assets Time deposits

Resources with potential economic Earns higher interest because are

benefits that are within the control of the imposed of the if the depositor withdraw
the funds upon the agree time
company.
Cash equivalent
KINDS OF ASSSETS
Are technically not cash because it is not
CASH
immediately available for use.
-Is money owned by the company.
It is almost cash in the sense that it
-Cash kept in the company’
will become cash within the next
premises is called cash on
90 days.
hand.
PENALTIES
KINDS OF CASH
-are imposed of the if the depositor
Cash outflow withdraw before maturity of the deposit

Are used for paying suppliers, utilities, RECEIVABLE

employee salaries, and others.
Refers to the company’s right to collect
It is also funds the acquisition of assets. or claim payment.

Cash inflow The right to collect comes from unpaid

sales or lending activities.
Are sourced from the contribution of
owners, proceeds from borrowings, sale The company collects cash from

of assets, or collections from customers. its receivables.

T-account cash KINDS OF RECEIVABLE

Debit Sales agreement

1’Contribution of owners. May require a customer to pay the seller

immediately upon delivery of goods.
2Proceeds from borrowing
Cash on delivery (cod)
3Collection from customers
A customer may instead promise to pay
4Cash proceeds from sale of other assets
the seller at some future time after
Credit
delivery.
1Withdrawals of owners
Account receivables (AR)
2Payment of borrowing
Is increased by credit sales. On the other
3Payment to suppliers,utilities,
hand, the count decreased when
Employees and other operating expenses customers pay their accounts.

4Payment for acquisition of assets The balance of AR accounts signifies

Cash on hand the remaining amount to be collected

Includes bills, coins, and bank checks from the customer.

kept on the premises of the company.
Debit Credit sale
Bank checks
Credit Customer account collected
Are bank documents used by the issuer
Note receivable
to instruct the bank to pay the assigned
payee from funds in the issuer’s bank is another kind of receivable.
account.
It is evidenced by promissory notes
Promissory notes (PN)
Is a legal document that says the
borrower promises to pay.
INVENTORY
Inventory account reports the cost of
unsold merchandise.
The inventory account of a trading
business contains merchandise held for
resale.
A manufacturing company will have
more complex inventories composed of
unused raw materials, unfinished
inventories.
The inventory account is increased by
purchases of merchandise. The account
decreased by cost of the merchandise
sold.
Debit Cost of merchandise purchased
Credit Cost of merchandise sold
consignment
Is an important issue in inventory
accounting.
The owner places his good “on
consignment” on the premises of the
store owner.
The store is not obligated to purchase
the goods.
The owner may also withdraw his unsold
goods from the store.
PREPAID EXPENSE
Prepayments refer to future expenses
that the company had paid for in
advance.
It is placed in this account until the
services or items are used and become
expenses.
DEBIT Advancepayments (i.e, for rent,
insurance,subscriptions, communication)
CREDIT Cost of servicesused (i.e,
specific service or through passage of
time)
Kinds of prepaid expenses
Communication and insurance
Property, plant, and equipment
PPE are long-term assets (or non-current
asset) that are used in the operations of
the company.
These assets will be used in the business
for more than 1 year.
Property, plant, and equipment
Capitalization
– process of recognizing the asset.
Depreciation
– a portion of the cost is transferred to
expense.
Salvage value or Residual value is
estimated proceeds from the sales.
Accumulated depreciation
is used to collect the depreciation
instead of directly decreasing the PPE
account.
Net Book Value
is net of the balance of accumulated
depreciation as of the SFP date.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Are long-term assets like PPE.
The main difference between the two
assets is that intangible assets have no
tangible properties.
Examples:
Patent
Is a grant conferred by the government to
the creator of an invention, whether a
product or a process, for the sole right to
make, use, and sell that invention for a
specified period.
Copyright
Protects the legal rights ofowners of
intellectual property such as authors of
books or writers of songs.
Brand name -Unearned revenue is a liability.

Refers to word or words used to identify However, unlike regular liability, the
a specific product and its manufacturer.
settlement of unearned revenue is not
Famous brands includes Jollibee,
McDonald’s, Apple, Coca Cola, Samsung, through direct cash payments to the
Sony, and Nike.
customer. Rather, it is settled by the
Trademark
delivery of goods or rendering of
Is the symbol that represents the brand
services.
LIABILITIES
Long-term liabilities
These are obligations that the company
Refers to obligations with due dates
is required to pay. Payment for liabilities
may be in cash, goods, or services. that fall more than one year from the

Creditors – entities to whom the date of the SFP. A bank loan is a

company is indebted. common example of long-term

KINDS OF LIABLITIES liability. It is documented by a

Payables promissory note.

The opposite of the right to collect is the EQUITY

obligation to pay.
Is the net assets of the business. It is
KINDS OF PAYABLE
composed of the owners’ investments
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
and the accumulated net income of the
-obligation to the suppliers or inventories
company and net of any distributions
NOTES PAYABLE
to the owners. It reflects the portion of
-an obligation evidenced by a promissory
the asset that belongs to the owners of
notes
the business
ACCRUED EXPENSES

Unpaid expenses of the company as of

the cut off date

KINDS OF ACCRUED EXPENSES

-salaries payable, utilities payable , rent

payable ,interest payable

Unearned income

-Customer deposits are customer

payments received before the delivery

of goods or services. These will not

count as sales until deliveries are

made. These payments are initially

recorded as unearned income- a

liability payable in goods or services.

UCSP REVIEWER
POLITICS
-study of a GOVERNMENT
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
1 EXECUTIVE
-president naglalaagda ng batas
2 LEGISTATIVE
-BICAMERALISM ( upper- senate 24 lower
congress 316 and partylist)
3 JUDICIARY
-interpret the law
CULTURE
-it is the way of life
-it is a complex whole that encompasses
beliefs practices value attitude law and
everything that person learns and share
as a member of society
CHARACTERISTIC OF CULTURE
1 CULTURE IS LEARNED
-acquired cultural understanding through
EXPERIENCE AND OBSERVATION through
ENCULTURATION-is the process of
learning your own culture
LANGUAGE AND MODELLING -are the
primary means by which culture is
transmitted
2 CULTURE IS SYMBOLIC
-its provide meaning to every HUMAN
EVPRESSION AND SYMBOL
3 CULRURE IS SHARED
-it is ROOTED AND ITS TRANSMITTED
in/by/through groups on societies
4 CULTURE IS DYNAMIC
-its lend to itself to change or
TRANSFORMATION
TWO COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
MATERIAL -tangible aspect of culture
NON MATERIAL -intangible aspects of
culture
ANTHROPOLOGY-Study of HUMAN
EVOLUTION AND THEIR RESPECTIVE
CULTURE
SOCIOLOGY -study of PEOPLE AND
INSTITUTION
ETHNOCENTRISM -the act of JUDGING
another culture from the perspective of
one’s own
XENOCENTRISM (INFERIOR) -the
inclination to the value other
countries,cultures over one’s country
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
-equally valid no superior no inferior
-consider all perspective equally valid
that the truth relies on the individuals on
their cultures definition of the truth
SOCIALIZATION
interact,unity,groups,communication,
understanding adapting and sharing
ideas
-It is a lifelong process of EXPERIENCING
LEARNING AND TRANSMITTING
CULTURE. Such a process is inked to
forming identities learning norms and
values culture is your identity
VALUES -it refers to a society’s define
set of what is GOOD AND DESIREABLE
which form the foundation of how life
should be live
NORMS -refer to RULES and
EXPECTATION that guide the individulas
behavior in his/her society
FOLKWAYS
-refer tp CUSTOM AND BELIEFS common
to member as a particular beliefs
TABOOS
-something that’s not acceptable to say
mention or do
STATUS
-is simply understood as one’s social
position in any given society
STATUS is simply misunderstood as one’s
social position in any given chance.
ASCRIBED social position received by
birth
ACHIEVED social position received
through perseverance.
AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY -is the basic social unit in any
society that exert the most significant
influence on an individual personality.
a. Composition
I. Nuclear — parents and children.
Ii. Extended — with grandparents
and cousins
Iii. Blended — with step relatives,
half, orphan or not blood related
b. Residence
I. Patrilocal — Father
Ii. Matrilocal — mother
Iii. Ambilocal — both sides
Iv. Neolocal — none
c. Authority
I. Patriarchal — father
Ii. Matriarchal — mother
Iii. Egalitarian
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
WHAT MAKES US HUMAN
-conciousness ang logical rational
Theory of evolution by CHARLES DARWIN
NATURAL RESOURCES -Survival of the
fittest
HOMOHABILIS Means HANDYMAN
(skillful) implying the use of basic tool
HOMO ERECTUS Means UPRIGHT MAN
PEKING MAN The first to use FIRE FOR
COOKING
HOMO SAPIENS Name means WISE MAN
SOCIETY -group of people sharing a
commonly culture
TYPES OF SOCIETY
HUNTING AND GATHERING -in these
societies primary method food
production is the collection of wild plants
and the hunting of the wild animals daily
human gather and hund around for food
for NOMANDS
PASTORAL -the prevailing method of food
production during this period is through
pastoralism
HORTICULTURAL -these society have
learned how to raise the fruit and
vegetables grown in their garden plot
providing them their primary
food source
AGRARIAN -socities that applied
agricultural technological advances to
cultivate crop over a large are
INDUSTRIAL -are shifthing toward
increasing service sector over
manufacturing and production
MODERNS -charactered by mass
production of all essential product such
that the subsistence level of food
production is now a thing of the past
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
JEAN PIAGET
1SENSORIMOTOR
SENSES- taste hear smell touch and sight
OBJECT PERMANENCE-things existing
introduce to children a object
2PREOPERATIONAL
EGOCENTRIC -having a hardtime to
taking viewpoint of others
3CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
-LAW OF CONVERSATION
-INDUCTIVE REAONING specific to general
4 FORMAL OPERATIONAL
DEDUCTIVE REASONING-general to specific
LOGICAL CONCRETE
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVEPOLMENT
ERIK ERIKSON basic crisis conflict
1TRUST VS MISTRUST
2AUTONOMYY VS SHAME&DOUBT
3INITIATIVE VS GUILT
4 INDUSTRY VS INFEROIRITY
IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
-IDENTITY CAUSES- WHO AM I?
-ROLE CONFUSION -uncertain about your
societal role ( feminine and masculine)
6INTIMACY VS ISOLATION(intimatership)
7GENERATIVVITY VS STAGNATION
- WORK& PARENTHOOD
8EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR reflection
WIKA- ginagamit bilang tulay sa c. KONKLUSYON— isinasaad ang
pakikipag-ugnayan ,pakikipagtalastasan. mahalagang puntos ng papel. Dito rin
nakalagay ang iba’t-ibang opinyon,
● Pangulong Manuel L. Quezon
napatunayan, batay sa paglalahad at
tinaguriang Ama ng Wikang Pambansa at
pagsusuri ng impormasyong ginamit.
ang pangulong nagproklama ng Wikang
Tagalog bilang wikang pambansa. ●TEKSTONG NARATIBO— ang
pagsasalaysay o naratibo ay ang paraan
● Disyembre 31, 1937 — taon kung
ng pagpapahayag ng kuwento.
kailang ipinroklama ang Wikang Tagalog
bilang Wikang Pambansa base sa Mahalagang Isaalang-alang ang
rekomendasyon ng surian sa batas ng
mga sumusunod :
kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134
- Layunin
● PAGBASA- pagkilala ng mga simbolo o
sagisag ng nakalimbag at - Pananaw
pagpapakahulugan o interpretasyon sa
- Detalye / Detalyado
mga ideya o kaisipan na gusto ng
manunulat KATANGIAN NG TEKSTONG NARATIBO
● May iba’t-ibang pananaw (point of view)
Mga Batayang Kaalaman sa
● May paraan ng pagpapahayag sa
Pagbuo ng Teksto
dayalogo, saloobin o damdamin
● Upang maging matagumpay na
● May mga elemento
mananaliksik, kailangan ang mabuting
pagbasa at pagsulat TATLONG PANGUNAHING PANANAW:

● “Ang magaling na manunulat ay 1.UNANG PANAUHAN— ikaw mismo ang

matalinong mambabasa.” — siyang nagsasalaysay ng iyong sarili
Pandalubhasang Pagbasa at Pagsulat mong kuwento.
(1998) Veneranda Lachica
2. PANGALAWANG PANAUHAN mistulang
Batayang Hakbang sa Pagbuo
kinakausap ng manunulat ang tauhang
ng Teksto pinagagalaw niya sa kweno, kaya’t
gumagamit ng panghalip na “ka at ikaw.”
● Brainstorming
3. PANGATLONG PANAUHAN
● Pagsasaayos ng mga ideya
isinasalaysay ng isang taong walang
● Pagsulat ng borador relasyon sa tauhan kaya ang panghalip
na ginagamit dito ay “siya isinasalaysay
● Pagrerebisa
ng isang taong walang relasyon sa
● Pagsulat ng pinal na papel tauhan kaya ang panghalip na ginagamit
dito ay “siya.”
TATLONG PANGUHANGING BAHAGI NG
TEKSTO
Panauhang KAILANAN
PANIMULA— karaniwang isinasaad dito panhalip panao ISAHAN NG
ang paksa, kahalagahan, dahilan ng PANGHALIP
pagsulat, at pambungad na talakay sa PANAO O
MARAMIHAN
daloy ng papel.
UNANG AKO,KO KAMI,NAMIN,
b.KATAWAN— mga pangunahing PANAUHAN AKIN TAYO,NATIN
pagtalakay ng paksa. Ang AMIN ATIN
pangangatwiran, pagpapaliwanag, PANGALAWANG IKAW, KAYO,NIYO
pagsasalaysay, paglalarawan at PANAUHAN KA MO INYO
IYO
paglalahad ay matatagpuan sa PANGATOLONG SIYA, SILA,NILA
PANAUHAN NIYA KANILA
bahaging ito. KANIYA
●TUWIRANG PAHAYAG — kilala bilang
“direct speech” sa wikang Ingles.
- Tawag sa pahayag na mismong ang
nagsasalita ng nagsasambit ng nasabing
pahayag.
- Ginagamitan ng mga bantas na “panipi.”
●DI-TUWIRANG PAHAYAG — kilala bilang
“indirect speech” sa wikang Ingles.
- Tawag sa pahayag na may ibang taong
nagsabi ng sinasabi ng nagsasalita.
Mga Elemento ng Tekstong Naratibo
● Tauhan
● Tagpuan at Panahon
● Paksa o Tema
● Banghay
● Analepsis (Flashback)
● Prolepsis (Flashforward)
● Ellipsis (Puwang o Gap)
TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO — ang ideya
ay totoo
Ang naratibo at impormatibo ay
magkapareho
● Isa sa napakamahalagang kasanayang
dapat malinang sa isang indibidwal ay
ang kakayanang kumalap, sumuri at
maglahad ng mga impormasyon.
● Sa isang pag-aaral, napatunayan ni
Mohr (2006) na kung mabibigyan ng
pagkakataon makapili ng aklat ang mga
mag-aaral sa unang baitang, mas pipiliin
nila ang aklat na di-piksyon kaysa
piksyon.
Duke (2000), ang dahilan kung bakit hindi
gaanong nakapagbabasa ng tekstong
impormatibo ang mga mag-aaral ay dahil
limitado lamang ang ganitong uri ng mga
babasahin sa kanilang kapaligiran.
● Ang tekstong impormatibo ay isang uri
ng babasahing di-piksyon. Ito ay
naglalayong magbigay ng impormasyon o
magpaliwanag nang malinaw at walang
pagkiling tungkol sa iba’t-ibang paksa
tulad sa mga hayop, isports, agham o
siyensiya, kasaysayan, gawain,
paglakbay, heograpiya, kalawakan,
panahon atbp.
“Tayo ay gumaganap bilang tagapagbigay
at tagatanggap ng impormasyon.”
Mga Elemento ng Tekstong impormatibo
LAYUNIN NG MAY AKDA - Maaaring
magkakaiba-iba ang layunin ng may akda
sa pagsulat niya ng tekstong
impormatibo. Maaaring layunin niyang
mapalawak pa ang kaalaman tungkol sa
isang paksa o maunawaan ang mga
pangyayaring mahirap ipaliwanag.
Anumang layunin ay kaugnay pa rin nito
ang pagbibigay impormasyon at ideya sa
mambabasa.
- Ang manunulat ay hindi makakapagsulat
kung walang impormasyon sa ibang
manunulat.
PANGUNAHING IDEYA - Hindi tulad ng
tekstong naratibo na hindi agad
inihahayag ng manunulat ang mga
mangyayari upang mapaabot ang interest
ng mambabasa sa kasukdulan ng akda,
sa tekstong impormatibo naman ay
dagliang inilalahad ang mga pangunahing
ideya sa mambabasa.
PANTULONG NA KAISIPAN - Mahalagang
paglalagay ng mga angkop na pantulong
na kaisipan o mga detalye upang
makatulong mabuo sa isipan ng mga
mambabasa ang pangunahing ideyang
nais niyang matanim o maiwan sa kanila.
Mga Estilo sa Pagsulat - Makatutulong sa
mga mambabasa kung ang manunulat ay
magpapakita ng detalyeng estilo,
kagamitan / sanggunian na magbibigay-
diin sa mahalagang bahagi.
TEKSTONG DESKRIPTIBO- isang
pagpapahayag ng impresyon o
kakintalang likha ng pandama. Sa
pamamagitan ng pang-amoy, panlasa,
pandinig, at pansalat, itinatala ng
sumusulat ang paglalarawang mga
detalye ng kaniyang nararanasan.
PARAAN NG PAGLALARAWAN
● DESKRIPTIBO ang isang teksto kung ito
ay nagtataglay ng mga impormasyong
may kinalaman sa pisikal na katangian
ng isang bagay, lugar, at maging ng mga
katangiang taglay ng isang tao o pangkat
ng mga tao, kalimitang tumutugon ito sa
tanong na “Ano.”
BATAY SA PANDAMA— nakita, naamoy,
nalasahan, nahawakan, at narinig.
BATAY SA NARAMDAMAN — bugso ng
damdamin o personal na saloobin ng
naglalarawan.
BATAY SA OBSERBASYON— batay sa
obserbasyon ng mga nangyayari.
URI NG PAGLALARAWAN
KARANIWAN/ LITERAL — nagbibigay ng
impormasyon ayon sa pangkalahatang
pagtingin o pangmalas.
- Ang damdamin at opinyon ng
tagapaglarawan ay hindi dapat
isinasama.
- Gumagamit lamang ito ng mga tiyak at
karaniwang salitang panlarawan at
itinala ang mga bagay o ang mga
partikular na detalye sa payak naparaan.
MASINING — nagpapahayag ng isang
buhay na larawan batay sa damdamin at
pangmalas ng may akda. Karaniwang pili
ang mga ginagamit na mga uri, pang-
abay, tayutay, at idyoma.
- Ang mga detalyeng inihahayag dito ay
nakukulayan ng imahinasyon, pananaw at
opinyong pansariling
tagapagsalaysay.
- May layunin itong makaantig ng
kalooban ng tagapakinig o mambabasa
para mahikayat silang makiisa sa
naguniguni o sadyang naranasan nitong
damdamin sa inilalarawan.
KATANIGAN NG DESKRIPTIBO
SUBHETIBO - ang manunulat ay
maglalarawan nang napakalinaw at halos
madama na ng mambabasa subalit ang
paglalarawan ay nakabatay lamang sa
kaniyang mayamang imahinasyon at hindi
nakabatay sa isang katotohanan sa
totoong buhay.
OBHETIBO — may pinagbabatayang
katotohanan. Hindi siya maaaring
maglagay ng mga detalyeng hindi taglay
ng kaniyang mga paksa.
Apat na Mahalagang Kasangkapan na
Ginagamit sa Malinaw na Paglalarawan :
WIKA— kung ang isang pintor ay pinsel
ang ginagamit upang mailaarawan niya
ang kagandahan ng kaniyang modelo,
ang isang manunulat naman ay wika ang
ginagamit upang makabuo ng isang
malinaw at mabisang paglalarawan.
Karaniwanng ginagamit dito ang pang-uri
at pang-abay.
MAAYOS NA DETALYE— dapat magkaroon
ng masistemang pananaw sa paglalahad
ng mga bagay na makatutulong upang
mailarawang ganap ng isang tao, bagay,
pook, o pangyayari. Kapag maayos ang
pagkalahad ng mga detalye, ang mga
bumabasa o nakikinig ay nagkakaroon ng
pagkakataon na pakilusin ang kanilang
imahinasyon upang mailaawan sa isip
ang mga bagay-bagay na inilalarawan.
PANANAW NA PAGLALARAWAN
maaaring magkaiba-iba ang paglalarawan
ng isang tao, bagay, pook, o pangyayari
salig na rin sa karanasan at saloobin ng
taong naglalarawan. Ang isang pook,
halimbawa, ay maaaring maganda sa
isang naglalarawan kung ito ay nagdulot
sa kaniya ng isang di-magandang
karanasan.
ISANG KABUOAN O IMPRESYON- dahil
ang layunin ng paglalarawn ay makabuo
ng malinaw na larawan sa imahinasyon
ng mga mambabasa, mahalaga sa isang
naglalarawan na mahikayat ang kaniyang
mga mambabasa o taga-pakinig nang sa
gayon ay makabuo sila ng impresyon
hinggil sa inilalarawan. Dito ay sama-
sama na ang bisa ng wika, maayos na
paglalahad ng mga detalye, at ang
pananaw ng naglalarawan.
● Ang mga teksto ay hindi lang basta
binubuo ng magkakahiwalay na
pangungusap, parirala, o sugnay, bagkus
ang mga ito ay binubuo ng
magkakaugnay na mga salitang
magbibigay ng kohesyon upang higit na
lumitaw ang kabuluhan at kahulugan ng
bawat bahagi nito.
KOHESYONG GRAMATIKAL
a. REPESENSYA- paggamit ng mga
salitang maaaring tumukoy o maging
reperensiya ng paksang pinag-uusapan.
Maaari siang maging Anapora at
Katapora.
b.ANAPORA-panghalip na ating makikita
at nagagamit sa huihan bilang panimula
sa pinalitang pangngalan sa unahan ng
pangungusap.
c. KATAPORA-panghalip na ating
ginagamit sa unahan bilang tanda sa
pinalitang pangalan sa hulihan.
d. SUBSTITUSYON paggamit ng ibang
salitang ipapalit sa halip na muling ulitin
ang salita.
e. PANG UGNAY isang uri ng salitang
panlapi na ginagamit upang mag-ugnay
ng dalawang o higit pang salita, parirala,
o pangungusap.
G.KOHESYONG LEKSIKAL — mabibisang
salitang ginagamit sa teksto upang
magkaroon ito ng kohesyon. Maaari itong
mauri sa dalawa : ang reiterasyon at ang
kolokasyon.
1. Reiterasyon — kung ang ginagawa o
sinasabi ay nauulit nang ilang beses.
Maaari itong mauri sa tatlo :
● Pag-uulit o Repetisyon — maraming
bata ang hindi nakapapasok sa paaralan.
Ang mga batang ito ay nagtatrabaho na
sa murang gulang pa lang.
● Pag-iisa-isa — nagtatanim sila ng mga
gulay sa bakuran. Ang mga gulay na ito
ay talong, sitaw, kalabasa,

- Pang-ukol ● Pagbibigay-kahulugan — marami sa

- Pangatnig
- Pang-angkop
PANG UKOL (preposition sa Ingles)
kataga o salitang nag-uugnay sa
pangngalan o panghalip sa ibang salita
sa pangungusap.
PANGATNIG (conjunction sa
Ingles) tawag sa mga kataga o salitang
naguugnay sa dalawang salita, parirala o
sugnay na pinagsusunud-sunod sa
pangungusap.
mga batang manggagawa ay nagmula sa
pamilyang dukha. Mahirap sila kaya ang
pag-aaral ay naisantabi kapalit ng ilang
baryag naiaakyat nila para sa
hapagkainan.
2. Kolokasyon — mga salitang
karaniwang nagagamit nang
magkapareha o may kaugnayan sa isa’t-
isa kaya’t kapag nabanggit ang isa ay
naisip din ang isa. Maaaring
magkapareha o maaari ding
magkasalungat.

PANG ANGKOP mga katagang

idinudugtong sa pagitan ng dalawang
salita upang maging kaaya-aya ang
pagbigkas ng mga ito at magkaroon ng
ugnayang panggramatika.

- Pang-angkop na “NA” -nag-uugnay sa

daawang salita kung saan ang

naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa mga

katinig o consonant maliban sa titik N.

- Pang-angkop na “NG”- isinusulat

karugtong ng mga salitang nagtatapos sa
patinig o vowel (a, e, i,o, u)

- Pang-angkop na “G” - ginagamit kung

ang salitang durugtungan ay nagtatapos
katinig na N

PHILOSOPHY
-comes from the latin words “ philo”
means “love” “Sophia” means “wisdom
Philosophy means love of wisdom -is the
study of general and fundamental
question about existence, knowledge,
values,mind,and language
-in avery general sense it means a
guiding principle in simple word is a way
of thinking about the world the universe
and society
SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
Society tells us what do to and to what to
think
PHILOSOPHERS
-are who engage in philosophy
WISDOM
-is the profound understanding of the
what the meaning reason or cause of
thing
-deeper understanding of reality
KNOWLEDGE
-is the acquisition of ideas information
and theories the application of a certain
scientific principle and mastery of
procedure
VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY
-unlike science philosophy does not offer
exact answer to question people ask to
SUBJECTIVE QUESTION
How and why
OBJECTIVE QUESTION
What ,when, who and where
Philosophy guide people in distinguishing
what is the true from what is the false
and also guides then in the search for the
truth
Many have consider philosophy as
something extra ordinary
(popkin&stroll1993)
-how it could be?
-why do thing happen?
-For what reason do thing happen ?
Therefore philosophy begins with wonder
WONDER people think
PHILOSOPHYCAL ACTIVITY
REASON
Enables to reflect on or examine the
Underlying meaning or cause for
something
EXPERINCES
Provides a person with a data so they
can speak for their own reflection
PHILOSOPHY REFLECTION
-is studying and underlying meaning or
cause of the problem regarding human
existing/existence
-it is related to critical thinking
CRITICAL THINKING
-Is thinking about your thinking while
youre thinking in order to make your
thinking better
- it is arrive at the truth and avoid error
philosophical and replection,critical
thinking also require having a open mind
PROBLEM
-is a break ,disruption or distortion of the
normal flow of thinking when a desired
objective or goal cannot be attained
5 LOGICAL STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING
1representing or defining the problem
2 generate possible solution
3Evaluating the solution
4Applying the solution
5Critiquing the given solution
L3 DISTINGUISH OPINION FROM TRUTH
TRUTH
-Philosophers often grapel with the
connect of truth
-Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry
-It is a fact that has been
verified(abella2016)
GRAPPLE
-its mean fighting without weapon
-words mind thought knowledge wisdom
KNOWLEDGE
-throught knowing that we can determine
what is true
- knowledge is the clear awareness and
understanding of something
FACTS
Proposition or statement which are
observe to be real and truthful
CLAIM
-a further examination is required to
establish whether it is true or false

3 THEORIES OF TRUTH
1 CORRESPONDENCE TRUTH
-state that a proposition is true it is a
corresponding to the fact ( Hosper 1997)
-symplicities appeal to common sense
-is connect to THE
PROBLEM:what about religious truth?
COHERENCE TRUTH
-state that is a proposition coheres with
all other proposition taken to be true
then it is true
-its mean logical and rational
-it is partially true
PROBLEM:cant a body of falsestatement
be coherent as well?what made other
belief true
PRAYMATIC THEORY
WILLIAM JAMES – FATHER OF
PRAYMATIS
-state that is a proposition is true if it is
useful to believe
-it is not directly stated
3 PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TRUTH
1 USES SENSES
-a belief of truth it can be justified or
proven using one’s senses
In; is PHILOSOPHY SYSTEMATIC DOUBT
employeed to help determine truth
SYSTEMATIC DOUBT -step by step doubt
INDENIAL,ANGER,ACCEPTANCE,REVENGE
3BASED ON FACT
-a belief or istatement is rue if it is base
on fact
In PHILOSOPHY SYSTEMATIC DOUBT; is
employeed to help determine truth
3AGREE ON COMMON BELIEF
-getting a consciousness or having
people agree on a common belief
-if you ask a question and all of them
have the same answer then it is true
OPINION
According to (abela 2016) thse statement
go beyond providing fact they also
provide conclusion or perspective
regarding a certain situation
CONCLUSION
-he also explain that conclusion is a
judgement based on certain fact
BELIEFS
-are statement that express conviction
that are not easily and clearly explained
by fact
EXPLANATION
-are statement that assume the claim to
be true and provide reason why the
statement is true
MAN
-is a generally and commonly define to
represent the entire human race
HUMAN
-a term used to refer for various
classification and spicies
MAMALIA
-they nourish the children
EXAMPLE: human,whales,dogs,goat.cow
HUMAN BEING
-a term for separate a man from other
human classification like animal
PERSON
Has awareness of your self
Has self determination
Is able to reach out and interact with
other
LIMITATION OF THE HUMAN PERSON
TRANSCEDENCE
-is ability to change or dynamic and
continually redefining oneself which with
other facility to create change
-ability to chance your yourself
DYNAMIC- constant change
FACILITY-quality of truth
SPATIAL TEMPORAL BEING
-Is the limitation and having boundaries
in space and time
SPATIAL space
TEMPORAL-time
3 THE BODY AS INTERMEDIARY -having
body may prevent us from revealing us
from what we really want to express
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1.37x108

-measurement 347000
-it refers to the number/digit that are said
3.47x10
to be certain
-nn zero 1.5x105
-also known SIGNIFICANT DIGIT
15000
RULES IN SIGNIFICAT FIGURES
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR
1 ALL NON ZERO DIGITS ARE
-the percent that the measured value
SIGNIFICANT
differs from the accepted value
Example :
526= 3SF ACCEPTED VALUE
5 is equal 1stsf ,2 is equal 2nd sf, 6 is equal -also known as theoretical value
3rd sf 2565=4SF -what you supposed to get
2 all zero between non zeros digit are EXPERIMENTAL VALUE
significant -also called measured value
example -what you got
504=3sf BOILING POINT OF WATER=1000C
120007=6sf Example boiling point of water
3 all zero are at the left of the number
-99.90C
are not significant
Example: -99.10C
0.000527=3sf
-99.990C
0.03=1sf
ERROR
4)when zeros at the right of a number
The difference between the accepted
A.If there is a no decimal the zeros are
value and measured value
not significant
Example : 99.990C-1000C=-0.10C 0.10C
500=1sf ABSOLUTE VALUE
1,000,000=1sf
-5 is 5
254,000=3sf
B if there is a decimal zeros are -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5
significant
Percentage of error =/x-xr
Example

60.0=3sf
Where
0.000;25400=5sf X= measured value
Xr=accepted value
0,000,000,000,250=3sf
//= absolute value
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION SAMPLE PROBLEM
-A quick way of writing big and small Xian uses her thermometer and find the
number boiling point of ethyl alcohol to be
-power of 10 can create a short version 750C..She look in a reference book and
of a long term find that the boiling point of ethyl alcohol
is 800C what is her percent error ?
NUMBER MUST BE WRITTEN IN
GIVEN
*a number between 1to10 -accepted value=
-measured value=750C
*multiplied by a power of 10
-percent error=6.25%
EXAMPLE Percent error

23x108 not proper

2.3x103 proper

137000000
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
CHAPTERS
1 Introduction
2 Related Literature
3 Methodology
4 Analysis,Result,Discussion
5 Conclusion,and Recommendation
Standard for making a research title
-SMART
S-smart
M-measurable
A-attainable
R-relevance
T-timebound
In choosing your respondent should be
relevant and is supported by a legal basis
Replicability is the key
3R READ READ READ
THE NATURE OF INQUIRY
-is the common belief that nobody has
the monopoly of all the knowledge and
information
INQUIRY
-is defined as the guest for truth
information or knowledge through
questioning hpw people learn 1999 the
process of inquiry follow the
development stages of a person
IMPORTANCE OF INQUIRY
-Today generation of people are very
much overwhelmed there so much called
information revolution date flood the
internet which make information easily
accessible and readly available to
research
APPLICATION OF INQURY
Inquiry learning can be applied to all
disciplines and all facets of life. Learning
is a continuous process. A person never
stops learning while he breathes.
OUTCOMES OF INQUIRY
There are important concepts, issues
and questions that people will face
throughout their lives. Inquiry provides
individuals with different ways of viewing
the world, communicating about it, and
successfully coping with the questions
and issues of everyday life.
AIMS OF RESEARCH
PRODUCE NEW KNOWLEDGE
-or information the map of data and
information that we have today is a
product of mans constant search for
significant fact and continues
investigation throughout the year
UTILIZE THE KNOWLEDGE
-knowledge should applied
VALIDATE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE
-with the passing time establishing fact
or truth validation of an existing
knowledge is necessary in order to
render it credible and realible
IMPROVE THE INVESTIGATOR/RESEARCHER
Doing research challenges the
investigator to exercise his own
creativity and skill
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
-involves collecting and analyzing non
numerical data to understand concept
opinion or experiences
-opposite of quantitative research which
involves collecting and analyzing
numerical data for statistical analysis
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
PROCESS OF OBSERVATION
ONE ON ONE INTERVIEW’
CASE STUDY RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
RECORD KEEPING
FOCUS GROUP
QUANTITAATIVE RESEARCH
-also known as empirical research is a
type of inquiry where relation are
establish throughout the collection of
numerical data which is analyze to
derived generalization

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1SURVER RESEARCH

-is the most fundamental tools for all

quantitative outcome research
methodologies

2CORELLATINAL RESEARCH

A comparison between two entities is

invariable is conducted to establish a
relationship between two closely knit
entites

3 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

4 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE APPROCH

-Is often observe with finding evidence to

their support or contradict an ideas or
hypothesis

VARIABLES

-is an object event idea time period or

any other type of category which can be
measured (kalot dan,dietz 2008)
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION – content is dynamic and is responsive
TECHNOLOGIES to user’s input.

• Deals with the use of different 3. USER PARTICIPATION

communication technologies such as
mobile phones, telephone, internet, etc.
to locate, save, send and edit
information.
ICT IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Several international companies dub
the Philippines as the “ICT Hub of Asia’’.
• It is no secret that there is a huge
growth of ICT-related jobs around the
country, one of which is the call center
or BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)
centers.
• According to the 2013 edition of
Measuring the Information Society by the
International Telecommunication Union,
there are 106.8 cellphones per 100
Filipinos in the year 2012
• In a data gathered by the Annual Survey
of Philippines Business and Industries,
NSO, in 2010, ICT industry shares 19.3 %
of the total employment population here
in the Philippines
WEB 2.0: DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
-Web 2.0 is a term coined by Darcy
DiNucci on January 1999. In her article
titled, “Fragmented Future,” she wrote
The web we know now, which loads into
a browser window in essentially static
screenfuls, is only an embryo of the web
to come. The first glimmerings of Web
2.0 are beginning to appear, and we are
just starting to see how that embryo
might develop
• Web 2.0 is the evolution of Web 1.0 by
adding dynamic web pages-the user is
able to see a website differently that
others.
• Examples: social networking sites,
blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted
services, and web applications.
FEATURESOF WEB 2.0
– the owner of the website is not the
only one who is able to put content (e.g.,
online stores).
4.LONG TAIL
– services that are offered
on demand rather than on a one-time
purchase.
5. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICES
– users will subscribe to a software only
when needed rather than purchasing
them.
6. MASS PARTICIPATION
– diverse information sharing through
universal web access.
WEB 3.O AND THE SEMANTIC WEB
• The Semantic Web is a movement led
by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C).
• The W3C standard encourages web
developers to include semantic content
in their web pages.
• The inventor of the Word Wide Web is
TIM BERNERS_LEE
• According to the W3C, “The Semantic
Web provides a common framework that
allows data to be shared and reused
across application, enterprise, and
community boundary”
• The aim of Web 3.0 is to have machines
(or servers) understand the user’s
preferences to be able to deliver web
content specifically targeting the user.
Web 3.0 Is Yet To Be Fully
Realized Because Of Several
PROBLEMS: Compatibility,
Security,Vastness Vagueness,Logical

1.FOLKSONOMY

– allows users to categorize and classify/

arrange information using freely chosen
keywords (e.g., tagging).
TRENDS IN ICT
2. RICH USER EXPERIENCES
1.CONVERGENCE – Technological
convergence is the synergy technological
for advancements to work on a similar
goal or task.
2. SOCIAL MEDIA – is a website,
application, or online channel that
enables web users to create, co-create,
discuss, modify, and exchange user-
generated content.
6 TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
a. SOCIAL NETWORKS – These are sites
that allow you to connect with other
people with the same interests or
background.
b. BOOKMARKING SITES –These are
sites that allow you to store and manage
links to various websites and resources.
c. SOCIAL NEWS – These are sites that
allow users to post their own news items
or links to other news sources.
d. MEDIA SHARING –These are sites that
allow you to upload and share media
content like images, music, and video
e. MICROBLOGGING – These are sites
that focus on short updates from the
user.
f. BLOGS AND FORUM –These websites
allow users to post their content.
3. MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
a) iOs – used in Apple devices such as
the
b) Android – an open source operating
system developed by Google.
c) Blackberry OS – used in Blackberry
devices.
d) Windows Phone OS – a closed source
and proprietary operating system
developed by Microsoft
e) Symbian – the original smartphones
OS; used by Nokia devices.
f) Web OS – originally used for
smartphones; now used for smart TVs.
g) Windows Mobile – developed by
Microsoft for smartphones and pocket
PCs.
4. ASSITIVE MEDIA – is a nonprofit
service designed to help people who
have visual and reading impairments. A
database of audio recordings is used to
read to the user
ONLINE SAFETY AND SECURITY
The Internet, truly, is a powerful tool. It
can be used to promote your business,
gain new friends, and stay in touch with
the old ones. It is also as a source of
entertainment through games, online
communities, and everything in between.
But like most things in this world, there
is always the “other side of the coin.
” The Internet is one of the most
dangerous places, especially if you do
not know what you are doing with it. But
there is no need to worry; it is never that
late.
FIRST NAME
Risk – There is a risk in sharing your first
name. Chances are, a hacker may
already know plenty of stuff about you
even if you only give out your first name.
Likewise, you cannot just walk in a room
and start introducing yourself to
everyone. You do not know whom you
can come across with.
LAST NAME
Risk – If sharing your first name is a
small risk, having both first and last is
more risky. You will be vulnerable to
being searched for using search engines,
which include image search. Matching a
name with a face is a modus to several
cybercrimes like identity theft.
MIDDLE NAME
Risk – Sharing your middle name alone is
probably not the most risky of these
shared information, but sharing your
full name would be.
CURRENT AND PREVIOUS SCHOOL
Risk – Most people who steal identities
study their subject. They can use this
information for verification purposes.
YOUR CELLPHONE NUMBER
Risk – Your cellphone number should
never be posted over the Internet. The
Internet is a public place. It is the same
as posting your number on a billboard.
You would not want random strangers to
text or call you, or worse, pretend that
they are someone else.
THE NAME OF YOUR MOTHER AND
FATHER
Risk – Risky, yet not as risky as posting
their full names, especially your mother’s
maiden name. In fact, you may have
already encountered many websites that
require your mother’s maiden name as an
answer to a secret question whenever
you lose your password.
THE NAME OF YOUR SIBLINGS
Risk – Disclosing this is huge risk.
Strangers may pretend or use their
identity to dupe you.
YOUR ADDRESS
Risk – Hopefully, you answered “no” to
this one. Giving the Internet your number
is one thing; giving them address is a
whole other level. It would be much
easier for criminals to find you.
YOUR HOME PHONE NUMBER
Risk – This shared information is more
risky than sharing your personal phone
number. Scams usually use this
information to deceive you, one of which
is when a stranger pretends to know your
parents or pretends to be you.
YOUR BIRTHDAY
Risk – Letting people know your birthday
is probably a must if you want to get as
many gifts as possible. But having it in
your profile makes you vulnerable to
identity theft.
The Internet is defined as the
information superhighway. This means
that anyone has access to this highway,
can replace information, and can grab
that information. Any information, even
things that you have set privately, can
be accessed one way or another.
TIPS TO STAY SAFE IN ONLINE
1. Be mindful of what you share online
and what site you share it to.
2. Do not just accept terms and
conditions; read it.
3. Check out the privacy policy page of a
website to learn how the website handles
the information you share.
4. Know the security features of the
social networking site you use. By
keeping your profile private, search
engines will not be able to scan your
profile.
5. Do not share your password with
anyone.
6. Avoid logging in to public networks/Wi-
Fi. Browsing in “incognito (or private
mode),” a feature of the browser, will not
protect you from hackers.
7. Do not talk to strangers whether online
or face-to-face.
8. Never post anything about a future
vacation. It is similar to posting, “Rob my
house at this date.
9. Add friends you know in real life.
10. Avoid visiting untrusted websites.
11. Install and update an antivirus
software on your computer. Use only one
antivirus software to avoid conflicts.
12. If you have a Wi-Fi at home, make it a
private network by adding a password.
13. Avoid downloading anything from
untrusted website.
14. Buy the software; do not use pirated
ones.
15. Do not reply or click links from
suspicious emails private and
TRADITIONAL DANCE
• Traditional dances are dances that
originate from specific culture, regions or
countries
. • Traditional dances is one of the
popular way of expressing the culture of
various places. • Dances are said to
belong to certain economic level or come
from certain locales.
• The steps are simple and repeated •
The dances require no audience • They
are passed down through many
generations Importance of Philippine
Traditional Dances
• Helps to preserve culture of our
ancestor have in early age. • It embodies
fundamental value of great worth and
appreciation to our culture, our nation,
and our people.
TRADITIONAL DANCES IN LUZON
• Banga
• Idaw
• Maglalatik
TRADITIONAL DANCESIN VISAYAS
• Tinikling
• Itk-Itik
• TRADITIONAL DANCE IN MINDANAO
• Singkil
• Pangalay
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITION OF THE
ARM AND FEET
ARMS POSITION
FIRST POSITION- THE arm make a circle
in front. With the fingertips almost
touching each other. The arms should be
rounded with elbow bent and slightly
below the shoulder the wrist bent and
slightly below the elbowand the palm
facing your chest.
SECOND POSITION-Arm are extendent
sideward with elbow slightly bent like a
half circle and lower than shoulder level
THIRD POSITION-one arm extended
above the head and slightly forward while
the other arm is remain in second
position
FOURTH POSITION – the one arm
remains in fourth position and the
another arm is remain in first position
FIFTH POSITION -both arm are extended
above the head and slightly forward
making a half circle slightly bendind the
elbow and the wrist
FEET POSITION
FIRST POSITION – heel should be
together at a 45 degree angle and toes
should point outward
SECOND POSITION feet are apart
sideward at about shoulder width and
toes should pointing outwards
THIRD POSITION-Feet are together, with
the toes of your foot pointing outward,
and the other foot heel placed near the
instep of the other foot.
FOURTH POSITION -The foot remains in
third position. The other foot is placed
diagonally forward, with the heel pointing
to the toes of the other foot.
FIFTH POSITION -Bring the heel of the
foot in front to touch the toe of the other.
Both feet should still be pointing
outward.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
DANCE COMPONENTS
SPACE
-This is the place where dancers perform.
This can be broken down into four parts
that are often referred to as spatial
elements.
Direction Size Level Focus
TIMING
-The timing of dance motions may be
performed at different speeds (tempo).
Artists move in time to the rhythm of a
sound known as beat or pulse.
DANCE ENERGIES
The strength or power that propels the
movements comes from force or energy.
SUSTAINED continuous and flowing
movement where the dancers movement
is constant and smooth
PERCUSSIVE -movements that are
sudden, abrupt or sharp way
VIBRATORY rapid movements that are
continuously moving back and forth.
SWINGING- movements in dance create
arches or circular shapes, and use the
pull of gravity on the body to create a
pendulum-like forward and backward
motion
SUSPENDED emphasizes the peaks of the
movement through the effort of holding.
COLLAPSING -it is a downward
movements that often followed by
upwards movement.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DANCE
UNITY -is the interconnect phrases of the
dance are coherent and flow smoothly
together.
CONTINUITY AND DEVELOPMENT- The
phrases of the dance are organized
progressively, making each movement
phrase move naturally into the next.
VARIETY AND CONTRAST -This means
making one or several variations that
highlight the motif of dance
TRANSITION This is the link between
movements, phrases, and sections of the
dance to keep the unity and continuity of
the dance.

REPETITION-is a choreographic device in

GROUP SHAPES
which movements or motifs are repeated
-In this component, a group of dancers
executes a variety of actions. Their CLIMAX-In dance, the climax is the most
arrangement may be large, narrow, important or significant moment of the
round, angular, symmetrical, or dance,
asymmetrical.

DANCES CHARACTERISTICS

FORM

Form is the arrangement or combination

of ideas and elements into a coherent
pattern that ends in harmony and
continuity. It is the organizing element of
the performance

PHRASES

Phrases are the smallest units of form in

the whole dance, and are formed when
multiple movements are merged. When
units are assembled during the dance,
they create a section. These segments
are combined to create an entire dance
routine (Blom and Chaplin 1988)

MOTIF

To communicate the purpose of a dance

to the viewer, successful choreography
must have a concept or motif. This may
be a short action or gesture that
expresses the style and meaning of the
dance. By manipulating the dance
elements, these actions or gestures can
be reproduced, modified, and augmented.