Weare onthe tresholdof reat changein iohtsurcetecirloyt woud sem thatthe reg of te ld orton incandecet amp scoming tan end Beasts Infineon 1 percent of energy studing envionment re caing or lininaton of nce ht sources. The thoughts tht carentincandescence could te replced by Roorescenc which s considerably more ect. Tis god lglecept for theatrical andy ater tpe fighting that depandson the projection eight oer dstance inorderto ork href and lense, opal devices suchas spots requ aouce ght thts phyla smal ich a soe npossble wit fuerecenc. However, much esearchiscurent being conductedonan even mare sure ght hat dows have potent fr stage lating applications: the LED right emiting dd Fevlns intra tee | rainng outs oapte ‘peeves Ptrmnviore The beginning ofthis chapter, however, concentrates on our current theatrical ight scadenccengegecam”’ source the incandescent lamp. All theatrical ight sources are in the form of lamps sesreaer/Sanebeson seeiccine250" A lamps composed ofthe it souree (the lament in an incandescent lamp); a last envelope, or bul; anda base. at tna ‘During the second half ofthe twentieth century, great advances were made in Whiner abotoneter. lamp design and manufacturing, Development ofthe tungsten-helogen lamp in the 1950s brought about a revolution in lighting- instrument design. In 1954, the German. firm Osram introduced the first practical arc lamp, which was filled with xenon gas; and in 1971, a xenon arc lamp was put to use in a theatrical follow spot, the Xenon, ‘Super Trouper. This lamp is the forerunner of today’s great variety of arc sources. ‘Compact-lament low-voltage lamps, combined with new reflector, have created a source of parallel rays of light unheard of two decades ago, The HPL, 575-watt high-performance tungsten-halogen lamp, was recently developed by BTCto become ‘an integral part of thelr Source Four fixtures. Owing to its enhanced filament design itis brighter than older 1,000-watt lamps! ‘More than ever before, theatrical lighting designers must be aware of the great potential provided by the various light sources at their command, The theatre cur- rently uses three basic types oflamps: 1m Incandescent. Light is given offby a glowing metal filament 1 Arc. An lecrical are gives off intense illumination 1 Gaseous dcharge. Light production depends on the reaction of gases toan dlectsc ar. 496 From PARKERMWOLFIBLOCK. Scane Design and Stage igtng, €_ 2000 Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Lesming, nc: ‘Reproduced wih peaisson wt cengage comipermisionIncandescent Lamps INCANDESCENT LAMPS "The most common source of light used on the stage today is the incandescent fla- ‘ment lamp a glass bulb enclosing 2 tungsten-metal filament that emits ight when an clectrical current is pasted through it An incandescent lamp bas three basic pars: 1 The filament, which passes the current yet offers enough resistance to change electrical energy into light energy 1 The bulls or the glass envelope that encloses the inert gas or vacuum. 1m The base or socket, which holds the lamp in proper position and provides clectrical contact “The bulb contains an inert gas that prevents the metal filament from oxidizing ‘nd thus burning up. Tungsten, the same wire used in toasters and toaster ovens is relatively resistant to electrical flow. Asa result it heats up and glows when a current is passed through it “There are two basic categories of incandescent lamps: the standard incandescent lamp and the tungsten-halogen lamp. Thomas Edison developed the standard incan- descent amp in 1879; since then it has not changed much. The tungsten-halogen. lamp is an incandescent light source witha special quartz-glass envelope conteining halogen gas. At the outset, twas a popular theatrical lamp because of ts small size and increased efficiency (Figure 23-1). Tungsten-Halogen Lamps “The development of the tungsten-halogen lamp (often called « quarts lamp) led t0 significant changes in the stage-lighting industry. The most important ofthese was the Creation of smaller and more powerful lighting instruments designed specially to tse these lamps. This ne line of instruments st the lighting designer free from the restrictions of relatively archaic equipment, Not only were tungsten halogen lamps ‘much more compact than standard Incandescent lamps, but they also maintained {nitial intensity throughout ther life span, enone tr athena le Sent posed wou ‘anderen ap ‘penton gua ‘nnn gunn gus enor Revealed enone FES Parts ofa Tungsten-Halogen Incandescent Lamp 1 Guar bu ed rahe gi 2 thane fame 3 lamer sper 4 leew 2 Neu pnb. 6 ez gh come gh From PARKERMWOLFIBLOCK. Scene Desgn and Stage Lightng, SE. 2008 Wadsworth a part of Cengage Leaning "Reproduce with perme. ww cengagecompermissions498 Chapter 23. ight Sources FEB comparison of Tungsten-Halogen and Standard Incandescent Lamps ‘Notehow drt stander nade bb rena ou onus “The secret ofthis significant innovation isthe halogen. family gas (usualy iodine) Introduced into the bulb. As a tungsten filament burns, carbon pattices evaporate from the filament and deposit themselves on the cooler glass envelope, The result of this process isa gradual darkening ofthe bulb and a decrease in light output (Fig- ‘ure 23-2), However in quartz lamps the halogen gas collects the tungsten particles and redeposits them a the hottest point within the bub, the filament. This desirable reac- tion requires considerably more hea than that created within a standard incandescent lamp. To provide proper temperatures, the tungsten-halogen glass envelope is made ‘smaller and constructed out of strong quartz glass (thus the name quartz lamp). ‘The modern HPL lamp mentioned earlier is a tungsten-halogen lamp with a redesigned filament. The new compact filament configuration allows the lamp to be brighter than previous lamps while consuming only half as much energy. tran tows ares tena ama have been made to make Dag Isoften coiled (designated ‘ase of some tungsten-halogen *CC") and called a coiled coi. lights and household lamps because ‘they distribute ther ight equally ipafdirection™Nhe monoplane and biplane fila- 3 of thei ight to the front From PARKERMOLFIBLOCK. Seene Deson rosso, Z1age using, 2000 Wadewort, apart of Cengape Learing, ne Teepe emission win cengage comipermssonsIncandescent Lamps 499 fe b corona Monoplane 1 HPL coled cal and rear ofthe flameny/his permits larger portion ofthe lightto be gathered: redirected by elgg ora lens. The colled col, a common tungsten-halogen lamp filament, tends te abit longer and narrower than other filaments (Figure 23-3). ‘The efficient YL filament is « compact colle coil comprising four double-coiled ymmetrical box arrangement (Figure 23-3) ‘No gfatter what form a filament takes, the tungsten metal becomes supple when. ithegup. inthis state, any excessive jarring ofthe filament can cause it to break. Spgfight laments uch as the biplane and the coiled coi are particulary susceptible f this sort of breakage. Lighting instruments should be handled gently when their lamps are on LightCenterLength ‘The LCL (light centerlength) ofa lamp is the distance from sc. ahtcanter lang) T= the center of the flament to some predetermined place in the base, With ascrew- Samson ct ‘aselamp, the measurements tothe contact button atthe bottom ofthe base; with a jedawmiedpcs nts bm prefocusbaseitisto the Sn; with the pin, itsto the bas ofthe pins (Figure 25-1) Itis particulary important tobe aware ofthe LCL in spotlights, where amp is used inconjunetion witha reflector or len. he center of the flament mustline up exactly with the focal points of such optical devices. Bulbs ‘the bulbs (or envelopes) of standard incandescent lamps are made of ordinary glass, ‘whereas the bulbs of tungsten-halogen lamps are made of the more heat and pres- ‘ure-resistant quartz glas. As a result, the normal glass envelope of the standard From PARKERMOLFIBLOCK. Scene Deslgn and Stage Liging SE. 2000 Wadsworth part of Cengage Leaning lc. Reproduced wits pemission. wae congae eompermissions