Year 11 GCSE Geography

Ecosystems

TROPICAL
RAINFORESTS
STUDENT WORKBOOK
Name ________________________
Class ________________________

“Forests are the worlds air-conditioning, the lungs of

the planet and we are on the verge of switching it
off.”
HRH Prince Charles
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 CONTENTS PAGE

1: Environmental characteristics of a tropical

rainforest. Page 3
2: Causes of deforestation of tropical rainforests
in Malaysia. Page 10
3: Impacts of deforestation in Malaysia. Page 16
4: Managing tropical rainforests. Page 20
5: Sustainable management of tropical
rainforests. Page 24
6: Checklist of your knowledge. Page 31

The layers of the rainforest

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Characteristics of a Tropical Rainforest
LO: To explore the distinctive environmental characteristics
of tropical rainforests.
DO IT NOW: Use the key information on page 58 to write your own
introduction on tropical rainforests
TIP: Refer to their locations, use biomes map to help.

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Figure 1 Distribution of Worlds Biomes

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ACTIVATE: Read this section about the characteristics of tropical
rainforests such as climate, vegetation, soils, animals and people.
As the tropical rainforests occur on
or close to the equator, the climate
is typically warm and wet all year
round and there are no definite
seasons. Near the equator, the sun
is overhead all year round; this
means that the temperature is very
hot and averages about 27°C
throughout the year. Rainfall is very
high, generally over 2000mm per Figure 2 Climate Data for Manaus,
Brazil
year. It rains every day, mainly in
the afternoon. This is because the global atmospheric circulation
causes an area of low pressure to form at the equator. The air rises
as it is warm, this cause cooling and condensation forming clouds
and triggering heavy rain. This supply of water feeds the rivers such
as the Amazon in Brazil and the Congo in Central Africa.
Tropical Rainforests are well known for
their rich vegetation cover, particularly
the very tall trees (between 30 and 45
metres in height). Most trees are
evergreen meaning they don’t drop their
leaves in any particular season. Fast
growing trees such as Kapok out compete
other trees to reach sunlight, such trees
are called emergents. Many leaves have
flexible bases so that they can turn to
face the sun, they also have ‘drip tips’ to
allow heavy rain to drip off the leaf. Trees
have thin, smooth bark to allow water to
flow down
Figure easily.
3 Layers Buttresses are massive
of the Rainforest
ridges that help support the bases of tall trees and help transport
water. They may also help oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange by
increasing the surface area. Lianas are woody creepers rooted to the

4
ground but carried by trees into the canopy where they have their
leaves and flowers. The vegetation is very dense (closely compacted),
very little light reaches the forest floor. There are lots of epiphytes
(plants that grow on other living plants and take nutrients and
moisture (water vapour) and sunlight rather than soil) for example
orchids and ferns.
The soils in a tropical rainforest are mainly
thin and poor, they are not very fertile as
heavy rain washes the nutrients away (this
is called leaching). Leaching leaves behind
an infertile red iron-rich soil called latosol.
There are some nutrientsFigurefound
4 LatosolatSoil
the
surface due to decomposing dead leaves,
this layer is very thin as decay is fast in warm, moist conditions.
Many trees and plants have short roots to absorb these nutrients.
Fungi growing on the roots transfer nutrients straight from the air
(this is a good example of nutrient cycling, see figure 5).

Figure 5 Nutrient Cycle

Rainforests are believed to contain

more animal species than any other
ecosystem. Some examples of
animals found in the tropical
rainforests are tree frogs, sloths,
anacondas, jaguars and gorillas.
There are also many species of
Figure 6 Animals in the Rainforest
insects and birds, many are brightly
coloured and make a lot of noise.
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Birds live in the canopy (branches) feeding on nectar from the
flowers. Mammals such as monkeys and sloths are well adapted to
living in the trees. Animals like deer and rodents live on the forest
floor.
The rainforests are home to many native
people (indigenous tribes), who have
adapted to life there over the
generations and live as part of and in
harmony with the environment. They
earn money by hunting and fishing, Figure 7 Indigenous Tribes in the
gathering nuts and berries and Amazon

growing vegetables in small garden plots.

Research
Using this information and diagram C on p 59 of the scan, select
three species of plants or trees and describe how each has special
adaptations so it can thrive in this environment.
Species Annotated diagram Adaptation

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DEMONSTRATE: Using figure 2, draw a climate graph for Manaus,
Brazil showing temperature and rainfall.
TIP: Rainfall blue bars; temperature data plots and then join with
a red line. Shade the gap between the average minimum and
maximum temperature lines. This is the temperature range.

Using your graph, analyse the climate of Manaus, Brazil.

TIP: State data relating to the temperature and any changes,
explain why the temperature is high. State data on the rainfall and
any distinct wet season, explain why the rainfall is high (Use
information above and on page 58 in the book scan to assist you).
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Explain how the climate affects the characteristics of soils that form in tropical
rainforests (2).
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word mean?
What is it asking you to do?
Think about the new knowledge you learnt above and on page 5 about soils
and ensure that you develop your points. Think about what happens to the
soil when the climate is very hot and what happens to the soil with heavy
rainfall.

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Explain why Figure 5 is an example of nature’s recycling system. (4)
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PEER ASSESSMENT: (Use red pen to complete.)

PROGRESS TASK – Peer Assess
WWW:
EBI:
MRI:
Teacher comment:

Met/Not met

CHALLENGE – Research one bird, one mammal, one reptile and one insect that
lives in the rainforest. Where does it live in the rainforest? Why does it live
there? How is it adapted to living in the rainforest? Present this on a separate
A4 sheet

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Describe and explain the main plant adaptations in a tropical
rainforest (6).
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What do the command words
mean? What are they asking you to do?
Once you have described the adaptation, make sure you explain why
this adaptation has happened. Aim to include at least 3 adaptations
with full explanations.
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Describe one characteristic of the leaves of plants in the rainforest. (1)
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Describe one characteristic of the trunks of some trees in the rainforest. (1)
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SELF ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.

PROGRESS TASK – Self Assessment
WWW:
EBI:

MRI:

Teacher comment:
Met/Not met
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 Causes of deforestation of Tropical
Rainforests in Malaysia
LO: To explore the reasons why deforestation is occurring.
DO IT NOW: Study Figure 14, a bar chart to show tropical
deforestation rates between 2000 and 2005. Describe the countries
that have the highest and lowest deforested area between 2000 and
2005.
TIP: Remember to use the structure you have practised for describing
graphs. (Overall statement, use of specific data to show you understand the
axes, any anomalies….) Use data such as place names and average area
deforested per year.

Figure 8 Deforestation Rates

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Define deforestation.
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DO IT NOW: What do you already know about tropical rainforests?

Fill in the box below with a mind map. Use the typical structure.
TIP: Think right back to the first pages. If you get really stuck, use
the contents page and see if the titles trigger any memories.

ACTIVATE: This section will introduce you to how people exploit the
rainforests resources and the activities that cause deforestation in
Malaysia. Use p 60 and 61 to help you fill in the gaps
FACT FILE
Malaysia is located in ____________ ______________ __________.
It is made up of ______________________ _______________ and
___________________ ___________________, which is part of the
island of ______________.
The natural vegetation in Malaysia is ________________________
_____________________________.
______% of Malaysia’s land is covered by ____________________.

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DO IT NOW: Using the information on p61 of the scan, mind map
the causes of deforestation in Malaysia. (Optional write in ‘landscape’.)

CONSOLIDATE: classify (colour code) the causes/threats into

Social Economic Environmental
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REVIEW: Write 5 key words in the fingers of the hand. Summarise
one of the key points to remember in the palm of the hand.

DEMONSTRATE: Study page 61, describe the importance of different

causes of deforestation.
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word
mean? What is it asking you to do?
Use data in your answer.
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Explain why different people have conflicting views on energy
development in Malaysia.
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What do the command words
mean? What are they asking you to do? What does ‘conflicting
views’ mean? Read page 61 again if you are struggling.
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CHALLENGE – RESEARCH commercial palm oil farming in Malaysia. What is
palm oil used for? How is the rainforest cleared to make way for this type of
farming? What damage is done to natural habitats and the natural
environment?
Present this on a separate A4 sheet

Palm Oil Plantations in Malaysia

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Photo C on p 61 shows road construction and logging in Sarawak,
East Malaysia.
Evaluate two possible environmental impacts of developments like
this (4).
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word
mean? What is it asking you to do?
Once you have identified the environmental impacts do not forget to
evaluate them. Remember to make a judgement.
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Outline one possible environmental impact of deforestation. (2)
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SELF ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.

PROGRESS TASK – Self Assessment
WWW:

EBI:

MRI:

Teacher comment:

Met/Not met

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Impacts of deforestation in Malaysia.
LO: To explore a case study of a tropical rainforest to
illustrate the impacts of deforestation.
DO IT NOW: Study Figure 9, a photograph of a mine in the Malaysian
rainforest, identify two environmental impacts of building mines in
rainforests.
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word
mean? What is it asking you to do?
Look carefully at the image and THINK!

Figure 9 Mine in Malaysian rainforest

Impact 1: …………………………………………………………………………………………
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Impact 2: …………………………………………………………………………………………
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ACTIVATE: This section will cover the impacts of deforestation in Malaysia.
Read pages 62 and 63 of the scan.
TIP: Highlight key points/facts in the text as you read through – words or
phrases – not whole sentences or paragraphs.
DEMONSTRATE: Make a list of the short-term economic gains and the long-
term economic losses of deforestation in Brazil.
TIP: Read page 63.

Short-term economic gains Long-term economic losses

Explain the physical geography impacts of deforestation in Malaysia. Include 3

impacts.
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word mean?
What is it asking you to do?
Think about including examples to support your explanations

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Annotate the photograph below, Figure 10, describing and
explaining the impacts of deforestation in Malaysia
TIP: draw straight line pencil arrows to the part of the image you
are describing; do not let the arrows cross; write your
description/explanation clearly on the white page, not on the photo
itself.

Figure 10 Deforestation in the rainforest

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For a tropical rainforest that you have studied, assess the extent to
which deforestation benefits the people who live there (9 + 3 SPaG)
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word mean?
What is it asking you to do?
Your answer must name an example of a tropical rainforest. Make sure that
your spelling, punctuation and grammar is consistently correct, that your
meaning is clear and points are developed with ‘this means that’ or ‘therefore’
Make sure you use a range of geographical terms correctly. Think about three
causes of deforestation. Why is it needed and what are the benefits of that
change for people. Include a clear conclusion.

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SELF ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.
PROGRESS TASK – Peer Assessment
WWW:
EBI:
MRI:

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 Managing Tropical Rainforests
LO: To explore rates of deforestation and why rainforests
need to be protected.

DO IT NOW: Outline one positive economic impact of deforestation.

TIP: Think about how deforestation is used to make money.
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Outline one negative social impact of deforestation.

TIP: Think about how people have been badly affected because of
deforestation. Think about how people depended on the tropical
rainforest. (‘slash and burn’!)
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ACTIVATE: Read p 64 what are rates of deforestation.

TIP: Mind map key points on the graph, Figure 11, below.

Figure 11 Deforestation Rates

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DEMONSTRATE: Using graph B p 64 on the scan, describe the trend
in deforestation since 2005.
Why do you think the rate of deforestation has decreased recently?
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word
mean? What is it asking you to do?
Use data to support your answer. Manipulate the data to show
higher order skills
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Maths skills: Use the data in Maths Skills on p 64 to complete the pie
chart. Use a key.
TIP: Think about accuracy and presentation. Use a black and
white key to show the different segments, not different colours

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Annotate the image, Figure 12, below with reasons why tropical
rainforests should be protected.
TIP: Think carefully and annotate accurately using protocols
already identified for annotation.

Figure 12 Rainforest

CHALLENGE: Rank the reasons why tropical rainforests should be

protects by numbering you annotations from 1-7. Explain the reasons
behind your ranking.
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EXAMPLE: the Achuar people of the Peruvian Amazon.
Explain the conflict between the Achuar people and the potential
development of the rainforest they live in.
What would you do? Develop the rainforest or leave it? Why?
TIP: Discuss how the Achuar rely on the rainforest and why the
government might want to develop it. Justify your decision.
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PEER ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.
PROGRESS TASK – Peer Assessment
WWW:

EBI:

MRI:

DO IT NOW: Recall as much information, data and facts from the last sections
on tropical rainforests.
TIP: You may recall how much tree cover is being deforested, sizes of areas
cleared in relation to time, reasons for deforestation, benefits of the rainforest
for people and the environment, or impacts of deforestation.

ACTIVATE: In this final section you will find out about the different
strategies for managing rainforests sustainably.
Read p 66 and 67 too.
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 Sustainable management of the
Tropical Rainforest.
LO: To explore strategies used to manage the rainforest
sustainably.
If tropical rainforests are not protected, then they will soon become
lost forever. Sustainable management means using rainforest
resources in such a way that they are still available for the future. If
that does not happen, then the rainforests stock of renewable
resources will gradually become exhausted. Many products including
rubber, coffee, chocolate and medicines sourced from the rainforest
may become extinct, the chance to discover and develop new
medicines will reduce. It is important to protect the rainforest, to
protect its biodiversity; maintaining the high diversity of plants and
animals is valuable to both people and the environment. Further
large-scale deforestation has no place in any sustainable
management of the rainforest.
Most action to protect the tropical
rainforest are taken at three levels: local,
national and international. Some topics
such as conservation and education, crop
up in all three action levels. Other actions
tend to occur at only one of these levels.
Selective logging involves felling trees only
when they are fully grown. This is less
damaging to the forest than felling all trees
in an area. If only a few trees are taken
from each area then the overall forest
structure is kept, the canopy is still there Figure 13 Helicopter Logging in
Malaysia.
and the soil is still protected. This means
that the rainforest will be able to regenerate so it can be used in the
future. It involves a cycle lasting 30 to 40 years. The least damaging
forms are horse logging and helicopter logging which involves
removing felled trees out of the rainforest using horses or removing

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them with helicopters instead of huge trucks. This prevents further
areas being felled to build roads for transporting logs out of the
rainforest. Helicopter logging is used in the Malaysian state of
Sarawak (Figure 13).

Figure 14 Selective Management

Replanting is perhaps one of the most obvious methods of managing

rainforests sustainably. Seeds are collected from existing patches of
primary rainforest, grown into saplings in nurseries and then planted
back in the deforested areas. This means that there will be trees for
people to use in the future. It is important that the same types of
tree are planted that were cut down, so that the variety of trees is
kept for the future. In some countries, there are laws to make

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logging companies replant trees when they clear an area. In June
2015, Brazil promised to replant 12 million hectares of rainforest.
For the areas untouched by logging, ecotourism presents a type of
sustainable action. Ecotourism is tourism that minimises damage to
the environment and benefits the local people. Only a small number
of tourists are allowed in an area at a time. Environmental impacts
are minimised such as making sure waste and litter are disposed of
correctly to prevent land and water pollution. Ecotourism provides
an income for local people as they act as guides, provide
accommodation and transport. It can also raise awareness of
conservation issues and bring in more revenue for rainforest
conservation. If local people are involved in tourism, they do not
have to log or farm to make money, meaning fewer trees are felled.
If a countries economy relies on ecotourism, there is an incentive to
protect the environment. Ecotourism has been very successful in
Costa Rica (Central America). It is the largest source of revenue for
the country and has led to 21% of the country being protected from
development.
Many countries have set up national parks and nature reserves to
conserve areas within the rainforest. In these areas, damaging
activities such as logging are restricted. However, a lack of funds can
make it difficult to police the restrictions. As a result, some countries
have set up funds which overseas governments and businesses can
invest in. The countries get the money in exchange for conserving
the rainforest. This money can then be used to enforce restrictions
on damaging activities and to promote sustainable use of rainforests.
Norway has paid $1 billion into Brazil’s Amazon fund to be used for
conservation.
Another method of sustainable management of rainforests is to
educate the international community about the impacts of
deforestation. This can encourage people to buy products that are
certified from sustainably managed sources. Some local people do
not understand the environmental impacts of deforestation, local
people focus on making money in the short-term (illegal logging) to
overcome their own poverty. Educating local people about the
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impacts of deforestation and ways to reduce the impacts decrease
damage to the rainforest. In addition, educating local people about
alternative methods to make money that do not damage the
environment as much such as ecotourism, means that they are not
dependant on unsustainable options to make a living.
Hardwood is a general term for wood from certain type of trees such
as mahogany and teak which are dense and hard, these woods are
often used to manufacture furniture. High demand for hardwood
from consumers in richer countries are becoming rarer as people are
chopping them down and selling them. There are international
hardwood agreements in place to try to reduce illegal logging and
promote hardwood from sustainably managed rainforests. The
Forest Stewardship Council is an organisation made up of NGO (non-
governmental organisations) such as Greenpeace and individuals
worldwide. They mark sustainably sourced timber products with
their logo so that consumers can choose their products that are not
contributing to unsustainable deforestation.
Many tropical rainforests are in LICs (Low Income Countries) that
often borrow money from wealthier countries or organisations such
as the World Bank, to fund development schemes or cope with
emergencies like floods. The money must be paid back with interest
and so many countries with rainforests are in debt. Countries often
allow logging, farming and mining in rainforests to make money to
pay back the debt. Reducing debt means countries do not have to
conduct this activity and so can conserve the rainforest for the
future. Countries or organisations can cancel debt but there is no
guarantee that the money that would have been spent on
repayments will be spent on conservation instead. A better solution
is a conservation swap where part of a country’s debt is paid off in
exchange for a guarantee that the money is spent on conservation.
In 2008, the USA reduced Peru’s debt by $25 million in exchange for
rainforest conservation.
ACTIVATE: What can you do to make this information clear and useful?
Mind map? Bullet point? Highlight?

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DEMONSTRATE: Identify the six methods of sustainable management of tropical rainforests
and provide an example for each method.
TIP: Read pages 66 to 67. Each method is explained in detail and examples are found on
the pages.

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Describe and explain two benefits of international cooperation in sustainably
managing tropical rainforests (4).

TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word mean?
What is it asking you to do?
Give examples!

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Suggest how ecotourism can help in managing tropical rain forests sustainably.
(2)
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Suggest one way that international co-operation can help make tropical
rainforests more sustainable. (2)
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SELF ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.

PROGRESS TASK – Self Assessment
WWW:

EBI:

MRI:

Teacher comment:
Met/Not met
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To what extent is selective logging a more effective method of sustainable
development than reducing debt? (9)
TIP: DECONSTRUCT the question. What does the command word mean?
What is it asking you to do?
Use comparative language such as ‘however’ and ‘on the other hand’. Tell the
examiner what each method involves, give an example of where it is carried
out and criticise the method. Provide an overall conclusion on which method is
better / more effective and why.

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SELF ASSESSMENT: Use red pen to complete.
PROGRESS TASK – Self Assessment
WWW:

EBI:

MRI:

Teacher comment:
Met/Not met

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CONSOLIDATE: RAG your knowledge of tropical rainforests.
Key Concept/Idea  :I 
Physical characteristics of a tropical rainforest.
The interdependence of climate, water, soils, plants,
animals and people within a tropical rainforest.
How plants and animals adapt to the physical
environment.
Issues related to biodiversity.
Changing rates of deforestation.
A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate causes
of deforestation

 subsistence and commercial farming

 logging and road construction

 mineral extraction
 energy development
 population pressure
A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate
impacts of deforestation - Malaysia
 economic development
 soil erosion
 loss of biodiversity
 contribution to climate change.
Managing tropical rainforests
 changing rates of deforestation
 deforestation in Brazil
 why rainforests should be protected
 example The Achuar people
Strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably:
 selective logging and replanting
 conservation and education
 ecotourism
 international agreements
 debt reduction.

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