Freedom
Acts
-is the power or right to act, speak or
think as you want without hindrance or
restraint, (Arabella, 2016)
-Is rooted in the human person’s self-
determination and the exercise of
intellect and free will
Three Kinds of Freedom
1. Physical Freedom
-Refers to the absence of any physical
restraint
-It allows us to move from one place to
another and to go wherever we want to
go
2. Psychological Freedom
-The person is free to perform actions
-Is innate or natural and cannot be
denied
-Is also called freedom of choice
3. Moral Freedom
-Refers to using freedom in a manner
that uphold human dignity and
goodness
-We have more freedom when we use
our freedom well, but the freedom
become less when we use it in a bad
way
Two Elements of Freedom
1. Voluntariness
-The ability of a person to act out of
his/her own free will and self-
determination
-Also means that a person may act even
if he/she is not required or called to take
action
2. Responsibility -Refers to the person
being accountable for his/her actions
and their consequences
Human Acts -Are rational acts of
human person which involves
understanding and free will
-It is voluntary action
-Can be morally good and morally bad
Three essential attributes of Human
1. Knowledge. It is performed
consciously
2. Freedom. It is performed freely.
3. Voluntary. It is done willing fully.
Acts of Man -Are instinctive or
involuntary actions
Freedom of Choice and its
Consequences -The ability to exercise
one’s freedom in any manner is called
freedom of choice
Freedom of Choice and its Limits -All
decisions, big or small, have
corresponding consequences which
may be good or bad
Demonstrating Prudence in all
Choices -Prudence is an act of making
a good choices that allows a person to
avoid risks.
Intersubjectivity
-Inter means “among and between”
-Subjectivity is equivalent to a
conscious being
-Intersubjectivity would mean in the
general sense as “sharing of subjective
states by two or more individuals.”
(Scheff 2006).
-Also carries the meaning of a unique
relationship between separate
individuals or subjects
Interpersonal Is used in describing
interaction between people
Interpersonal Relation -Refers to the
interactions that exist between the Self
(Ako) and the Other (lahat ng
nakakasamahuha mo, maging tao o
bagay) -Pakiki-halubilo
Two Level of intersubjectivity
First Level This refers to the simple
awareness of the Self about the
existence of the Other
Second Level -This refers to the
awareness of the Self as being seen by
Others
Human Gaze -This is the unique
phenomenon that sets our interaction as
human person apart from the interaction
of other species
Aspects of Intersubjectivity
1. Empathy
-The ability to share emotions
Is driven by a person’s awareness that
the other is a person with thoughts and
feelings
2. Availability
-The willingness of a person to be
present
-Be willing to help the other in need.
3. Ethics of Care
-An ethical theory that emphasizes the
moral dimensions of relationships and
interactions
-This moral perspective encourages
individuals to help other people, most
especially the vulnerable
Society
An organized group of people whose
members interact frequently and have a
common territory and culture
The product of deliberate actions by
individuals who come together in the
pursuit of the common goal.
How are individuals transformed by
societies?
1. Survival 2. Life outside home.
3. Support for development
4 Specific traits and unique characters
The different forms of societies
1. Hunting and Gathering Society
-It is the earliest and simplest form of
society The people are nomadic
-It has a small size and is composed of
mainly families
2. Pastoral Society
-The domestication of animals for food
or more stable food supply
-Often produce surplus food and
resources which they trade with other
societies
3. Horticultural Society
-Small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits,
and vegetables
-Roles and responsibilities are more
clearly defined with many tasks
assigned according to gender
4. Agricultural Society
-Involves large-scale and long-term
cultivation of crops and domestication of
animals
5. Feudal Society
-Members of the society are organized
based on status
-People are often very mindful of the
hierarchy
Those who own the land are considered
the most powerful and influential
members of the society while peasants
are considered the lowest group
6.Industrial Society
- Is based on the use of specialized
machinery in the production of goods
and services
-People organize themselves through
communication technology and internet
is the product of this society
Factors that influences an individual
1. Norms -Are set of traits and
behaviors that considers, thus
encourage and passed to other
members
2. Laws - More formal and strict norms
that establish and define acceptable
behavior of the citizen
3. Folkways-Are fewer formal norms
that arose from traditional and do not
result in punishment, but disapproval
from others
4. Social Values Are actions or ideals
that are considered important by society
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME (INCOME STATEMENT)
-The Statement of Comprehensive
Income informs the reader about the
“performance” and activities of the
company for a certain period (e.g., for
the period ended December 31, 2019).
-It contains the revenues and expenses
incurred by an entity for a specific
period. It is also compared to a running
video because it presents an entity’s
activities form the start to the end of a
period.
-It “contains the results of the company’s
operations for a specific period of time
which is called net income if it is a net
positive result while a net loss if it is a
net negative result. This can be
prepared for a month, a quarter or a
year”. (Haddock, Price, & Farina, 2012)
TEMPORARY ACCOUNTS
-are also known as nominal accounts
are the accounts found under the
statement of comprehensive income.
-Examples of temporary accounts
include revenues, sales, utilities
expense, supplies, salaries expense,
depreciation expense, interest expense
among others.
Elements and Key Features of a
Statement of Comprehensive Income
1. The Title The Statement of
Comprehensive Income is a financial
report therefore it must be properly
identified and dated. The title or the
heading includes the name of the
entity, the title of the report (i.e.,
Statement of Comprehensive Income
and the period it covers.
2. Revenues Revenues arise in the
course of the ordinary activities of an
entity and is referred to by a variety of
different names including sales, fees,
interest, dividend, royalties, rent”. (The
Conceptual Framework for Financial
Reporting by the International
Accounting Board 2010)
3. Expenses Expenses arise in the
course of the ordinary activities of
the entity include, for example, cost of
sales, wages, and depreciation. They
usually take the form of an outflow or
depletion of asset such as cash and
cash equivalent, inventory, property,
plant, and equipment.” (The Conceptual
Framework for Financial Reporting by
the International Accounting Board
2010)
4. Gain and losses
Gains represent other items that meet
the definition of income and may not,
arise in the course of the ordinary
activities of an entity.” (The Conceptual
Framework for Financial Reporting by
the International Accounting Board
2010)
Losses represent other items that meet
the definition of expenses and may or
may not arise in the course of the
ordinary activities of the entity.”
5. Other Items Income tax is the sum
of money payable to the government.
Items of other comprehensive income
are increases or decreases in economic
benefit for a period.
service entities
1COST OF SERVICE includes the
salaries paid to lawyers who render
services to legal clients in behalf of the
law firm.
2 OPERATING EXPENSES include rent
for office space, salaries for office staff,
permits to local government chapters,
depreciation of office equipment, and
other similar expenses.
Merchandising concern
The expenses are classified as cost of
sales, selling expenses and
administrative (operating) expenses.
The cost of sales is the direct cost of the
products sold or the amount paid or
payable by the business entity to its
suppliers for the merchandise sold to
the business then to then sold to the
entity’s customers.
Two types of sci
1. Single-step Format of the SCI – It is
called single-step because all revenues
are listed down in one section while all
expenses are listed in another. Net
income is computed using a Total
Revenues minus Total Expenses.
2. Multi-step format of the SCI – It is
called muti-step because there are
several steps needed in order to arrive
at the company’s net income. (Hoddock,
Price, & Fatima, 2012)
Difference between the sci of a
service business and the sci of a
merchandising business:
A service company provide services in
order to generate revenue and the
main cost associated with their service
is the cost of labor which is presented
under the account Salaries Expense.
On the other hand, a merchandising -
company sells goods to customers
and the main cost associated with the
activity is the cost of the merchandise
which is presented under the line item
Cost of Goods Sold.
Statement of Changes in Equity and
cash flow statement
Types of Business Organizations
1.Sole/Single Proprietorship- this is a
business organization owned by one
person. The owner of the sole
proprietorship is the proprietor. In most
cases, the proprietor is also the general
manager of a sole proprietorship
2. Partnership- Title IX, Chapter 1 of
the Philippine Civil Code defines
partnership as a contract where two or
more persons bind themselves to
contribute money, property, or industry
to a common fund, to divide the profits
among themselves.
3. Corporation- The Corporation Code
of the Philippines (1980) defines the
word corporation as an "artificial being
created by operation of law, having the
right word of succession and the
powers, attributes, and properties
expressly authorized by law or incident
to its existence.”
Cash is one of the most important
resource of an organization.
-without cash, it would be very hard for a
business to survive.
1. A business earns cash through:
(INFLOWS)
 Sales of products or service
 Asset sales
 Loan or credit card proceeds
 Owner investments
.2. A business spends cash through:
(OUTFLOWS)
-Business expenditures
-Loan or credit card principal payments
-Owner withdrawals
- Asset purchases
These inflows and outflows are
classified into three main group of
business activity
A. Operating Activities -These are
transactions that relate to how a
business earns money on a day-to-day
basis.
B. Investing Activities – come from the
sale (receipts) and purchase (payments)
of non-current assets, businesses, and
securities.
C. Financing Activities come from
entering into loans to avail more cash or
to pay long-term debts.
Cash Flow Statement Defined:-reports
cash flow transactions during an
accounting period classified by
operating, investing and financing
activities
Structure of the Cash Flow Statement
 Heading
 Net increase/ decrease in Cash
 Beginning Cash Balance
 Ending Cash Balance
BALLROOM
-Ballroom dance is a set of
partner dances that can enjoyed both
socially and competitively. The
term 'ballroom dancing' is derived
from the word “ball” (a large room) and
“ballare” (to dance).' It started around
the late 18th and early 19th centuries in
England. It became popular among
gentry (or upper class) throughout the
late 19th to the early 20th centuries,
where they would attend
social gatherings and events in public
dance halls. Ballroom dancing
competitions started to build up during
the early 1920s. In 1924, an
organization called the Ballroom Branch
of the Imperial Society of Teachers of
Dancing formed. Its objective was to
standardize and formalize
ballroom dancing techniques, sets of
steps, and music as it's danced too.
-There are many different dances and
types of ballroom dancing. Each
dance has its history, specific
pattern, characteristics, and counting
that differentiate from the other
dances. Ballroom dance, in its
broadest definition, refers to close to
any recreational dance having a partner.
But with the becoming known of
dance competition now called
Dancesports,

Cheer Dance is coined from the words,
cheer and dance.
- to cheer is to shout out words or
phrases and dance, on the other hand,
is a physical activity where one
expresses emotions or gesture while
performing bodily movements
Also known as cheerleading, refers to a
type of grouped dance that intends to
give a motivation and support to a
sporting team, entertainment to
audience, or competition
On November 2, 1898, U-Minnesota
student Johnny Campbell led an
organized cheer at a football game
between Minnesota and Princeton
University, so you might say he was the
first actual "cheer leader". In 1903, the
University of Minnesota organized the
first cheer fraternity called Gamma
Sigma. They likely used a megaphone
to project their voices.
The following are the year and event
history in Cheer Dance
1870’s The First pep club was establish
at Princeton University.
1900’s usage of the megaphone was
being popular. The first cheerleading
fraternity was organized
1920’s Women became active in
cheerleading. The University of
Minnesota cheerleaders began to
incorporate gymnastics and tumbling
into their cheer.
1930’s Universities and high schools
began performing pompom routines and
using paper pompoms.
1940’s the first cheerleading company
was formed by Lawrence R. Herkimer of
Dallas Texas.
1988 – 1994 Cheer leading introduces
to different countries such as Japan,
United Kingdom, Austria, France,
Iceland, Chile, etc. by Universal Cheer
Leaders Association
2008 - the (IASF) International All-Star
Federation continued to host the world
cheer leading championship.
Elements of Cheer Dance
Yells / Chants - are usually done by
the performers with pride and
confidence. This element helps to
encourage the supportive spectators to T MOTION Both arms extended straight
cheer along and bring the prideful out the side parallel to the ground, relax
message to the competitors. The basic the shoulder.
technique in yelling and chanting is the
HALF T Both arms parallel to the
use of diaphragm instead of the throat. It
ground and bent at elbows, fists into
is done also while doing the other
shoulder
elements of cheer dancing.
SIDE LUNGE Lead leg bent with the
Motion –Basic Hand – body Movements
knee over the ankle, back leg straight,
BEGINNING STANCE Feet together, feet perpendicular to each other.
hands down by the side in blades
FRONT LUNGE Lead leg bent with the
CHEER STANCE Feet more than knee over the ankle, back leg straight,
shoulder width apart, hands down by the feet perpendicular to each other.
side in blade. JUMPS – Basic Types of Jumps
CLASP -Hand clasped, at the chin, SPREAD EAGLE simply swing and
elbows in. jump with arms of doing high “V” figure
and legs apart. Knees facing forward but
CLAP Hands in blade, at he chin,
not toward the sky. This jump is used as
elbows in.
progression to learn more advance
HIGH V Arms extended up forming “V” jumps.
relax the shoulder
LOW V Arms extended down forming
“V”.
TUCK JUMP Legs in front while knees
GOAL POST (or TOUCHDOWN)
tucked to the chest. Closed fist and
Arms extended straight and parallel to arms spreading forming “T” or “V”
each other, fist facing in. figure..
LOW TOUCHDOWN Arms extended
straight down and parallel to each other,
fist facing in
TOE JUMP one of the most common
¾ T (or BOW AND ARROW) One arm
jumps used in cheerleading. Legs are
extended to side with other arm bent at
straddled, straight and parallel to the
elbow in half “T” motion.
ground forming “V” figure. Knees face
OVERHEAD CONE Arms are straight, the sky, toes pointed, arms form “T”
above the head in a clasp and slightly in position, closed fist and must not touch
front of the face the toes despite the name.
DAGGERS (or TABLE TOP) Arms bent
at elbow, fists in front of shoulders
LOW CONE Arms extended straight
down, in a clasp and slightly in front of
the body.
PUNCH One arm extended straight up,
one arm on hip in a fist.
L MOTION One arm extended to the
side with other arm extended in a punch
motion.
DIAGONAL One arm extended high “V”
and the other arm extended in low “V”
PIKE A pike jump in cheerleading is
a jump where you jump and bend into a
‘C’ in the air while keeping the arms and
legs parallel to the ground. The perfect
pike jump consists of a straight jump
which, at the peak of your bounce, sees
you bring your legs up in front of your
body to form an L-shape, as you stretch
out your arms to touch your toes
HURDLE One leg is straight facing
forward (front hurdle) or facing outward
(side hurdle) with arms forming “T”
figure. The other leg is bent, knees
facing the ground (front hurdle) or facing
forward (side hurdle) .
STUNTS –Most stunts are done by
flyers (usually female) with bases (male
lifters) and spotters. It is essential to
know the proper execution of the stunts
to secure the safety of both flyers and
lifters
BASES These are the athletes (usually
male cheer dancers) that hold, lift, and
toss a flyer up to the air during stunts.
Bases must be strong an alert at all
times. They make sure that the flyer will
land safely and secured. There is no
gender requirement for a base
FLYERS Flyers are the athletes being
held, lifted, and tossed up to perform
certain stunts in height or in the air.
Female cheer dancers are usually
assigned to be the flyers. They are
usually, but not always, the smallest
person in the group. They are flexible,
and balance efficient while being lifted
up. Before performing air stunts, flyers
must learn first the proper techniques
TUMBLE –Including tumbling skills in
your cheer dance routine is an excellent
way to add extreme, thrill and
excitement. Safety and security must be
observe at all times to avoid injury
especially tumble skill involve gravity-
defying and intense ground impact.
TYPES OF TUMBLING SKILLS
STANDING - completing tumble in a
stationary position.
RUNNING - completing a tumble from a
running start.
CARTWHEEL - A type of tumble in
which the body moves sideways
imitating a wheel.
STEP
- Start in a lunge - Allow upper body to
fall down and put your hands on the
ground.
- Lift the behind leg up to kick
- Kick foot over the head (the kicking
foot should land first) Land in lunge.
ROUND OFF - this tumble is similar to
cartwheel but the difference is, landing
must be in both feet together.
STEPS
- Start in a lunge
- Allow upper body to fall down and put
your hands on the ground.
- Lift the behind leg up to kick - Kick foot
over the head,
- Push the ground, and feet intact again
together
- Snap down and Land in luge with both
feet together
BASIC FORMATIONS Formations play
a vital role in cheer dance since most of
the cheer dance competitions are
viewed from the top by the spectators.
Formations may vary depending on the
dances and stunts choreographed. It is
important to have creative formations
that will create excellent visual effects to
enhance the dance routine.
Synchronization must be always
observed in making formations in the
cheer dance..
MAIL MERGE
• This feature allows you to create
documents and combine or merge them
with another document or date file. It is
commonly used when sending out
advertising materials to various
recipients.
• Mail merging basically requires two
components: the document that
contains the message and the
document or file that generally contains
the list of names and addresses, as in
our scenario.
Two components of mail merge
1 Form document •It is generally the
document that contains the main body
of the message we want to convey or
send. The main body of the message is
the part of the form document that
remains the same no matter whom you
send it to from among your list.Example
are Regular tax form or Application
form.
•Also included in the form document is
what we call place holders, also referred
to as data fields or merge fields. This
marks the position on your form
document where individual data or
information wil lbe inserted.
2 List or data file •This is where the
individual information or data that needs
to be plugged in(merged) to the form
document is placed and maintained. You
can easily add, remove, modify, or
extract your data more efficiently by
using other data management
applications like Excel and import the
min Word during the mail merge
process.
Label Generation •It just makes sense
that after you print out your form
letters,you will need to send it to
individual recipients in an envelop with
the matching address printed directly on
the envelope or on mailing label to stick
on.By using virtually the same process
as a standard mail merge,Microsoft
word will print individual addresses to a
standard form that it has already pre-
formatted
Integrating Images and External
Materials in MS Word
MICROSOFT WORD
•is an example of a word processor
where there are features that you can
use to enhance your work.One oft hese
features is integrating images and
external materials into your document to
make it more impressive and more
informative.
KINDS OF MATERIALS The different
materials that you can integrateor insert
inyourdocument are seen in the Insert
tab
1. SHAPES- these are printable objects
or materials that you can integrate in
your document to enhance its
appearance.- the different shapes that
you can insert in your document are
lines, rectangles, basic shapes, block
arrows, equation shapes, flowchart,
stars and banners, and callouts
2. Pictures and online pictures- The
only difference is that “Pictures” means
you can insert pictures locally, the
pictures you saved in your local storage
device, while “Online Pictures” allows
you to insert images from an internet-
based source such as clip art from
Office.com, Bing, or OneDrive (Klein
2019)
three different picture files
a. .JPG / .JPEG-which stands for Joint
Photographic Experts Group uses a
lossy compression method commonly
for digital images. This type of image file
can support 16.7 million colors that is
why it is suitable for use when working
with full color photographic images
(Caligagan 2017)
b. .PNG-which stands for Portable
Network Graphics uses a non-lossy
compression method also for digital
images
c. .GIF-which stands for Graphics 4. Through. This setting allows the text
Interchange Format can display on your document to follow even tighter,
transparency too like PNG but can only taking the contours and shape of the
support 256 colors that is good mostly image.
on low-resolution images like logos,
drawings or small texts.
3. Smart art- is a predefined sets of 5. Top and bottom. This setting pushes
different shapes grouped together to the texts away vertically to the top and
form a structure. There are a lot of or the bottom of the image so that the
Smart Art graphics you can choose, image occupies a whole text on its own
from list, process, cycle, hierarchy, as in example.
relationship, and matrix
6. Behind text. This allows image to be
4. chart-is used to illustrate and dragged and placed anywhere on your
compare data. You can choose from the image look like a background
available types- bar, line, pie, area,
column, or surface. 7. In front of text. As it suggest, this
https://chartexpo.com/blog/types-of- setting allows your image to be placed
charts-and-graph right on top of the text as if your image
5. Screenshot -Microsoft Word provides was dropped right on it
a snipping tool for your screen shots so
you can select and display only the part
that you exactly like to capture on your
screen
Image placement-inserting an image or
any other material in Your document tis
quite easy especially if th ematerial
already exists in your local storage
device.It is just a matter of opening up
the image file through the Microsoft
word dialog box or wizard
the different characteristics of text
wrapping
1. In line with text. This is the default
setting for images that are inserted or
integrated in your document. It treats
your image like a text font with the
bottom side totally aligned with the text
line.
2. Square. This setting allows the image
you inserted to be placed anywhere
within the paragraph with text going
around the image in a square pattern
like a frame.
3. Tight. This is most the same as the
square setting, but here the text “Hugs”
or conforms to the general shape of the
image. This allows you to get a more
creative effect on your document.
Steps in the Entrepreneurial Process
1.Discovery:The stage in which the
entrepreneur generate sideas,
recognizes opportunities,and studies the
market Idea Opportunity
2.ConceptDevelopment: Develop a
business plan:a detailed proposal
describing the business idea Objective
Executive summary Mission Statement
Trade mark – is a word,phrase,symbol
or design or a combination of word
phrases that identifies and distinguishes
the source of the goods of one party of
those others
Copyrights- protects work of
authorships such as writing musics or
work of arts that have been tangibly
expressed
Patent- for an invention is a grant of a
property right to the inventor,issued by
the patent and trademark office
3.Resourcing: The stage in which the
entrepreneur identifies and acquires the
financial, human,and capital resources
needed for the venture startup,etc Start-
up resources
4.Actualization:The stage in which the
entrepreneur operates the business and
utilizes resources to achieve its
goals/objectives. $$Grand Opening$$
Day-to-Day Operations
5.Harvesting: The stage in which the
entrepreneur decides on business’s
future growth/development,or demise
What is your 5-yearor10-year plan?
Consider adding locations or providing
different products/services
Innovation: Finding ways to deliver new
or better goods or services.
- is the process of making changest o
something adds value to customers
OPERATION MANAGEMENT
-an important part of a business plan
-states the datails of the business
-need to control the implementation of a
business plan
4ms of operation - It is the process of
testing and commercializing a product or
service with the ultimate object of
solving the problem of the primary target
market
METHODS Represent the day to day
operation of a business describe how
the entrepreneur will run the business
such as manufacturing of good service
delivery process distribution of goods
and services logistics for delivery of
good and inventory management
MANPOWER The human labor force
involved in the manufacture of product
-Is one of the highest cost of operating
the business but also the most
instrumental to its success job
description, employee qualification , job
offer, employee development
MACHINES -are the manufacturing
equipment used in the production of
good or delivery services
-also pertain to new technologies tools
durable equipment and the physical
plant are also part of it
ENTREPRENEUR SHOULD CONSIDER
-types of product to be produce
-production system to be adopted
-cost of the equipment
-capacity of the equipment
-availability of spare parts in the local
market
MATERIALS Can includes but its not
limited to raw and processed material
component parts assemblies fuels
libricants coolant cleaning agents and
small tools and accessories that may be
consumed directly indirectly
BRAND A brand name or trade name,
according to Nordquist (2019), is a
name given by an entrepreneur to a
particular product or service.
Sometimes, brand name is simply
based on the name of the founders of
an enterprise; but these days, brand
names are most often intentionally
thought-out marketing tools to establish
customer mindfulness and encouraging
brand loyalty.
Characteristics of an Ideal Brand
Name (Roy, 2018):
-Short and simple.
-Easy to Spell, Pronounce, and
Remember.
-Pronounceable in only one way.
-Indicative of the benefits of the product
or service.
Easy to adapt to packaging and labelling
requirements to any form of advertising
DIFFERENT BRANDING STRATEGY
APPROACH (ADUANA, 2016)
1 UMBRELLA BRAND APPROACH
refers to a marketing practice that
involves selling numerous associated
products under the name of a single
brand
2.HOUSE BRAND APPROACH
This is an approach wherein every
product of the same company has
individual branding that distinguishes
itself from others
3. BRANDING EXTENSION
STRATEGY
This is a marketing strategy wherein
the organization that sells a product
This is a marketing strategy wherein
the organization that sells a product
A.LINE EXTENSION APPROACH
This strategy is an approach in making
new products for your customers or for
prospects who do not currently buy from
you. This involves adding new features
to existing products, rather than
developing completely new
B. PRODUCT EXTENSION
APPROACH.
This is the strategy of placing an
established product’s brand name on a
new product that is in new category.
Force
-push or pull
-Cannot be seen but effect can be -produce heat
observed
-rough surface has greater frictional
-it can be stop force
slow down object from moving -smooth surface has less than frictional
speed up force
Types of Friction

newtons –(n) – unit of force 1 Sliding friction- pushing object

towards a surface
1N=1KG,m/s2
2 Rolling friction- it is between whelel
ISAAC NEWTON
and the surface
3 Fluid friction- oppose the motion of
Balance Force- it is when the or net an object travelling through a fluid(liquid
force of an object is equal to 0 and gas)
EXAMPLE 4 Statics friction- occurs when force is
applied to an object to does not cause
the object to move

4N 4N LAW OF MOTION
1ST LAW OF MOTION – LAW OF
INERTIA
TOTAL FORCE =0
-an object at rest stays at rest and an
Unbalance Force – when the net force
object in motion remains in motion not
is not 0
unless there is force acted upon it
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE:table on the book / notebook
2N 4N 2ND LAW OF MOTION – LAW OF
MASS AND ACCELERATION
The greater the mass of an objects ,the
more force it will take to accelerate it
TOTAL/NET FORCE =2N
Force
FORCE is represented by arrow
Acceleration F
-GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
Mass M A
F=(m) (a) =N
M= f
a a = kg
A= f
(FRICTIONAL FORCE) m m = m/s2

Gravitational Force -a force that pull 3rd LAW OF MOTION -LAW OF

object towards the center of the earth INTERACTION

Frictional Force -it opposes the motion -for every action there is an equal and
between two surfaces of an object that opposite reaction
touches each other
- object a interact with object b they
exert force upon each other
EXAMPLE: as the bird push down their
air pushes their wing up and give them a
list

Tekstong Argumentatibo
(Pangangatwiran)
-Ito ay naglalayong manghikayat ng
mambabasa kaugnay ng isang isyung
ipinahahayag ng isang manunulat.
-Inaasahang makapaglahad ang -Kung ang iyong pananaw ay `di sang-
manunulat ng dalawa o higit pang ayon sa tinatalakay o paksa, mas
puntos o pananaw at talakayin ang mabisang magsimula muna sa mga
positibo at negatibong epekto ng bawat kabutihan o positibong aspekto.
isa.
-Mahalagang maisa-isa ang mga
-Ang mga tekstong akademiko tulad ng argumento, pabor man o kontra sa
tekstong argumentatibo ay hindi iyong pananaw.
nakasalalay sa opinyon bagkus,
Isulat ang iyong sanaysay gamit ang
nakasalalay ito sa mga ebidensiyang
dalawang argumento. Narito ang ilang
sumusuporta sa argumento at sa bias
mga pahayag na maaari mong magamit:
ng paglalahad.
 Pabor sa paksa
Dalawang katangian ng Tekstong
Argumentatibo Argumento 1:
Puna at Sayantifik  Una sa lahat,….
Mahalagang makilala ang kaibahan ng  Simulan natin sa pagsasaalang-
ilang termino: alang sa…….
1Panig (claim) – Ang iyong pananaw o  Una nating isaalang-alang ang
paniniwala. tanong hinggil sa…..
2Dahilan (rationale) – Mga paliwanag  Nais kong simulant sa…..
na sumusuporta kung bakit ito ang
 Tulad halimbawa ng…..
pinaniniwalaan.
 Isa sa mga halimbawa nito ang…..
3.Patunay (evidence) – Mga
katotohanan o facts, datos, at Argumento 2:
halimbawa na magpapatunay at
 Ikalawa……
magpapatibay sa iyong pananaw.
 Bukod pa rito…..
4.Argumento (warrant) – Ang
pamaraan kung paanong ang mga  Karagdagan pa…..
ibidensiya ay magdadala sa awdyens sa
 Kaugnay nito…..
panig na iyong pinaniniwalaan.
 Isa pa ay…..
Sa pagbuo ng tekstong
argumentatibo, tandaan ang  Higit pa rito,….
sumusunod:
2. Di-pabor sa paksa
Pagsulat ng Panimula Argumento 1:
-Sikaping pukawin ang interes ng -Ngayon naman ay tignan natin……..
mambabasa sa iyong paksa.
-Subalit sa kabilang banda………..
-Tukuyin ang paksang tatalakayin.
Ilahad agad sa bahaging ito ang -Ngayon, higit na mabuting talakayin…..
kahalagahan ng paksa sa pamamagitan -Subalit, `di maisasantabi ang……
ng maikli subalit malamang paliwanag.
-Kung kaya……
-Magbigay ng personal na reaksiyon o
pananaw tungkol sa paksa. -Dahil……
Pagsulat ng Katawan
-Mahalagang pagpasyahan muna ang
iyong paninindigan o pananaw kung
sang-ayon o hindi sa argumentong
tinatalakay.
 Pagsulat ng Konklusyon
-Ibinubuod ang mga opinyon ng awtor
-Kumpara sa ibang teksto, kailangan
ang pag-iingat sa paggamit ng mga
salita sa tekstong argumentibo
Maling Uri ng
Pangangatwiran(Fallacies/
Reasoning)
1. Argumentum ad hominem - Isang
nakakahiyang pag-atake sa personal na
katangian/ katayuan ng katalo at hindi
sa isyung tinatalakay
2. Argumentum ad baculum -Pwersa o
awtoridad ang gamit upang maiwasan
ang isyu at tuloy maiplano ang
argumento.
3. Argumentum ad misercordiam-
Upang makamit ang awa at pagkampi
ng mga nakikinig/bumabasa, gumagamit
nga mga salitang pang-atake sa
damdamin at hindi kaisipan.
4. Non sequitur -Sa Ingles, ito ay “It
doesn’t follow”. Pagbibigay konklusyon
sa kabila ng mga walang kaugnayang
batayan.
5. Ignoratio elenchi - Gamit ito ng mga
Pilipino lalo na sa mga usaping
barberya. Kilala ito bilang circular
reasoning o paligoy-ligoy kaya walang
pinatutungahan ang argumento.
6. Maling paglalahat- Dahil lamang sa
ilang Sistema o sitwasyon ay nagbibigay
konklusyon na sumasaklaw sa
pangkalahatan.
7. Maling paghahambing- Karaniwang
tinatawag na usaping lasing ang
ganitong uri sapagkat, mayroong
hambingan subalit hindi naman
tumutugma sa paksa o punto.
8. Maling Saligan- Nagsisimula sa
maling akala na siyang naging batayan.
Patuloy pagpapahayag at argumento
kahit na wala sa katwiran.
Tekstong Persweysib
Isang uri ng teksto na umaapela o
pumupukaw sa damdamin ng
mambabasa o tagapakinig upang
makuha ang simpatiya nito at mahikayat
na umayon sa ideyang inilahad.
MGA LAYUNIN
1. Manghikayat o mangumbinsi sa
babasa ng teksto.
2. Umapela o makapukaw ng damdamin
sa mambabasa upang makuha ang
simpatiya nito at mahikayat na umayon
sa ideyang inilalahad
3. Manghimok o mangumbinsi sa
pamamagitan ng pagkuha ng damdamin
o simpatiya ng mambabasa
MGA KATANGIAN
1. May subhetibong tono
2. Personal na opinyon at paniniwala ng
may-akda
3. Karaniwang ginagamit sa mga iskrip
para sa patalastas, propaganda para sa
eleksiyon, at
pagrerekrut para sa isang samahan o
networking
ELEMENTO NG PANGHIHIKAYAT
AYON KAY ARISTOTLE
ETHOS
- Tumutukoy sa karakter o kredibilidad
ng tagapagsalita o manunulat batay sa
paningin ng nakikinig at mambabasa.
- Salitang Griyego na nauugnay sa
salitang etika ngunit higit itong angkop
ngayon sa salitang “Imahe”.
LOGOS
- Ang salitang Griyego na logos ay
tumutukoy sa pangangatwiran.
Nangangahulugan din itong
panghihikayat gamit ang lohikal na
kaalaman.
- Tumutukoy sa paggamit ng lohika
upang makumbinsi ang mambabasa at
tagapakinig.
PATHOS
Panghihikayat na tumatalakay sa
emosyon o damdamin ng mambabasa o
tagapakinig.
Propaganda Devices
Ang panghihikayat sa taong bumili ng
isang produkto o iboboto ang isang
kandidato ay isang bagay na dapat ay
masusing pinag-iisipan. Kung
mapapansin, ang mga patalastas sa
telebisyon, sa mga diyaryo, at magasin
ay kinakailangang makapukaw ng
atensiyon upang mapansin
Name Calling – Ito ay ang pagbibigay
ng hindi magandang puna o taguri sa
isang produkto o katunggaling politiko
upang tangkilikin. Karaniwang ginagamit
ito sa mundo ng politika.
Halimbawa: Ang pekeng sabon,
bagitong kandidato
Glittering Generalities – Ito ay ang
magaganda at nakakasilaw na pahayag
ukol sa isang produktong tumutugon sa
mga paniniwala at pagpapahalaga ng
mambabasa.
Halimbawa: Mas nakakatipid sa bagong
Tide. Ang iyong damit ay mas magiging
maputi. Bossing sa katipiran, bossing sa
kaputian.
Transfer – Ang paggamit ng isang sikat
na personalidad upang mailipat sa isang
produkto o tao ang kasikatan.
Halimbawa: Pagpromote ng isang
artista sa isang hindi sikat na brand
Testimonial – Kapag ang isang sikat na
personalidad ay tuwirang nag-endorso
ng isang tao o produkto.
Halimbawa: Ang isang taong
nagpapatunay na siya ay pumuti dahil
sa ginamit niyang sabon sa
pamamagitan ng pagpapakita ng
ebidensiya.
Kapag eleksyon, sinasabi at nagbibigay
ng testimonya ang kandidato na huwag
ding kalilimutan ng sambayanan ang
kanyang kapartido
Plain Folks – Karaniwan itong
ginagamit sa kampanya o komersiyal
kung saan ang mga kilala o tanyag na
tao ay pinalalabas na ordinaryong taong
nanghihikayat sa boto, produkto, o
serbisyo.
Halimbawa: Ang kandidato tuwing
eleksyon ay hindi nagsusuot ng
magagarbong damit at pinapakita nila
na nagmula at galing rin sila sa hirap.
Card Stacking – Ipinakikita nito ang
lahat ng magagandang katangian ng
produkto ngunit hindi binabanggit ang
hindi magandang katangian.
Halimbawa: Lucky Me, Pinapakita dito
ang magandang dulot nito sa pamilya,
ngunit sa labis na pagkain nito,
nagdudulot ito ng sakit sa bato at UTI.
Bandwagon – Panghihikayat kung saan
hinihimok ang lahat na gamitin ang
isang produkto o sumali sa isang
pangkat dahil ang lahat ay sumali na.
Halimbawa: Buong bayan ay nag-e-
LBC peso padala na.
Tekstong Prosidyural
Ang tekstong prosidyural ay isang isang
uri ng teksto na nagbibigay ng
impormasyon kung paano isasagawa
ang isang bagay o gawain.
- Sa tekstong ito, pinapakita ang mga
impormasyun sa chronologiocal na
paraan o mayroong sinusunod na
pagkakasunod-sunod.
- Ang layunin ng tekstong prosidyural ay
magbigay ng panuto sa pambabasa
para maisagawa ng maayos ang isang
gawain.
Iba’t Ibang Uri Ng Tekstong
Prosidyural
Paraan Ng Pagluluto (Recipes) -
Pinaka karaniwang uri ng tekstsong
prosidyural. Ito ay nagbibibigay ng
panuto sa mambabasa kung paano
magluto.
Panuto (Instruction) - Ito ay
naggagabay sa mga mambabasa kung
paano maisagawa o likhain ang isang
bagay.
Panuntunan Sa Mga Laro(Rules Of
Games) - Nagbibigay sa mga
manlalarong gabay na dapat nilang
sundin.
Manwal - Nagbibigay ng kaalaman
kung paano gamitin paganahin at
patakbuhin ang isang bagay.
Karaniwang nakikita sa mga bagay may
kuryente tulad ng computers, machines
at appliances.
Mga Eksperimento - Sa eksperimento,
tumutuklas tayo ng bagay na hindi pa
natin alam. Karaniwang nagsasagawa
ng eksperimento sa siyensya kaya
naman kailangang maisulat ito sa
madaling intindihin na wika para matiyak
ang kaligtasan ng magsasagawa ng
Gawain
Pagbibigay Ng Direksyon -
Mahalagang magbigay tayo ng malinaw
na direksyon para makarating sa nais
na destinasyon ang ating ginagabayan.
Apat na Pangunahing Bahagi ng
Tekstong Prosidyural
Layunin - Ang nais mong maisagawa
pagkatapos ng gawain. Tinutukoy rin
nito and dapat maging resulta ng
susunding prosidyur . Ang layunin ay
laging sumasagot sa tanong na
“Paano”.
Mga Kagamitan/Sangkap – Dito
papasok ang mga kagamitan dapat
gamitin para maisakatuparan ang
gawain.
Hakbang (Step)/Metodo (Method) -
Ang serye o pagkakasunod sunod ng
prosidyur.
Konklusyon/Ebalwasyon - Sa
tekstong prosidyural, ang konklusyon ay
nagbibigay ng gabay sa mga
mambabasa kung sa paanong paaralan
nila maisasakatuparang ang mabuti ang
isang prosidyur.
Mga Dapat Isaalang Sa Pagbuo Ng
Tekstong Prosidyural
Ilarawan ng malinaw ang mga dapat
isakatuparan. Magbigay ng detalyadong
deskriptyon.
Gumamit ng tiyak na wika at mga salita
Ilista ang lahat ng gagamitin
Ang tekstong prosidyural ay laging
nakasulat sa ikatlong panauhan
Pananaliksik
Ayon kina Calderon at Gonzales
(1993), ang pananaliksik ay sistematiko
at siyentipikong proseso
ng pangangalap, pagsusuri, paglilinaw,
pag-oorganisa, pag-
unawa at pagpapakahuluganng isang
datos na nangangailangan ng kalutasan
sa suliranin.
Ang pananaliksik ay ang proseso ng
pangangalap ng mga totoong
impormasyon na humahantong sa
kaalaman.
Isang prosesong mapagsuri, sistematiko
o maparaan, organisado o nakaayos, at
walang-kinikilingan (obhetibo).
Pagpili ng paksa
MGA DAPAT ISAALANG-ALANG SA
PAGPILI NG PAKSA:
• Interes o kakayahan
• Pagkakaroon ng mga material na
magagamit na sanggunian
• Kabuluhan ng paksa
• Limitasyon ng panahon at paksa
Mga elementong makapaglilimita sa
paksa:
1. Panahon
2. Uri o kategorya
3. Edad
4. Kasarian
5. Lugar o espasyo
6. Pangkat o sector na
kinasasangkuta
Mga bahagi ng Pananaliksik  Pamamaraan sa Paglikom ng
Datos
Kabanata I.
 Pamamaraan sa Pag-aanalisa ng
Ang Suliranin at Saligan nito
mga Datos
 Rasyonal at Kaligiran ng Pag-
Kabanata IV.
aaral
Paglalahad, Pagsusuri at
 Paglalahad ng Suliranin
Pagpapakahulugan ng mga Datos
 Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral
 Resulta at Diskusyon
 Haypotesis
Kabanata V.
 Saklaw at Delimitasyon/Limitasyon
Lagom, Kongklusyon, at
ng Pag-aaral
Rekomendasyon
Kabanata II.
Mga kaugnay na literatura at pag-
aaral
 Kaugnay na Teorya
 Kaugnay na Literatura
 Kaugnay na Pag-aaral
 Batayang Konseptuwal
 Katuturan ng mga Salita
Mga Uri ng Disensyo sa Pananaliksik
• Kwantitatibong Pananaliksik o
Qualitative Research
• Kwalitatibong Pananaliksik o
Qualitative Research
• Deskriptibo
• Action Research
• Historikal Research
• Etnograpikong Pag-aaral
• Eksploratori
Kabanata III.
Metodolohiya at Pamamaraan
 Disenyo at Pamamaraan ng
Pananaliksik
 Lokal at Populasyon ng
Pananaliksik / Paraan ng Pagpili
ng Respondente
 Etikal na Konsiderasyon
 Instrumento ng Pananaliksik /
Kasangkapan sa Paglikom ng
Datos
CULTURAL SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
INSTITUTION
1 PEOPLE – inhabitants
2 TERRITORY- the national territory
comprises the Philippine archipelago
with all the islands and waters
3 GORVERNMENT is the organization
machinery ,agency ,or magistracy of the
states that makes implements enforces
and adjudicates the law of the states
THE first duty of the government is to
protect its people
4 SOVEREIGNTY – is the supreme and
union uncontrollable power inherent in a
states by which that states is governed
MARRIAGE
-union of two people
-agreement
-commitment
- sacred
DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE BASED
ON THE FAMILY CODE OF
PHILIPPINE
-is a special contract of permanent
union between a man and a women
entered in accordance with law
Article 5 of the family code of the
Philippine states that any male or
female of the age 18 years or upward is
entitled to marriage
TYPES OF MARRIAGE
1 MONOGAMY - 1H 1W
-is when you are are married to or is a
sexual relationship with one person at a
time
2 POLYGAMY -1H+2 OR MORE W
-having more than one wife at a time
3 ENDOGAMY- within one own group
-marriage within one”s group and tribe
as required by custom and law
4 EXOGAMY- different group
-marriage to a person belonging to a
tribe or group other than your own as
required by custom and law
5 POLYANDRY- 1W+2 OR MORE H
-having more than one relationship
husband at a time
6 SAME SEX MARRIAGE -SAME
LEGAL SEX M TO M F TO F
-is the marriage of two people of the
same legal sex
Types OF family in a contemporary
world
1• SINGLE-PARENT - I parent | 2 roles
Parent a parent who parents alone. It
means there is an absence of the other
parent as opposed to to a co-parent,
meaning that the parent is not the only
parent regardless of whether or not they
are a couple.
2. RECONSTITUDE FAMILY - Blended/
step family
-The simple definition of a biended
family, also called a step family,
reconstituted family, or a complex family,
is a family unit where one or both
parents have children from a previous
relationship, but they have combined to
form a new family
Legal separation - hiwalay kayo pero
hindi kayo nagsasama sa isang bahay
-legal process which a married couple
may Fomallize a fact Separation while
remaining legally married.a legal
separation is graded in the
Form of a court order.
1• Repeated physical violence or grossly
abusive conduct
2: Physical violence or moral pressure
to change religious or political affiliation.
3. drug addiction or habitual alcoholism
4' Lesbianism or homosexuality
5• sexual infidelity
6. Abandonment for more than one year
Annulment Declaring marriage null &
void ( may problema na kayo bago pa
mag pakasal)
Grounds for annulment
* Either party was unsound mind
* the consent Of either, party was
obtain by force
. * the either party was physically
incapable of consummating the
marriage with the other
* Affected with a sexually= transmissible
disease gound to be serious and
appears to incurable
Divorce - Dissolution OF paper
-It Is known as dissolution of marriage,
is the termination of a marriage or
marital union, the canceling or
recognizing legal duties and
responsibilities of marriage thus
dissolving
1• political Dynasty - Is a family in
which several members are Involved in
politics particularly electional politics
Members may be related by blood or
marriage often several generations or
multiple siblings may be involved
2incest - sexual activity between family
members close or relative This typicaly
incudes sexual activit between peopie in
a consanguineous relationship (blood
related ) and sometimes those related
by affinity . Monarchy
A belief system is a set of beliefs
regarding what is true and false, what is
good and bad, what is acceptable and
unacceptable in a society.
Religion - comes from the Latin word
"re" which means "again" and "ligare"
which means "to connect"
- religion means to reconnect
According to Emile Durkheim, "religion
answers all the unanswered questions
of human existence
Animism
The Latin word "Anima" means "soul" or
"spirit". • The doctrine that every natural
thing in the universe has a soul
For nature to be kind to them, our
human ancestors performed sacrifices
and rituals to ensure the good favor of
the gods
Our ancestors usually had a hierarchy
or a pantheon of gods and goddesses.
Ancient Egypt - Ra or Reu
Ancient Greece - Zeusu s
Early Philippines-Bathala
While animism is often attributed to
primitive societies, the truth is that many
animistic practices still survive today.u
sent
Polytheism
Rooted from the word "poly" which
means "many", and "theism" which
means "god".
Belief in more than one deity which is
characterized by the worship of many
deities
Hinduism is considered as the world's
oldest religion still being practiced today.
(Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)
Ganesh (Ganapati) - one of the Hindu
gods- an elephant-headed god. He is
considered as god of wisdom and
learning, as well as remover of
obstacles, and consequently the sign of
auspiciousness.
Monotheism • Belief in one god, which
is accountable for all the things
happening in the world including the
world's creation and existence.
SIX MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS TORAH
1.CHRISTIANITY -holytrinity 1 GOD 1genesis,
3 PERSONA (god -old, son-new, holy 2exodus,
spirit-present) 3Leviticus,
JESUS-is carpenter 30 to 33 4numbers
Founder: Jesus of Nazareth( 66 books) 5deuteronomy
Followers: 2.3 billion
6. BUDDHISM
Basic beliefs: There is one God, and
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama, the
Jesus is the only Son of God. He was
crucified but was resurrected. Followers Buddha
reach salvation by following the teaching Followers: 4 million Basic beliefs:
of Jesus. People reach enlightenment, or wisdom
by following the eightfold path and
2.ISLAM understanding the Four Noble Truths.
Founder: Prophet Muhammad
Followers: 1.6 billion
Basic beliefs: There is one God.
Followers must follow the Five Pillars of ANCIENT TAGALOG DEITIES IN
Islam to achieve salvation PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY

ALLAH-god 1. Bathala - the supreme god of being;

creator of man and earth and addressed
SHAHADA -faith , SALAH- prayer, sometimes as Bathalang Maykapal
SAWN- fasting ,ZAKAT -almsgiving
HAJJ-pilgrimage 2. Amanikable - originally worshipped
as god of hunters.
3. HINDUISM Founder: Unknown
Followers: 860 million Basic beliefs: 3. Idiyanale - The goddess of labor and
Souls continue to be reborn. The cycle good deeds.
of rebirth ends only when the soul 4. Dimangan - The god of good harvest.
achieves enlightenment or freedom from 5. Lakapati - The goddess of fertility
earthly desires. and the most understanding and kind of
4. SIKHISM all deities.
Founder: Guru Nanak 6.Mapulon- the god is season
Followers: 25 million
Basic beliefs: There is one God. Souls Separation of Church and State - 1987
are reborn. The goal is to achieve union Philippine Constitution Article III Section
with God, which a person does by acting 6 states, "The separation of Church and
selflessly, meditating, and helping state shall be inviolable.".
others.
5. JUDAISM
Founder: Abraham
Followers: 15 million
Basic beliefs: There is one God. People
serve God by living according to his
teachings. God handed down the 10
commandments to guide human
behavior.