IM PO RTA N C E O F M A IN TA IN IN G

S TA B ILIT Y D U R IN G LO A D IN G
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
The students should be able to describe the
importance of maintaining stability during loading:
• Ships equipped with derricks or heavy lift
• Ships designed to carry deck cargoes
• Bulk Carriers includingVLOC
• Tankers includingVLCC
• RO RO passengers and RO RO
 SHIPS EQUIPPED
WITH DERRICKS OR
HEAV Y LIFT
 SHIPS EQUIPPED WITH DERRICKS OR HEAVY LIFT
• Unexpected circumstances, such
as a change of dis- charging berth,
a failure of shoreside equipment
or a strike, can result in the ship
being instructed at short notice to
work cargo with the ship's gear.
Failure of even one derrick or
crane will usually break the terms
of the ship's charterparty, and
result in loss of hire payments.
SHIPS EQUIPPED WITH DERRICKS OR HEAVY LIFT
• Cargo-handling equipment which
fails when in use can cause death,
serious injury or extensive damage
as a result of a falling weight. As a
consequence most flag States and
most port States have strict rules
about the design, construction,
testing, certification, marking,
maintenance and inspection of
cargo-handling equipment.
SHIPS EQUIPPED WITH DERRICKS OR HEAV Y LIFT
Importance of maintaining stability:
1.Effect to the Center of Gravity (G) of the ship
2.Laws of floatation
3. Effect of free surface of liquids on stability
4.Listing Moments
5.Stress and Bending
1. EFFECT TO THE CENTER OF GRAVITY (G) OF THE SHIP
 2. LAWS OF FLOATATION
• A box-shaped barge 16mx6mx5m is floating alongside a ship in fresh
water at a mean draft of 3.5m. The barge is to be lifted out of the water
and loaded on to the ship with a heavy-lift derrick. Find the load in tonnes
borne by the purchase when the draft of the barge has been reduced to 2
metres.
Mass of the barge = Original mass of water displaced
= Volume x density
= 16 x 6 x 3.5 x 1 tonnes
Mass of water displace at 2m draft = 16 x 6 x 2 x 1 tonnes
Therefore, Load borne by the purchase = 16 x 6 x 1 x (3.5 – 2)tonnes
Ans. = 144 tonnes
3. EFFECT OF FREE SURFACE OF LIQUIDS ON STABILITY
Any slack tanks should be
topped up to eliminate the
virtual rise of G due to free
surface effect. If there are any
weights which can be lowered
within the ship, they should be
lowered. For example,
derricks may be lowered if
any are topped; oil in deep
tanks may be transferred to
double bottom tanks, etc.
4. LISTING MOMENTS
• A ship of 9900 tonnes displacement has KM = 7.3 m, and
KG = 6.4 m. She has yet to load two 50 tonne lifts with
her own gear and the frst lift is to be placed on deck on
the inshore side (KG 9m and centre of gravity 6m out
from the centre line). When the derrick plumbs the quay
its head is 15m above the keel and 12m out from the
centre line. Calculate the maximum list during the
operation.
4. LISTING MOMENTS
4. LISTING MOMENTS
4. LISTING MOMENTS
4. LISTING MOMENTS
5. STRESS AND BENDING
• Concentrated local weights such as derricks,
machinery, masts, winches, etc are one of the
many statical forces present on ship.
• These forces cause bending in several planes
and local strains are set up due to
concentrated loads. The effects are
aggravated by structural discontinuities.
5. STRESS AND BENDING
SHIPS DESIGNED TO
CARRY DECK
CARGOES
SHIPS DESIGNED TO CARRY DECK CARGOES
Importance of maintaining stability:
1.Timber Stability
2.Loading in Dry Condition
3.Final KG
 1. TIMBER STABILITY
• Timber is a low-
density cargo which
fills the ship long
before she is loaded
to her marks.

• To increase the cargo lift, timber is usually carried on

deck; but, as the height of the deck cargo rises, so the
ship's positive stability is reduced
1. TIMBER STABILITY
• Obtaining the stowage factor of the cargo to use it
to calculate the tonnage of cargo which can be
accommodated in each hold when loading.
• If stability is still inadequate when all possible has
been done with ballast and bunkers, the tonnage of
deck cargo must be reduced. This is best done by
reducing the height of the deck cargo overall by
removing a layer of the planned deck cargo from the
top of the stow.
2. LOADING IN DRY CONDITION
• When considering the minimum stability accept- able for
the passage to the discharge port several factors should
be taken into consideration apart from the minimum
criteria stated in the vessel's stability book.
• Has the deck cargo been loaded in a dry condition? If so
an allowance must be made for water absorbed by the
deck cargo.
• Is the hold cargo very wet? If so allowance must be made
for loss of weight as water from the cargo seeps into the
bilges and is pumped out.
3. FINAL KG
3. FINAL KG
 BULK CARRIERS
INCLUDING VLOC
BULK CARRIERS INCLUDING VLOC
Importance of maintaining stability:
1. Effect of Center of Gravity
2.Loading in Dry Condition
3.Final KG
1. EFFECT OF CENTER OF GRAVITY
A hold is partly filled with a cargo of bulk grain. During the loading,
the ship takes a list and a quantity of grain shifts so that the surface
of the grain remains parallel to the waterline. Show the effect of this
on the ship's centre of gravity.
BULK CARRIERS INCLUDING VLOC
TA N K E R S I N C L U D I N G
VLCC
TANKERS INCLUDING VLCC
R O R O PA S S E N G E R S
AND RORO
RORO PASSENGERS AND RORO
THANK YOU!