GREAT BUILDINGS
JPT Review Center
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(circa 1200 BC – AD 1st Century)
Temple of Luxor
 or Southern Sanctuary at
Luxor, Egypt, 18th dynasty
king
 dedicated to Amon-Re, king
of the Gods
 built of sandstone for the
quarries of Gebel Silsila
Abu Simbel
 dedicated chieftly to Re-
Harakhti, God of the rising sun
 built during the reign of Ramses
II (1304 – 1237 BC)
Pyramid of King Zoser
Architect: Imhotep
 earliest pyramidal structure of
the ancient world, the Step
Pyramid (c.2630 BC) of King
Zoser at Saqqara, Egypt
 consist of six terraces of
receding sizes with a one staba
The Great Pyramid
 the Pyramid of Khufu is the largest
in the world, measuring 230m (756
ft)
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(circa 300 – 30 BC)
Parthenon
447-438
Architect: Itchinus and Callicrates with
Phidias
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek Doric
 on the historic Acropolis. Doric
exemplar
Erechtheum
421 – 405
Architect: Mnesicles
Location: Athens, Greece
Style: Ancient Greek, Ionic
 has Caryatid Porch with figural
columns. On the Acropolis, uses grade
change.
Epidaurus Theater
Architect: Polykleitos
Location: Epidauros, or Epidhavros,
Greece
Style: Ancient Greek
 and the quality of its acoustics
make the Epidaurus theatre one of
the great architectural
achievements of the fourth century.
 the largest and best preserved
ancient theaters in Greece.
 can accommodate 14,000
spectators.
Colosseum
70 – 82
Architect: Vespacian and Domitian
Location: Rome, Italy
Style: Ancient Roman
 three-quarter columns and
entablatures, Doric in the first story,
Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in
the third, face the three tiers of
arcades
 largest Roman Amphitheater
 designed to hold 50,000 spectators
 had approximately eighty entrances so crowds could arrive and leave
easily and quickly

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(300BC – 365 AD) AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

The Pantheon White House

118 - 126 Architect: James Hoban
Architect: Acrippa Location: Washington, D.C.
Location: Rome, Italy Date: 1793 to 1801, burned 1814,
Style: Ancient Roman porticos 1824 to1829
 great domed hall with oculus Style: Georgian Neoclassical
oculus – a single circular opening  official residence of the president of
 one of the great spiritual buildings of the United States of America, for the
the world last 200 years
 it was built as a Roman temple and
later consecrated as a Catholic Church
 revived the use of brick and concrete
in temple Architecture Capitol of the United States
Architects: Thornton-Latrobe-Bulfinch
Trajan’s Forum Location: Washington, D.C.
100 – 112 Date: 1793 to 1830
Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus Style: Neoclassical
Location: Rome, Italy  meeting place of the U.S. Congress,
Style: Roman the national assembly of the United
 composed of an arc of arched arcade States of America, consisting of the
 most magnificent and architecturally House of Representatives and the
most pleasing Senate
 largest known forums
National Gallery of Art Connecticut State Capitol
Architect: John Russel Pope Architect: Richard Upjohn
 houses one of the finest collections of painting, sculptures, and graphic
arts in the world Monticello
1768 to 1782
Washington Monument Architect: Thomas Jefferson
Architect: Robert Mills Location: Charlottesville, Virginia
Location: Washington, D.C. Building Type: House
Style: Neo-Egyptian Style: Colonial Georgian
 the obelisk is the only remnant of the  Remodeled1796 to 1808
original blue print that remains  beautiful hilltop home is a classical
 with George Marsh, competition 1836. example of the late 18th Century
standard Egyptian proportion of 10:1 American architecture and a
height to base national historic landmark

New York City Hall

Architect: Pierre L’enfant
Style: French Renaissance - Georgian Style
University of Virginia  one of the most historical architecturally distinguished building in New
1826 York
Architect: Thomas Jefferson
Location: Charlottesville, Virginia Fallingwater
Building Type: University campus 1934, 1938, 1948
Style: Classical, Neo-Palladian Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
 ideas of symmetry and use of brick Location: Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania
 arcades connect buildings around Building Type: house
central lawn Style: Expressionist Modern
 curving brick walls surround campus  cantilevers dramatically over rock
outcropping and rushing stream
 sends out free-floating platforms
Massachusetts State House audaciously over a small waterfall
Architect: Charles Bulfinch - first native-born professional American and anchors them in the natural
architect rock
 classical elements are pilasters, porticos and domes

Saint Patrick’s Cathedral

Architect: James Renwick
Location: New York
 shaped like a Latin cross
 the largest Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States
 designed in a Gothic Revival materials at English and French Gothic
Style
Guggenheim Museum Johnson Wax Building
1956 to 1959 1936 to 1939 and 1944
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: New York, New York Location: Racine, Wisconsin
Building Type: art museum Construction system: precast
Style: Modern concrete and brick
 a gift of pure architecture—or rather Style: modern
of sculpture  unique structural expression in
 based on organic forms that the open hall, tower with rounded
architect found in seashells and snails corners
 the tower is totally enclosed and
does not allow for horizontal
expansion of work space
 articulated by dendriform columns capable of supporting six times the
Coonley House
weight imposed upon them, a fact Wright had to demonstrate in order
1908
to obtain a building permit
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Riverside. Illinois
Style: Prairie style Larkin Building
Building Type: house 1904, demolished 1950
Construction System: wood frame with Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
stucco Location: Buffalo, New York
 a large, sophisticated prairie house Building Type: commercial offices
Construction system: brick masonry
Style: Early modern
 large four-storey central atrium
 the first entirely air-conditioned
modern office building on record
Ennis House
1923
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Location: Los Angeles, California Wingspread
Building type: house 1937
Style: Deco Modern Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Construction system: bearing masonry, Location: Wind Point, Wisconsin
concrete blocks Building type: large house
 the last of the four Los Angeles textile Style: neo-Vernacular
block house  living room, dining room, kitchen,
family sleeping rooms, guest rooms,
were separate unites grouped
together and connected by
corridors
Golden Gate Bridge Palais Royal
1933 to 1937  commissioned by Cardinal Richeliev
Architect: Joseph Strauss  original name is Palais Cardinal
Location: San Francisco, California  17th century
Building type: suspension bridge  Daniel Buren: stripped columns
Construction system: steel frame, steel
cables
Styles: Structural Modern with some Art
Deco details
 one of the longest bridge in the world
 a powerful and elegant human
structure in an equally beautiful
natural location
 overall bridge length of 9266 feet, or Sacre-coeur
2824 meters  located at the hill of Montmartre which is the highest point in the city of
 bridge main span length of 4200 feet, or 1280 meters paris
 1874: Paul Abadie
 1910: completed by Lucien Magne
FRENCH ACHITECTURE
Hotel de Ville
The Louvre  largest renaissance building
1546 to 1878  16th and 17th century
Architect: Pierre Lescot  Italian designer Domenico de Cortona
Location: Paris, France  1871: burned, renovated in 2 years
Building type: palace, art museum
Construction system: cut stone bearing Arc de Triomphe
masonry  Napoleon, the French emperor decided
Style: French Renaissance to build a very big arch of triumph,
 also designed by Catherine de Medici, which stands at the top of the Champs
J.A. du Cerceau II, Claude Perrault, Elysees
etc.
 I.M. Pei: design the glass pyramid,
which serves as the main public entrance

Tuileries
 the Tuileries Garden of
Paris is part of the
Triumphal way, which
begins at the Louvre and
continues to the City’s
Western edge

Pompidou Centre
1972 to 1976
Architect: Richard Rogers and Renzo
Piano
Location: Paris, France
Building Type: modern art museum
Construction system: high-tech steel
and glass
Style: High-tech modern
 a cost of $100,000,000, with an
average attendance of approximately
seven million people a year
 massive structural expressionist cast
exoskeleton, "exterior" escalators
enclosed in transparent tube
Notre Dame de Paris
1163 to 1250
Architect: Maurice de Sully
Location: Paris, France
Building Type: church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing masonry,
cut stone
Style: Early Gothic
 one of the most celebrated Gothic
cathedrals in France
 twin towers marking the entrance
 probably the most famous image in
French Gothic art
Paris Opera House
1857 to 1874
Architect: Charles Garnier
Location: Paris, France
Building type: theater, opera house
Construction system: masonry, cut
stone
Style: Neo-Baroque
 polychrome façade, opulent staircase
 commission by competition
 masterpiece of 19th century architecture
 one of the largest and most opulent theaters in the world
 false ceiling painted by Marc Chagall
Elysee Palace
1718
Architect: Claude Mollet
 official residence of the president of France
Hotel de Invalides
 Napoleons tomb is within the structure
 founded by Louis XIV for disabled soldiers
 late 17th century
La Madeleine
Architect: Napoleon I
 church of Ste. Marie Madeleine
 constructed as a church in 1842
 surrounded by 52 Corinthian columns
Sorbonne
 most famous building at the University of Paris
Chartres Cathedral
1194 to 1260
Location: Chartres, France
Building type: cathedral
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Gothic exemplar
 the elevation was in three tiers as it
had no gallery and the vaulting was
quadripartite, which eliminated the
need for alternating supports
 supreme monument of High Gothic
art and architecture
Amien’s Cathedral
1220
 145 meters long
 largest French Gothic Cathedral ever
built
 intricate façade completed during the
15th century
Rheims Cathedral
 one of the greatest monument of
Gothic art and architecture
 construction commerced by Jean
d’Orbais and was completed by
Robert de Coucy
 a work of remarkable unity and
harmony
Eiffel Tower
1887 to 1889
Architect: Gustave Eiffel
Location: Paris, France
Building Type: exposition observation
tower
Construction system: exposed iron
Style: Victorian Structural Expressionist
 dominates the sky line of Paris
 one of the most famous landmarks in
the world
 built for the Paris Exposition of 1889
Notre dame du Haut
1955
Architect: Le Corbusier
Location: Ronchamp, France
Building type: church
Construction system: reinforced
concrete
Style: Expressionist Modern
 soft-form composition, deep windows
with colored glass (wall thickness 4' to
12')
 Le Corbusier’s dramatic pilgrim church
Villa Savoye
1928 to 1929
Architect: Le Corbusier
Location: Poissy, France
Building type: house
Construction system: concrete and
plastered unit masonry
Style: modern
 an early and classic exemplar of the
"International Style", which hovers
above a grass plane on thin concrete
pilotti, with strip windows, and a flat
roof with a deck area, ramp, and a
few contained touches of curvaceous
walls
GERMAN ARCHITECTURE
Burgtheater
1874 to 1888
Architect: Gottfried Semper with
Karl von Hasenaver
Berlin Opera House
(STAATSOPER)
Architect: Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorf
Wurzburg Residenz
Architect: Balthazar Neumann
 one of the best structure of
the Baroque-Rococo period
Einstein Tower
1919 to 1921
Architect: Erich Mendelsohn
Location: Potsdam, Germany
Building type: laboratory, observatory
Construction system: bearing
masonry, concrete over brick
Style: Expressionist Early Modern
 curvaceous, streamlined form
 designed to hold Einstein's own
astronomical laboratory
 this 'sarcophagus of architectural
Expressionism' is one of the most
brilliantly original buildings of the
twentieth century
ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE
British Museum
1823 to 1847
Architect: Sir Robert Smirke
Location: London, England
Building type: art and historical
museum, library
Construction system: masonry, cut stone
Style: Victorian Ionic façade, Classical Revival
 Includes one of the world's great library rooms. Glazed roof over
restored courtyard by Norman Foster
Salisbury Cathedral
1220 to 1258
Location: Salisbury, England
Building type: Cathedral (church, temple)
Construction system: bearing masonry,
cut stone
Style: English Gothic
 Cathedral of Saint Mary
 an outstanding example of the Early
English architectural style
 tallest in England 404ft (123m)
 use of Purbeck marble to create a
strongly coloured scheme
Queen’s House
1616 to 1635
Architect: Inigo Jones – the greatest of
English Classical architect
Location: Greenwich, England
Building type: large house
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Palladian, Late English Renaissance
 was built by Jones for Anne of
Denmark, wife of James I
Somerset House
1776 to 1786
Architect: William Chambers
Location: London, England
Building type: government offices and art
school
Construction system: cut stone masonry
Style: Neoclassical
 Home of Royal Academy of the Arts.
Corinthian orders above arched courtyard
apertures, rusticated base
Saint Paul’s Cathedral
1675 to 1710
Architect: Sir Christopher Wren
Location: London, England
Building type: church
Construction system: masonry, brick,
timber and cut stone
Style: Late renaissance to Baroque
 the dome peaks at 366 feet above
pavement
 a masterpiece of Baroque architecture
 largest cathedral in England
Chiswick House
1729
Architect: Lord Burlington
Location: Chiswick, England
Building type: large house
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Palladian
 also known as “Burlington House”
Westminster Palace
1836 to 1868
Architect: Sir Charles Barry
Location: London
Building type: seat of government,
government center
Construction system: cut stone bearing
masonry
Style: English Gothic Revival
 Big Ben: the clock tower best known
is a great symbol of London
 originally seat of kings as a royal
residence
Glasgow School of Art
1897 to 1909
Architect: Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Location: Glasgow, England
Building type: college
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: art and crafts, art nouveau
 imaginative synthesis of elements of
Art Nouveau and Scottish Architecture
Durham Cathedral
1093 to 1280
Location: Durham, England
Building type: church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing masonry, cut
stone
Style: Romanesque
 one of the most impressive Norman
Romanesque style in Europe
 had a reciprocal influence on the
architecture of Normady
 the rib vault covering of Durham Cathedral
is the oldest example that has survived
Buckingham Palace
Architect: sir George Goring
 built during the reign of king
James I
CHINA, TURKEY, ITALY, INDIA AND SPAIN ARCHITECTURE Pisa Cathedral
103 to 1350
Temple of Heaven Location: Pisa, Italy
Location: China Building type: church complex
 700 acre enclosure built by the Construction system: bearing masonry,
Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle cut stone, white marble
(Yung-Io) Style: Romanesque
 means “Perpetual Help”  "Pisa Cathedral with Baptistery,
Campanile and Campo Santo,
together form one of the most famous
building groups in the world
 the cathedral complex includes the
famous Leaning Tower, La Torre Pendente
 white marble with colonnaded facades
Hagia Sofia
532 to 537 Florence Cathedral
Architect: Isidoros and 1296 to 1462
Anthemios Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio
Location: Istanbul, Turkey Location: Florence, Italy
Building type: church Building type: domed church, cathedral
Construction system: bearing Construction system: bearing masonry
masonry Style: Italian Romanesque
Style: Byzantine  1296: Cathedral begun on design by
 a tremendous domed space Arnolfo di Cambio
 built as the new Cathedral  1357: Project continued on a modified
of Constantinople by the plan by Francesco Talenti
Emperor Justinian  1366-7: Talenti's definitive design
 a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture emerged calling for an enormous
 additional minarets when the church became a mosque octagonal dome
 1418: competition for construction of dome.
Cathedral of Siena  1420: technical solution for vaulting proposed by Brunelleschi
Location: Southern Italy approved and construction begun
 incorporated Gothic elements  The Duomo – dome added by Brunelleschi
in a strongly Mediterranean  1436— church consecrated
design
Krak des Chevaliers
1150 to 1250
Location: Syria
Building type: fort
Style: Medieval
 crusader castle
 the best preserved and most
wholly admirable castle in
the world
Alhambra
1338 to 1390
Location: Granada, Spain
Building type: palace
Construction system: bearing masonry
Style: Moorish (Islamic)
 palace of Nasrid Dynasty
 the most beautiful remaining example
of Western Islamic Architecture
 built as a cathedral in the mid-1200’s
 “hall of justice”: noted from its
elaborate stalactite (maqarnas)
decoration
Casa Batllo
1905 to 1907
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: apartment building
Construction system: concrete
Style: Expressionist or Art Nouveau
 uses animal styles al through-out the
structure
Casa Mila
1905 to 1910
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: multifamily housing
Construction system: masonry and
concrete
Style: Art Nouveau
 expressionistic, fantastic, organic
forms in undulating facade and roof
line
 light court
 it could be compared with the steep
cliff walls in which African tribes build their cave-like dwellings
Sagrada Familia
1882 to 1926
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Location: Barcelona, Spain
Building type: church
Construction system: masonry
Style: Expressionist
 Church of the Holy Family
 uncompleted during Gaudi’s lifetime
 crowned by four spires
Taj Mahal
1630 to 1653
Architect: Emperor Shah Jahan
Location: Agra, India
Building type: Islamic tomb
Construction system: bearing masonry,
inlaid marble
Style: Islamic
 onion-shape domes, flanking towers,
built for wife Mumatz Mahal
 located on the Jumna River
 museum for Mogul emperor’s consort