2.65 kisi rm) wid of plate, = #5(2.659(7.59) = 76.33 inkips (8.6 kN S = Mi 2,827 in? (46.33 cm = (6) = 4.12 in (104.6 mm, thicknesses within this range vary by Yin (3.2-mm) increments, a5 stated inthe AAISC Manual. However, a section ofthe AISC Speciation requires that plates over 4 in (102 mn) thick be planed at al bearing surfaces. Set = 4 in (114.3 mm) to allow for the planing 4, Design the beams at the lower tior “Try seven beams. Thus, P = 27907 = 398.6 kips (1772.9 KN); M = 398.6(62 ~31)8 1545 imps (174.6 kN), = 1545/24 = 64.4 in (10553 om. “Try S15 » $0, Thon S~ 642 in? (1052.1 em?) y= 0.550 in (14.0 mm); k= 1.25 in {G1.8mm);8 = 5.64in (143.3 mm). The space berween flanges is [60-7 » 5.641/6=3.42 in (86 9 mun), This results satisactry. Then f, = 3986[0.550(31 + 2» 1.25)]~21.6< 27 kipsin® (186.1 MPa), which is satisfactory: V = 398.6(62 ~ 31)/[2(62)}~ 99.7 hips (443.54); v= 99.771 5(0.550)] = 12.1 < 145, which s satisfactory. 5. Summarize tho design ‘Thus: d= 60 in (1524 mm); B™ 62 in (1874.8 mms base plat is 3» 34x 41/2 in 787.4 863.6 1143 mm), uppers ste, four beams S18 » 70; lowersier sel seven beams 151500. # (18.3 MPa), Fora Lin (25.4. 63327 WIND-STRESS ANALYSIS BY PORTAL METHOD ‘The bent in Fig. 15 rests the indicated wind loads. Applying the portal method of analy- sis, calculate al sheers, end moments and axial forces. Calculation Procedure: 1. Compute the shear factor for each column ‘The portal method is an approximate and relatively simple method of wind-stress analysis ‘that i Frequently applied to regular bents of moderate height. Ke considers the bent to be ‘composed of a group of individual portals and makes the following assumptions. (1) The Wind load is distributed among the aisles ofthe bent indirect proportion to thei relative Wii. 2) The point of eontraflexure in each member lies at its center. ‘Because ofthe first assumption, the shear ina given column is directly proportional to the average width of the adjacent aisles. (An alternative form of the portal method as- ‘sums that the wind load is distributed uniformly among the aisles, irespectve of their relative widths.) In this analysis, we consider the end moments of a member, ie. the moments exerted atthe ends ofthe member by the joints. The sign conventions used areas follows. An end ‘moment is postive if itis clockwise. The shear is positive ifthe Isteral forces exerted on ‘the member by the joints constitute a couple having a counterelockwise moment. An axi- al force is positive iit is tensile. Figure 16a and b represents beam and column, respectively, having positive end mo- ‘ments and positive shear. By applying the second assumption, if, = M, = M, Eq. a; 2MIL, ot M = VLI2, Eq. b; H= 2MIL, or M= HILI2, Eq, c. In Fig. 15, the calculated data foreach member are recorded inthe order indicated.® = © whkSaaee a7® 2em ow ate ede in cloning rt shen, od monet, lf, FIGURE 15, Wind-stess analysis by portal method, 1.1871.188 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN M ‘The shear factor equals the ratio of A the average width of the adjacent aisles APM to the total width. Or, line 4, 15/75 = 0.20; line B, (15 + 12)/75 = 0.36; line C, 4 (12 + 10.5975 = 0.3; line D, 10.5775 0.14. For convenience, record these val- d vues in Fig. 15. 7 2. Compute the shear in each column ow For instance, column 4-2-3, H = -3900(0.20) FIGURE 16 umn C-i-2, H = 3900 + 7500)0.30 =3420 Th 152K), 3. Compute the ond moments of each column Apply Bq. . For instance, column 4-2-3, M = A-780)15 =—5850 fb (-7932.6 Nm); column Dibel, M= 14-2751) 18 24,759 flo (-33,573.2 New), 4. Compute the end moments of each beam Do his by equating the algebraic sum of end moments at each joint zero. For instance, at fine 3: Myy = $850 fll (7932.6 Nm); Myc = ~5850 + 10,530 = 4680 ftlb (6346.1 Nin); Mcp = ~4680 + 8775 = 4095 feb (5552.8 Nom). At line 2: Myy = 5850-+ 17,100 = 22,950 feb (31,120.2 Nim); Myc = -22,950 + 30,780 + 10,530 ~ 18,360 fell (24,8960 Nm. 5. Compute the shear in each beam Do this by applying Eq. b. For instance, beam B-2- kN). 6. Compute the axial force in each member Do this by drawing free-body diagrams ofthe joints and applying the equations of equi- librium. I is found thatthe axial forces in the interior columns ate zero. This condition stems from the fist assumption underlying the portal method andthe fat that each interi- ‘or column functions as both the leeward column of one portal and the windward column ofthe adjacent porta ‘The absence of axial forces in the interior columns in turn results in the equality ofthe shear inthe beams at each ter. Thus, the calculations associated with the portal method of analysis are completely self-checking. “$s @ : , V = 2(18,360)724 = 1530 Ib (68 WIND-STRESS ANALYSIS BY CANTILEVER METHOD For the bent in Fig. 17, caleulat all shears, end moments, and axial forces induced by the ‘wind loads by appiying the cantilever method of wind-stess analysis. For this purpose, assume thatthe columns have equal cross-sectional areas. Calculation Procedure: 1, Compute the shear and moment on the bent at midheight of each horizontal row of columns ‘The cantilever method, which is somewhat more rational than the portal method,2 O Wee eee se "oi eeke 72D {e6t) eree leit iekeeeee FIGURE 17, Wind-stess analysis by camlever method.1.190 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN ‘considers thatthe bent behaves asa vertical cantilever. Consequently, the direct stres in a column is directly proportional to the distance from the column to the centroid of the combined column ares. Asin the portal method, the assumption is made thatthe point of contraflexure in each member lis a its center. Refer to the previous calculation proce- dure for the sign convention. Computing the shear and moment on the bent at midheight, we have the following. Upper row: H = 3900 Ih (173 kN); Mf = 3900(7.5) = 29,250 Flb (39,663.0 Nm). Center row: H'~ 3900 +7500 ~ 11,400 Ib (50:7 kN); Af = 3900(22.5) + 7500(7.5) 144,000 feb (195.3 kom), Lower row: H = 11,400 + 8250 = 19,650 Ib (87.5 KN); AM = 3900039) + 7500(24) + 8250(9) = 406,400 feib (S511 kN-m), or Mf = 144,000 11,400(16.5) + '8250(9) = 406,400 fell (551.1 kNm), as before. 2. Locate the controidal axis of the combined column area, and compute the moment of inertia of the area with respect to this axis Take the area of one column as a unit. Then x = (30 + $44 75\4= 39.75 (12.12. m); I= 39.758 +9.950-+ 14.25? + 35.25? = 3121 82 (289.95 m), 3. Compute the axial force in each column Use the equation f= My. The iT values are a a c D y 3975 975 tans 3525 yt 01274 000312, 0.00487 -0.01129 (6SEN); beam B-2-C, 5. Compute the end moments of each beam Apply Eq. b ofthe previous calculation procedure. Or for bears A-3-B, M = 4(373)(30) = 5595 feb (7586.8 Nan. 6. Compute the ond moments of each column Do this by equating the algebraic sum of the end moments at each joint to zero. 7. Compute the shear in each column Apply Eq. cof the previous calculation procedure. The sum of the shears in each horizon- tal ow of columns should equal the wind load above that plane. For instance, forthe een- ter row, 3H = (2178 + 4348 + 3522 + 1352) =—11,400 Ib (-50.7 kN), which i correct. 8. Compute the axial force in ach beam by analyzing oach joint a3 a free body Ths, beam 4-3-B, P= -3900 + 746 =~3154 Ib (-14.0 KN); beam B-3-C, P) +1488 =—1666 Ib (7.4 kN), 3154HANGERS, CONNECTORS, AND WIND-STRESS ANALYSIS 11st WIND-STRESS ANALYSIS BY SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD ‘Analyze the bent in Fig. 18a by the slope-deflection method. The moment of inertia of ‘each member is shown in the drawing Calculation Procedure: 1. Compute the ond rotations caused by tho applied moments and forces; superpose the rotation caused by the transverse displacement This method of analysis has not been applied extensively in the past because the arith metic calculations involved become voluminous where the bent contains many joints. However, the increasing use of computers in structural design is overcoming this obstacle and stimulating a renewed interest in the method. Figure 19 is the elastic curve of a member subjected to moments and transverse forces Sat A 560 S| owen inl lee nl Psat Gam 288 es FIGURE 18. (a) Load on ben; (5) load and reactions. a EP FIGURE 19. Elastic curve of beam.1.192 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN spplied solely at its ends. The sign convention is as follows: an end moment is positive if itis clockwise; an angular displacement is positive ifthe rotation is clockwise; the trans- ‘verse displacement A is positive ifit rotates the member ina clockwise direction. ‘Computing the end rotations gives @, = (L/SEDN2M,, ~My) + AVL; @5= (LISED(M, + 2M) + AVL. These results may be obtained by applying the moment-area method or uit- load method given in Ses. 1 2. Solve the foregoing equations for the end moments Tins, 2B 3a -(2Tt)(2a+4- 32) ‘These are the basic slope-deflection equations. 3. Compute the value of VL. for each member of the bent Let denote this val, which represents the relative sifnes ofthe member. Thus Ky = 10020 = 5, Key ~ 144/24 = 6, Ky = 30030 = 10; Ky = 60/15 = 4, These values ae seorded in cicles in Fig. 18. 4. Apply Eq. 4 t0 each joint in turn ‘When the wind load is applied, the bent wil deform until the horizontal reactions atthe supports total 10 kips (44 KN). Is evident, therefore, that the end moments ofa mem- ter are functions ofthe relative rather than the absolute stiffness of that member. There- fore, io writing the moment equations, te coefiient 2E7L may be replaced with I; to view this in another manner, =. Disregard the deformation associated with axial fores in the members, and assume that joims B and C remain in a horizontal ine. The symbol May denotes the moment ented om member AB at joint A. Thus May = 5(0, ~ 34/20) ~ 50, ~ 0.754 My. 6,~ 34/28) = 66,~ 0.758; Mae= 4(, + 38/15) = 40, + 080; My = 5(20,~ 38/20) 100, 0.758 Meg 6(20,~ 34/34) = 126, — 0.758; Mg = 426, 4 34/15) = 80, + 0.808; Mag™=10(20, + 0) =206, + 108, Meg = 104+ 28.) = 108, + 206,. 5. Write the equations of equilibrium for the joints and for the bent Thus, joint B, Mig * Mic = 0, Ea. a joint C, Ma * Mey * Mee =0, Bab Let Hf denote the horizontal reaction at given support. Consider «horizontal force postive if ieeted toe wear theright Then H,* +21," 10 0, Eg, 6. Express the horizontal reactions in torms of the end moments Rewrite Ea. ¢. OF (May + fa/20 (Mie + McV24~ (Mee AlaV15 + 100, of 6B + GN + SMa Sty BMge~ 8M, = -1200, Eg 7. Rewrite Eqs. a, b, and c’ by replacing the end moments with the expressions obtained in step 4 ‘Thus, 300, + 100, ~0.75A = 0, Eq. 4; 100, + 400, + 005A = 0, Ea. B; 908, ~ 60, ~ 29.304 ~-1200, Ea. C. 8. Solve the simuttaneous equations in step 7 to obtain the relative values Of Oy 0, and 4 Thus 6, 1244; = -O36TSA= 44.85 8. Apply the results in step 8 to evaluate the ond moments The values in fooips, are: My = 27.42 (-37.18 KN); My = 35.84 (-48.6 KN); Mae = 341 (46.66 KN0), Mag ~ 21.20 (28.75 KN); Mey = 38.04 51.58 kN), Mi_= 3294 (4467 Nm); Mie 21.21 C876 KNam); Meg = 3.10 (692KNim). @HANGERS, CONNECTORS, AND WIND STRESS ANALYSIS 1.193, 10. Compute the shear in each member by analyzing the member asa free body ‘The shear is positive ithe transverse forces exert a counterclockwise moment. Thus Huy = (M+ Mu) 20=—2.43 kis (10.8 KN); Hy= 3.08 kips (-13.7 KN); H,= 4.49 kips (19.9 EN); Fa, = 088 kip (3.9 KN). 11. Compute the axial force in AB and BC Thus Pyy~ 0.88 kip (3.91 KN); Py. = 7.57 kips (-33.7 KN). The axial forces in EC and (CD are'Tound by equating the elongation of one to the contraction ofthe other. 12. Check the bent for equilibrium The forces and moments acting on the strcture are shown in Fig, 185. The thee equa- tions of equilibrium ae satisfied. WIND DRIFT OF A BUILDING Figure 20a is the partial elevation of the steel framing ofa skyscraper. The wind shear i- rectly above line 11 is 40 kips (177.9 KN), and the wind force applied at lines 11 and 12 is, 44 kips (17.8 KN) each. The members represented by solid lines have the moments of iner= tia shown in Table 1, and the structure isto be analyzed for wind stress by the portal ‘method. Compute the wind drift forthe bent bounded by lines 11 and 12; that is, find the horizontal displacement ofthe joints om line 1 relative to those on line 12 asa result of wind, lear leorm fe o7geo FIGURE 204.194 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN TABLE 1 Calculation of Wind Drift Ta en) LRG) Me Pokipe Na) fekipe Nm) Mom LiF 100 O80) 266) 42 @H 10504) 039 1460 (60.765) 12.66) 726 RS) 165 224) 098 1300 74916) 12 Gee) SSB CIS) 195. QO) LI 2000 (83.240) 12 Gee) 594 (80H) «135 83) OE ‘660 (2769) 245°(747) 882 (I196) 105 (142) 3.44 300 (12486) 14 (427) 504 (683) 0.60 81) LAL 1.400 (58.268) 315 (060) 1134 (1838) 135 (183) 34 245747) 966 (1309) 105 (142) 3.31 12) 552 749) 060 BI) 116 1,500 (62430) 315 (960) 1242 C684) 138,183) 3.52 19.5 Calculation Procedure: 1, Using the portal method of wind-stress analysis, compute the shear in each column caused by the unit loads Apply the unit-load method presented in See. I. For this purpose, consider that unit hoi- zontal loads are applied to the structure inthe manner shown in Fig. 208, ‘The results obtained in steps 1, 2, and 3 below are recorded in Fig. 206. To apply the portal method of wind-stess analysis, see the fourteenth calculation procedure inthis sec- 2. Compute the end moments of each column caused by the unit loads 3. Equate the algebraic sum of ond moments at each joint ‘t0 zer0; from this find the end moments of the beams caused by the unit loads 4. Find the end moments of each column “Multiply the results obtained in stp 2 by the wind shear in each pane! to find the end mo- ments ofeach column in Fig. 20a. For instance, the end moments of cohumn C-I1-12 are 1.95(44) = 85.8 hips (-116.3 kNm), Record the result in Fig. 20a, 5. Find the end moments of the beams caused by the true loads quate the algebraic sum of end moments a ezch joint to zero to find the end moments of the beams eased by the trac loads. 6. State the equation for wind drift TnFig. 21, M, and m, denote the end moments caused by the ue load and unit load, re spectively. Then the EManel Wind drift a = = 6 7. Compute the wind drift by completing Table 1 In recording end moments, algebraic signs may be disregarded because the product Man, is always postive. Taking the total of the last column in Table 1, we findHANGERS, CONNECTORS, AND WIND-STRESS ANALYSIS 1.198 ml . ® ale ao me ea FIGURE 21. Bending-moment diagrams. ‘A = 19.25(12)°/[3(29)(10))] = 0.382 in (9.7 mm). For dimensions homogeneity, the let side of Eq, $ must be multiplied by 1 kip (4.45 KN). The product represents the external work performed by the unit loads. REDUCTION IN WIND DRIFT BY USING DIAGONAL BRACING Wit reference to the previous ealultion procedure, assume thatthe wind drift ofthe bent sto be restete to 0.20 in 5.1 mm) by introducing diagonal bracing between lines Band C. Desig the bracing, using the goss area ofthe member Calculation Procedure: 1, State the change in longth of the brace ‘The bent will be reinforced against lateral deflection by a pair of diagonal cross braces, cach brace being assumed to act solely asa tension member. Select the lightest single- langle member that will satisfy the stiffness requirements; then compute the wind drift of the reinforced bent. ‘Assume thatthe bent in Fig. 22 is deformed in such a manner that B is displaced a hor- ional distance A relative to D. Let A = cross-sectional area of member CB; P ~ axial force in CB: P;= horizontal component of P, SL ~ change in length of CB. From the ‘geometry of Fig. 22, 8. = A cos @= aAVL ap- proximately 2. Expross P, in terms of A Thus, P = aAEA/L?; P, = P cos 0 = Pall; then 48 =o © 3. Solect a trial size for the diagonal bracing: compute the tensile capacity ‘A seaton of the AISC Specification limits the Slendzmess ratio for bracing members in ten- FIGURE 221.196 ‘STRUCTURAL STEEL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN sion o 300, and another section provides an allowable stress of 22 kipsin? (151.7 MPa). ‘Thus, £2 = 18 + 128 = 340 RE 1.6 in) L= 18.4 (5.6L); P= (IBA * 12Y300 0-74in 188 mm. Try ad x4 Shin (101.6 « 101.6 6.35 mem) angle; 94 in® (12.52 om"), yg = 1.94(22)~ 42.7 ips (189.9 KN). 4. Compute the wind drift if the assumed size of bracing is used By Ea. 6, P,~ {196/[(40)18.4\12)) L949) 10)°A = 1478 kips (683.94 N). The wind shea resisted by the columns ofthe bent is reduced by P, and the wind drift is duced proportionately. From the previous caeulaton procedure, the folowing values are obtained: without diagonal bracing, A= 0.382 in (8.7 mm); with diagonal bracing, A= 0.382644 ~ V4 = (0.382 128A. Solving gives = 0.168 <0.20 in (51 mm), which is acceptable. 5. Check the axial force in the brace Thus, Py = 147(0.168) = 24.7 hips (109.9 KN); P = PyLla = 24718414 = 325 < 42.7 ps (18.9), which sats. Therefore the assumed iz of he eb iss 00. 79 im (20.1 mam A LIGHT-GAGE STEEL BEAM WITH UNSTIFFENED FLANGE ‘A beam of light-gage cold-formed steel consists of two 7 « 1% in (177.8 « 38.1 mm) by ‘no. 12 gage channels connected back to back to form an I section. The beam is simply supported ona 16-f (4.88-m) span, has continuous lateral support, and carries a total dead Toad of 50 Iivlinf (730 Nim). The lve-load deflection is restricted to 1/360 ofthe span, IF the yield-point stress fis 33,000 Ibin® 227.5 MPa), compute the allowable unit ive load for this member, Calculation Procedure: 1. Record the relevant properties of the section Apply the AISI Specification ar the Design of Light Gage Cold-Formed Steel Structural ‘Members, This is given in the AISI publication Light Gage Cold-Formed Stee! Design Manual Use the same notational system, except denote the flat width of an element by g rather than w. ‘The publication mentioned above provides a basic design stress of 20,000 Ibiin? (137.9 MPa) for this grade of steel. However, sine the compression flange of the given rember is unstiffened in accordance withthe definition in one section ofthe publication, it may be necessary to reduce the allowable compressive stess. A table in the Manual ‘gives the dimensions, design properties, and allowable stress of each section, but the al- Towable stress will be computed independently in this caleulation procedure, Let V = maximum vertical shear; M'= maximum bending moment; w= unit loa f basic design stress; f= allowable bending stress in compression; v= shearing stress; A = ‘maximum deflection. Record the relovant properties of the section as shown in Fig. 23: , = 12.4 int (16.1 cm S, = 3.54 in} (58.0 em); R= Yuin (4.8 mm) 2. Compute f, Thus, g = B2 ~~ R= 1.1935 in 303 mm); gf = 1.1935/0.105 = 11.4, From the