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However, as will be seen later, when the time-domain sample values are mapped to DAC input,
overflow events are still of concern. Page 66. To help support the investigation, you can pull the
corresponding error log from your web server and submit it our support team. Possible architectures
for the FFT, especially the cascade architecture, are discussed. At the macro architectural level, a
macro pipeline is formed by all the blocks with the workload unit of a mega-symbol. So it seems that
to summarize the finite word- length effects of all the butterflies using an amplifier model is not a
good idea. However, this is not easy since there are multiple trade-offs and inter-dependences among
them. The complex multipliers are assumed to be decomposed into 4 real multipliers and 2 real
adders. This will not be a problem, since once the FFT is still inside a symbol, shifting the FFT
window will only cause phase rotation that could be taken into account by the frequency domain
correction. Nevertheless, the choice may need to be adjusted when the complete system including the
FEC, synchronization and channel estimation is studied. Page 75. A clock domain of 128 MHz is
formed by these blocks with four parallel datapaths, and four parallel data streams consisting of 4 bits
each, synchronized by the 128 MHz clock, are used to convey binary data from the FEC encoder to
the chip, and another four parallel data streams from the chip to the decoder. There are several
actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command
or malformed data. Without knowledge of the AGC system, the dynamic range mismatch is ignored
with minor impact. As shown in Figure 5.13, 16 215 -1 PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Generators initialized to different states generate the stimuli into the implemented basedband core
configured in loopback B mode, while 16 corresponding PRBS Checkers monitor the output from
the core. How many bits are needed to quantize this data range? i.e. what should the ENOB be. Find
the value of p following (4.11) and (4.12). Simulate the result and fine-tune the choice of BQ, E, L,
u, p. The most critical and timing-consuming design activity is the verification stages of the design
flow. 5.3 Verification and Validation 5.3.1 Verification In this design, simulation-based verification
has been extensively used to ensure the correctness of the design. Being the most open-minded, they
have full trust in me. Reading material left to us by great masters is a true gift and one of these is the
Ming Dynasty monumental and enormous body of work, the Jingyue Quanshu ???? ( Complete
Compendium of Zhang Jingyue ) By Zhang Jingyue (1563-1640). The functions of each block are
briefly summarized below. She has appeared in numerous recitals and programs including the Temple
Israel’s Schmier Concert in Detroit; the premiere of the Perlman Music Residency Program in
Vermont; and many others at New England Conservatory and Shanghai Conservatory where she has
often been invited to visit back and play as a top graduate and renowned alumna. The system-level
design challenge for the algorithmic digital subsystem is that the design should be: Quantitative:
Models should be built that could be exercised to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the design
choices, instead of mere qualitative descriptions. Two previous studies of finite word- length effects
evaluation for the FFT block are summarized, then an empirical method is proposed which aims to
solve the fixed-point model transformation for the modulation and demodulation core as a whole
problem. The Distinguished Alumni Awards are presented annually by each of RIT’s nine colleges,
the School of Individualized Study, and the RIT Graduate School to alumni who have performed at
the highest levels of their profession or who have contributed to the advancement and leadership of
civic, philanthropic, or service organizations. A detailed analysis revealed that due to the architecture
of the FPGA, the logic delay through the CLBs (Configurable Logic Block) has already made it
very difficult to meet the timing constraint. When the data is routed to Loopback B, the data value is
scaled by. For radix-4 FFT illustrated in Figure 4.9, three branches of delay elements are needed,
each of which have a decreasing size by a factor of 4 from the first FFT stage to the last FFT stage.
Page 82. It is easy to find that for an FFT with log4N stages, the ith stage needs 6 delay elements,
every other two of which have the delay depths of 4log 14 ? ?N i, 4log 1 2 4? ?N i i, and 4log 13 4 ?
?N ii respectively and the widths matching the complex number word-lengths for the corresponding
stages. As for the non-ideal low pass filter, although it is possible to lower the filter sharpness
requirement by adopting an up-sampling approach, considering the cost and the spectrum of the
OFDM signal, it is more convenient to introduce guard subcarriers, i.e. non-used subcarriers, at the
edge of the spectrum. Nevertheless, it still gives a good insight into possible system performance,
and its usage will be justified by simulation. She received her master’s and bachelor’s degrees in
violin performance from the New England Conservatory where she studied with Donald Weilerstein.
However, as explained below, it is not easy for single carrier modulation systems to achieve this
under certain circumstances. This will make the implementation easy since only a small part of the
symbol needs to be changed. Recall the BER target is 10-4, and based on the simulation result in
Appendix C for a particular multi-path channel, the channel SNR is required to be at least 32dB
even for the ideal system level (floating-point) model. The encoded data is modulated in the
modulation core, which contains the following blocks: Constellation Mapping: map the encoded
binary data into complex symbol value based on the adopted modulation scheme. Traditionally, a
Matlab model needs to be built to evaluate a specific design choice. The award was presented at an
awards ceremony for students, faculty and staff on December 5, 2018. As an operations intern she
helped compile daily recommended music lists for users. The SBT (Segment Boundary Table) stores
the boundaries of the 34 For BPSK, the quadrature components will be forced to zero, which is not
explicitly shown in figure 5.4. Page 90. A framework for OFDM system level design, including the
identification of key design parameters, a design tool to rapidly explore the design space, and an
SoC- oriented system functional model, has been proposed and implemented. Shelly Zhang has
received this year’s Best PhD Thesis Award from the School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at Georgia Tech. As explained in Chapter 2, both the in-phase and quadrature
components of the OFDM signal are very close to a Gaussian process with zero mean and variance
?2, and two DACs and two ADCs are needed in the transmitter side and the receiver side
respectively. Other blocks are also verified for the same reason. Page 131. For instance, the ISQ,
OSQ and individual FFT stage modules are individually simulated against the reference model, then
the FFT block simulation, and finally the chip level simulation is carried out. The first stage of
R4MDC-II has one more delay element. We also need to keep in mind that the orthogonality could
be kept only when the dispersion of the channel is shorter than the GI, and there is no carrier or
timing error. A better but more complicated implementation proposal based on compensation
function approximation is described in Appendix D. More importantly, a longer symbol length
requires larger FFT size and smaller subcarrier spacing, making the system more costly and more
susceptible to synchronization error. OFDM theory, due to its nature, is more complicated than single
carrier communication theory. Following that, additional functional blocks to implement the OFDM
modulation core and demodulation core are elaborated, including time domain windowing and
frequency domain compensation and correction. For single carrier systems to reach high data rates,
shorter symbol length must be adopted and unfortunately the dispersion of the channel will have
greater effect, therefore the performance will become worse. The execution speed of this kind of
exact bit-true model is generally slow, since the multiple word-length numbers cannot be mapped
well into the limited fixed-point and floating-point architecture of the simulation host computer.
After college she gained an internship at Baidu Music in Beijing. Word-length optimization
Functional Performance Acceptable. It can be seen that for this particular multi-path channel, the
BER target of 10-4 is quite aggressive. Page 122. However, this method generates sharp signal
changes and thus results in out- of-band power radiation. At the receiver side, the received signal is
down-converted, separated into in-phase and quadrature components and then sampled by two
ADCs. Author Zhang Jing-yue was medically-trained in his youth but followed a career as a military
general before returning to medicine in later life. If a practitioners main objective is to be armed with
as much practical knowledge to alleviate the ails of their patients, then I urge you to read and then
re-read the Jingyue Quanshu so generously brought to the west by Allen Tsaur.’. Also, thanks to Jaro
Pristupa and Eugenia Distefano for their help and hard work to maintain the computer systems. I
wish to express my gratitude to my parents and brothers for their support and love. In this research,
throughput has been emphasized without regard to low-power implementations.
At the same time, considering the allowed PAPR of the system, especially the achievable linearity
range of the analog front-end, it is desirable to have a smaller u. The key parameters of an OFDM
system, including those shown in Table A.1 of Appendix A, could be classified into three categories,
namely: design performance, design constraints, and implementation features: Design performance:
parameters desired by a particular application, e.g. data-rate, Bit-Error-Rate (BER), spectral-
efficiency, etc. An ideal solution for the hardware transformation problem is to have a high-level
synthesizer to automatically synthesize the algorithmic model into RTL (register transfer level)
model. She has also served many international scientific societies, such as F.W. Clarke Award
Committee and Nominations Committee of the Geochemical Society. A systematic finite- word-
length effect evaluation method based on statistical analysis and bit-true simulation has been adopted
to transform the algorithm into an area-efficient fixed-point implementation. The core of the OFDM
Calculator is the calculation of design performance parameters, i.e. data-rate, spectral efficiency and
BER estimate, while the design constraints and Page 44. Cloudflare monitors for these errors and
automatically investigates the cause. As mentioned before, only the modulation and demodulation
core blocks are covered in this research due to the complexity of the OFDM system and the available
time and resource. DCM: The Digital Clock Manager, a macro block within a Xilinx FGPA,
synthesizes the two desired clocks of 128 MHz and 512 MHz33. Loopback B: Loopback of the
time-domain OFDM symbol generated by the IFFT block from the transmitter side into the FFT
block in the receiver side. The systems utilize a concatenated Reed- Solomon (RS) and convolutional
code as channel coding to provide high quality video broadcasting service. These effects happen in
each stage of the algorithm and are propagated along the calculation path. There it slowly re-directed
my career path from fabric to digital. She was a semi-finalist in the 2009 Queen Elisabeth
International Violin Competition and in the 2012 San Diego Symphony auditions for violin. The
exact bit-true simulation model can be built in hardware description language easily. A detailed
analysis of the effects of carrier recovery error is beyond the scope of this thesis12. How many bits
are needed to quantize this data range? i.e. what should the ENOB be. However, considering the
area and timing penalty associated with the full scan, it is also possible to use a partial scan since the
design is mostly an algorithmic subsystem and the datapath is more dominant over the control logic.
Architectural level design has considerable impact on the intrinsic hardware performance and cost
criteria such as timing, area and power. Shelly Zhang has received this year’s Best PhD Thesis Award
from the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Tech. Due to this access
throughput requirement, each complex multiplier must have its own twiddle factor memory, i.e.
memory sharing, even among the multipliers belonging to the same stage, is not possible. An
improved scaling method to prevent overflow is to scale the input of each FFT stage. Overflow is
regarded as a severe degradation, and so it is to be avoided by all means. She obtained a Ph.D in
Oncology at the University of Alberta (2005) and in 2013 she pursued her residency training in
plastic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Toronto. Based on that, the original data can
be decoded using the upper 2 bits of the sample value. Figure 5.10(b) shows the implementation for
one of the eight identical modules that are used to demodulate the in-phase and quadrature
components simultaneously. I would not have been able to understand the OFDM theory so
thoroughly without his help. Malla Mar 25 — Xuanhe Zhao Apr 15 — Zhenhui (Jessie) Li Apr 22 —
Michele Barbato. The encoded data is modulated in the modulation core, which contains the
following blocks: Constellation Mapping: map the encoded binary data into complex symbol value
based on the adopted modulation scheme. Usage of reference model The architectural level model
written in Matlab has been used as a golden reference model for the simulations at the logic and
physical design level. For example, for data point 512, its normally-ordered position in binary form
should be “10-00-00-00-00” but its digit-reversed position is “00-00-00-00-10”.