A) What is the acronym that represent the 4 tissue types?

B)What are the 4 main tissue types?

C) If you were given a microscope slide with a slice of tissue

on it, what features would allow you to classify the tissue
into one of the 4 tissue types?
The big
picture:

Biol189 course
summarized
The big picture
Mapping Out Chapter 23
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.1 Learning Outcomes

✓ Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology

✓ Describe the organizational hierarchy of the animal body

✓ Describe how specialized cells can be formed

 A Quick Reminder from Chapter 1
1.1 How do we define life?
23.1 Animals ranging from annelids to vertebrates have organs that:
1. sense the environment Achieved by
multiple types of
2. acquire food specialized,
3. exchange gases interacting cells
forming tissues.
4. eliminate waste Tissues form
organs.
5. protect themselves from injury and disease Organs interact
6. reproduce to produce a
body process.

7
23.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies
Anatomy: The study of the STRUCTURE and FORM of animal bodies
Physiology: The study of the FUNCTION of body parts
23.1 (NOT IN TEXT)
How do we eventually get to specialized tissues: start with the zygote
23.1 (NOT IN TEXT)
How do we eventually get to specialized tissue: zygote reproduces
into different types of specialized cells

Zygote
23.1 (NOT IN TEXT)
How do we eventually get to tissue: zygote reproduces into different
types of specialized cells by differential gene expression

RNA polymerase is an
enzyme that facilitates
transcription of DNA
into RNA

Translation of RNA
into protein occurs in
a part of the cell
known as the
ribosome
23.1 (NOT IN TEXT)
How do we eventually get to tissue: zygote reproduces into different
types of specialized cells
• Specialized cells only transcribe/translate the genes they need
• Heart cells use the “heart cell” genes AND brain cells use only the “brain cell” genes
• But ALL genes are in the same genome

Brain cell Heart cell

 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.2 Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the four broad categories of tissue types

✓ Describe the types and functions of epithelial tissues

✓ Describe how epithelial tissues are classified

✓ Describe how cancer can be categorized

23.2 There are FOUR broad categories of Tissue types (Con-MEN)

• Cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix

– Can be fluid (example: blood), semi-solid (loose connective tissue),
solid (bone tissue)
– Interstitial fluid: liquid portion of extracellular matrix that contains
water, gases, nutrients, and cellular waste
– Often contains protein fibers such as collagen and elastin
23.2 An example of an organ containing all four tissues
A) What is the acronym that represent the 4 tissue types?

B)What are the 4 main tissue types?

 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.2B Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the types and functions of epithelial tissues

23.2 Epithelial tissues cover surfaces and act as a borders

Simple Simple Simple Stratified

squamous cuboidal columnar squamous

Draw
sketch

Describe

Function

location
23.2 Epithelial cells are classified by shape and number of cell layers

SHAPE NUMBER OF LAYERS

23.2 90% of human cancers arise in epithelial tissues

Cancer categories:
• Carcinoma: originate in
epithelial tissues

• Melanoma: specifically
originates in melanocytes in
epithelial tissue

• Sarcoma: originate in
connective tissue

• Lymphoma: originate in lymph

system (connective tissue)

• Leukemia: originate in blood

(connective tissue)
A) What is the acronym that represent the 4 tissue types?

B)What are the 4 main tissue types?

C) If you were given a microscope slide with a slice of

epithelial tissue on it, how would you distinguish stratified
epithelial from simple epithelium?
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.2B Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the types and functions of connective tissues

23.2 Most Connective tissues bind other tissues together
A
B
B
B
C
C
C

Examine the
figure to
determine
why this is a
good
memory tool
for
Connective
tissue
23.2 Most Connective tissues bind other tissues together

A Adipose Bone Blood Loose Dense cartilage

Con Con
B Describe
B Function
B location
C
C
C
23.2 Example of the 6 types of Connective tissue
A
B
B
C
C
C
23.2 Example of the 6 types of Connective tissue
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.2C Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the types and functions of muscle tissues

 Let’s Practice

Bone is best described as Blank tissue.

A. cuboidal
B. striated
C. connective
D. myelinated
E. adipose
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.2D Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the types and functions of nervous tissue

23.2D Nervous tissue forms a rapid communication network

Nervous tissue uses electrical

signals to rapidly transmit
information within an animal’s
body.

Nervous tissue is composed of cells

called neurons, which form
communication networks, and
neuroglia, which support neurons.

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.3 Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe the functions of each organ system

✓ Describe how different organ systems interact

23.3 The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate communication

• The nervous system specializes

in rapid electrical
communication.

• The endocrine system

produces and secretes
hormones, which are used for
chemical communication.

o Hormones travel through

circulatory system;

-act slowly compared to

nerve impulses but
effects last longer
23.3 The skeletal and muscular systems support & move the body

• The skeletal system consists of

bones, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments.

• Each skeletal muscle is

attached to a bone, which is
moved as the muscle contacts.
23.3 The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems work
together to acquire energy
• The goal is ATP production.

• The digestive system breaks

down nutrients into chemical
components small enough to
enter the blood.

• The vessels in the circulatory

system carry blood
throughout the body,
providing nutrients (such as
glucose) and oxygen, and
removing wastes (carbon
dioxide)

• The respiratory system

delivers oxygen to the blood
and removes carbon dioxide
23.3 The urinary, integumentary, immune and lymphatic systems
work together to protect the body

• The goal is eliminate toxic

substances & infectious
microbes that harm the
body.
23.3 The reproductive system produces the next generation

• The reproductive system relies

on hormones from the nervous
and endocrine system to
produce gametes.

• Females carry the offspring in a

uterus which is made of
muscle, nervous tissue, and
epithelium. The uterus is able
to function only with help from
the circulatory and excretory
systems.
 Let’s Practice

If your kidneys failed to function what would you expect to

happen in your body?
A. You would not be able to remove nitrogenous waste from
your blood.
B. You would have many infections.
C. You would have trouble getting excess CO2 out of your
body.
D. You would not be able to produce hormones when they
are needed.
 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.4 Learning Outcomes

✓ Describe how organ system interactions promote

homeostasis

✓ Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback

23.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis

• Organ systems work

together to maintain the
composition of fluids
surrounding the body’s
cells.
• For example, the
circulatory system
exchanges substances
with other organ
systems to regulate
constant glucose, salt,
and pH levels in the
blood.
23.4 An example of a control center: the hypothalamus

• Coordinates homeostasis in
multiple organ systems
• Examples include:
– Stimulates faster breathing
when O2 is low
– Regulates
release/conservation of body
heat
– Raises/lowers blood pressure
by controlling cardiac muscle
contractions
– Responds to body’s salt
concentration changes by
signaling to kidneys
23.4 Negative feedback loops- these maintain homeostasis
23.4 Positive feedback loops-do not maintain homeostasis

• Much less common than

negative feedback loop.
• Body responds to change
by
accelerating/amplifying/pe
rpetuating it
• Examples: blood clotting
(shown here) and
childbirth
• Other controls cutoff the
loop, restoring equilibrium

Show videos from 23.4 in text

 Chapter 23: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Section 23.5 Learning Outcomes

✓ Compare and contrast endotherms and exotherms

23.5 Animals regulate body temperature

Thermoregulation is the
control of body temperature:
– Endotherm (ex: bird):
generates body heat and
regulates its temperature
internally
– Ectotherm (ex: snake):
relies on external
conditions to
thermoregulate and
alters its behavior in
response to environment
23.5 Extreme temperatures alter biological molecules

Some form of
thermoregulation is necessary:
• Need to maintain protein
and membrane structure
• Temperatures can effect
enzyme function; resulting
in key chemical reactions
proceeding too slowly or not
at all
23.5 Endotherms use negative feedback for thermoregulation

Disadvantages of
endothermy:
• Requires larger amounts
of energy
• Risk of overheating
• Loss of bodily fluids
1. Differentiate between how an ectotherm and an endotherm maintain homeostatic
body temperature.
2. Why would a person who exercises a lot have a high mass of skeletal muscle tissue AND
a high mass of myelinates neurons?
3. If this image represented temperature control in an animal, where would the
hypothalamus act?
4. Using the energy in our food to make
ATP is ~40% efficient. Much of the
energy is actually transformed into
heat. Where is the image is
represented by ATP production during
exercise?
5. Where in the image is increased
sweating?