FSSC TEE TEE EEL ESSELTE EI ILE. [ Apsigo ment 3 Goyn plu Mans fote. Probl 1. Define an almoat complex manifold cite example and also oltfine an almost Hesmite mantfotd. Salution: Definttion : Leb Va» N=2m be an even climensional differential manifold of class m and Ut there Sakshying® tensor field f of type Ci) whee F?4 In =0 © PrI)x=0 vy xexcm & PX+ Inx <0 S FFX) +X =0 = Fx + xX =a & X¥ 4x =o for anbutvary vector field X and X= Fx ten Vn 18 called “an almost Compdex manifeld and {F} is aid £0 be almost complex tvuctuve of Vn Example + Nijerhuss tensor, Almpat Remuite manifold ete. Hermite Metaic: A metaic Aakis tying RY) =glPrry = yoy is called a Hermite Metric. Aimost Hermite Manifold. An almast compix manifold witk an almaat complex atyucture fF and Hermite metric g Ss Caled and almoxt almost Hemmite manifold. {Fg} 48 Called ane almost fermite structure.ETI pa atc ee Se | | | | Thus ir an almost ‘emit rasp 5 wus Rae — MX EX 20 > Pa ed geoy = qo) j Where X= Fx and (xy) ane anbitvany veckor field F is tensor of type (4) and q: ig a metsio | tensor of type (03) Probtun2: i thot the almost complex manifold {Ft 48 not Unique Solution: Let us define , Weep _ @ Where mw £8 non Biagutar Lensov of aye Gy and {Ft 8 an atmbat complex Abnictune Post rucLtipsying by Fi in eq @, ue fave. (ULF) Pi = (FLU! => urs (ue) = P(e = Pe > wer = Po = ups - > (FU+ Into > FP 4In =0 Since 140 he Fis another almost comptex atiuctun > {fF} is nat unique te The almost complex mancfot {F} is not nian ea a eK KKK he hehow Mat 161 atmost permite Labractuxe {hg} fe nat uncque Loh | Solutions bet uy ctafine, | Q Gow = 9 (tee tty) ——@ Rope Mel gag Where ou da non dingular Lensos of type (1/1) | | ant (Peg) 48 atmast chermite Ateuctioe | Now ute faut to Show Wal (Fg!) ts atro | Homite Atywetue. } &, De A =| | J CP ey © gtaeroe ary | ®t (die. ay) {? is Hermite i. 4 (ux 5 Ley) metaic} (xy ‘ iA calmasl rlermite structure > {f at 4A The almost Reamite dtuct ure {hy} 4s net | [ | unty uwy @ vector field. V is both cenbravani- Ql almost anaby ti id al ic an covarient MOL nabutic then, “t ATF (XY, V) = 2 (De) (Y) Since Vv is contyavardent almost analytic vector thus we awe i | | (IVP Coy (Be) ) -Oxv)(V) 20 —@ MS given thal Vv ie alsa covasuient almost Analytic vectoy thus we Rave. VLC AY~ (Dy FON T - Og WO t (BM ( =0 (Dy'F)(¥0 ~ (Dev) (V+ OxW) (Y) =0 —@O Adding @34 » we find that (Dy'P bows (Dy OLX) ~ 2 (Dew) ly) =0 (Dv'F) GOW + Oy OK) = 21B-W IY) 3 [alk Woy) = 2 (Dev) Problem 5+ The menage and duffiaent condition that Vn be an complex mancfotd 4s tat Lt containd a ent §— bundle Thm of clim m and a tangent bundle Flin Conjugate to | | Tim: Such that Th Nm = 9. \ | And tay PAN Th fim + fogether @ Femgent | bundle of obim ti + prgjeclion of Tn ane Thin being Land ™M defined dt = In- AF aM = In +iF ernest HSeneanaeaneaenaeannanemeaeaeaenaneanenmnnn ed we sw oe ew oeSolution + Neceasoie conc ion) Let Vn be an’ atmost complex manifold iit Stouctwe {F} hose eigen vals ae ti. het Pes (x=1,2,3,-.7m) “are etgen vector cove Spending to eigen value ti and Ox = 17)3--m Oe mM Kneas jndependerit Eigen vectora conpugate fo fx any to eigen value -1 then 05R:20 = atop vex a b*Gr =0 3 Bo ve Now , 2b CPx dy =0 then XR 4 & 20 @ Sine Fh = tf 8. FAx -- 10x then i (Che dx) 0 = ft0 3 CP, -dQx=9 —@) from eq? £ ep @ Rao A d'Ox=0 > f20 > d*=0 Peco 4 Ax =O Me dine Crt dOx=0 2 cteo £ do i ndupencent- 1 Since / Therefore > {hc LO&t an LT dete further we must Pow Lfe=l and LOx=0 £ Mh 0 £ MAx=Q| | | Because Al Px ~ (Lab PDP > Be LF Pa = Pet Pe = Pe aL Pe =aPx = LPx= fx and any Thus ue Rawr proved thal ere gs a tangent bands: Am of dim my uch Ba Tn A Fim eo 4pan union foveter a tangent eof dim am + Protection In, a being Land mM. ) N Tm and Thm Suppose thal here ig a Earyent bundle TI Of dim m and a tangent burdle fim Compix conjugate 0 Tim Buck tal Tm 0) fim=o and Hay spare Rojether Lineas manifold of dim gms Let Pe and Qx Ccompux conjugate of x) be m dines independent, vector Thin and Thm sagpectively hel {Pe Ox} span o Lineat manifeld of dim om therefore {frdxp iB a hinen indepenclent set + kel {phigh} be dinvewse set of {fa Bxt hen In = Pot ¥@Gr- the equation qe Pr(Py = by = FO) Pray = 4h) =0 Let us dafine Fi {Por- Vee} pepe = df { Pan-Voat{ Por -¥o at \ | \ | \ | 2eaeanaeenneooP OPP PeeeeeCteteteeneaex ee CKa®SSCS CEEEEEEEELLES EEE ITEC LEL AT ALTE EE oe as ee! ee Wf ter dohving ute qe Pit iIn =0 hus the = manifoll adm: oy we shoutd aay an almost complex 4g an almost complex maniford’ Alsucture« Phobtum 6% Show that, @ Ger i) MM gd LM=ML 0 (ivy FLeLP= dL W FM=MP=-im — where manifold 28 obmoal complex man fold. Solutions) Since we know that, ale In-if on aquanirg both side We finds Hatt 4s Tp 4 ap - ai Fln 3 4b = In -aiPln ~ FP > WU = In- aFintto = 40 = §n-aiFIn Sav = a (toatl) a => 4re4e Ud also, us know Hot aM = Tot dF on aqusting > we ‘hed 3 4m = Ina pet oi Flo 34M In-f + oiF > 4m Int Int aif > = JIn 4aiF => 4IP= g (Int tA)qi Since we know +hat dl+ In-if — O ° ~@ one adding both, uu fave aM: Intaf 9(LtM) = alo L4M =In pose - multiple with L both dide , ue gt em ae (¥ Bey ML =o pre muti ply with L both Aide rte get UFTLMeL te e-U LM=o0 dW since LM=0 > @lM=0 3 L(IntiF) =0 Satie 0 ea 3 Lele pst Nuiplyéng by F — a ee BE fe oe te) 3 up tLIn | + Bram 092 Otte get pa aie | Phe murtiptying F we qe “a @e @eeeoeeem eee Pee Peewee n anew nnn ntesESS EEEELETT TTY YY IY: i 1 1 | Fe “EPL Ft * 4itoe Poe ae & (EET W Since Miro M (La- iP) =o MIn-imMP =o. —— @ M=£FM Propet Fy ue Row FMe iPM FM = -im A post Pusthipeing in eqg7r@ me = Tem mp =-im => [mMe=F Problum7t Prove tat Hu plone Tlm spanned by > the plane fim panned oy Ox ae He nul plane Jo an almost Hwuunite Manifeld. Procf t Let Vn be an almost Hermite manifold Witt Ateuckwe whose etgen values OL tL: bet Par (Xe N24 =~ M) Ode et gen veetor comreapenciog te eigen volue alo and Oxy (team) an m eigen vectors cont to fe corredpording to eigen valu, J, al A (Pe Be) « (Fe Pi) =~ 9 (Pe fa) =0J (8 Od © F(GrBI > f (Ox Gx) =0 d Thus 4s show that plane Th» spanned by Py And plane Tip Apanned by Ox de nutt Plane in an almost -Rermite mani fold + Problem + Write sort note on contravanent and covarient almost Analy tic Vector. Satution_? Coranent lees Sng hCG ' A 1- form D ib Said 9 be cavanient almost analytic vector if gt Aatisty the Conciition | QLOPO) ~ (DyF) 09] = Or w) ty) - (Dyw)() —@ | Where © 48 a symmetric connection in Vo \ and OF 8 covanent derivative of F wrte x. DxV¥ = Dx (FY) \ DV = (De FW 4 FDxy (Dy DW) = OYI~ BY-ov *'Y ex eee Cre) ye oe \ wing @L@ in@ we Rave | a = (De )(Y)- Oyo) (¥) \ oo Dyr) = (De | wo [0x¥ - bv - - ttt tem ww wwe eee eteecewoeoeraaet KKth +47 ABBAS an almost complet | cevavient atmost 4 Te duo (® Ef @ 4- for an compiuc a | cevament — atwat wo 1S If a almast analytic 3 is ald ¢ contravanient te. Ly F00 =8= ($F ene % Ruble 9 > Write the Ristory and apphicayion of Nijenfuis — tensoy. Solution a ebbing, ¢ bert Nijentuis (November Watch — Dutce American Speciatization in 1.1926 - Febsusayy 13.015) Mathematician whose Differentiat geometry and the % deformatfon jn re ard geometry Qnd “Latter worked in contbinatorics - Vlbext Nejenfuis is Known fos Natural bundles , Nijenfiuis tensox , Nigenbuts- Rickardson bhackel , Frabicher - Nijen bracket, « ' He dg qusanded GruggenBeim Fettowekip in 196s. The Aererat definition of NeijenRuws tensor 45 given a below - NOON) = DEY] + Oev- Gai - BaF = DEY] - bey) - OW) - Ber] Kato Nee = — Nery) = - NOW =— TwR) NOM = NORA = NCKY = NOW) The NijenRuis tensor fg yey fruitful geometrical quantity » Since ab entirety Ande pendent of affine connection » This dersor may be established in clifferentiot manifeld M of abi trey clanension d. “OLmeaecooaoaoa@eeeaeeagaeaeeeeeaaneee SECT EE EULU EEL ha gaat sersov fos > uth: been eonuiderel irr physics in eae different ee an the Aled Of yer the vanishing Nigerkurs Fox aay Froculatge the fast & wat considered this contexts fateysal models 6 In : i i the dy NYeokuis Lenses yettals interestin prope fy manifolds — with wal dymptectic Struc are: One of thts properties ig the emergence é gies in e n of a number of consewed quant frat are necessary for He compte fitepralion. certain cee cae ot Jn the context of complex manifolds» Rowever the vanishing of Niforbaus stensor £8 sutated £° existerce of ~ integrable almost comp Abs utine + demand tat Some — formulas of dbing the fle internat dix extra. dimension cbrvespond fea complax — mant fold:Ps “bli 40+ Witte dinan He app.écation of dhifferential Manifold in Re seach. Satution A : ip @ differentia manifold is & type Wold that is focally Aimitar enough £0 OQ Vectoy Space to q allow “to Apply Cadculus mantfald can be duscribed ty the a“ Cotlection HY ekepsente Chant (AUlas)s One may me apply idea from Calculus while woski i Ha’ indivisuals Rants whick the usual Cakeubies apply « Tf tle chants an 4uifably Compatible +h, computation dane One chakt Qu vatid in any other differentiable CRaxt In format terms, Differential manifald are Vay impostant in seseack which te us connect in icS- Special Kinds of ctiffeventiabte Manifolds form + beats fom peysi cal Reories Such a classical = MecRante » genet teow of Sulativily and Young. - Sikls Reoay« A differential manifold 8 a Hawschotf and Setond Countable fopo tagicat apace M4. Segether ont a Maximal differentiable — atitas on Mm. OAL oe equ valent te the (Jererat eutetance of bump -funcion anc partition of curs The main cove of Comphex mantfold fn hesearee ane s- bundle » whick 18 tangent bunds . cokangent bundle » fersor bundle , Frame bundle ete. eeseee one see eeePeTeTeteteeesteeanaetcecaco =