ILONG QUESTIONS| ‘Throughout history, importance and significance of water has been recognized mankind. Its importance is because of two reasons. Firstly, it is an essential and major component of each and every living cell. For example, human body consists of aha 70% water. Secondly, it provides an environment for animals and plants that live water. So, all living organisms owe their life because of water. We use water in daily life. for drinking, cooking and washing purpose. Quality of drinking water has remained a major factor in determining human heal and welfare since ages. Since World War Il, there has been a rapid production and use of synthetic chemicals. Many of these chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides run off from agriculture lands and industrial discharge from industrial units) have pollute water supplies. Besides this, there is also a threat to ground water from water chemical dumps and landfills. Currently, waterborne toxic chemicals pose the greatest threat to the supplies of water especially in urban areas. Use of this water is causing water bome disease, So use of polluted water is a concem of every citizen. Therefore, understanding the sources and effects of water pollution is essential for controlling this alarming threat. Occurrence of Water he oceans contain about 97% of world water. The rest of the water is in the form of glaciers, ice caps, ground water and inland water (river, lakes, and streams. It is also present in atmosphere in the form of water vapours. Glaciers & ice caps.2.1.% — |||— Atmospheric water 0.001% Ground water 0.6 % ——!|_— Inland water 0.2 % Q. Why sea water is unfit for drinking and agricultural use? ‘Ans Sea water is unfit for drinking and agricultural purposes due to high percentage of dissolved ‘alts, Only 0.2% of the total water on the Earth is potable, ic. fit for drinking purpo:PROPERTIES OF WATER Q.No.1 Write down the composition and properties of water. ‘Composition of water Water is composed of two elements: oxygen and hydrogen. One atom of oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen to form one molecule of water. Pure water is a clear, colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid. Properties © Itis neutral to litmus., Its freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C at sea level. Its maximum density is 1 gem” at 4°C. Itis excellent solvent for ionic as well as molecular compounds. It has unusually high that of heat capacity about 4.2 Jg"K", which is about six times greater than that of rocks. This specific property of water is responsible for keeping the Earth's temperature within limits. Otherwise, day time temperature would have been too high to bear and night time temperature would have been too low to freeze everything. Ithas high surface tension. This unique property of water is responsible for its high capillary action, Capilldry action is the process by which water rises up from the roots of plants to leaves. This process is vital for the survival of the land plants. 15.2 WATER AS_A SOLVEN’ Q.No.2 Why water is called universal solvents? Universal solvents Water is the universal solvent because it can dissolve almost all the minerals. Its ability to dissolve substances is because of two unique properties of water: (@) Polarity of water molecule. (b) Exceptional hydrogen bonding ability. (a) Polar nature of water ‘Water molecule has a polar structure, i.e, one end of the molecule is partially positive while the other end is partially negative because of electro negativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. ‘All other polar substances are soluble in water, because the positive end of the substance is attracted by the negative end (O°) of the water and negative end of the substance is attracted by the positive end (H") of the water. The electrostatic attraction among the ions is overcome by the ion-dipole forces of attraction between ion and water molécules. In this way, positive and negative ions of the compounds are pulled apart. Ultimately, these oppositely charged ions are surrounded by water molecules, thus separated and kept in solution. For example, most of the salts like NaCl, KCI, NaSO,, ete. are soluble in water. Woy wid UN - 7% wpa "EA He we eK Pw PAY oH HS °. ¢On the other hand, many covalent substances like benzene, ether, octane, which do not have polar ends or bonds are not attracted by water molecule Therefore, non-polar compounds do not dissolve in water. (b) Extensive hydrogen bonding ability Water molecule is composed of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Because of two O-H bonds and two lone pairs, one HO molecule can hydrogen bonding with four other H,O molecules, which are arranged like tetrahedral around the HzO molecule . This unique behavior of water enables it to dissolve many polar non-ionic compounds having hydroxy! group (OH), like alcohols, organic acids, glucose, sugar, etc. by forming hydrogen bonds with them. INTERESTING INFORMATION If you add a lump of cesium to water in a glass trough, the reaction is so vigorous that the trough will shatter into small pieces. 15.3 SOFT AND HARD WA’ Q.No.3 What is soft and hard water? Write down the causes of hardness. Soft water ‘Soft water is that which produces good lather with soap. Hard water Hard water is that which does not produce lather with soap. Causes of hardness in water The rain water while coming down absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The water mixed with carbon dioxide, when passes through the beds of. the soil, converts insoluble carbonates of calcium and magnesium into soluble bicarbonates, It may also dissolve chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. ‘These salts make the water hard. CaCOy) + CO,Q) + Hy —>CaHCO,) MgCOy, + COy,) + H,0;)—>Mg(HCO,), ‘Thus, rain water dissolves many salts of divalent cations like Mg”* Ca?" and anions like Cr", $O4?, HCO3~! and CO3". Example Gypsum (CaSOy.2H,0) Limestone (CaCOs) ‘These salts make the water hard.Gypsum is sparingly soluble in water, while limestone is insoluble in water. However, in the presence of carbon dioxide small quantity of limestone is soluble in water according to the above chemical reaction. Q.No.4 Explain the method for the removal of hardness in water. 15.3.1 Types of Hardness of Water Hardness is of two types: @® ‘Temporary hardness Itis because of presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. (i) Permanent hardness It is because of presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. 15.3.2 Methods of Removing Hardness ‘The removal of Mg" and Ca? ions which are responsible for the hardness is called water softening. @ Removal of temporary hardness @ __Byboiling ‘Temporary hardness can be easily removed by boiling water. On boiling calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCOs)» decomposes to produce insoluble calcium carbonate, which precipitate out of the solution. CalHCO,)yg 2 FCaCOyy) + COy,) + H2Q%y (b) —_Clark’s method ‘A chemical method to remove temporary hardness is by the addition of slaked lime Ca(OH)2. a calculated amount of lime water is added to temporary hard water: Mg(HHCO,)yu + COM) yg —P MEO, + CACOyy +HLO 0p Ca(HCO,)y + Ca(OH) 4) > CACOy) + 2HL0(y ‘Thus, once the magnesium and calcium ions precipitate out water becomes soft. (ji) Removal of permanent hardness Permanent hardness can only be removed by using chemicals. Calcium ions (Ca“) and magnesium ions (Mg"*) are removed as insoluble salts by adding washing soda (NaxCOs) or Na-zeolite (@) By using washing soda The addition of washing soda removes the calcium arid magnesium ions as the insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates respectively. Na,COyuy + CASO) —? CACO, +NAzCOs59) Na,COyg + MgSO ug —? MBCOyy) + NA2SO us (6) Using sodium zeolite (an ion exchanger) Sodium zeolite is naturally occurring resin of sodium aluminum silicate NaAl(SiO3)2 which can also be prepared artificially. It is used for softening of water at domestic as well as industrial scale, When water is passed through fesin, sodium ions of the resin are exchange with the unwanted calcium and magnesium ions of hard water.Na,-zeolite + CaSO, —>Ca-zeolite +Na,SO 4.) When resin is fully used up it can be regenerated by flushing it with concentrated solution of NaCl. The reverse process takes place’ because of high concentration of sodium ions. Ca-zeolite + 2NaCI—+Na,-zeolite + Ca Cl, Q.No.5 What are the disadvantages of hardness of water? 15.2.3 Disadvantages of Hard Water: © Hard water consumes large amount of soap in washing purposes. © Drinking hard water causes stomach disorders. © Hard water is unfit for use in steam engines, boilers and turbines because insoluble calcium and magnesium salts are deposited inside which is called scales. They are bad conductors of heat and hence more fuel is used. Insoluble calcium and magnesium sulphates not only reduce the efficiency of the engine but also cause the boiler to burst. Q.No.6 How hardness the effects the cleaning action of soap? Hard water hampers the cleaning action of soap Soap is the sodium salt of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid). Hard water contains salts of magnesium and calcium. These ions react with the soap molecule to form an insoluble precipitate of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids called scum. As a result, a large amount of soap is wasted in scum formation. Thus, it reduces the efficiency of soap. 15.4 WATER POLLUTION Q.No.7 Write down the detail note on water pollution. ‘Water pollution is a contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and ground water). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. 15.4.1 Industrial Effluents Industrial units are installed to produce the desired substances (chemicals, cloth, leather goods, paper, plastic items, petrochemicals and rubber items) on commercial scale (o meet the needs of the society. But unfortunately all the industrial units discharge their wastes (chemicals and solid materials) either to open ground or to water channels. This is called industrial effluent. ‘Composition of industrial effluents The industrial effluent may be highly toxic organic chemicals, inorganic salts, heavy metals, mineral acids, oil and greases, etc. On the other hand, water used as cleaning agent in industries is. directly discharged out. This water contains all kinds of toxic: chemicals and detergents.Effect of effluents on water When these effluents or used water enter lakes, streams, rivers or oceans, they either get dissolved or float suspended in water. Even they get deposited on the bed Results This results in the pollution of water, i.e. They deteriorate the quality of water. . They reduce the quantity of dissolved oxygen, ultimately affects aquatic life and ecosystem. © They can also seep down and affect the ground water deposits. They contaminate the water deposits. When this water is used by human beings, it causes serious diseases like cancer and gastro. This polluted water damages soil, crops, plants and animals. . Heavy metals like cadmium, lead and mercury are toxic and health hazards for human beings. Acute cadmium poisoning causes high blood pressure, kidney damage and destruction of red blood’ cells. Acute lead poisoning causes dysfunction of kidney, liver, brain, central nervous system and reproductive system. Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage. Q.No.8 What are the domestic effluents? Explain its effects on water. 15 4.2 Domestic Effluents Use of detergents is increasing day by day for cleaning purposes in houses and industries. It is because; detergents have strong cleaning action than that of soap even in hard water. They ‘can work even in acidic solutions. But they have a major disadvantage over the soaps, as some of the detergents are non-biodegradable (cannot be decomposed by microorganisms like bacteria), When household water containing these detergents is discharged in streams, ponds, lakes and rivers, it causes water pollution. Use of detergent effects aquatic life ‘The detergent remains in the water for a long time and makes the water unfit for aquatic life. The phosphate salts present in detergents because rapid growth of algae in water bodies, which floats over the surface of water. These plants ultimately die and decay. Decaying plants being biodegradable consume oxygen gas present in water. Thus, depletion of oxygen gas results in death of aquatic life. Domestic sewage Domestic sewage contains a wide. variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. They include food and vegetable waste, garbage, cans, bottles, chemical soaps, washing powder, ete. It also contains disease causing microbes. All these substances add to water pollution. Q.No.9 What are the agriculture effluents? Explain its effects on water. 15.4.3 Agricultural Effluents: Water pollution due to agricultural waste is because of use of fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizers are used to make up the deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. of the soil because of intensive cultivation of crops in the recent years. On the other hand, pesticides are used either directly to kill or control the growth of pests. Pests may be weeds, herbs, insects, fungi, viruses, etc. They all damage crops and transmit diseases both to human beings and animals. Agricultural effluents have dual effects: . Intensive cultivation of crops causes these chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides to seep into the ground water commonly called leaching process. The high nitrate contents in ground water is mainly because of irrigation run-off from agricultural fields.Run-off from the agricultural land (where fertilizers and pesticides have been used) enters into ponds, streams or rivers. This water contains nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (POs") salts. These substances results in a rapid growth of algae, floating over the surface of water. They prevent the sunlight and air (oxygen) to reach up to aquatic life. When algae dies, bacteria consume oxygen of the water for decomposition of algae. As a result oxygen depletes in the water. Aquatic animals feel suffocation and ultimately die due to insufficient supply of oxygen. Effects of Water pollution . It is hazardous to human health. Drinking polluted water can cause cholera, typhoid and diarrhea. The use of polluted water is not only devastating for people but also for animals and birds. It causes rapid growth of algae. Death and decomposition of algae cause deficiency of oxygen in water that affects other organism living in water. . It is damaging aquatic life, thus breaking a link in food chain. _treduces the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers. ¢ tis unfit for cleaning or washing purposes. INTERESTING INFORMATION In some parts of the world, the water supply contains small amounts of fluorine compounds. It was found that, in these areas, people did not suffer much from tooth decay. This is because compounds of fluorine protect teeth from decay, This is why many tooth- pastes contain fluorine compounds. 15.5 WATERBORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES Q.No.10 Write a detail note on water borne diseases. Diseases that spread because of drinking polluted water or eating food prepared with polluted water are called waterborne infectious diseases, Water pollution may be due to toxins or microorganisms. Toxins are arsenic, mercury, arsenic, lead and many organic chemicals. Microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, protozoa and worms. Lack of proper sanitation facilities is the main cause of rapidly spreading waterbome diseases. A few common diseases are mentioned here: (i) Diarrheal diseases . Intestinal diseases, such as cholera, that may cause dangerous dehydration. Diarrhea may be caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites. (i) Dysentery Dysentery is an intestinal disease which is typically caused by certain bacteria or parasites. It is characterized by severe diarrhea that may be accompanied by blood or mucous. (iii) Cholera Cholera is an acute infection caused by the bacteria Vibrios cholera, which may be found in water contaminated by human feaces. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and can be fatal. (is). Cryptosporidium Water - bore micro organism (protozoa) that causes gastrointestinal _ illness (ryptosporidiosis) including diarhea and vomiting, These tiny pathogens are found in surface water sources like reservoirs, lakes and rivers.”) wi) Fluorosis Fluorosis is a disease caused by the consumption of excess fluoride. Fluorosis can cause bones and teeth damage. Hepatitis Itis liver inflammation commonly caused by one of five viruses called hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E can be transmitted by contaminated water. (vil) Hookworm Hookworm is a parasitic worm that infects the small intestine, Severe cases can result in anemia and stunted growth in children. Hookworm larvae enter the body through the skin, often via the feet. Spread by poor sanitary conditions, hookworms infect about one billion people worldwide per annum. (viii) Jaundice (i) Jaundice is caused by an excess of bile pigments in the blood. Liver ceases to function and eyes turn yellow. Patient feels weakness and fatigue. ‘Typhoid ‘A dangerous bacterial disease often spread by contaminated water or by food prepared with contaminated water. Q.No.11 What are the remedial parameters to avoid water born diseases. Prevention of water born diseases Waterborne diseases can be prevented by taking the following measures: Provision of safe water: Drinking water must be properly treated and purified. Disposal of sewage: There must be adequate sanitary disposal of sewage, Any type of waste must not be thrown or discharged directly in water supplies or reservoirs. Control of toxic chemicals: Chemical contamination can cause acute illness, but often toxic contaminants are slow poisons and carcinogens. There must be a strict control over the use of pesticides and other chemicals. @ i) (ii) Q.No.12 What is chlorination process of water? Technology Swimming pools are cleaned by chlorination process. It is the addition of chlorine solution in swimming’ pools. Chlorine kills bacteria and other micro-organisms. Cl, itself does not kcill rather it dissociate in water to form hypoclorous acid (HOCI) and hydrochloric acid Chg + H:Og—PHOCh yy +H" yo) +Ch eg HOC further ionizes to produce hypochlorite and proton. HOC) —?H og FOCI pg) Both the products HOCI and OCI kill bacteria and micro-organisms.Quality of Water Good quality water is colourless, odourless and tasteless. Hardness of water can be checked by washing. Soft ‘water produces lather with water. Pure water has least conductivity. Boiling point of water Water boils at 100°C. Distillation of Impure water Impure water can be purified by simple distillation apparatus as shown in figure. Distillation process involves boiling of a liquid and then condensing the vapours. Distillation flask. Boiling chip (to ensure smooth boiling) Impure water is taken in a distillation flask. It is boiled. Water vapours rise and enter the condenser. The vapours condense while passing through condenser. Thus, they are changed back into pure water, which is called distillate (distilled water). The distillate is collected in a beaker. The impurities remains behind in the distillation flask.COMCEPT DIAGRAM temporary hardness | because of HCO, of Mg” & Ca” permanent hardness ‘disadvantages because of SO,’ & | + hampers washing CI of Mg” & Ca” * causes stomach disorders * forms scales in boilers etc. deteriorate quality of water affect aquatic life affect ground water toxic metals are heath hazards © detergents-atfect aquatic life * sewage contains waste material & microbes WATER POLLUTION increases NO, & hazard to human health, POs Wilnlend water: animals & birds. © affects aquatic life. * leaching reduces aesthetic quality increases NO, unfit for drinking & washing in ground water.