Correlation

DefinitionAccording to Creswell, correlational research designs are used by

investigators to describe and measure the degree of relationship between two or more
variables or sets of scores.
Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research in which the researcher
measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship(i.e., the correlation)
between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.
When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so
does the other.A correlation coefficient is a number from-1 to +1 that indicates the
strength and direction of the relationship between variables.The correlation coefficient
is usually represented by the letter r.

Types
1. A positive correlation
A relationship between two variables in which both variables move in the same
direction. Therefore, when one variable increases as the other variable increases, or
one variable decreases while the other decreases. An example of positive correlation
would be height and weight.

2. A negative correlation
A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is
associated with adecrease in the other. An example of negative correlation would be
height above sea level and temperature. As you climb the mountain (increase in
height) it gets colder (decrease in temperature).

3. A zero correlation exists when there is no relationship between two variables.For

example there is no relationship between the amount of tea drunk and level of
intelligence.

Strength
1. Correlational research allows researchers to collect much more data than
experiments.
2. It allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a relationship so that
later studies can narrow the findings down and, if possible, determine causation
experimentally.
Weakness
1. Correlation research only uncovers a relationship; it cannot provide a conclusive
reason for why there's a relationship.

Phi-phenomenon
In 1912 Wertheimer discovered the phi
phenomenon.apparent motion resulting from an orderly
sequence of stimuli (such as lights flashed in rapid
succession a short distance apart on a sign) without any
actual motion being presented to the eye.

Theories of colour vision

Color consist of three main integral part
1. Hue
The formal term for color
Basic color categories of red,orange, yellow,green, blue,
indigo and violet.
2. Saturation
Refers to the apparent purity of color.
High saturation means there is no diluted colors.
3. Brightness
Physical amplitude of light waves.
Perceived intensity of lights.

Young-Helmholtz theory or Trichromatic Theory

In 1802, Thomas Young proposed that all human vision
occurred through the combination of sensitivity to red,
green, and blue.
This theory, modified by Hermann von Helmholtz in
1852, came to be known as the Young-Helmholtz or
trichromatic (three-color) theory of color vision.
The basic idea was that the eye responded to three
primary colors, and combining the three primary colors
of additive color mixing formed all the other colors.
There are three types of color-sensitive cone receptors
in the retina supported the three-color theory. One set
of receptors is sensitive to long wavelengths such as red,
one to medium wavelengths such as green, and one is
sensitive to short wavelengths such as blue.
Opponent-process theory
suggested by Ewald Hering 1878.This assumes there are
4 'primary' colours (Red,Green Blue Yellow). It is based
on the idea that three types of cells in the retina
respond to pairs of opposite colors: red/green, blue/
yellow and light/dark.
The components of each pair are complimentary to each
other and at the same time opposed to one another.
When one is suddenly stopped, the opponent
color takes over.
Molecular Dissociation theory
Also known as Ladd-Franklin's theory.
According to this theory color vision is the
third stage of development.
First stage : colorless sensation
Second stage: sensation of yellow and blue.
Third stage: sensation of red and green.

Edridge-Green Theory
According to this theory, the function of the rod is to
form visual purple but does not take part in visual
sensations.
First appears gray
First differentiation cause the two extremes of
red and violet to appear then green, yellow, blue and
finally orange.