‘The topic of angles and lines is very important in mathematics, Understanding the basic geometry is essential in many areas, including engineering and architecture, (etn Make sure you learn and understand these key words: regular polygon interior angle exterior angle isometric paper plan elevation In this unit you will earn more about lines and angles in polygons, and how to make mathematical drawings of solid shapes. > 5 Shapesi 45.1 Regular polygons 5.4 Regular polygons Allthe angles ofa regular polygon are the same size | Allthe sides of regular polygon are the same length | ‘This is a regular pentagon. : Each interior angle of a regular polygon is the same eines ‘The two angles labelled i* are interior angles of this regul - : ‘You can extend a side of any polygon t© ae an ee angle. “The angle labelled e*s an exterior angle of this pentagon. : angle lat Imagine you could walk anticlockwise along (the angle ig oe the sides of the pentagon. Mee Start and finish at P. wis nae ch corner you turn left through ¢*. €. YOU mus include the ne 1 have turned 360°, so degrees sign when you pane pare state the size ofthe ange, e=360+5=72. ‘The exterior angle of the pentagon is 7a “The interior angle of the pentagon is 180° - 72° = 108°. You can use this method for any regular polygon. Regular polygon, N sides 360 Exterior angle e = 360 +N Interior angle = 180 ~e or 180 ~ =y" a general resul Diagrams in this excerise are not drawn accurately. The exterior angle is 180° - 140° = 40°. The number of exterior angles is 360° + 40®= 9. Number of ansles x 40? = 360° The regular polygon has nine sides. Nine exter>v ongles, nine sides C2 1 a Write down the usual name for: i aregulér quadrilateral iia regular triangle. b Find the interior and exterior angles of: i aregular quadrilateral fia regular triangle. 2 2 Work out the following angles, giving reasons, a the exterior angle of a regular hexagon b the interior angle of a regular hexagon yy }} 5 Shapes |8 Three identical regular There isa gap of 36°. 2 ‘What is the name of the polygon? drogen 9 Three regular polygons fit together at one point without a gap. One is a square and one is a hexagon. How many sides does the third shape have? Hexagon ees @ 40 Say, and give a reason, whether each angle is the interior angle of a regular polygon. Ifitis, say how many sides the polygon has, a 110° b 120° c 130° d 140° e@ 150° 41 A heptagon has seven sides. How large is each interior angle of a regular heptagon? 42 How many sides does a regular polygon have if it has: a aneexterior angle of 5° b aninterior angle of 1787? previa: Grtx 0? Pentagon 5 Shapes5-2 More polygons 5-2 More polygons c not regular? terior lar pentago™- ‘What do you know about the angles ofa pentagon that “ ‘The external angles still add up to 360°, as ong as all et are less than 180°, The explanation is the same as for 8 | | ‘What about the internal angles? You can divide any pentagon into three triangles. The angles of the three triangles make up the five angles of the pentagon. = 540°. | The sum of the angles of the pentagon is 3 x 180° Thisiba rene a ‘You can use this method for any polygon. wleler t angles = Polygon, N'sides Sum of exterior angles = 360° Sum of interior iB asso 2380 = 720 Abexagon has six angles that add up to 720% N= 6; (N-2) * 720 ~ 90 = 630 The other angles are each 630 + 5 = 126% 1 Work out the sum of the interior ‘angles of: @ aheptagon (7 sides) ba nonagon (9 sides) 2 Five of the interior angles of a hexagon are 90°, 100”, 110%, 120° and 130°. @ Work out the other interior angle of the hexagon. Calculate the external angles of the hexagon and show that they have the correct total. 3. Four of the interior angles of a hexagon are 128°, The other two angles are equal, How large are the other two angles? 4 Xavier has a rectangular piece of card. He cuts off the four corners. ‘What do the angles of the remaining shape add up to? ¢ addecagon (10 sides). 5. Read what Alicia says The anges of this pentagon ae | 100°, 105°, 72° 126° and 127° Explain why she must be wrong. BQ 6 The interior angles of a polygon add up to 1800", How many sides does it have? Give a reason for your answer. @B 7 a Four of the interior angles of a pentagon are 105°, Work out the fifth angle | ~ _b Cana pentagon have four right angles? Give a reason for your answer. 5 Shap5.3 Solving angle problems 5.3 Solving angle problems What do you remember about angles? + The sum of the angles at a point or on a straight line. + Angle properties of triangles and special quadrilaterals, such as a parallelogram, + ‘The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral and other polygons. + Properties of parallel lines, including correspondi id alternate angles, ea ‘There is a summary of all these topics on the first page of this unit. In this section you will practise using the facts you know to solve problems. As well a finding the answer, you also need to explain your reasoning to show why the answer is, correct. You can use words or diagrams to do this. Diagrams in this exercise are not drawn accurately. a The angle marked f° is 100°. ‘CA and EF are parallel so angles ABF (100°) and BFE (/?) are alternate angles. They are equal. b Angle CBF = 80° ‘Angles on a straight line add up to 180°. Now we know four of the angles of the pentagon. The angles of a pentagon add up to 540%. The sum ofthe angles of a pentagon is 3 = 180°. So d= 540 - (120 + 80 + 100 + 130) Subtract the other four angles of the pentagon ftom 540. = 110 Ctra Give reasons for your answers in all the questions exercise, @Q 1 ABC isa triangle and DE is parallel to BC iN a Work out the value of \ b Work out th ue aQ 2 PQS and ROT are straight lines. 3 Work out the value of | Work out the value of d. | | Q 3 ABCDisa square. DEF isan equilateral triangle. Work the size of the angle labelled @. ® 4 Oisthe centre ofthe cir. ABisa diameter, Calculate the values of aand b, @ 5. This shape has a line of symmetry through W. Caleulate the value of w. @ 6 PQRisa straight line, P QRST is a parallelogram. a Work out the value of x. b Work out the value of y. © Work out the value of z 5 Shape5.3 Solving angle problems @ 7 A regular hexagon and a regular pentagon have a common edge. Work out the value of a, 8 This shapeis a kite, ae y Calculate the value of a, @ 9 XYZV isa straight line, Mi Calculate the values of a, band c. an KN XA » PI N < @ 40 ABCD isa trapezium. A B & ABand DC are parallel sides, fe e a Show that a+ d= 180, b Show that b+ c= 180, ie ?\ Li D c555 Plans and elevations 5-5 Plans and elevations shree- dimensional shapes, .. iree-< You can use isometric paper to make accurate ses isto use plans and elevation, Another way of drawing or describing three-dimens ‘These can be drawn on squared paper. Plans and elevations show what a shape looks lke from An example will make this clear. ‘This shape is drawn on isometric paper. a. A plan is the view from overhead, in the direction marked A. An elevation is the view from the front (from direction B) ot from the sides (directions Cand D) or from the back. Here is the plan, different directions. ruchortb | ‘The lines show where you would see an edge, looking from above. ‘The column thats three units high in te isometric drawing is shown as a square in the top righ 4 corner of the plan, ‘The column that is two units high on the left ofthe isometric drawing is show as a square in the bot lefi-hand corner of the plan. Here are three elevations of the same shape. You can see the columns that are two units high and three units high in each elevation, [E | Elevation from B Elevation from C. Elevation from D 5 Shapes@ 4. These are isometric drawings of four shapes. ) and two elevations (from directions B and C). Front | Right ue ‘Use squared paper, Q 2. The diagram shows the plan and three elevations of a shape. z a © & a = fe E a i, fat & 38 a ae Sm ees) 2 £8 88/2 Skok) $ ig eis 25 60 The diagram shows th: elevation of a shape The shape is made feos joined together @:; squared paper. b Draw the shape on isometric pape a Draw the left elevation on| | : 5.6 Symmetry in three-dimensional shapes | 5.6 Symmetry in three -imension@l Three-dimensional a | ‘This chair is symmetrical ‘The second pleae shows apie of #708 Imagine a mirror on the plane. ‘One half ofthe chair isa reflection f of the other 4 Each ofthese shapes has one pane of symmetry. show them on drawings. 5 Shapes@ @ 5 You should now know that: ‘The diagram shows an L-shaped prism, 5.6 Symmetry in three-dimensional shapes dem a How many faces does it have? a b Draw the object on isometric paper. eS © The prism has a plane of symmetry. ae Show iton yourisometrc drawing. 2m som a Drawa cube. Showa plane of. bi ti v symmetry that passes through four edges but no vertices. b Draw the cube again. Show a plane of symmetry that passes through four vertices of the cube. a Drawa cylinder, b Draw a plane of symmetry that passes through the circular ends of the cylinder. € Draw a plane of symmetry that does not pass through the circular ends ofthe cylinder. + The angles of a regular polygon are all the same * size and the sides are all the same length. The sum ofthe interior angles of a polygonwithN sidesis (N—2) x :80°. The sum of the exterior angles ofa polygon is 360°. The angle properties of parallel ines and polygons can be used to solve problems about angles and explain easoning, Three-dimensional shapes can be shown as diagrams on isometric paper or by drawing plans and elevations Three-dimensional shapes can have reflection symmetry. @Q: @ @" You should be able to: Calculate the interior and exterior angle of any regular polygon. Prove the formula for the sum of the interior angles of any polygon and thatthe sum of the exterior angles is 360°. Solve problems by using properties of angles, of parallel and intersecting lines, and of triangles, ‘other polygons and circles, and explain reasoning. Draw 3D shapes on isometric paper. Analyse 3D shapes through plans and elevations. Draw a plane of symmetry on a three-dimensional shape. Recognise and use spatial relationships in two dimensions and three dimensions. Draw accurate mathematical diagrams, Present arguments to justify solutions or generalisations, using symbols and diagrams or graphs and related explanations. 5 Shapes,end-ofunit review End-of-unit review a theexterior angle the interior angle. 2. The diagram shows a regular nonagon. O is the centre of the nonagon- a Work out the size of the angle labelled a. b Explain why triangle OPQ is isosceles. € Calculate the size of the angle labelled 0°. Use the answer to part ¢ to explain why the interior angle of a regular nonagon is 140°. 4g The anges ofa pentagon ae (a+ 10) (a-+20)% (a-+ 30)" and (a + 40). Work out the sizeof hy Iargest angle of the pentagon. QB 4 ABD isa triangle. AB is parallel to EC. Work out the size of the angle labelled a”. Give a reason for your answer. b Work out the size of the angle labelled U°. Give a reason for your answer: @ 5. PRT isa triangle. Work out the values of cand d. Give reasons for your answers. 6 A cuboid has sides of length 1em, 4m and 6cm. Draw two different diagrams of the cuboid on isometric paper. } 7 This is an isometric drawing of a shape. Use squared paper to draw: a aplan view from direction A b elevations in the directions of B, C and D. 5 Shapes