MARCH 4, 2024

MECHANICS OF MACHINE-2
ASSIGNMENT NO: 02

SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD.WALEED

ROLL NO: 2K21-ME-13
SSUBMITTED TO: ENGR. UMER-BIN-NOOMAN
Gear Train:
A gear train is a collection of gear wheels that transmit motion from one shaft to another.
Ordinary gear trains consist of simple and compound gear trains. The epi-cyclic gear
trains, which allow relative motion between gear axes, are the other types of gear trains.
The gear trains are necessary when-

 A significant reduction in velocity or mechanical advantage is desired.

 The distance between two shafts is not excessively long but not short enough to allow for
the use of a single big gear.
 When a particular velocity ratio is desired

Types of Gear Trains:

The types of gear trains are as follows:

1. Simple Gear Trains:

A simple gear train consists of two or more gears that are meshed together to transmit
motion and power. The gears in a simple gear train are arranged in such a way that the
motion and power are transferred from one gear to the next. This type of gear train is
often used to achieve a specific speed or torque output by altering the size of the gears.

The gear train works based on the principle that the speed and torque of the gears are
inversely proportional to their sizes. This means that a smaller gear (with fewer teeth)
will rotate faster but with less force, while a larger gear (with more teeth) will rotate
slower but with greater force.

Components of a Simple Gear Train:

Driven Gear: It is an output gear in this assembly. It sits on an output shaft to transmit
power. Manufacturers always keep this at the end of the gear arrangement.

Driving Gear: It is a component that receives the motion or power in this arrangement.
This power transmits to the input gear from the input shaft on which this gear sits.

Idler Gear: These components are intermediate gears. Idler gears function in the process
of connecting gears located at larger distances. Additionally, they can change the
spinning of an output shaft. Depending on the shaft length, there might be more than one
gear.

Applications:
The applications of the simple gear train are as follows:
 Used in automobile gearboxes.
 Employed in heavy-duty presses and lathe machines.
 In various 'all-wheel-drive off-road vehicles', it serves as a differential when switching
between rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive.

2. Compound Gear Train:

Compound gear trains are an arrangement of gears that employ multiple gears on a single
shaft to achieve a greater gear ratio. They are used to transmit power over short central
distances and can involve several pairs of meshing gears. In a compound gear train,
numerous gears are connected together on the same shaft, called compound gears, to
achieve a larger gear ratio. This arrangement allows for a higher reduction in speed or
increase in torque. Compound gear trains have idler gears that help in reducing the distance
between the driver and driven gears. The gear ratio of a compound gear train is calculated
by multiplying all the individual gear ratios.

Components of a Compound Gear:

The following are the components used in the arrangement of the compound gear train:

Idler Gears: You will find idler gears in a compound train assembled to get a specific
rotational direction at the output shaft. Moreover, it helps to transmit power to a certain
center distance between the input and output shafts.

Output Gear: An output gear is where the power transmits when this component sits on
an output shaft.
 Input Gear: An input gear is a primary gear that gets power from an input shaft.
Compound Gear: Compound gear indicates using one or more components on the same
shaft and allowing them to spin in a similar direction.

Applications:

 Automotive transmissions, industrial machinery, and clock mechanisms, where precise

control of speed and torque is required.
 Inside machines such as center lathes and milling machines.

3. Reverted Gear Train:

The reverted gear train represents a specific category of gear trains, where the initial input
gear (located on the input shaft) and the ultimate output gear (positioned on the output
shaft) are co-axial, meaning they share the same axis of rotation. In simpler terms, the input
and output gears in a reverted gear train are aligned along a common line of rotation. This
distinctive characteristic makes the reverted gear train particularly well-suited for
applications where the input and output shafts must be co-axial, enabling seamless
transmission of rotational motion and torque between the two components.

Components of a Reverted Gear Train:

A reverted gear train consists of four double spur gears. Each has a gear ratio of 3:1.
 Applications:

 Lathe Machine Back Gear Mechanism: The lathe machine utilizes a reverted gear train
in its back gear mechanism to achieve significant speed reduction, allowing for precision
control during machining operations.
 Vertical Drill Machine Back Gear Mechanism: In vertical drill machines, the reverted
gear train serves as a back gear mechanism, providing two different speed ratios for
drilling at varying speeds.

4. Epicyclic Gear Train:

An epicyclic gear train, also known as a planetary gear system, is a type of gear
arrangement commonly used in various mechanical devices. It consists of a central gear,
called the sun gear, surrounded by multiple outer gears, known as planet gears, which are
held in place by a ring gear. The motion and torque are transmitted through the interaction
of these gears, resulting in versatile speed ratios and torque distribution. Epicyclic gear
trains are often employed in automotive transmissions, robotics, and industrial machinery.

Components of an Epicyclic Gear Train:

The following are the four components of this gear type:

Sun Gear: A sun gear is a middle component consisting of a fixed axis of rotation. These
planet pinions spin around the sun gear mesh with a lather. A shaft of this component serves
as a power transmission input from the engine.
 Ring Gear: Ring gear is the outermost component that shapes like a ring. Its inner section
includes teeth cut at an angle. It helps them to mesh with the outer teeth of planet gears.
Ring gears will provide faster speeds than other components when it is in speed.

Planet Gear: Planet gears spin around their axes, and sun gear engages between the sun
and ring gear. Pinion gears sit on planet gear. So, to transfer the necessary torque, these
components engage continuously with the ring and sun gear.

Planet Carrier: Axles are connected to the planet carrier that spins around the sun's gear
axis when planet gears start spinning around it. A planet carrier allows for regulating the
gear ratio of an epicyclic gear component.

Applications:

 They are used in robotic systems in robotic arms, grippers, and other mechanisms.
 Cranes, conveyors, and mixers employ these gear trains to provide torque multiplication
and speed reduction.
 Aircraft engines and Marine propulsion
 The gear trains can also be found in wristwatches.