List of calendars

This is a list of calendars. Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are
often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the
groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars
(Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent), Chinese calendars and Mesoamerican calendars.
These are not specific calendars but series of historical calendars undergoing reforms or regional
diversification.

In Classical Antiquity, the Hellenic calendars inspired the Roman calendar, including the solar Julian calendar
introduced in 45 BC. Many modern calendar proposals, including the Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582 AD,
contains modifications from that of the Julian calendar.

List of calendars
In the list below, specific calendars are given, listed by calendar type (solar, lunisolar or lunar), time of
introduction (if known), and the context of use and cultural or historical grouping (if applicable). Where
appropriate, the regional or historical group (Jewish calendar, Hijri calendar, Sikh, Mayan, Aztecan, Egyptian,
Mesopotamian, Iranian, Hindu, Buddhist, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican, Hellenic, Julian or Gregorian-derived)
is noted.

Calendars fall into four types: lunisolar, solar, lunar and seasonal. Most pre-modern calendars are lunisolar. The
seasonal calendars rely on changes in the environment (e.g., "wet season", "dry season") rather than lunar or
solar observations. The Islamic and some Buddhist calendars are lunar, while most modern calendars are solar,
based on either the Julian or the Gregorian calendars.

Some calendars listed are identical to the Gregorian calendar except for substituting regional month names or
using a different calendar epoch. For example, the Thai solar calendar (introduced 1888) is the Gregorian
calendar using a different epoch (543 BC) and different names for the Gregorian months (Thai names based on
the signs of the zodiac).
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

It is based on lunar
months with the
intercalation of an
additional month every 2
to 3 years to bring the
cycle closer to the solar
cycle. It is used to
determine the dates for
Hebrew/Jewish
lunisolar Canaan/Mesopotamian Circa 3761 BC Western World Jewish holidays and the
Calendar
appropriate public reading
of Torah portions,
yahrzeits (dates that
commemorate the death
of a relative), daily Psalm
readings, and many other
holidays, festivals and
ceremonial uses.

The year is based on the

heliacal rising of Sirius
(Sothis) and divided into
the three seasons of akhet
(Inundation), peret
Egyptian fixed (365 (Growth) and shemu
Egyptian Bronze Age Middle Kingdom
calendar days) (Harvest). The heliacal
rising of Sothis returned to
the same point in the
calendar every 1,460 years
(a period called the Sothic
cycle).[1]

Recorded in Neo-Sumerian
Umma records (21st century BC),
lunisolar Mesopotamian Bronze Age Sumer/Mesopotamia
calendar presumably based on older
(Ur III) sources.

Pentecontad solar Mesopotamian Bronze Age Amorites A Bronze Age calendar in

calendar which the year is divided
into seven periods of fifty
days, with an annual
supplement of fifteen or
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
sixteen days for
synchronisation with the
solar year.

The years is divided into

four seasons, and each
Four Seasons season is divided into a
and Eight solar Chinese Bronze Age(?) China festival and three months.
Nodes The start and middle of
each season is the key
node of the year.

The years are divided into

monthly or bi-monthly
periods and attributes to
Gezer Calendar unknown Mesopotamian 1000 BC Israel/Canaan
each a duty such as
harvest, planting, or
tending specific crops.

Based on the reforms

Roman
lunisolar Roman 713 BC Roman Republic introduced by Numa
calendar
Pompilius in c. 713 BC.

Six classical (Zhou era)

Six Ancient calendars: Huangdi,
lunisolar Chinese Iron Age China
Calendars Zhuanxu, Xia, Yin, Zhou's
calendar and Lu.

The Nisga’a calendar

revolves around harvesting
seasonal / Indigenous North of foods and goods used.
Nisg̱a'a Nisg̱a'a
lunisolar America The original year followed
the various moons
throughout the year.

The Inuit calendar is based

on between six and eight
Indigenous North seasons as solar and lunar
Inuit seasonal Inuit
America timekeeping methods do
not work in the polar
regions.

fixed (365 1st millennium

Haab' Pre-Columbian (Maya) Maya
days) BC
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

fixed (260 1st millennium

Tzolk'in Pre-Columbian (Maya) Maya
days) BC

fixed (365
Xiuhpohualli Pre-Columbian (Aztec) Aztecs
days)

fixed (260
Tonalpohualli Pre-Columbian (Aztec) Aztecs
days)

The year begins with the

new moon after the
summer solstice. It was
lunisolar introduced by the
Attic calendar (354/384 Hellenic 6th century BC Classical Athens astronomer Meton in
days) 432 BC. Reconstructed (htt
p://www.epistemeacadem
y.org/calendars/) by
Academy of Episteme.

Based on earlier
Old Persian 4th century
lunisolar(?) Iranian Persian Empire Babylonian/Mesopotamian
calendar BC(?)
models

Combination of the
Babylonian calendar,
Seleucid
lunisolar Hellenic/Babylonian 4th century BC Seleucid Empire ancient Macedonian
calendar
(Hellenic) month names
and the Seleucid era.

Introduced the "month

without mid-climate is
intercalary" rule; based on
Genesis a solar year of 365385⁄1539
lunisolar Chinese Han dynasty China
Calendar days and a lunar month of
2943⁄81 days (19
years=235
months=693961⁄81 days).

Ptolemaic solar Egyptian 238 BC Ptolemaic Egypt The Canopic reform of 238
calendar BC introduced the leap
year every fourth year later
adopted in the Julian
calendar. The reform
eventually went into effect
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
with the introduction of the
"Alexandrian calendar" (or
Julian calendar) by
Augustus in 26/25 BC,
which included a 6th
epagomenal day for the
first time in 22 BC.

Revision of the Roman

Republican calendar, in
use in the Roman Empire
and the Christian Middle
Julian calendar solar Roman 45 BC Western World
Ages, and remains in use
as liturgical calendar of
Eastern Orthodox
Churches.

is a calendar used in the

Kurdistan region of Iraq
alongside the Islamic and
Gregorian calendar.[2] The
First day in this month is
called "Newroz" it means
Kurdish
solar Kurdish Kurdistan Kurdistan Region "New Day". The start of the
calendar
calendar is marked by the
Battle of Nineveh, a
conquest of the Assyrians
by the Medes and the
Babylonians in
612 BC.[3][4][5][6]

Based on both the

Coptic Orthodox
Coptic calendar solar Egyptian 1st century Ptolemaic calendar and
Church
the Julian calendar

the calendar associated

Ethiopia, Ethiopian
with Ethiopian and Eritrean
Ge'ez calendar solar Ethiopian 1st century Christians, Eritrea,
Churchs, based on the
Eritrean Christians
Coptic calendar

Berber In Roman Julian calendar used for

solar Julian North Africa
calendar times agricultural work.
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

Description of a division of
the year into 364 days,
Qumran
fixed (364 Second Temple also mentioned in the
calendrical — c. 1st century
days) Judaism pseudepigraphical Book of
texts
Enoch (the "Enoch
calendar").

Early calendar used by

Celtic peoples prior to the
Coligny introduction of the Julian
lunisolar Gauls/Celts Iron Age Gauls/Celts
calendar calendar, on a bronze
plaque c. AD 200 but likely
some centuries older.

Based on both the Old

Persian and Seleucid
(Hellenic) calendars.
Zoroastrian fixed (365
Iranian 3rd century Sassanid Persia Introduced in AD 226,
calendar days)
reformed in AD 272, and
again several times in the
5th to 7th centuries.

Chinese Created by Zu Chongzhi,

Calendar, lunisolar Chinese 510 China most accurate calendar in
Dàmíng origin the world at its invention

Umbrella term for

calendars historically and
Japanese
lunisolar Chinese-derived 6th century Japan currently used in Japan, in
calendar
the 6th century derived
from the Chinese calendar

Chinese
First Chinese calendar to
Calendar, lunisolar Chinese 619 China
use the true moon motion
Wùyín origin

Based on the
observational lunisolar
Islamic calendars used in Pre-
calendar (Lunar lunar Muslim 632 Islam Islamic Arabia. Remains in
Hijri calendar) use for religious purposes
in most of the Islamic
world.
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

Traditional calendar of
Southeast Asia, in use until
the 19th century.
mainland Southeast Traditionally said to
Pyu calendar lunisolar Hindu/Buddhist-derived 640
Asia originate in 640 (the
calendar era) in Sri Ksetra
Kingdom, one of the
Burmese Pyu city-states.

Ecumenical Julian calendar with Anno

Byzantine
solar Julian 988 Patriarchate of Mundi era in use c. 691 to
calendar
Constantinople 1728.

Calendar used in medieval

Armenia and as liturgical
calendar of the Armenian
Apostolic Church. Derived
from the Zoroastrian (or
related medieval Iranian
Armenian fixed (365
Iranian medieval medieval Armenia calendars such as the
calendar days)
Sogdian/Choresmian
ones[7]). It uses the era
AD 552. In modern
Armenian nationalism, an
alternative era of 2492 BC
is sometimes used.

A reconstruction based on
a short 15th-century
transcript in Church
Bulgar calendar solar Bulgarian Bronze Age Volga Bulgaria Slavonic called Nominalia
of the Bulgarian Khans,
which contains 10 pairs of
calendar terms.

Variant of the Julian

Florentine
solar Julian Medieval Republic of Florence calendar in use in medieval
calendar
Florence

Variant of the Julian

Pisan calendar solar Julian Medieval Republic of Pisa calendar in use in medieval
Pisa
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

The Hindu calendar used

Tamil calendar solar Hindu Ancient Tamil Nadu
in Tamil Nadu

Kollam Era sidereal Hindu 825 Kerala It is believed that the era
solar was started by the Syrian
Christian saints Mar Sabor
and Mar Proth who arrived
in Kollam in the 9th
century CE. This event is
recorded in the Kollam
Tarisappalli copper plates
issued to them.[8][9][10] The
news of the physical
disappearance of Sri Adi
Shankaracharya in 820 CE
at Kedarnath reached the
Malabar coast only a few
years later. It is believed
that Kerala began the
Malayalam era in 825 CE in
his memory.[11][12][13]
According to Hermann
Gundert, Kollam era
started as part of erecting
a new Shiva Temple in
Kollam and because of the
strictly local and religious
background, the other
regions did not follow this
system at first. Once
Kollam port emerged as an
important trade center,
however, the other
principalities also started
following the new system
of calendar. This theory
backs the remarks of Ibn
Battuta as well.[8][14] The
Kollam era may also be
attributed to the legend of
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
Paraśurāma, an
incarnation of Vishnu. It is
sometimes divided into
cycles of 1,000 years
reckoned from 1176 BCE.
Thus, 825 CE would have
been the first year of the
era's third millennium.[15]

One of the Hindu

Nepali calendar solar Hindu/ Buddhist Medieval Nepal
calendars

A lunisolar Buddhist
calendar traditional to
Nepal Sambat lunisolar Buddhist/ Hindu 9th century Nepal
Nepal, recognition in Nepal
in 2008.

Bengali
lunisolar Bengali Medieval Bengal Revised in 1987.
calendar

Thai lunar
lunisolar Hindu/Buddhist Medieval Thailand A Buddhist calendar
calendar

Pawukon fixed (210

Hindu Bali
calendar days)

Partly inspired by the

Julian calendar and partly
Old Icelandic by older Germanic
solar 10th century medieval Iceland
calendar calendar traditions. Leap
week calendar based on a
year of 364 days.

Vietnamese lunisolar Chinese-derived 10th century Vietnam After Vietnam regained

calendar independence following
the third Chinese
domination of Vietnam, the
following dynasties
established their own
calendars based on
Chinese prototypes, and
every subsequent dynasty
had appointed officers to
man and create the
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
calendar to be used in the
realm.

A calendar reform
Jalali calendar solar Iranian 1079 Seljuk Sultanate commissioned by Sultan
Jalal al-Din Malik Shah I

Recorded by Maimonides
in the Mishneh Torah,
resulting from various
reforms and traditions
Hebrew Babylonian/Seleucid- 11th/12th developing since Late
lunisolar Judaism
calendar derived century Antiquity. The Anno Mundi
era gradually replaced the
Seleucid era in Rabbinical
literature in the 11th
century.

The Kalacakra, a Buddhist

Tibetan Buddhist/Chinese-
lunisolar 13th century Tibet calendar introduced in
calendar derived
13th-century Tibet

Based on a solar year of

Seasonal
solar Chinese 1281 China 365.2425 (equal to the
Instruction
Gregorian year)

A written representation of
the Metonic cycle used in
medieval and early modern
Sweden, allowing to
calculate the dates of the
full moons relative to the
Runic calendar solar Julian 13th century Sweden
Julian date. The
introduction of the
Gregorian calendar in
Sweden in 1753 rendered
the runic calendars
unusable.

Six Imperial
solar Chinese Ming dynasty China In use 1368-1644
Calendars (ß)

Incan calendar lunisolar Pre-Columbian 15th century Inca Empire

 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

Complex lunisolar
calendar with three
different years, composed
of months divided into
thirty days. After the
Muisca Spanish conquest of the
lunisolar Pre-Columbian 15th century Muisca
calendar Muisca Confederation in
present-day central
Colombia in 1537 first
replaced by the European
Julian and as of 1582 the
Gregorian calendar.

Chula Sakarat lunisolar Burmese 16th century Southeast Asia

Introduced as a reform of
the Julian calendar in the
Gregorian
solar Julian-derived 1582 worldwide Roman Catholic church,
calendar
since the 20th century in
de facto use worldwide.

Based on the Hindu

calendar using the Saka
era (78 CE), but changed
by Sultan Agung of
Javanese
lunar Islamic influenced 1633 Java Mataram its method of
calendar
counting of years from
solar years to lunar years
as per the Islamic
calendar.

First Chinese Calendar to

Seasonal
solar Chinese 1645 China use the true motion of the
Constitution
sun.

Part of the controversy

Swedish surrounding the adoption
solar Julian-derived 1700 Sweden
calendar of the Gregorian calendar,
in use 1700–1712.

Astronomical solar Julian-derived 1740 Astronomy A mixture of Julian and

year numbering Gregorian calendar, giving
dates before 1582 in the
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
Julian calendar, and dates
after 1582 in the Gregorian
calendar, counting 1 BC as
year zero, and negative
year numbers for 2 BC and
earlier.

French
In use in revolutionary
Republican solar Gregorian 1793 First French Republic
France 1793 to 1805.
Calendar

Universal Georgian
Pancronometer solar Gregorian 1745 — Calendar proposed by
Hugh Jones

Julian calendar using the

Rumi calendar solar Julian 1839 Ottoman Empire Hijri era introduced in the
Ottoman Empire.

Positivist Solar calendar with 13

Solar Gregorian 1849 —
calendar months of 28 days.

Uses a year of 19 months

of 19 days each and a
Badí‘ calendar solar Baháʼí 1873 Baháʼí 1844 era. Also known as
the "Baháʼí Calendar" or the
"Wondrous Calendar".

The Gregorian calendar

Thai solar
solar Gregorian 1888 Thailand but using the Buddhist Era
calendar
(543 BC)

Gregorian calendar with

Invariable
solar Gregorian 1900 — four 91-day quarters of 13
Calendar
weeks

A "perpetual calendar" with

International
solar Gregorian 1902 — a year of 13 months of 28
Fixed Calendar
days each.

Months and days use the

Minguo Gregorian calendar,
solar Gregorian 1912 Republic of China
calendar introduced in China in
1912.
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

currently synchronized
with the Gregorian
calendar, but different leap
rule and cycle (900 years),
Revised Julian some Orthodox also called Meletian
solar Julian-derived 1923
calendar churches calendar or Milanković
calendar, after Serbian
scientist Milutin
Milanković who developed
it.

New Year is the day of the

astronomical vernal
equinox. The calendar as
introduced in 1925 revived
Iranian month names but
Solar Hijri counted the years of the
solar Iranian/Islamic 1925 Iran, Afghanistan
calendar Hijri era. The era was
changed in 1976 to 559 BC
(reign of Cyrus the Great),
but was reverted to the
Hijri era after the Iranian
Revolution.

Epoch is 29 October 1922;

Era Fascista solar Gregorian 1926 Italy
in use from 1926–1943

Gregorian calendar with 5-

Soviet calendar solar Gregorian 1929 Soviet Union and 6-day weeks, used
during 1929 to 1940.

Perpetual calendar with 1–

2 off-week days, preferred
World Calendar solar Gregorian 1930 —
and almost adopted by the
United Nations in 1950s

Pax Calendar solar Gregorian 1930 — Leap week calendar

Absurdist variant of the

Pataphysical
solar Gregorian 1949 — Gregorian calendar by
calendar
Alfred Jarry.

Indian national solar Gregorian-derived 1957 Republic of India Gregorian calendar with
calendar months based in
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments
traditional Hindu calendars
and numbering years
based on the Saka era
(AD 78).

Solar calendar with an

Assyrian "Assyrian era" of 4750 BC,
solar Babylonian 1950s Assyrianism
calendar introduced in Assyrian
nationalism in the 1950s

Calendar invented in the

context of the absurdist or
parody religion of
Discordian
solar Gregorian 1963 Discordianism Discordianism, Gregorian
calendar
calendar variant with a
year consisting of five 73-
day seasons.

World Season Divides the year into four

solar Gregorian 1973 —
Calendar seasons.

13 months of 28 days
each, synchronized with
Dreamspell solar Mayan 1990 esotericism the Maya 260-day Tzolkin,
calibrated to the Chilam
Balam timing systems

Modification of the
International Fixed
Tranquility
solar Gregorian 1989 — Calendar, starting with
Calendar
Apollo 11 Moon landing on
20 July 1969[16]

The Gregorian calendar

Holocene
solar Gregorian 1993 — with the era shifted by
calendar
10,000 years.

Gregorian calendar with

Juche era
solar Gregorian 1997 North Korea the era 1912 (birth of Kim
calendar
Il-sung)

Sikh Calendar numbering

Nanakshahi Sikhism religion,
solar Sikh 1789 years based on the era
calendar Punjab
1469 (birth of Guru Nanak)
 Name Type Group Introduction Usage Comments

Leap week calendar with

Symmetry454 solar Gregorian 2004 —
4:5:4 weeks per month

Hanke–Henry Leap week calendar with

Permanent solar Gregorian 2004 — 30:30:31 days per month,
Calendar revised in 2011 and 2016

Proposal[17] based in Igbo

tradition dating back to
Indigenous West 13th century, 13 lunar
Igbo calendar solar 2009 Igbo people
African months of 28 days divided
into seven 4-day periods,
plus leap days.

The Vira Nirvana Samvat

(era) is a calendar era
beginning on 7 October
527 BCE. It
commemorates the
Vikram samwat Lunisolar Hindu Ancient India India/Nepal Nirvana of Lord
Mahaviraswami, the 24th
Jain Tirthankara. This is
one of the oldest system
of chronological reckoning
which is still used in India.

Variant month names

Regional or historical names for lunations or Julian/Gregorian months
 Tradition culture comments

Germanic Medieval records of Germanic names of lunar months later equated with
Germanic
calendar the Julian months.

Berber reconstructed medieval Berber-language names of the Julian months used

Berber
calendar in pre-Islamic (Roman era) North Africa

Lithuanian Lithuanian names for the Gregorian months and days of the week, officially
Lithuania
calendar recognized in 1918.

Rapa Nui
Easter Islands Thirteen names of lunar months recorded in the 19th century.
calendar

Xhosa
Xhosa people
calendar

Turkmen names officially adopted in 2002 following Ruhnama by president-

Turkmen Turkmenistan
for-life Saparmurat Niyazov.

Hellenic Hellenistic A great variety of regional month names in Ancient Greece, mostly attested
calendars Greece in the 2nd century BC.

Local month names in various Slavic countries, based on weather patterns

Slavic
Slavic and conditions, and agricultural activities that take place in each respective
calendar
month.

Romanian Romania and Traditional names for the twelve months of the Gregorian calendar, which
calendar Moldova are usually used by the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Non-standard weeks
week
Tradition comments
length

Bali various

The traditional Igbo week consists of four market days: eke, orie, afor, and
Igbo 4 days
nkwo.

Yoruba 4 days Traditional Yoruba calendar

For traditional markets in Korea, for example, the market is open every five
Korea 5 days
days.

Java - (Pasaran) 5 days

Discordian 5 days

A traditional "six-day week" which combined with the Gregorian seven-day

Akan 6 days
week gave rise to a 42-day cycle.

Ancient Rome 8 days The Roman nundinal cycle.

Burmese 8 days

Celtic 8 days reconstructed.[18][19]

Linguistic reconstruction; the Gediminas Sceptre indicated that a week

Baltic 9 days
lasted for nine days during King Gediminas' reign.

Chinese 10 days

Egyptian Calendar 10 days The 10-day period was known as decans or decades

French Republican
10 days
Calendar

Aztecs 13 days Trecena, division of the Tonalpohualli 260-day period

Calendaring and timekeeping
standards

Coordinated Universal Time, adopted 1960 and

since 1972 including a system of observation-
based leap seconds.
ISO 8601, standard based on the Gregorian
calendar, Coordinated Universal Time and ISO
week date, a leap week calendar system used
with the Gregorian calendar
Fiscal year varies with different countries.
Used in accounting only.
360-day calendar used for accounting
365-day calendar used for accounting
Unix time, number of seconds elapsed since 1
January 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC).
Julian day, number of days elapsed since 1
January 4713 BC, 12:00:00 (UTC).
Heliocentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected
for differences in the Earth's position with
respect to the Sun.
Barycentric Julian Date, Julian day corrected
for differences in the Earth's position with
respect to the barycentre of the Solar System.
Lilian date, number of days elapsed since the
beginning of the Gregorian Calendar on 15
October 1582.
Rata Die, number of days elapsed since 1
January 1 AD 1 in the proleptic Gregorian
calendar.
Non-Earth or fictional

Darian calendar (proposed for Mars, not used

in planetary science)
Discworld calendar (fictional)
Middle-earth calendars (fictional)
Stardates (from Star Trek, fictional)

See also

History of calendars
Epoch
Horology
Perpetual calendar
Liturgical year
Calendar of saints
 Advent calendar
Wall calendar
Geologic Calendar
Cosmic Calendar
Lunar calendar
World calendar

References

1. Parker, Richard A., "The Calendars of Ancient

Egypt", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, 26.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950.
2. Kirmanj 2014, pp. 372–373.
3. Kirmanj 2014, pp. 367–384.
4. Hirschler 2001, pp. 145–166.
5. Elis 2004, p. 193.
6. Gunter 2009, p. 148.
 7. Stern (2012) p. 179
8. A. Sreedhara Menon (2007) [1967]. "CHAPTER VIII -
THE KOLLAM ERA" (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=Nestorian+kollam+era&p
g=PA104) . A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books,
Kottayam. pp. 104–110. ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6.
Retrieved 7 August 2013.
9. Kerala government website (http://www.kerala.gov.
in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.h
tm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071
121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/pa
nchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm) 2007-11-21
at the Wayback Machine
10. In the Travancore State Manual, Ch:XIII, pages 49-
50, by Sri. T.K. Velu Pillai according to
keralainfoservice (http://www.angelfire.com/nt/vm
p/onam.html)
11. Kalady: The Triumph of Faith Over Time (https://w
ww.sringeri.net/2010/05/31/publication/dvd/kalad
y-the-triumph-of-faith-over-time.htm) . Dir. Rajesh
Krishnan, K. Anand, and S. Thyagarajan. Sri
Shankara Advaita Research Center, Sringeri, 31
May 2010. DVD.
12. Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.or
g/varchive/youtube/20211211/HaYfoghV-n8) and
the Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120428125734/http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=HaYfoghV-n8&gl=US&hl=en) :
sharadapeetham (25 April 2012). "Kalady: The
Triumph of Faith Over Time (Rediscovery of Sri Adi
Shankaracharya's Birth Place)" (https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=HaYfoghV-n8) – via YouTube.
13. K. V. Sarma, Kollam Era (https://www.insa.nic.in/wr
itereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_1_6_KVSa
rma.pdf) , Indian Journal of History of Science,
31(1), 1996, pp. 93-100
14. "Kollam - Short History" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/stat
istical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm) .
Statistical Data. kerala.gov.in. Archived from the
original (http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panch
ayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm) (Short History)
on 2007-11-21. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
15. "Chronology" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/c
hronology#ref523199) .
16. "Tranquility Calendar, the" (https://www.orionsarm.
com/eg-article/48c6d4c3d54cf) .
17. Angelicus M. B. Onasanya, The Urgency of Now!:
Building a True Nigerian Nation
18. Rhys (1840–1915), Sir John (1892). Lectures on
the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by
Celtic Heathendom (https://archive.org/details/lect
uresonorigin00rhys) . pp. 360 (https://archive.org/
details/lecturesonorigin00rhys/page/360) –382.
19. Rhys, Sir John; Brynmor-Jones, David (1900). The
Welsh people: chapters on their origin, history,
laws, language ... – Sir John Rhys, Sir David
Brynmor Jones – Google Books (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=MFw1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA220) .
p. 220. Retrieved 2012-10-22.

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