history of architecture

History of Architecture
Arch. Kevin Espina
 Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES

What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

1. Memorization is necessary – you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
facts
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
2. Wide in Scope – from pre-historic to modern styles III: History & Theory of Architecture

3. Repetitive – questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History
of Architecture
4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score
5. The Children’s Atlas of World History

6. The World Atlas of Architecture

OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: DEFINITIONS

To try not to memorize… but to understand History of Architecture

• "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It
History is not a list of facts… it is a story that can be retold traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural
history of architecture

over and over styles which have prevailed lands and ages."

Historic Styles of Architecture

• "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of
design which prevails at a certain place and time.“

Six Influences of Architecture

• Geographical
• Geological
• Climatic
• Religious
• Social
• Historical

Four Great Constructive Principles

1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
 Introduction

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Pre-historic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Pre-historic
• Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe,
Asia
• Could not settle far north due to the cold climate
• From Siberia by foot into North America
• From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia

• Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food

gathering
• By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced
• Fertile soil and plentiful food
• Animal domestication for work, milk, wool
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES • People wanted to settle down, live in communities
EGYPTIAN • First villages in the Middle East, South America,
GREEK Central America, India and China
HISTORY
ROMAN • Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3
EARLY CHRISTIAN
million years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo
BYZANTINE
sapiens, homo sapiens sapiens
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on
FILIPINO other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and…
• The success of the human race was largely due to the architecture!
development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone
RELIGION
• No organized religion
 Pre-historic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES

MATERIALS
• Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Existing or excavated caves
• Megalithic, most evident in France, England and
Ireland

PRE-HISTORIC MENHIR
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • A single, large upright monolith

EGYPTIAN • Serves a religious purpose
GREEK • Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching
ROMAN several miles and consisting of thousands of stones
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE DECORATION
ROMANESQUE • Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
GOTHIC • Sculpture
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Carnac, France
 Pre-historic
DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
• Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large • Dominant tomb type
horizontal slab • Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber

CROMLECH
• Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the
ground in circular form

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC)
ROMANESQUE • Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic
GOTHIC monuments
RENAISSANCE • Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL ring with open end facing east
20TH C MODERN
• Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
ISLAMIC
200 km away
INDIAN • Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on
CHINESE & JAPANESE land with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people,
FILIPINO raised upright into pits, capped with lintels

Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space

• A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day
 Pre-historic
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
• Mostly had one room
• The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating,
sleeping, socializing

• In places where no industrial revolution has occurred

to transform building methods and increase population
density, houses show little difference from primitive
ones

Wigwam or Tepee
• conical tent with wooden poles as framework
• Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
EARLY CHRISTIAN Natural or Artificial Caves snow blocks built up spirally
BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Beehive Hut Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
 Near East

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian
Assyrian Empire • City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and
under King Ashurbanipal
Damascus
Persian Empire • 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
under King Darius I
empire
• 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi
• Instituted laws to keep order
• Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records
IA BA
on clay tablets
TOL CT
ANA RIA
ASHUR Assyrian
DAMASCUS
PERSIA • Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King
AGADE
ME BABYLON Ashurbanipal – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria,
SO UR
MEMPHIS PO
TA
PERSEPOLIS Palestine and Egypt
EGYPT M IA

THEBES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN • Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia”
BYZANTINE • Turned into city-states with populations of thousands Persian
ROMANESQUE • Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
GOTHIC • Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated • Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern
RENAISSANCE by a large temple Mediterranean, Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests • Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
20TH C MODERN • Fought and traded with each other the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army
• Sometimes would conquer each other and form an • Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
ISLAMIC
empire customs
INDIAN • Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts
FILIPINO of the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in
Anatolia
• Traded raw materials, carpets and spices

• Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece

 Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Each city-state worshipped their own god for
protection MATERIALS
• People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god • Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
• Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
• Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported

DECORATION
• Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
• Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
• Murals of decorative continuous stone

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
Fertile Crescent:
INDIAN • Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
CHINESE & JAPANESE water and soil
FILIPINO • Import materials like hardwood and metals

Also:
• Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
• Mountains and plateaux from west to east
 Near East
EXAMPLES PALACES
• Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
ZIGGURATS building large palaces
• Religious buildings built next to temples
• On top was a small temple

Palace Platform at Persepolis

• Ruins still exist
• 50 years to build
• People from all over the empire were involved in its
PRE-HISTORIC construction
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Development: • Variety of architectural styles

EGYPTIAN • Archaic ziggurat
GREEK • Two or Three-staged ziggurat • parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
ROMAN • Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana –
EARLY CHRISTIAN tallest building, with 36 columns of 20m height
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
DWELLINGS
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Known as Megaron
FILIPINO • Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
• Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by
• 2000 BC columns
• Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
 Egyptian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Egyptian
HISTORY
• Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing
crops
• Nile River was a trade route
• Gold from Nubia in the south

• Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by

King Menes in 3100 BC
• Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and
Thebes
SYRIA • A single kingdom for most of its existence - unified
GIZA
under the centralized omnipotent authority of the
MEMPHIS pharaoh (king)
EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES

NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN • Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs Pharaohs:
BYZANTINE
prevented attack from invaders • Seen as gods dwelling on earth
ROMANESQUE • Mediterranean and Red seas • Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
GOTHIC • Builders and leaders
RENAISSANCE • Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL transporting of materials, organization of labor and
20TH C MODERN construction itself
ISLAMIC
Society:
INDIAN • Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
CHINESE & JAPANESE priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
FILIPINO • Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
• Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
• Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
 Egyptian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
• Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, • Roof was not an important consideration
stars, animals • Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories

• After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal

life in kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this
kingdom as a perfect version of Egypt
• Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things
they might need in the afterlife, even living people
• Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral
rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" WALL
• Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for
• Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit stability
PRE-HISTORIC • Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, • Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
history of architecture

NEAR EAST masked and bandaged • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN DECORATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE • Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE tomb is permanent • Torus moulding
GOTHIC • For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the
RENAISSANCE deceased
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian
20TH C MODERN architecture
ISLAMIC
MATERIALS
INDIAN • Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Used for monuments and religious buildings
FILIPINO • Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
day

• Other materials, metals and timber were imported

• Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
 Egyptian
• Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of Common ornaments:
religion, history and daily life
• Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on
mud-plaster walls

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
GREEK symbols of fertility as well
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN • The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

• Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion,

head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments
 Egyptian
EXAMPLES PYRAMIDS
• massive funerary structure of stone or brick
MASTABAS
• Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
side, covering a burial chamber below ground

• First type of Egyptian tomb

• Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an
imposing

Came in complexes:
• Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC • Mortuary chapel
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west

EGYPTIAN • Valley building for embalmment and internment rites
GREEK
ROMAN • Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers,
EARLY CHRISTIAN like steps
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts:
20TH C MODERN • Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a
false door for spirits
ISLAMIC • Column Hall
INDIAN • Offering Chapel
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
FILIPINO • Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of
deceased inscribed)
• Offering table
• Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin
 Egyptian

Pyramids at Gizeh
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara • Most magnificent of pyramids
• World's first large-scale monument in stone • Equilateral sides face cardinal points
• Designed by Imhotep • Forms a world-famous building group

• Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

• Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre)
• Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
PRE-HISTORIC • The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion
history of architecture

NEAR EAST protecting his country

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
FILIPINO
 Egyptian
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES
• Built along hillside
• For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of pharaohs

CULT TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of god

Parts:
• Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
• Hypostyle hall
• Sanctuary surrounded by passages
• Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service

PRE-HISTORIC Tombs at Beni Hasan

history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons
• Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall,
ISLAMIC
sanctuary, chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
INDIAN • Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Tombs of the Kings, Thebes

 Egyptian

Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes

• Grandest temple and the work of many kings Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
• Example of rock-cut temple
• Constructed by Rameses II
• Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4
rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m
PRE-HISTORIC high
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Mammisi Temple
• Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
 Egyptian
PYLONS DWELLINGS
• monumental gateway to the temple consisting of • Made of crude brick
slanting walls flanking the entrance portal • One or two storey high
• Flat roof deck
Temple of Isis, Philae
3 parts:
• Reception suite on north side - central hall or living
room with high ceiling and clerestory
• Service quarters
• Private quarters

FORTRESSES
• Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands
• Close communications with other fortresses

Fortress of Buhen
• Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
• From here they could trade and invade lands to the
south

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN OBELISKS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
BYZANTINE pyramidion on top
ROMANESQUE • sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
GOTHIC • usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
RENAISSANCE • height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • four sides feature hieroglyphics
20TH C MODERN
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
ISLAMIC • originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia

Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC)

• Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on
mainland Greece
• Wealth due to their control of metal trading between
Europe and Middle East

E CE Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC)

GRE • City-states developed on the plains between
mountains – Sparta and Athens were most important
AF •
ASIA MINOR GH
AN
The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek society
I ST
AN • Each had its own ruler, government and laws
CRETE
SYRIA • A federal unity existed between city-states due to
PERSIA
common language, customs, religion
MEMPHIS • Several different forms of government: Oligarchic,
INDIA
EGYPT Tyrannic, Democratic

THEBES • Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian

prosperity
• Outburst of building activity and construction,
developments in art, law-making, philosophy and
PRE-HISTORIC science
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES • Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Aegean Period (Minoan)
RENAISSANCE • Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from 1900
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL to 1100 BC
20TH C MODERN • The first great commercial and naval power in the
Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole • Among best soldiers in the ancient world – Hoplite
ISLAMIC
eastern seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Army defeated repeated invasions by Darius and
INDIAN
Palestine, Egypt and Libya, even South Italy and Sicily Xerxes of Persia
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia,
on the west
FILIPINO Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
• Trade and communications produced a unity of culture
and economic stability • Greek language and culture reached an enormous
• Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent area
palace
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC)
 Greek
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• On the mainland, rugged mountains made
communication difficult DESCRIPTION
• Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
states
• archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable
means of trade and communications

• Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat

• Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to
creating precise and exact forms
• Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public
ceremonies took place in the open air

RELIGION

Aegean
• Rough and massive
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Hellenic

EGYPTIAN • Mostly religious architecture
GREEK • "carpentry in marble“ - timber forms imitated in stone
ROMAN with remarkable exactness
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Hellenistic
ROMANESQUE • Not religious in character, but civic – for the people
GOTHIC Aegean religion: • Provided inspiration for Roman building types
RENAISSANCE • Primitive stage of nature worship • Dignified and gracious structures
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, • Symmetrical, orderly
20TH C MODERN ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
ISLAMIC •
Greek religion: Columnar and trabeated
INDIAN • •
A highly developed form of nature worship Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Gods as personifications of natural elements, or unhindered by columns
FILIPINO deified mortals
• Gods could influence events in the human world MATERIALS
• Timber and terra cotta
• Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi • Stone
 Greek
EXAMPLES PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
HOUSES Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenae
On islands:
• Flat roofing
• Drawn together in blocks
• Two to four storeys high
• Light admitted through light wells

On mainland:
• Single-storeyed house with deep plan
• Columned entrance porch with central doorway
• Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TOMBS
• rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
 Greek
TEMPLES
• Chief building type
• Earliest ones resembled megaron
in plan and construction

• Number of columns at entrance:

1 column – hemostyle
2 columns – distyle
3 columns – tristyle
4 columns – tetrastyle
5 columns – pentastyle
6 columns – hexastyle
7 columns – heptastyle
8 columns – octastyle
9 columns – enneastyle
10 columns – decastyle
12 columns – dodecastyle

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
Arris
MOULDINGS
• Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition
to a building
• Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and Fillet
light
Billet

Cove

Cavetto

PRE-HISTORIC
Ogee
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Brace
 Greek
• Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions: GREEK ORDERS
• Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging • Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
• Vertical features inclined inwards to correct frieze, cornice)
appearance of falling outwards
• On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to • Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main
correct appearance of curving inwards branches of Greek race
• Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative
order

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • no windows
20TH C MODERN • clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of
wall
ISLAMIC • skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
INDIAN • temple door, oriented towards the east
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on
crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4
to 2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises

• Doric capitals had two parts - the

square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below

Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the
lower diameter in height

3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or
PRE-HISTORIC 3 slabs in depth
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Frieze

EGYPTIAN • Cornice, mouldings
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital
(derived from Egyptian lotus
and Aegean art)

Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread
load
• Height was 9 times the base
diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
• Upper and lower torus

Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times
the diameter of column

Two parts:
PRE-HISTORIC • Architrave,with fasciae
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Cornice

EGYPTIAN • No frieze
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of Ionic Order

Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ionic,
1 and 1/6 diameters high
• Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant

3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with
dentils

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek

Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

Temple of Hera, Paestum

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Parthenon, Acropolis
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Erectheion, Acropolis
 Greek
TEMENOS
• Enclosure designated as a sacred land
• Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and
orderly

AGORA

Acropolis at Pergamon

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN • Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
ISLAMIC • Statue of Athena Promachos
INDIAN • Erectheion
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Parthenon
FILIPINO • Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
 Greek
THEATER or ODEION
• Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
STADIUM or HIPPODROME
CHINESE & JAPANESE PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
 Roman

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan

2 periods:
BRITAIN
Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC)
LONDON
GERMANY
Roman (146 BC to 365 AD)
• Developed constitutional republic
FRANCE • Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and
ITALY justice
NIMES ROME
GREECE
SPAIN POMPEII • For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders
SEGOVIA BYZANTIUM
(CONSTANTINOPLE) called consuls
ATHENS • In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with
CARTHAGE
ANTIOCH PERSIA total power
AFRICA • Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius
EGYPT Caesar’s was most famous

• Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under

Emperor Trajan - 4000km wide and 60 million
inhabitants
• Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define their empire
PRE-HISTORIC • Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Wall in England

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY • Provinces run by governors
ROMAN • Many city-states on the Italian peninsula • Latin was the official language
EARLY CHRISTIAN • From 800 -300 BC, among all cities in Italy, Rome • Applied roman system of laws
BYZANTINE
became the most powerful • Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization
ROMANESQUE • 334 – 264 BC, Rome conquered all of Italy and in Europe, West Asia and North Africa
GOTHIC established one of the strongest empires in history
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Was centrally-located on the northern Mediterranean
20TH C MODERN • Not a sea-faring people
• Depended on conquest by land to extend their power
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
• Fought with Carthage in North Africa for control of the
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Mediterranean
FILIPINO
• Hannibal led the Carthaginian army and its 38
elephants across the Alps into Rome
 Roman
RELIGION COLUMNS
• Polytheistic, several cults • Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively,
• Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those were used by Romans as decorative features which
of Greek gods could be omitted

GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE Tuscan Order

• Italian peninsula: Central and commanding position on • Simplified version of Doric order
Mediterranean sea • About 7 diameters high
• With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain
• Temperate in the north entablature
• Sunny in central Italy
• Almost tropical in south Composite Order
• Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian
• Most decorative
DESCRIPTION

• Etruscans were great builders

• Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers
• Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by
PRE-HISTORIC using channels
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Romans had great constructive ability
GREEK • Complex, of several stories
ROMAN • Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE MATERIALS
ROMANESQUE • Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand,
GOTHIC gravel
RENAISSANCE • Marble, mostly white
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
20TH C MODERN Tiber
• Earth for terra cotta and bricks
ISLAMIC
INDIAN • Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to
CHINESE & JAPANESE 400 AD):
FILIPINO • Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
earth material as mortar
• Used for walls, vaults, domes
• Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a
magnitude never equaled until 19th century steel
 Roman
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
• Arch and vault system started by Etruscans -
combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
• Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Roman
TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION

Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault:

• Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length

Mosaics
• Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar
to form a pattern
• Showed pictures of roman life

• Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern

PRE-HISTORIC Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault: resembling polygonal walling
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without

EGYPTIAN mortar joints
GREEK • Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints
ROMAN running diagonally
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cross Vault:
RENAISSANCE • Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL of equal span - used over square apartment or bays
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola:

• Used over circular structures
 Roman
EXAMPLES

FORUM
• Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
• In the town center was an open space called the
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE forum
Maison Caree, Nimes • Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
BASILICAS
CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
The Pantheon. Rome Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
 Roman
THERMAE DOMUS

• Romans liked to keep clean and fit

• Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
• For as many as 30 men and women in the open

Parts of the thermae

• Apodyteria – dressing room
• Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil INSULAE
• Tepidarium – warm bath • 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings
• Frigidarium – cold bath • Prototype for the modern condominium
PRE-HISTORIC • Unctuaria – oils and perfumes room
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Baths of Diocletian, Rome
FILIPINO
 Roman
CIRCUS TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Circus Maximus, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome

THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS AQUEDUCTS

PRE-HISTORIC • Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized • Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of
history of architecture

NEAR EAST contests the city

EGYPTIAN • For the entertainment of the townspeople
GREEK
ROMAN The Colosseum, Rome
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

Segovia Aqueduct, Spain
 Early Christian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD

• Belief that Jesus was the Christ and the Son of God -
BRITAIN
Christianity was born
LONDON
• Disciples spread stories of Jesus’ life and teaching by
word of mouth and by written account in the new
testament
FRANCE
ITALY
MARSEILLE ROME
GREECE
SPAIN NAPLES
CONSTANTINOPLE

SEVILLE
ATHENS ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE SYRIA
JERUSALEM DAMASCUS PERSIA
NORTH AFRICA BETHLEHEM JUDEA
ALEXANDRIA

EGYPT

• Moved from Judea to Antioch in Syria and into the

Northern Mediterranean
• Founded new communities along the way
• Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other missionaries
PRE-HISTORIC to Rome, the center of the Empire and fountainhead of
history of architecture

NEAR EAST power and influence

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Emperor Nero ordered Christians to be fed to wild
GREEK beasts or burned to death
HISTORY
ROMAN • In 63 BC, the Romans conquered Judea in the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Eastern Mediterranean • Despite this, in 4th century Rome, Christianity grew
BYZANTINE • Main inhabitants were the Jews • In 312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christian, named
ROMANESQUE • Jews believed that one day the “Messiah” or “Christ” it the official religion of the Roman empire
GOTHIC would free them from the Romans • By 600 AD, most roman villages had their own
RENAISSANCE churches, governed by a bishop
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • In 27 AD, Jesus began preaching to people in Galilee, • Patriarchs based in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch,
20TH C MODERN north of Judea Constantinople and Rome
• After three years, he was arrested by the Jews and
ISLAMIC
found guilty of offending their god GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
INDIAN •
• He was nailed to a cross and died a painful death Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarries from
CHINESE & JAPANESE which materials were obtained
• He appeared to his disciples after his resurrection
FILIPINO
from the dead
 Early Christian
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION
• Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture
• This architecture hardly has the architectural value of
a style, simply because it was never really produced
by the solution of constructive problems

ROOF and CEILING

• Further development of trusses - king and queen post
trusses

EXAMPLES

BASILICAN CHURCHES
• Roman basilicas as models
• Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to
whom it was dedicated
• Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered
gods, the purpose of the Christian church was to
PRE-HISTORIC shelter worshippers
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or
GREEK campanile, and baptistery
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new
BYZANTINE basilicas
ROMANESQUE • Paid little regard to external architectural effect
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE • Entrance at west
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Priest stood behind altar, facing east
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian
St. Peter's, Rome Other examples:
• Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's S. Apollinare, Ravenna
martyrdom S. Sabina
• The Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian
BAPTISTERIES
• Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
• Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE TOMBS or CATACOMBS
ROMANESQUE • Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
GOTHIC consecrated ground
RENAISSANCE • Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
immortality
ISLAMIC • Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below
INDIAN
ground
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Several stories extending downwards
FILIPINO
• Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
• Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with
paintings mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from
 Byzantine

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Byzantine
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor Justinian

• Strongly Christian people - founded many

monasteries and churches
• Converted the Russians and Eastern Europeans to
Christianity - this form of Christianity survives today as
the Eastern Orthodox Church
BULGARIA

ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
CORDOBA CONSTANTINOPLE

ASIA MINOR
ATHENS
CARTHAGE ANTIOCH
JERUSALEM SYRIA
DAMASCUS
AFRICA
ALEXANDRIA

EGYPT

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Under Emperor Justinian, regained control of lost
GREEK lands of the Western Roman Empire, such as
HISTORY
ROMAN • Northwest Africa, Italy and Spain
Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
EARLY CHRISTIAN
attacked from outside the empire • Attacks from Slav Barbarians and Bulgars from the
BYZANTINE • In 285 – 293 AD, the empire had split into two – an northwest were constantly being repelled
ROMANESQUE Eastern and Western empire • Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
GOTHIC • Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the • Normans and Venetians
RENAISSANCE capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in • Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 330 AD Constantine XI the last emperor
20TH C MODERN • The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed
in 476 AD GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
ISLAMIC •
• Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a narrow
INDIAN
was known as the Byzantine empire strip of water
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Art and architecture executed by original Greek
FILIPINO craftsmen
• Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town
called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul) • Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor,
• Known as the "new Rome", most commanding North Africa, further west
position and most valuable part of eastern Roman • Also Ravenna, Perigeux and Venice, through trade
empire
 Byzantine
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
DESCRIPTION architecture
• First buildings constructed were churches • Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
• Dumped Early Christian style for new domical timber truss system
Byzantine style
• Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church 3 types of dome:

Simple - Pendentives and domes are of same sphere

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Compound
ROMANESQUE • Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over
GOTHIC sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum
RENAISSANCE distinction:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Basilican plan - Early Christian
20TH C MODERN • Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine
ISLAMIC
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
INDIAN • Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar
CHINESE & JAPANESE style
FILIPINO • Domes of various types placed over square
compartments using pendentives
• Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape
capitals able to support springing of arches
 Byzantine
EXAMPLES S. Mark, Venice
• On the site of original Basilican church
CHURCHES • An exterior quality all its own: blending of features
• Centralized type of plan from many foreign lands
• Dome over nave, sometimes supported by semi-
domes • Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-
• Entrance at west paved open space serves as atrium to church

• Glittering, resplendent façade

• Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and
marble decorations

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE S. Sophia, Constantinople
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom"
20TH C MODERN • Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles
and Isidorus of Miletus
ISLAMIC • Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican churches of
INDIAN
the same name
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO • Most important church in Constantinople
• Perfection of Byzantine style

• Later converted into a mosque

 Romanesque

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 VA
ND
A LS
Romanesque
ES NS
GL HU • The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
AN
NS S
XO AV independent states and nations across Europe
SA SL
• Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
S Rome
A NK
FR TH S • This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD
O GO
OS T R THS
I GO
V IS

• Charlemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was

barbarian Europe’s most effective ruler
PRE-HISTORIC • In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III -
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES • established the Holy Roman Empire, tried to be as
EGYPTIAN grand as the Roman and Byzantine emperors before
GREEK him
HISTORY
ROMAN • The Roman Empire was halved into East and West • Built his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Those outside the Empire were called “barbarians” - and chapel in Constantinople
BYZANTINE
German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals, • Conquered parts of Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain
ROMANESQUE Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns
GOTHIC • 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths • Art and civilization was restored over Europe
RENAISSANCE and Vandals to seek shelter inside the Roman Empire • There was a new religious enthusiasm:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help • The crusades were conducted against Muslims
20TH C MODERN against the Huns • Papacy rose to great power
• Great monastic foundations
ISLAMIC •
• In 410 AD, Alaric the Goth seized Rome, settled in Christianity was source of education, culture, and
INDIAN
Spain economy
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
FILIPINO
Europe into Africa • In 814 AD, Charlemagne’s empire began to break up
• 486 – 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquered splitting into 3 kingdoms
Gaul, but was overthrown by the Carolingians in 751 • Vikings from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
AD attacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North
• Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians ruled Gaul America, only stopping by 1000 AD
 Romanesque
RELIGION NORTHERN ITALY
• Rise of the religious orders • Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - cities
• Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of competed to construct glorious buildings
orders • Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes) and
• Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and Constantinople (through Venice and Ravenna)
learning
• Ornamental arcades all over façade
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • Wheel window
• Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-
DESCRIPTION carved grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows
• Religious fervor expressed in: Northern European influence)
• Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings
S. Ambrogio, Milan
• Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
by classical traditions – “Romanesque” S. Fedele, Como
S. Michele, Pavia
• Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was
used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used
in new buildings

PRE-HISTORIC EXAMPLES
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN CATHEDRALS
GREEK • Mostly Basilican in plan
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE • Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL stone panels
20TH C MODERN
BAPTISTERIES
ISLAMIC • Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan
INDIAN
and connected to the cathedral by the atrium
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
FILIPINO
CAMPANILES
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
towers
 Romanesque
SOUTHERN ITALY CENTRAL ITALY
• Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and • Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa – cities rich in pagan
Norman rule influence
• Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought
• Richer in design and color with Muslims
• Elaborate wheel windows – made of sheets of pierced • Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere
marble
• Greater variety in columns and capitals
• Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters

• Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults,

used domes
• Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted
pointed arches, colorful, geometric designs as
predominant interior decoration

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Pisa Cathedral
BYZANTINE Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily • Forms one of most famous building groups in the
ROMANESQUE • Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily world - Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo
GOTHIC Santo
RENAISSANCE • Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Exterior of red and white marble bands
20TH C MODERN
Baptistery
ISLAMIC • 39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Campanile
FILIPINO • aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
• 8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
Monreale Cathedral • Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
• Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
• Basilican and Byzantine planning
 Romanesque
FRANCE CENTRAL EUROPE
• Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they
had greater freedom of developing new style Worms Cathedral
• Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over • Eastern and western apses and octagons
the nave and aisles • 2 circular towers flank each
• Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to • Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof
throw off snow

SPAIN
PRE-HISTORIC S. Madeleine, Vezelay • Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Earliest pointed cross-vault in France • Use of horseshoe arch

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
• Among the first instances of using the pointed arch Santiago de Compostela
• Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses • Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
successfully combined
 Romanesque
ENGLAND MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
• Old foundation - served by secular clergy
• Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or
monks
• New foundation - to which bishops had been
appointed

FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS

• All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and
12th centuries
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Peterborough Cathedral

EGYPTIAN • Fine Norman interior
GREEK • Original timber ceiling over nave
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Began as motte and bailey earthworks
FILIPINO • Later became citadels with stone curtain walls

Durham Cathedral
 Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Gothic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Gothic
NORWAY
SCOTLAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK ESTONIA
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
IRELAND LIVONIA
POLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE
HUNGARY

CASTILE PAPAL
STATES OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
rising population
• Towns became centers of trade – Paris, Milan,
AFRICA Florence, Venice, Naples

• Mixture of lands ruled by nobles

• Feudal system - landlords ruled with tyranny

• There was restlessness among the people

• Towns became crowded and dirty - disease was rife
• Black Death struck Europe from 1347 to 1351 and
PRE-HISTORIC killed half the population - spread by rats and fleas,
history of architecture

NEAR EAST could kill a person within 3 days

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN • 12th – 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was
EARLY CHRISTIAN
reduced to the area of Germany
BYZANTINE • Only 3 great kingdoms were left: France, England and
ROMANESQUE Castile in Spain
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE • Prosperous years in terms of agriculture - warm
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL weather and invention of the windmill and water-mill
20TH C MODERN increased the amount of food produced
ISLAMIC
• Most Europeans were Catholics
INDIAN
• Church under the Pope brought Christians together
CHINESE & JAPANESE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION
• Entire Christianity was united against Muslims
FILIPINO
• The rulers, the church and townspeople spent wealth • "Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
on building more castles, cathedrals and monasteries • a departure from classic lines
• Towns competed with each other to produce the best • Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
architecture • Also called “Medieval Architecture”
 Gothic
FRANCE
• In French, "L'architecture
Ogivale“

Primaire (12th Century AD)

• Also called "a lancettes"
• Distinguished by pointed arches
and geometric traceried windows

Secondaire (13th Century AD)

• Also called "Rayonnant"
• Characterized by circular
windows with wheel tracery

Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)

• Also called "Flamboyant"
• Flame-like window tracery or
free-flowing tracery

Features:
PRE-HISTORIC • Use of pointed arch to cover
history of architecture

NEAR EAST rectangular bays

EGYPTIAN • Use of flying buttresses weighted
GREEK by pinnacles
ROMAN • Tall, thin columns – “stretching up
EARLY CHRISTIAN as if to heaven”
BYZANTINE • Walls released from load-bearing
ROMANESQUE function
GOTHIC • Invention of colored, stained
RENAISSANCE glass windows to adorn window-
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL walls
20TH C MODERN
• Tracery windows provided a
ISLAMIC
framework for Bible stories to be
INDIAN
told in pictures
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Cathedrals as a library for
FILIPINO illiterate townspeople - Biblical
stories were told with stained-
glass and statuary
 Gothic
Amiens Cathedral Reims Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Gothic
Chartres Cathedral

Notre Dame, Paris

• One of the oldest French cathedrals
• Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully

• Façade features successive tiers of niches with

statues: Christ and French kings
• Central wheel window
• Two western towers with high pointed louvred
PRE-HISTORIC openings
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
 Gothic
CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows to resist attack

• Many were adapted to make convenient residences in

later periods

Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Gothic

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Gothic
ENGLAND CATHEDRALS
• May have been attached to monasteries or to
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) collegiate institutions
• Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque • Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
churches and castles houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings

TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD)

• Pointed arches in Romanesque structures

EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD)

• Equivalent to High Gothic in France
• Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long
narrow pointed windows

DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)

• Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later,
flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
• Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style Salisbury Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)

history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Also called "Rectilinear“ or "Third Pointed"

EGYPTIAN
GREEK TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)
ROMAN • Increasing application of Renaissance detail
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
ROMANESQUE • Renaissance ideas take strong hold
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Westminster Abbey
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds
20TH C MODERN • Most important medieval building in Britain
• widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft)
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Other examples:
CHINESE & JAPANESE Wells Cathedral
FILIPINO York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
and in Northern Europe
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England

MANOR HOUSES
• Erected by new and wealthy trading families
Parts:
• great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine
chamber, service rooms, kitchens, central hearth
Later, in Tudor Manor Houses
• increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement
parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butler’s
pantry), oven, pantry, serving area and storage, larder
(food storage), wardrobe, oratory-study, private chapel
with altar and crucifix, scullery, brew house
Gothic
GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS
• In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not
from German Romanesque
• In Belgium and The Netherlands, it was based on
French Gothic, developing the Brabantine style
HALL CHURCHES
• Had a different look:
• Nave and aisle of same height
• One or two immense and ornate western towers or
apse, in place of sculptured doorway
• Brick-work and simplified ornamentation

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Penhurst Place, Kent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

St. Elizabeth, Marburg

• Typical hall church
 Gothic
SPAIN
• Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe
arches and rich surface decoration of intricate
geometrical and flowing patterns
• Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive
character Gerona Cathedral

Granada Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Toledo Cathedral
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
ISLAMIC • Irregular in plan
INDIAN • Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) Salamanca Cathedral
• Largest Medieval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's, Other cathedrals:
Rome • Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona
Cathedral
 Gothic
ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce

• Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of

northern Europe

• Roman tradition remained strong

• This arrested the development of Gothic architecture

in Italy
• Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by
horizontal cornices and string courses
• Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
• Small windows without tracery
• Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Siena Cathedral
ROMANESQUE • One of most stupendous undertakings since the
GOTHIC building of the Pisa cathedral
RENAISSANCE • Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL their works to its building and adornment
20TH C MODERN • Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and pier
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Other cathedrals:
CHINESE & JAPANESE Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
FILIPINO • Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio Milan Cathedral
• Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical • Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
features of Gothic • 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
 Renaissance

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 NORWAY

SWEDEN Renaissance
GREAT RUSSIA
BRITAIN DENMARK
• Printing by Movable Types
• Led to the mass production of books
DUTCH
REP. POLAND
• Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE SWISS
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY EMPIRE

SPAIN PAPAL
PORTUGAL STATES

AFRICA

• Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked

the beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic
Church
• Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
• Martin Luther and John Calvin
PRE-HISTORIC • Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had
history of architecture

NEAR EAST begun to crumble

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN • Previous trade routes to the east had now been
EARLY CHRISTIAN
blocked by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
BYZANTINE • 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led
ROMANESQUE by Spain and Portugal
GOTHIC • For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more
RENAISSANCE lands
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN • Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Medicine and Astronomy
FILIPINO • Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius

• Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,

• Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
• This brought about the need for a new building type • "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
 Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of
Classic Roman “Orders of Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead
of Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession

PERIODS

EARLY RENAISSANCE IN SUMMARY:

• Period of learning
• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of • Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and serene
Roman elements
• Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and
HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE intense
• Renaissance became an individual style in its own
PRE-HISTORIC right • Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grand and
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in alive
EGYPTIAN high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
GREEK • Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in • Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
ROMAN using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
EARLY CHRISTIAN Michelangelo)
BYZANTINE • Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
ROMANESQUE precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings,
GOTHIC or entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman
RENAISSANCE way
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
20TH C MODERN decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
precedent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
BAROQUE
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
FILIPINO knowledge
• The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style
began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the
 Renaissance
FLORENCE ROME
• Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief • Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance
powers of Italy and Proto-baroque
• Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who • Famous architect is Donato Bramante
was a commercial and political power
• Vitality of social life at every level Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
• Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high • Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
status in society columns
• Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations, • 4.5 m internal diameter
directed activities of studios and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence

PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type
building evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister • Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Ground floor and piano nobile • Designed by Donato Bramante
• Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character • Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
due to use of rusticated masonry and wall angles shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC called quoins
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable

EGYPTIAN • Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or
GREEK boldly protruding roof cornices
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Palazzo Strozzi
FILIPINO • By Benedetto da Majano
• Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
• Open cortile and piano nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
• Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
 Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and
campanile, and elaborated the central dome
• Died

7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present
building owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC 1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN competition
GREEK • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar 12. Bernini
ROMAN to the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Foundation stone laid in 1506 Tuscan colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael
ISLAMIC • Proposed a Latin cross plan
INDIAN • Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length
• Reverted to Greek cross of 183 m, width of 137 m
• Died • At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world
 Renaissance
FRANCE

COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles

Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Maisons
Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-
Chateau de Chenonceaux plan

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Palaise du Louvre, Paris

EGYPTIAN • Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
GREEK • Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of
ROMAN the most imposing palaces in Europe
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
 Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles CHURCHES
• Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century

Church of the Val de Grace, Paris

• Projecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by
Lemercier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE • by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris

 Renaissance
ENGLAND STUART BUILDINGS

PERIODS

ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)

• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
• Establishment of Renaissance style in England,
followed Tudor architecture Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
• Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance • Designed by Inigo Jones
detail

JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)

• 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Queen's House
Renaissance • Influenced by Palladian architecture
• 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by
French Renaissance

GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS

EGYPTIAN • Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in
GREEK the countryside to suit their positions
ROMAN • E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
ROMANESQUE • Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand St. Paul's Cathedral, London
GOTHIC staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar, • Designed by Christopher Wren
RENAISSANCE towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, • Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL oriel and bay windows dome for big congregations
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings
 Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL

EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)

• Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms

In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail

in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521
AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired
by the voyages of discoverers

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD) The Escorial, Madrid

• Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art • Austere group of buildings, composed of the
monastery, college, church and palace with state
PRE-HISTORIC BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) apartments
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Classical rules disregarded

EGYPTIAN • Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant
GREEK expression, by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to 1723
ROMAN AD)
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
ROMANESQUE • Returned to ancient classical models
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The University, Salamanca

• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship
 Renaissance
GERMANY

Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C:

PRE-HISTORIC Revival
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 18th-19th C: Revival
• Home-based cottage industries were rendered
obsolete by the invention of the steam engine by Watt
in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed
suit

Social and Political changes:

• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions – American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
• Professionals and businessmen

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY Technological innovations:
20TH C MODERN • Railways to easily transport people and goods
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Improved drainage and sanitation
ISLAMIC • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
INDIAN •
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new Lift or elevator
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Growth of communications
machines and innovative processes helped change
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America • International exhibitions of science and industry
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
 18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:

• The need to create an imposing effect – research into EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
old styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
begun AFTERMATH (after World War I)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic,
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles

• “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials

• Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)

Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new

materials became available for building:
• structural iron and cast-iron
• iron and glass The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
• zinc • Designed by Isambard Brunel
• steel • Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC • reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN New building types:
GREEK • Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
ROMAN • Houses of Parliament
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Railways and Transport Stations – spread all over
BYZANTINE Europe
ROMANESQUE • Museums – took the place of aristocratic private
GOTHIC collections of art St. George's Hall, Liverpool
RENAISSANCE • Department Stores – in Paris, London, Brussels, other • Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL commercial areas • Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
20TH C MODERN • Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations,
Exhibition Halls
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
New emerging style:
CHINESE & JAPANESE • The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
FILIPINO • in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
• led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin City Hall, Swansea
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc – • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
decorated with repeating stylized floral patterns
 18th-19th C: Revival

Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival

PRE-HISTORIC St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs

history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854