Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 218 # evsjv mvwnZ¨

evsjv mvwnZ¨
cÖkœ we‡kølY
KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
cÖvPxbhyM
evsjv fvlvi DrcwË welqK - - - - - - 1 1
Ph©vc` 2 - 2 1 2 2 3 -
ga¨ hyM
gnvfviZ 1 - - - - - - -
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ 1 - - 1 - - - 1
g½j Kve¨ 1 - - - - - 1 2
c`vewj - - 2 1 1 - - 1
‡jvK mvwnZ¨ - - 1 2 1 - - -
Rxebx mvwnZ¨ - 1 - - 1 1 - -
bv_ mvwnZ¨ - - 1 - - - - -
‡ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb 1 - - - - - 1 -
AvivKvb ivRmfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ 1 1 - 1 - - - -
KweMvb - 1 - - - - - -
cvuPvwj Mvb - - - - - 1 - -
hyMmwÜKvj - 1 - - - - - -
AvaywbK hyM
‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR - 1 - 1 - - - -
Bqs‡e½j - 1 - - 1 - 1 -
Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 1 - - 1 - - - -
‡eMg †iv‡Kqv - - - 1 - - - -
Rmxg D``xb - 1 - 1 1 - - -
kvgmyi ivngvb - - 1 1 - - - -
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg - 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
`xbeÜz wgÎ - - - 1 1 - - -
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 4
ûgvqyb Kwei - - - 1 - - - -
cÖg_ †P․ayix 1 2 - 1 - - - -
gybxi †P․ayix - 1 - 1 - - - -
mÄq fÆvPvh© - - - 1 - - - -
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 1 1 - 1 2 - - -
Kvq‡Kvev` - - 1 - - - - -
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq - 1 1 - 2 - 1 1
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb - 1 1 - - - - 1
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb - - 1 - - - - -
ûgvqyb AvRv` - - 1 - - 1 - -
‣mq` gy¯Ídv wmivR - - 1 - - - - -
‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix - - 1 - - - - -
‡mwjg Avj `xb - - 1 - - - - -
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 219 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
KZZg wewmGm?
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
‣mq` kvgmyj nK - 1 - - - 2 - -
‣mq` IqvjxDjøvn - - - - - - - 2
Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn - 1 - - - - - -
kIKZ Imgvb - 1 - - - - - -
Rxebvb›` `vk - 1 - - - 1 1 1
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm 1 - - - - 1 - -
bwRei ingvb - - - - - - - 1
‡kL Iqvwn` 1 - - - - - - -
Zv‡iK gvmy` 1 - - - - - - -
‡mv‡gb P›` 1 - - - - - - -
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq 1 - - - - - 1 -
wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y 1 - - - - - - -
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1 - - - - - 1 -
gvngy`yj nK - - - - 1 - - 1
g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi - - - - 1 - - -
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq - - - - 1 1 - -
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK - - - - 1 - - -
ggZvRD``xb Avng` - - - - - 1 - -
kIKZ Avjx - - - - - 1 - -
gyKz›``vm - - - - - 1 - -
mg‡ik emy - - - - - 2 - -
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` - - - - - 1 1 -
Aveyj gbmyi Avng` - - - - - - 1 -
k•L †Nvl - - - - - - 1 -
Kvwgbx ivq - - - - - - - 1
XvKv gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvR - - - - - 1 1
evsjv fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv welqK MÖš’ - 2 - 1 1 - -
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm - - - - 1 - 1 -
gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK - - - - - 1 - -
Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK 1 - - - - - - -
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g - - - - - 1 -
wewfbœ Kwe/mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dcvwa/QÙbvg - - - - 2 - -
wewfbœ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© PwiÎ - - - - 1 - -
wewfbœ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i DcRxe¨/cUf~wg - - - - 3 - -
cwÎKv 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1
¯^”Q aviYv †`evi Rb¨ ‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GKB cÖkœ `ywU K¨vUvMwi‡Z †djv‡bv n‡q‡Q|****

cÖ¯‘wZ MÖn‡Yi mgq ‡hmKj Kwe/mvwnwZ¨K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡e Zv‡`i GKwU ZvwjKv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
cÖ_g ch©vq cÖvPxbKvj, ga¨hyM, hyMmwÜÿY, ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR, Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë,
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, Kvq‡Kvev`, `xbeÜz wgÎ, †iv‡Kqv
mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb, diiæL Avng`, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, Rmxg D`&`xb|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 220 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
wØZxq ch©vq Bqs‡e½j, kvgmyi ivngvb, ûgvqyb Kwei, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, cÖg_ †P․ayix, gybxi
†P․ayix, •mq` IqvjxDjøvn, nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, ûgvqyb AvRv`, ‡gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix, ‡mwjg Avj
`xb, ‣mq` kvgmyj nK, Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn, kIKZ Imgvb, Rxebvb›` `vk, AvLZviæ¾vgvb
Bwjqvm, mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq, wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y, g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, nvmvb
AvwRRyj nK, ûgvq~b Avn‡g`, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`, e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ, XvKv gymwjg
mvwnZ¨ mgvR, cÂcvÐe, wewfbœ Kwe/mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dcvwa/QÙbvg, gyw³hy× I fvlv Av‡›`vjb †K›`ªxK
mvwnZ¨Kg©|
Z…Zxq ch©vq mÄq fÆvPvh©, ‣mq` gy¯Ídv wmivR, ‡kL Iqvwn`, Zv‡iK gvmy`, ‡mv‡gb P›`, gvngy`yj nK,
ggZvRD``xb Avng`, gyKz›``vm, kIKZ Avjx, mg‡ik emy, wenvixjvj PµeZ©x, wef~wZf~lY
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ‡gvnv¤§` †gvRv‡¤§j nK, Kvwgbx ivq|
PZz_© ch©vq G eB‡Z cÖ`Ë Ab¨vb¨ Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e|

evsjv mvwnZ¨
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK
Aviwe, ZzwK©,
evOvwj Bivwb, nvewk,
RvwZi AvdMvb, gyNj evOvwj `ªvweo
RvwZ ‡fvUPxbxq
DrcwË cÖvK Avh© (g‡½vjxq)
Avh©
ev Abvh©

Abvh© Avh©
‡bwMÖ‡Uv Aw÷ªK `ªvweo ‡fvUPxbxq
cÖvPxb evsjvi evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb - evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix Avh©‡`i Avw` wbevm wQj BDivj
cÖ_g Rb‡Mvôxi Ask Ges wblv` DcRvZxq‡`i (Mv‡iv, ‡KvP, ce©‡Zi `wÿ‡Y (eZ©gvb Bivb)|
bvg| RvwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wÎcyiv, PvKgv, ivReswk) eo Avh©iv me©vwaK weKvk jvf K‡i
Ask g‡½vj‡qW ev †fvUPxbxq| cvj kvmbvg‡j|

evsjv fvlv
B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq Ô‡KšÍgÕ fvlv‡Mvôx †_‡K D™¢vweZ ÔkZgÕ fvlv‡Mvôx †_‡K D™¢vweZ fvlv‡Mvôx—
fvlvi cÖavb `yÕwU fvlv‡Mvôx— wMÖK, wnwËK, ZzLvwiK, BUv‡jv, Avj‡ebxq, Av‡g©bxq, ev‡ëv¯øvwfK, Avh© ev B‡›`v-
kvLv— 02wU| wUDUwbK| G‡`i g‡a¨ Gwkqvi kvLv— Bivbxq| evsjv fvlvi D™¢e B‡›`v-Bivbxq fvlv‡Mvôxi
h_v- †KšÍg I wnwËK I ZzLvwiK; Ab¨¸‡jv BD‡iv‡ci fviZxq cÖvK…Z Avh© fvlvi cÖvP¨iƒc †M․oxq cÖvK…‡Zi
kZg| wewfbœ A‡j we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| e½Kvgiƒc †_‡K (evsjv I Amwgqv fvlv)|
 cÖvK…Z A_©— ¯^vfvweK| cÖvK…Z k‡ãi fvlvMZ A_©— RbM‡Yi fvlv| evsjv fvlvi g~j Drm/ c~e©eZx© ¯Íi— cÖvK…Z|
 cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv— ‣ew`K fvlv| ‡e‡`i fvlv‡K ejv nq— •ew`K fvlv| cvwYwb e¨vKiY‡K k„•Ljve× K‡ib—
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq| fviZxq Avh© fvlvi cÖvPxb iƒc cvIqv hvq— cÖvPxb MÖš’ F‡M¦‡`i gš¿¸‡jv‡Z|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË mßg kZvãx‡Z (650 wLª÷v‡ã) †M․oxq cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
 W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË `kg kZvãx‡Z (950 wLª÷v‡ã) gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K|
 Acåsk kãwUi A_©— weK…Z| cÖvK…Z fvlv weZwK©Z n‡q me©‡kl †h ¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq, Zvi bvg Acåsk|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 221 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z : `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx|
w¯’wZKvj W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z : mßg †_‡K Øv`k kZvãx
 beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv e¨vKiY g‡Z, we‡k^i me©vwaK e¨eüZ fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb— lô| GKB m~‡Î
c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRvi fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
 AvaywbK hy‡M c‡`¨i `ywU fvlv ixwZ i‡q‡Q— mvay I PwjZ ixwZ| PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K— cÖg_ †P․ayix|
 mvayixwZ bvgKiY K‡ib— ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (Ô†e`všÍÕ MÖ‡š’)| GwU AwfRvZ/m¤£všÍ‡`i fvlv|
 evOvwj RvwZ †hgb msKi Rbmgwó †Zgwb evsjv fvlvI msKi fvlv|
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm— Abvh© fvlv|

evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ welqK MÖš’

fvlvweÁvbx MÖš’ fvlvweÁvbx MÖš’
bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm A Grammar of the Bengal ivg‡gvnb ivq †M․oxq e¨vKiY
n¨vj‡nW Language W. myKzgvi †mb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I •mq` Avjx Avnmvb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë gybxi †P․ayix evsjv M`¨ixwZ
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn ev½vjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë W. IqvwKj Avng` evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cyive„Ë
gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB fvlv I mvwnZ¨, aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ ‡Mvcvj nvj`vi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i iæcK_v
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY myKzgvi †mb fvlvi BwZe„Ë
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e¨vKiY gÄyix, gbxlv gÄylv Avng` kixd evOvjx I evOvjv mvwnZ¨
ûgvqyb AvRv` Zzjbvg~jK HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb
cÖvPxb I AvaywbKKv‡ji evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg MÖš’ Ôevsjv fvlv I ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯ÍveÕ (1873) iPbv K‡ib
cwÐZ ivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ Òe½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1896)Ó iPbv K‡ib— W. `x‡bkP›`ª
†mb|
evsjv Awfavb welqK MÖš’
Awfavb m¤úv`K Awfavb m¤úv`K
kãgÄyix (ev½vjv Awfavb) Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi evOjv cZz©wMR Awfavb (1743 wLª.) cvw`ª g‡bvGj `v Avmmy¤úmvD
e½fvlvwfavb ivgP›`Ö we`¨vevMxk e½xq kã‡Kvl (1932-1951) nwiPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
e½fvlvwfavb iv‡gk¦i ZK©vj¼vi evsjv fvlvi Awfavb (1815 wLª.) DBwjqvg †Kix
cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev gyn¤§` nvweeyi ingvb Vocabulary (evsjv- Bs‡iwR kã‡Kvl) di÷vi
mgv_©K kã Awfavb
 1817 mv‡j evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g Awfavb msKjb Ôe½fvlvwfavbÕ iPbv K‡ib ivgP›`ª we`¨vevMxk| [41Zg wewmGm]

evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ

evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb Awfavb Rvwgj †P․ayix
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mswÿß evsjv Awfavb Avng` kixd mgKvjxb evsjv fvlvi Awfavb Avey BmnvK
evsjv GKv‡Wwg Bs‡iwR-evsjv Awfavb wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx HwZnvwmK Awfavb gbRyiæi ingvb

evsjv wjwc
1800 wLª÷v‡ã kÖxivgcyi wgk‡b QvcvLvbv ¯’vwcZ nIqvi gva¨‡g evsjv wjwc ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i| evsjv wjwci Aÿi ev e‡Y©i
AvaywbK iƒc †`b— cÂvbb Kg©Kvi|
fviZxq wjwc →  eªvþx wjwc →  cwðgv wjwc  evsjv wjwc I eY©gvjv
 L‡ivôx wjwc  ga¨ fviZxq wjwc
 c~e©x wjwc →
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 222 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
 mKj fviZxq wjwci m„wó— eªvþx wjwc n‡Z|  evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj— `kg n‡Z PZz©`k
 mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j— eªvþx wjwcÕi cÖPjb kZvãx|
N‡U| wZwb Zvui AwaKvsk Kg© †j‡Lb— eªvþx wjwc‡Z|  c„w_exi cÖvq mKj wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q— wdwbwkq wjwc
 evsjv wjwci Drm/ D™¢e n‡q‡Q— eªvþx wjwc †_‡K| †_‡K|
 c~e©x wjwc †_‡K evsjv wjwci D™¢e N‡U— GKv`k-  L‡ivôx wjwcgvjv †jLv nq— Wvbw`K †_‡K|
Øv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z,  †mb hy‡M evsjv wjwci MVbKvh© ïiæ n‡jI cvVvb hy‡M
evsjv wjwci D™¢e— mßg kZvãx‡Z| Zv †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx AvKvi aviY K‡i|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 'evOvjx I evOvjv mvwnZ¨' MÖš’ ‡K iPbv K‡ib? [44Zg 13. evsjv fvlvi g~j Drm †KvbwU? A_ev, evsjv fvlvi c~e©eZ©x
wewmGm] ¯Í‡ii bvg Kx? [17Zg wewmGm; 8g †emiKvwi wkÿK wbeÜb: 11]
(K) `x‡bkP›`ª ‡mb (L) ‡Mvcvj nvj`vi K. Kvbvwo fvlv L. •ew`K fvlv
(M) Avng` kixd (N) myKzgvi ‡mb D:M M. wnw›` fvlv N. cÖvK…Z fvlv D. N
02. ‡KšÍ‡gi †Kvb `ywU kvLv Gwkqvi AšÍM©Z? [43Zg wewmGm] 14. ‡Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q? [9g †emiKvwi wkÿK
wbeÜb: 13; 6ô †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 10]
(K) wnwËK I ZzLvwiK (L) Zvwgj I `ªvweo K. fviZxq Avh© L. ms¯‥…Z
(M) Avh© I Abvh© (N) gvMax I †M․oxq D. K M. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq N. e½-Kvgiƒcx D. N
03. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g Awfavb msKjb K‡ib †K? [41Zg 15. evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q †Kvb fvlv †_‡K? [17Zg wewmGm]
wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi]
K. ms¯‥…Z L. cvwj M. cÖvK…Z N. Acåsk D. M
K. ivgP›`ª we`¨vevMxk L. ivR‡kLi emy 16. evsjv fvlv †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q? [13Zg †emiKvix cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv: 16]
M. nwiPiY †` N. A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq D.K K. ms¯‥…Z L. ‡M․oxq cÖvK…Z
04. Avh©fvlvi †Kvb ¯Íi †_‡K evsjv fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q? [kÖg M. wnw›` N. Avmvwg D. L
Awa`߇ii †gwW‡Kj Awdmvi: 05]
K. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© fvlv L. ga¨fviZxq Avh©fvlv 17. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi DrcwË †Kvb cÖvK…Z
M. be¨fviZxq Avh©fvlv N. ms¯‥…Z fvlv D. K ¯Íi †_‡K? [10g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 14]
05. evsjv fvlv †Kvb g~j fvlvi AšÍM©Z? [7g †emiKvix cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 11] K. gvMax cÖvK…Z L. †M․oxq cÖvK„Z
K. `ªvweo L. BDivjxq M. gnvivóªx cÖvK…Z N. Aa© gvMax cÖvK…Z D. L
M. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq N. †m‡gwUK D. M 18. ‡Kvb fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q e‡j W. gyn¤§`
06. fviZxq fvlvi wb`k©b †h MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg- [gwnjv I knx`yjøvn g‡b K‡ib? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡veavqK: 06]
wkï welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welqK Kg©KZ©v: 16] K. †M․oxq Acåsk L. †M․o Acåsk
K. ivgvqY L. gnvfviZ M. gvMax Acåsk N. cÖvPxb Acåsk D. K
M. F‡M¦` N. Ph©vc` D. M 19. Ôevsjv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡KÕ| G g‡Zi
07. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlv¸‡jvi Avw`g Drm Kx? cÖe³v †K? [9g †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb: 13]
[¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 06] K. m¨vi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvm©b
K. g~j Avh©fvlv L. •ew`K fvlv L. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
M. Abvh© fvlv N. ms¯‥…Z fvlv D. M M. W. myKzgvi †mb
08. evsjv Avw` Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv Kx? [mn. cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©KZ©v: 16; N. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq D. N
gv`K `ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK: 99]
K. ms¯‥…Z L. evsjv M. Aw÷ªK N. wnw›` D. M 20. ÔAcåskÕ K_vwUi A_© Kx?
09. ‡e‡`i fvlv‡K wK fvlv ejv nq? [cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`߇ii K. DbœZ L. wee„Z M. mvaviY N. weK…Z D. N
cwieviKj¨vY cwi`wk©Kv cÖwkÿYv_©x: 13] 21. evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Kvi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e FYx? [AvenvIqv
K. †`wk fvlv L. •ew`K fvlv Awa`߇ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`: 04]
M. †e`x fvlv N. Bs‡iwR fvlv D. L K. cvwj L. Acåsk M. AenUV N. ms¯‥…Z D. L
10. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv wPwýZ Kiæb| [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 06] 22. evsjv fvlvi eqm KZ? [gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wk. Awa. cÖ`k©K : 04]
K. cvwj L. cÖvK…Z M. •ew`K N. †fvRcyix D. M K. 1000 eQi L. 2000 eQi
11. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z fvlv †KvbwU? M. 2500 eQi N. 2700 eQi D. K
K. evsjv L. Bs‡iwR M. divwm N. D`y© D. K 23. evsjv fvlvi D™¢e nq-
12. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvi KqUv kvLv? [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvRKj¨vY msMVK: 05] K. mßg wLª÷v‡ã L. mßg wL÷ c~e©v‡ã
K. GKUv L. `yBUv M. wZb‡U N. Pvi‡U D. L M. wLª÷xq ·qv`k kZ‡K N. wLª÷xq Øv`k kZ‡K D.K
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 223 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
24. evsjv fvlvi Avw`¯Í‡ii w¯’wZKvj †KvbwU? [14Zg wewmGm] 26. ‡Kvb kvmbvg‡j evsjv wjwci ¯’vqx iƒc •Zwi K‡i Aÿi
K. `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx MV‡bi KvR ïiæ nq? [Lv`¨ Awa`߇ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
L. GKv`k †_‡K cÂ`k kZvãx K. ‡mb hy‡M L. cvVvb hy‡M
M. Øv`k †_‡K †lvok kZvãx M. cvj hy‡M N. †gvMj hy‡M D. L
N. ·qv`k †_‡K mß`k kZvãx D. K 27. evsjv wjwci D™¢e n‡q‡Q †Kvb cÖvPxb wjwc †_‡K? [14Zg
wewmGm]
25. cÖvK…Z k‡ãi fvlvMZ A_©- [15Zg cÖfvlK wbeÜb (K‡jR): 19]
K. g~L©‡`i fvlv L. cwÐZ‡`i fvlv K. ms¯‥…Z L. Pxbv wjwc
M. RbM‡Yi fvlv N. †jLK‡`i fvlv D. M M. Aviwe wjwc N. eªvþx wjwc D. N

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyMwefvM

 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm ïiæ nq— Ph©vc` iPbvi Kvj †_‡K|
 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi e½weR‡qi gva¨‡g ga¨hyM Ges 1800 mv‡j KjKvZvq †dvU©
DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g evsjvq M`¨ PP©v Z_v AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq|
 cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i •ewkó¨— e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZv I ag©wbf©iZv| ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i •ewkó¨— ag©wbf©iZv|
 eZ©gvb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i •ewkó¨— AvZ¥‡PZbv, RvZxqZv‡eva I gvbeZvi RqRqKvi| hyw³kxjZv, ¯^RvZ¨‡eva,
¯^‡`k‡cÖg, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡kl K‡i bvix ¯^vaxbZv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM‡K— 3 (wZb) fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
W. mybxwZKzgvi
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Gi
P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi g‡Z,
g‡Z, 650-1200 wLª.
cÖvPxb hyM 950-1200 wLª.
evsjv
ga¨hyM (1201-1800) hyM mwÜÿY/Aeÿq hyM
mvwnZ¨ AÜKvi hyM
(1760-1860)
AvaywbK hyM (1801-eZ©gvb) (1200-1350)

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM

†e․× a‡g©i cÖPviK ‡M․Zg ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b Zvui Abymvixiv— gnvhvb I nxbhvb-G `yÕfv‡M wef³ nq| mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
gnvhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq— eRªhvb I KvjPµhvb| eRªhvb †_‡K DrcwË nq— mnRhvb| mnRhvb cwš’ivB— mnwRqv bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| GB mnwRqvcš’xivB iPbv K‡ib— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`k©b Ph©vc`|

Phv©c`
evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi GKgvÎ wbf©i‡hvM¨ HwZnvwmK wb`k©b— ÔPh©vc`Õ ev Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl|
 Ph©vc`‡K ejv nq— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m cÖ_g ev Avw` MÖš’ / Avw` wb`k©b|
 Phv©c` cÖvPxb hy‡Mi evsjv fvlvi †kÖô wb`k©b| ÔPh©vc`Õ GKwU Mv‡bi msKjb| GwU‡K ejv nq— mvab m½xZ|
 Ph©vc‡`i iPbv ïiæ nq— cvj ivRes‡ki Avg‡j| Ph©vc‡` ‡e․× ag©g‡Zi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| [40Zg wewmGm] ZvB Ph©vc`‡K
mnwRqv †e․× ag©vej¤^x‡`i mvwnZ¨ ejv nq|
 Ph©vc‡`i Q›` : GwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| [33Zg wewmGm] Ph©vc‡` ms¯‥…Z cR&SwUKv Q‡›`i cÖfve Av‡Q| Gi fvlvixwZ K_¨|
 GB MÖš’wU cÖ_g KweZv msKjb bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Ph©v k‡ãi A_©— ÔAvPiYÕ|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 224 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
cyuw_ Avwe®‥vi
 1882 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔSanskrit Buddhist Literature in Nepal’ MÖ‡š’ ivRv iv‡R›`ªjvj wgÎ me©cÖ_g †bcv‡ji
†e․×Zvwš¿K mvwn‡Z¨i K_v cÖKvk K‡ib|
 iv‡R›`ªjvj wg‡Îi ci †bcv‡j cuyw_ msMÖ‡ni †Póvq hvb— gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| wZwb wZbevi †bcv‡j hvb,
1887-98 wLª÷v‡ã 2 (`yB) evi Ges †klevi 1907 wLª÷v‡ã|
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb Ph©vc‡`i Avwe®‥viK— gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| [17Zg wewmGm]
 Avwe®‥…Z nq : †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi (i‡qj jvB‡eªix) †_‡K| [28Zg wewmGm]
 Avwe®‥…Z nq— 1907 mv‡j| nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡qwQ‡jb— wZeŸZ I †bcv‡j|
 m¤úªwZ bZzb Ph©vc` Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— •mq` †gvnv¤§` kv‡n`|
bvgKiY I cÖKvk
 nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Avwe®‥…Z cuyw_i bvg— ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ| ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ A_©— Ô†KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bqÕ|
 Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z D‡jøLK…Z ms¯‥…Z UxKvKvi gywb`‡Ëi gZvbymv‡i GB c`msMÖ‡ni bvg— Avðh©Ph©vPq|
 W. cÖ‡eva P›`ª evMPx ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ bv‡gi cwiKíbv K‡ib|
 KxwZ©P›`ª gywb`‡Ëi UxKvi wZeŸwZ Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb— ÒPh©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wËÓ bv‡g|
 AvaywbK cwÐZM‡Yi Abygvb †h cuyw_wUi bvg wQj— Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl Ges Gi ms¯‥…Z UxKvi bvg— ÔPh©vðh©wewbðqÕ|
 nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi aviYv wQj wZwb Ph©vMxwZ msMÖ‡ni g~j cuyw_B (UxKv mn) Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mKj cwÐZB
cieZ©xKv‡j G wel‡q GKgZ †h, kv¯¿x gnvkq KZ©„K msM„nxZ cyuw_wU Avm‡j e„wË ev UxKvi|
 1916 wLª÷v‡ã (1323 evsjv) KjKvZvi e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Ph©vc` cÖKvk K‡ib— nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
 nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi KZ©„K m¤úv`bvq eBwU ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq †e․×Mvb I †`vnvÕ bv‡g MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
 cwÐZ gywb`Ë Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K ms¯‥…Z UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib|
 XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi evsjv I ms¯‥…Z wefv‡Mi (18 Ryb 1921) cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb— nicÖmv` kv¯¿x|
bvg whwb w`‡q‡Qb Ph©vc‡`i cÖ`Ë bvg bvg whwb w`‡q‡Qb Ph©vc‡`i cÖ`Ë bvg
gybx`Ë Avðh©Ph©vPq W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn Buddhist Mystic Songs
nicÖmv` kv¯¿x Ph©vPh©wewbðq KxwZ©P›`ª Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvle„wË
W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx Phv©ðh©wewbðq AvaywbK cwÐZMY Ph©vPh©wewbðq
•mq` Avjx Avnmvb Ph©v MxwZKv
Phv©c‡`i iPbvKvj
 evsjvi cvj es‡ki ivRviv †e․× wQ‡jb| Zv‡`i Avg‡j Ph©vMxwZKv¸‡jvi weKvk N‡UwQj| ivûj mvsK…Z¨vqb Gi g‡Z,
cvj ivRv ag©cv‡ji mg‡q jyBcv` Ges mincv` eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z : 950-1200 wLª÷vã (`kg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx)|
Ph©vc‡`i iPbvKvj
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z : 650-1200 wLª÷vã (mßg n‡Z Øv`k kZvãx)|

Ph©vc‡`i fvlv weZK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

 1920 mv‡j weRqP›`ª gRyg`vi cÖ_g Ph©vc‡`i fvlv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Ph©vc‡`i fvlvq cÖfve i‡q‡Q wnw›`, Amwgqv,
Dwoqv, Acåsk (‣gw_jx) cÖf…wZ fvlvi| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi fvlvwe`ivI Zv‡`i fvlvi mvwnZ¨ e‡j `vex K‡ib|
 fvlv weZK© †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ 1926 mv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq ÔThe Origin and Development of the
Bengali Language (ODBL)’ bvgK weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’ Gi fvlvZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
 wZwb aŸwbZË¡, e¨vKiY I Q›` wePvi gZ w`‡q‡Qb— Ph©vi c`msKjbwU Avw`gZg evsjv fvlvq iwPZ hvi gva¨‡g
cÖgvwYZ nq Ph©vc` evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b|
 1938 mv‡j W. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx KZ©„K Ph©vi wZeŸwZ Abyev` cÖKvwkZ nq|
 1946 mv‡j W. kwkf~lY `vk¸ß Ph©vMxwZi AšÍwb©wnZ Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖKvk K‡ib|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 225 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
Ph©vc‡`i fvlv
1907 mv‡j nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K †h cyuw_ msMÖn K‡ib Zv n‡jv Ph©vPh©wewbðq, mincv‡`i (kin eRª
kv¯¿x) ‡`vnv‡Kvl I K…òvPv‡h©i (Kvýcv‡`i) †`vnv‡Kvl Ges WvKvY©e GB PviwU MÖ‡š’i mgš^q| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKgvÎ
Ph©vPh©wewbðqB cÖvPxb evsjvq †jLv, Ab¨ wZbwU ms¯‥…Z Acåsk fvlvq iwPZ|
ʘ W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K cwðge‡½i Dcfvlv g‡b K‡ib|
ʘ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vi fvlv‡K cÖvPxb evsjv wKsev cÖvPxb e½Kvgiƒcx fvlv ejvB m½Z|
Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K †KD †KD mܨvfvlv ev mvܨ fvlv e‡j‡Qb| Ph©vc` m¤ú‡K© W. gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb, ÔAv‡jv Avuavwi fvlv KZK Av‡jv, KZK AÜKvi, LvwbK eySv hvq, LvwbK eySv hvq bv| hvnviv mvab fRb K‡ib,
ZvnvivB †m K_v eywS‡eb, Avgv‡`i eywSqv KvR bvB|Õ G Kvi‡Y Ph©vc‡`i fvlv‡K mܨv fvlv ejv nq| [38Zg wewmGm]

Ph©vc‡`i c`msL¨v I iPwqZvMY

 W. knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡` c‡`i msL¨v— 50wU| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi g‡Z, Phv©c‡` c‡`i msL¨v— 51wU|
 Ph©vc‡`i cÖvß cuyw_‡Z c` wQj— 51wU| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU (11 msL¨K) c` UxKvKvi e¨vLv K‡ib wb|
 Ph©vc‡` c`KZ©vi bvg cvIqv hvq— 23Rb|
 AviI GKRb c`KZ©vi bvg Av‡Q wKš‘ Zvi c`wU †bB| †mwU ai‡j Ph©vi c`msL¨v— 51wU Ges c`KZ©v— 24 Rb|
c`KZ©vMY c` (KweZv) iPbv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡`i m¤§vb m~PK cv`bvg ejv n‡Zv| cv`  cv|
c`KZ©v weeiY
Kvýcv  Kvýcv c` iPbv K‡ib— ‡gvU 13wU| wKš‘ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ…©K c` msM„nxZ nq— 12wU| Kvýcv
wQ‡jb— mnwRqv Zvwš¿K †e․ׇhvMx| wZwb ag©kv¯¿ I msMxZ Dfq wel‡qB cUz wQ‡jb|
 Ph©vc‡`i Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K c` iPbv K‡ib— Kvýcv [35Zg wewmGm]|
fzmyKcv  msL¨vi w`K †_‡K— wØZxq m‡e©v”P c`KZ©v|
 fzmyKzcv wb‡R‡K cwiPq †`b— evOvwj e‡j| wZwb wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb—ÔAvwg fzmyKz evOvjx njvg e‡jÕ|
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i AvaywbK ev me©‡kl c`KZ©v— ÔfzmyKzcvÕ|
jyBcv  W. nicÖmv`kv¯¿x I AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i Avw` Kwe— jyBcv (1, 29 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib)|
KviY wZwb cÖ_g c` iPwqZv| ZvB wZwb Ph©vc‡`i— Avw` iPwqZv|
 nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi g‡Z, wZwb ivp A‡ji evOvwj Kwe|
 jyBcv iwPZ Ph©vc‡`i cÖ_g c`wU nj— ÔKvAv Ziæei cv we Wvj/ PÂj PxG ‣cVv Kvj|Õ
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, jyBcv keicvi wkl¨ wQ‡jb| †mRb¨B Zvui g‡Z, jyBcv Avw` Kwe bb|
keicv  W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z Avw` Kwe— keicv (28, 50 bs c` 2 wU iPbv K‡ib) (Avw` Kwe)
 W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z ÔkeicvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb|
mincv  †klc` iPwqZv wn‡m‡e mincv`‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
jvox‡Wv¤^xcv  jvox‡Wv¤^xcvi GKwU c‡`i K_v D‡jøL _vK‡jI Zvi c`wU †bB|
gywb`Ë  Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib gywb`Ë|
c`KZ©v c‡`i msL¨v c`KZ©v c‡`i msL¨v
Kvýcv 13wU keicv 2wU
fzmyKzcv 8wU kvwšÍcv 2wU
mincv 4wU Avh©‡`e, K¼bcv, K¤^jv¤^i, ¸Ðwicv, PvwUjcv, Rqb›`x, †Wv¤^xcv, 1wU
Kz°ixcv 3wU †XÐYcv, Zš¿xcv, ZvoKcv, `vwoKcv, avgcv, weiæevcv, exYvcv, K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡K
jyBcv 2wU f`ªcv, gnxaicv
‡gvU c‡`i msL¨v 50wU
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 226 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
 Avevi cuyw_‡Z K‡qKwU cvZv bó nIqvq wZbwU m¤ú~Y© (24, 25 I 48 bs) c` Ges GKwU (23) c‡`i †klvsk cvIqv
hvq wb| ZvB cuyw_‡Z me©‡gvU mv‡o †QPwjøkwU c` cvIqv †M‡Q|
 Ph©vc‡`i 1g c` iPwqZv— jyBcv|
23 bs c‡`i 6wU cO&w³ cvIqv †M‡Q|  24 bs c`wUi iPwqZv— Kvýcv|
evwK 4wU cO&w³ cvIqv hvqwb| Gi iPwqZv fzmyKzcv| ZvB  25 bs c`wUi iPwqZv— Zš¿xcv|
A‡b‡K e‡j _v‡Kb 46.60wU c` cvIqv hvq|  48 bs c`wUi iPwqZv— Kz°yixcv (2, 20, 48)|

Ph©vc‡`i cÖev`evK¨
‡gvU 6wU cÖev` evK¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖev`mg~‡ni c`KZ©vi bvgmn ewY©Z nj-
c` bs c`KZ©vi bvg cÖev`evK¨ I A_©
6 fzmyKzcv AvcYv gvs‡mu nwiYv •eix (nwi‡Yi gvsmB Zvi kÎæ)
32 mincv nv‡Zi Kv¼b gv †jvD `vcb (nv‡Zi KvuKb †`Lvi Rb¨ `c©Y cÖ‡qvRb nq bv)
33 ‡XÐYcv nvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekx (nvwo‡Z fvZ ‡bB, A_P cÖwZw`b †cÖwgKiv G‡m fxo K‡i|)
33 ‡XÐYcv `ywnj `ya wK †e‡È mvgvq (‡`vnb Kiv `ya wK ev‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq?)
39 mincv ei myb †Mvnvjx wKgy `yV¨ ej‡›`u (`yó Miæi †P‡q k~b¨ †Mvqvj fvj)
44 K¼Ycv Avb Pvn‡šÍ Avb webav (Ab¨ Pvwn‡Z Ab¨ webó)
 ÔUvjZ †gvi Ni bvwn co‡elxÕ, ÔnvwoZ fvZ bvwn wbwZ Av‡ekxÕ GB cO&w³ `ywU Øviv `vwi`ª¨wK¬ô Rxe‡bi wPÎ A¼b Kiv
n‡q‡Q| [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi WvK Awa`߇ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16]
Ph©vc‡`i cO&w³
 ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv|/ Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjvÕ (Kvýcv)
 ÔKgj gay wcwZwe †avKBb †fvgiv|Õ (gxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_)
gxbbv‡_i Ph©vc‡` †Kvb c` bvB| Z‡e 21 bs c‡`i UxKvq PviwU cO&w³i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
 w`emwn eûox KvDB Wi fvA/ivZx fB‡j Kvgiƒ RvA| (Kz°zixcv)
 `ywn `ywj wcUv aiY b RvB|/ iæ‡Li †Zš‘wj Kzgx‡i LvAv/| (Kz°zixcv)
 Ô`ywj `ywn wcUv aiY b RvB|/ iæ‡Li †Zš‘wj Kz¤¢x‡i LvA||Õ (A_© : gv`x KvwQg †`vnb K‡i `ya cv‡Î ivLv hv‡”Q bv|
Mv‡Qi †ZuZzj Kzwg‡i Lv‡”Q|) (Kz°zixcv)| GwU Ph©vc‡`i 2 bs c‡`i cO&w³|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Ôiæ‡Li †Zš‘wj Kzgx‡i LvBÕ- Gi A_© Kx? [43Zg wewmGm] 05. evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbZg kvLv †KvbwU? [12Zg
(K) †ZwR Kzwgi‡K iæ‡L w`B †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb:15]
(L) e„‡ÿi kvLvq cvKv †ZuZyj K. †QvUMí L. bvUK
(M) Mv‡Qi †ZuZzj Kzwg‡i Lvq M. Kve¨ N. Dcb¨vm D. M
(N) fzj †_‡K wkÿv wb‡Z nq D. M 06. Ph©vc` n‡jv g~jZ- [¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 17/ weAviwWweÕi Dc‡Rjv cjøx Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v: 12/ RvZxq mÂq
02. ÔPh©vc‡`Õi cÖvw߯’vb †Kv_vq? [43Zg wewmGm] cwi`߇ii mÂq Awdmvi: 10]
(K) evsjv‡`k (L) †bcvj K. Mv‡bi msKjb L. KweZvi msKjb
(M) Dwol¨v (N) fzUvb D. L M. cÖe‡Üi msKjb N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq D. K
03. evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb wb`k©b †KvbwU? [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi 07. Ph©vc` n‡jv- [Bangladesh Bank Officer (General): 18]
cÖkvmwbK I e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v:18/WvK Awa`߇ii Gw÷‡gUi:18/mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii Awdm
mnKvix Kvg Kw¤úDUvi: 18]
K. GK¸”Q a‡g©vc‡`k L. mvab msMxZ
K. kÖxK…òweRq L. kÖxK…òKxZ©b M. RxebvPiY c×wZ N. †`ex e›`bv D. L
M. ïb¨cyivY N. Ph©vc` D. N 08. evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g KweZv msKjb- [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK (wgwmwmwc):
13/ Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK (MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwkÿY): 01]
04. nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi Dcvwa Kx? [43Zg wewmGm]
K. Ph©vc` L. •eòe c`vewj
(K) cwÐZ (L) we`¨vmvMi M. HZ‡iq AviY¨K N. †`vnv‡Kvl D. K
(M) kv¯¿Á (N) gnvg‡nvcva¨vq D. N
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 227 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
09. ÔPh©vc`Õ iPbvwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb hy‡Mi Kve¨ wb`k©b? 21. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`k©b †KvbwU? [35Zg wewmGm]
[wZZvm M¨vm UªvÝwgkb G¨vÛ wWw÷ªweDkb †Kv.wj. †WcywU A¨vwm÷¨v›U BwÄwbqvi:11]
K. wbićbi i殧v L. †`vnv‡Kvl
K. Avw`hyM L. ga¨hyM M. †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm N. gqbvgZxi Mvb D. L
M. AwZ AvaywbK hyM N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq D. K 22. ÔmܨvfvlvÕ †Kvb mvwnZ¨K‡g©i m‡½ hy³: [38Zg wewmGm/evsjv‡`k
10. Ph©vc‡`i m‡½ †Kvb a‡g©i bvg mswkøó? [40Zg wewmGm/Z_¨ I †Uwjwfkb Gi cÖ‡hvRK: 06/ KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`߇ii Aaxb Bb÷ªv±I (bb †UK)]
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi:17]
K. Ph©vc` L. c`vewj
K. Bmjvg ag© L. wLªóag© M. g½jKve¨ N. †ivgvÝKve¨ D. K
M. wkL ag© N. †e․×ag© D. N 23. Ph©vc` †h evsjv fvlvq iwPZ GwU cÖ_g †K cÖgvY K‡ib? [Lv`¨
11. ÔPh©vc`Õ †Kvb ag©vej¤^x‡`i mvwnZ¨? [cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix Awa`߇ii Lv`¨ cwi`k©K: 11]
cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb):13/ mnKvix mycvwib‡Ub‡WÛ (Rwic Awa`ßi): 05]
K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn L. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Uªvcva¨vq
K. mbvZb wn›`y L. mnwRqv †e․×
M. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x N. W. Gbvgyj nK D. L
M. •Rb N. nwiRb D. L
24. ÔThe Origin and Development of the Bengali
12. †Kvb ivRes‡ki Avg‡j Ph©vc` iPbv ïiæ nq? [WvK Awa`߇ii
Dc‡Rjv †cv÷gv÷vi:10] Language’ MÖš’wU iPbv K‡i‡Qb- [33Zg wewmGm/PZz`©k †emiKvwi
K. cvj L. †mb M. ZzwK© N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq D. K cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv (K‡jR/mgch©vq): 17/wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi Dc‡Rjv
wbP©vPb Awdmvi: 08]
13. ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ- Gi A_© Kx? [37Zg wewmGm] K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn L. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Uªvcva¨vq
K. †KvbwU Ph©vMvb, Avi †KvbwU bq M. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x N. m¨vi RR© wMÖqvimb D. L
L. †KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bq 25. Phv©c` †Kvb Q‡›` †jLv? [33Zg wewmGm]
M. †KvbwU PivP‡ii, Avi †KvbwU bq K. Aÿie„Ë L. gvÎve„Ë
N. †KvbwU AvPv‡h©i, Avi †KvbwU bq D. L M. ¯^ie„Ë N. AwgÎvÿi Q›` D. L
14. evsjv fvlvi Avw` wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ Avwe®‥…Z nq KZ mv‡j? 26. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn m¤úvw`Z ÔPh©vc`Õ welqK MÖ‡š’i bvg
[34Zg wewmGm/ 30Zg wewmGm/ wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc- mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj):
17/PZz`©k †emiKvwi cÖfvlK wbeÜb cixÿv (K‡jR/mgch©vq): 17] Kx? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. 2007 mv‡j L. 1907 mv‡j K. Buddhist Mystic Song
M. 1916 mv‡j N. 1909 mv‡j D. L L. Ph©vMxwZKv M. Ph©vMxwZ‡Kvl D. K
15. Ph©vc` Avwe®‥…Z nq †Kv_v †_‡K? [28Zg wewmGm/ ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix N. nvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY evsjv fvlvq †e․×Mvb †`vnv
mvBdvi Kg©KZ©v: 17/ AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-‡iwR÷ªvi: 16]
27. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvnÕi g‡Z, Ph©vc‡`i fvlv- [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i
K. AvivKvb ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v: 12]
L. evuKzovi GK M„n‡¯’i †Mvqvj Ni †_‡K K. eªReywj L. RMvwLPzwo
M. †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’kvjv †_‡K M. mܨvfvlv N. e½-Kvgiƒcx D. N
N. my`~i Pxb †`k †_‡K D. M 28. wb‡Pi †KvbwU m‡nv`i fvlv‡Mvôx? [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii
16. evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb ÔPh©vc`Õ Gi Avwe®‥viK- mgvRKj¨vY msMVK: 05]
[17Zg wewmGm/ mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii cÖ‡dkb Awdmvi: 13/AvBwmwe e¨vsK wj. K. evsjv I D`y© L. evsjv I Amwgqv
wmwbqi Awdmvi: 11/mnKvix Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
M. evsjv I wnw›` N. evsjv I ms¯‥…Z D. L
K. W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn
29. †Kvb cwÐZ Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v
L. W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Uªvcva¨vq
K‡ib? [cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv cwimsL¨vb A¨vwmm‡U›U Awdmvi: 14]
M. W±i nicÖmv` kv¯¿x N. W±i myKzgvi †mb D. M
K. Kvûcv L. jyBcv
17. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x cyuw_ mvwnZ¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wM‡q‡Q‡jb-[kÖg
cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09] M. keicv N. gywb`Ë D. N
K. wZeŸZ, †bcvj L. fzUvb, wmwKg 30. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw`MÖš’ ÔPh©vc`Õ Gi iPbvKvj-[cvU gš¿Yvj‡qi
Pxd Ae e¨e¯’vcK: 10].
M. Kvkx, †ebvim N. †ev‡¤^, Rqcyi D-K
K. mßg †_‡K Øv`k kZK
18. ÔPh©vc`Õ cÖ_g †Kv_v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq? [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii
cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi: 13] L. Aóg †_‡K PZz`©k kZK
K. e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` L. GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU M. beg †_‡K PZz`©g kZK
M. kÖxivgcyi wgkb N. †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR D.K N. `kg †_‡K PZz`©k kZK D. K
19. e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ ÔPh©vc`Õ †K m¤úv`bv 31. Ph©vc‡`i eqm AvbygvwbK KZ eQi? [evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q: 10]
K‡ib: [7Zg we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv: 12] K. 800 eQi L. 1000 eQi
K. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn L. kÖx nicÖmv` kv¯¿x M. 1100 eQi N. 1200 eQi D. L
M. W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb N. kÖx njjvj ivq D. L 32. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm I Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm- G
20. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x ÔPh©vc`Õ †h MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi bvg `yÕwUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk cyivZb? [wc,Gm, wmi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 18]
nj- [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvR msMVK: 05] K. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BZnvm
K. Ph©vc`vewj L. Bs‡iR mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm
L. nvRvi eQ‡ii cyivY ev½vjv fvlvq †e․×Mvb I †`vnv M. `yÕwUB mgmvgwqK
M. Ph©vPh©wewbðq N. Ph©vMxwZKv D. L N. welqwU weZwK©Z I AwggvswmZ D. L
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 228 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
33. cÖvß Ph©vc‡`i c`KZ©v KZRb? [_vbv ev Dc‡Rjv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi: 99] 40. ‡K wb‡R‡K evOvwj e‡j cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb?
K. 19 L. 23 M. 25 N. 27 D. L K. †Mvwe›``vm L. Kvq‡Kvev`
34. Ph©vc‡` KZRb Kwei c` i‡q‡Q? [RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ M. Kvýcv N. fzmyKzcv D. N
Kg©KZ©v: 16] 41. me‡P‡q †ewk Ph©vc` cvIqv †M‡Q †Kvb Kwei? [35Zg
K. 27 Rb L. 26 Rb M. 24 Rb N. 25 Rb D. M weweGm/¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`߇ii Gw÷‡gUi: 18/
†emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj KZ…©c‡ÿi wnmve wbixÿK: 17]
35. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe †K? [29Zg wewmGm/wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi
e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v (mvaviY): 18/ kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cÖavb cwi`k©K: K. jyBcv L. keicv
09] A_ev, Ph©vc‡`i Avw` Kwe †K? [bvwm©s I wgWIqvBdvwi Awa`߇ii wmwbqi M. fzmyKzcv N. Kvýcv D. N
÷vd bvm©: 18/RvZwq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©I mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v:15/mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi:
99/Joint Recruitment Test for 8 Bands (Senior Officer): 18] 39. Phv©c‡`i †Kvb c`wU LwÐZ AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq? [kÖg cwi`߇ii
RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v: 09]
K. Kvûcv L. †P¸bcv
K. 10 bs c` L. 16 bs c`
M. jyBcv N. fzmyKzcv D. M
M. 18 bs c` N. 23 bs c` D. N
36. wb‡¤œi cO&w³wU Kvi iPbv?
40. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g wb`k©b Ph©vc‡`i msL¨v- [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv
ÔAvwj Gu Kvwj Gu evU iæ‡Üjv| Zv †`wL Kvý wegbv fBjv|Õ wkÿv Awdmvi: 10]
K. Kvýcv L. PvwUjcv K. 46wU L. mv‡o 46wU
M. kvwšÍcv N. jyBcv D. K M. 56wU N. 50wU D. N
37. Ph©vMxwZ iPbvq msL¨vwa‡K¨i we‡ePbvq wØZxq ¯’v‡bi 41. Ph©vc‡`i MvbmsL¨v KZ¸‡jv? [wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v: 18]
AwaKvix †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (PÆMÖvg wefvM) : 03] K. 41wU L. 51wU
K. Rq‡`e L. fzmyKzcv M. 56wU N. 62wU D. L
M. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x N. Kvýcv D. L 42. Ph©vc‡`i UxKvKv‡ii bvg Kx? [41Zg wewmGm wcÖwj:]
38. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x Kv‡K Ph©vi Avw` Kwe g‡b K‡ib? [Avbmvi I K. gxbbv_ L. cÖ‡evaP›`ª evMPx
wfwWwc Awa`߇I mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U: 10]
K. jyBcv L. Kvûcv M. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x N. gywb`Ë D: N
M. †P¸bcv N. fzmyKzcv D. K e¨vL¨v : cwÐZ gywb`Ë Ph©vc‡`i c`¸‡jv‡K ms¯‥…Z
39. ÔKvýcvÕ Kx ai‡bi mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb? [Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM UxKvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v K‡ib|
cÖhyw³ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi: 17]
K. •eòec` L. Ph©vc`
M. evDj c` N. kv³ c` D. L

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi ïiæ 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi LjwRi AvMg‡bi gva¨‡g Ges 1757
mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×i gva¨‡g †kl n‡jI Gi e¨vwß aiv nq— 1201 †_‡K 1800 mvj ch©šÍ| ga¨hy‡Mi GB mgqUv gymwjg
kvmK‡`i kvm‡bi AvIZvq nIqvq wewfbœ kvmKe‡M©i f~wgKv Av‡jvwPZ Ges mgv‡jvwPZ|
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i •ewkó¨  c`¨ixwZi  ag©‡Kw›`ªK  ‡`e-‡`exi cÖvavb¨
ZzwK© hyM  e¨vwß— 1201-1350 wLª÷vã| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM cwijwÿZ nq— ZzwK© kvmK‡`i mg‡q|
myjZvwb  e¨vwß— 1351-1575 wLª÷vã| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvq cvVvb myjZvb‡`i f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
hyM  W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb— Ô‡M․oxq hyMÕ e‡j| Gmgq †M․o‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv weKwkZ nq|
 evsjv Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ— ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn| Zvui c„ô‡cvlKZvq—
wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB ÔgbmvweRqÕ Ges •RbyÏxb ÔimyjweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
AÜKvi hyM
 AÜKvi hyM/ Avuavi hy‡Mi e¨vwß : 1201-1350 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ|
 AÜKvi hyM m„wói KviY : ZzwK© Avµg‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nIqvq gvbyl mvwnZ¨ iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Ges
cwÐZ/Ph©vKv‡iiv †`k Z¨vM K‡i †bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z AvkÖq †bq|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 229 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨ wb`k©b Kwe welqe¯‘
AÜKvi cÖvK…Z ‣c½j kÖxnl© cÖvK…Z fvlvq ·qv`k kZ‡K iwPZ AÜKvi hy‡Mi cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K wb`k©b|
hy‡Mi k~b¨c~ivY ivgvB cwÐZ M`¨-c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| D‡jøL i‡q‡Q— wn›`y I †e․× a‡g©i K_v|
mvwnZ¨Kg© †mK ï‡fv`qv njvqya wgkÖ M`¨-c`¨ wgwkÖZ P¤úyKve¨| D‡jøL i‡q‡Q— gymjvgvb‡`i evsjv weRq|
wbićbi D®§v ivgvB cwÐZ Ôk~b¨c~iv‡YÕi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv|
MxZ †Mvwe›` njvqya wgkÖ I Rq‡`e iwPZ— ms¯‥…Z fvlvq|
WvK I Lbvi ePb
 ga¨hy‡Mi K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx mvwnZ¨— WvK I Lbvi ePb|
 W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z WvK I Lbvi eP‡bi iPbvKvj— Aóg-Øv`k kZK|
 WvK I Lbvi ePb‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbhy‡Mi m„wó e‡j| Qov RvZxq Gme bgybv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv
nq— †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Avw` wb`k©b wn‡m‡e|
 Gme iPbvq iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q— G‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I K…wl m¤úwK©Z eû wewPÎ AwfÁZv|
 cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q— bxwZK_v I eû`kx Dc‡`k| Wv‡Ki I Lbvi eP‡bi welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ HK¨ _vK‡jI Wv‡Ki eP‡b
†R¨vwZl I †ÿÎZ‡Ë¡i I gvbe-Pwi‡Îi e¨vL¨v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| Lbvi eP‡bi g~jfve n‡jv— ï× Rxebhvcb ixwZ| Z‡e
A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, Lbvi eP‡bi g~jfve n‡jv— mvgvwRK g½j‡eva|
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g/‡kÖô wb`k©b A_ev cÖ_g Kve¨— kÖxK…òKxZ©b|
 kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨— me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ|
 GwU †P․Ï kZK-c‡bi kZ‡Ki Kve¨| GwU evsjv mvwnZ¨ avivi— wØZxq Kve¨|
 MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ— ÔbvUMxwZÕ| LÐ msL¨v— 13wU| c`msL¨v— 418|
 Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ n‡jv— K…‡òi Rb¥, e„›`ve‡b ivavi mv‡_ Zvui cÖYq Ges †k‡l e„›`veb I ivav Dfq‡K Z¨vM K‡i
K…‡òi wPiZ‡i g_yivq AwfcÖqvY|
 iPwqZv— eoy PÐx`vm (GwU Kwei Dcvwa)| cÖK…Z bvg— AbšÍ eoyqv ev AbšÍ eovB| ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe— eoy PÐx`vm|
cyuw_i bvgKi‡Yi KviY/ whwb bvgKiY K‡ib kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi cÖ`Ë bvg
cuyw_‡Z cÖvß GKwU wPiKzU Abymv‡i GB Kv‡e¨i cÖK…Z bvg kÖxK…òm›`f
W. Avng` kixd GB Kve¨‡K AwfwnZ K‡ib kÖxK…ò avgvwj
m¤úv`K (emšÍiÄb ivq) Kv‡e¨ K…òjxjv m¤úwK©Z welqe¯Íz †`‡L bvgKiY K‡ib kÖxK…òKxZ©b
m¤úv`‡Ki e³e¨ wQj, Ôczuw_i Av`¨šÍnxb LwÐZvs‡k Kwei †`kKvjvw`i K_v `‚‡i _vKzK, czuw_i bvg ch©šÍ cvIqv hvq bvB|Õ
cÖkœ : GKK Kwei iPbv wn‡m‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g Kve¨ †KvbwU?
DËi : kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨| KviY- kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ GKRb iPbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ Ph©vc` 23/24 Rb iPbv K‡i‡Qb|

cyuw_ Avwe®‥vi I cÖKvk

o Avwe®‥…Z nq— 1909 wLª. (1316 e½vã)| Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— emšÍiÄb ivq (Dcvwa: weØØjøf)|
o ‡hLvb †_‡K— cwðge‡½i euvKzov †Rjvi KuvwKj¨v MÖv‡g GK M„n¯’ evwoi †Mvqvj N‡ii wU‡bi Pvjvi wbP †_‡K| D×v‡ii
¯’v‡b Ah‡Zœ iwÿZ wQj G Kve¨|
o eZ©gv‡b †hLv‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q— 243/1, AvPvh© cÖdzjø ivq †ivW¯’ Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡`iÕ cyuw_kvjvq iw¶Z Av‡Q|
o cÖKvwkZ nq— 1916 mv‡j (1323 evsjv) emšÍiÄb iv‡qi m¤úv`bvq KjKvZv Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K|
o cuyw_wUi cÖ_gw`‡Ki `ywU cvZv Ges †k‡li cvZvwU wQj bv| cyuw_i 452 c„ôvi gv‡Si 45 c„ôvI cvIqv hvq wb| mvaviY
ixwZ Abyhvqx cuyw_i cÖ_g w`‡K †`eZvi cÖksmv, Kwei cwiPq I MÖš’bvg D‡jøwLZ nq Ges †kl w`‡Ki cvZvq cuyw_i
iPbvKvj I wjwcKvj wjwLZ _v‡K| cÖ_g I †kl Ask LwÐZ _vKvq Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I iPbvKvj †jvKPÿzi Avov‡jB
†_‡K hvq|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 230 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
emšÍiÄb iv‡qi msM„nxZ Z_¨g‡Z : 1386 †_‡K 1400 wLª÷‡ãi †Kvb GK mgq|
kÖxK…òKxZ©‡bi
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z : 1370-1433 wLª÷vã|
iPbvKvj
Zvui g‡Z kÖxK„òKxZ©‡bi wjwc 1436-1520 wLª. A‡cÿv cÖvPxb Ges Zv 1340-1440 wLª. g‡a¨ iwPZ|
kÖxK…òZxZ©Y Kv‡e¨i PwiÎ
cÖavb PwiÎ ivav, K…ò I eovB| GB wZb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ivav‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Kv‡e¨i AvL¨vbe¯‘i weKvk N‡U‡Q|
ivav †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi ivav n‡jv gvbevZ¥vi cÖZxK †h cigvZ¥v‡K cvevi Rb¨ mvivÿY e¨vKzj| wKš‘ Kwei
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ ivav Pwi‡Î Aciƒc my›`ix GK bvix hvi Rb¥ †Mvqvjvi N‡i evj¨Kv‡j Zvui we‡q nq—
bcysmK †Mvqvjv Avqvb †Nv‡li mv‡_| ivavi `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq— Avqvb †Nv‡li wcwmgvi Dci|
wZwbB ivav K…‡òi m¤úK© m„wó‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib|
K…ò †c․ivwYK Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ K…ò n‡jv— cigvZ¥v ev ¯ªóv| wKš‘ eoy PÐx`v‡mi kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨ K…ò n‡jb—
my`k©b GK ivLvj hyeK|
eovB ivav K…ò †cÖgjxjvi `~Z| [28Zg wewmGm]

PÐx`vm mgm¨v
o W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn I nicÖmv` kv¯¿x wZbRb PÐx`v‡mi
K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb— eoy PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I `xb
PÐx`vm| G‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖvPxb— kÖxK„òKxZ©b
Kv‡e¨i eoy PÐx`vm|
o Z‡e mKj cwÐZM‡Yi gZvgZ Abymv‡i— PviRb
PÐx`v‡mi m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| Giv n‡jb—
eoy PÐx`vm, `xb PÐx`vm, wØR PÐx`vm I PÐx`vm|
‡R‡b ivLyb
kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv— eo– PÐx`vm|
mnwRqvcš’x ivMvwZ¥Kv c‡`i— PÐx`vm|
c`vewji— wØR PÐx`vm cvjvMv‡bi— `xb PÐx`vm
eoy PÐx`v‡mi Agi Dw³
Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ [21Zg wewmGm]

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. 'kÖxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨' ‡Kv_v ‡_‡K D×vi Kiv n‡qwQj? [44Zg M. †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb N. ivgvB cwÐZ D. N
wewmGm] 07. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô wb`k©b †KvbwU? [9g †emiKvwi
(K) ‡bcv‡ji ivR`ievi ‡_‡K wkÿK wbeÜb: 13]

(L) ‡MvqvjNi ‡_‡K K. kÖxK…òKxZ©b L. Ph©vc`

(M) cvVkvjv ‡_‡K M. •eòe c`vewj N. bv_ mvwnZ¨ D. K
(N) KvšÍwRD gw›`i ‡_‡K D. L 08. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g wb`k©b †KvbwU? [miKvwi
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK: 19]
02. evsjv fvlvi ga¨hyM- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK [MY‡hvMv‡hvM
cÖwkÿY : 01] K. k~b¨c~ivY L. WvKvY©e
K. 901-1200 wLª÷vã L. 1201-1350 wLª÷vã M. MxZ‡Mvwe›` N. kÖxK…òKxZ©b D. N
M. 1201-1800 wLª÷vã N. 1800 wLª-eZ©gvb D.M 09. me©Rb ¯^xK…Z I LvuwU evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’
03. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv nq- [34Zg wewmGm] †KvbwU? [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mvBdvi Awdmvi: 99]
K. 1201-1350 wLª. L. 600-950 wLª. K. Ph©vc` L. kÖxK…òKxZ©b
M. 1351-1500 wLª. N. 600-750 wLª. D.K M. BDmyd ‡Rv‡jLv N. cÙveZx D. L
04. ‡Kvb kvmK‡`i hyM‡K evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv 10. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv- [29Zg wewmGm]
nq? K. PÐx`vm L. eo– PÐx`vm
K. cvj L. †mb M. wØR PÐx`vm N. `xb PÐx`vm D. L
M. ¸ß N. ZzwK© D. N 11. ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g Kwe n‡”Q- [kÖg gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK: 05]
05. ÔAvuavi hy‡MÕi iPbv ejv nq †KvbwU‡K? [wcwUAvB BÝUªv±i-19] K. Kvýcv L. we`¨vcwZ
K. Ph©vc` L. gbmvg½j M. eoy PÐx`vm N. gvjvai emy D. M
M. kÖxK…òKxZ©b N. cÖvK…Z‣c½j D. N 12. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK: 13]
06. Ôk~b¨c~ivYÕ Kve¨ Kvi iPbv? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x L. ivg‡gvnb ivq
K. jyBcv L. Kvýcv M. emšÍiÄb ivq N. cÖg_ †P․ayix D. M
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 231 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
13. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨Lvwb Avwe®‥…Z nq †Kv_vq? [GwUBI: 10] 15. ÔeovwqÕ †Kvb Kv‡e¨i PwiÎ? [‡ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx: 17]
K. ivRcÖvmv‡` L. †MvqvjN‡i K. gbmvg½j L. PÐxg½j
M. Kzu‡oN‡i N. MÖš’vMv‡i D. L M. kÖxK…òKxZ©b N. cÙveZx D. M
14. ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i LÐ msL¨v- [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`߇ii 16. MVbixwZ‡Z ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kve¨ g~jZ- [38Zg wewmGm]
mnKvix cwiPvjK: 14] K. c`vewj L. avgvwj
K. 14 L. 15 M. †cÖgMxwZ N. bvUMxwZ D. N
M. 13 N. 12 D. M

ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ evsjv mvwnZ¨

ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡e¨i cÖavb aviv 2wU| h_v— ‡g․wjK mvwnZ¨ I Abyev` mvwnZ¨|

g½j gwm©qv
Kve¨
ga¨hy‡Mi ‡g․wjK mvwnZ¨
evsjv Rxebx ‡jvK
Abyev` mvwnZ¨ mvwnZ¨ mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨
‣eòe bv_
c`vewj mvwnZ¨

‣eòe mvwnZ¨
 c` ev c`vewj ej‡Z †evSvq— ‡e․× ev •eòexq M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó| •eòe c`vewj— ivav I K…‡òi AvKl©Y-
weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ Abyf~wZ m¤^wjZ GK cÖKvi Mvb| ‣eòe mvwnZ¨ wZb cÖKvi— Rxebx mvwnZ¨, •eòekv¯¿ Ges c`vewj|
 •eòe g‡Z, ¯ªóv I m„wói g‡a¨ †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| •eòe ag©gZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wewPÎag©x mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó n‡q‡Q
Zv‡K Ô•eòe mvwnZ¨Õ bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq|
 ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô I me‡P‡q mg„× dmj— •eòe c`vewj| ‣eòe Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v— kÖx •PZb¨‡`e|
 •eòe c`vewj •eòe mgv‡R— ÔgnvRb c`vewjÕ Ges •eòe c`KZ©vMY— ÔgnvRbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 evsjvq cÖPwjZ c`vewji my¯úó fvM i‡q‡Q— `ywU| hvi GKwU— •PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x PZz`©k kZ‡K Kwe‡Mvôx we`¨vcwZ I
PÐx`vm Ges AciwU— •PZb¨ cieZ©x mg‡q †lvok kZ‡K weKvk jvf|
 •eòe mvwn‡Z¨i DcRxe¨ Z_v •eòe c`vewji DcRxe¨ ivav K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv— k„½vi im (gayi im)|
ga¨hy‡Mi ag© cÖPviK kÖx •PZb¨‡`‡ei (1486-1533) Avwef©v‡ei cÖ_g ce© : cÖvK •PZb¨ hyMÑ PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZvãx
d‡j evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM bZzb m¤ú‡` mg„× n‡q I‡V| Zvu‡K wØZxq ce© : •PZb¨ hyMÑ †lvok kZvãx
†K›`ª K‡i ga¨hy‡Mi wewfbœ ¯Íi/ce© Gi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q| W. Z…Zxq ce© : DËi •PZb¨hyMÑ mß`k
AwmZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : ga¨hyM‡K PviwU c‡e© fvM K‡i‡Qb— PZz_© ce© : Aóv`k kZvãx

‣PZb¨ c~e©eZ©x c`KZ©v

Rq‡`e evsjv c`vewj‡Z cÖfve ivLv evi kZ‡Ki ms¯‥…Z Kwe Rq‡`e Gi weL¨vZ iPbv ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`g&Õ Gi g~j
DcRxe¨— ÔivavK…‡òi †cÖgjxjvÕ|
we`¨vcwZ  c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe— wgw_jvi Kwe we`¨vcwZ|  ev½vwj bv n‡qI (AevOvwj Kwe)/ evsjvq KweZv iPbv
 wZwb c`vewji— Avw` iPwqZv| bv K‡iI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq bvg|
 c` iPbv K‡ib— eªReywj fvlvq| A_©vr  L¨vwZ wQj— Ô•gw_wj †KvwKjÕ I ÔAwfbe
eªReywj fvlvi cÖeZ©K| Dcvwa— ÔKweKÉnviÕ| Rq‡`eÕ bv‡g|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 232 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
ÔG mwL nvgvwi `y‡Li bvwn Ii| A_© : ÔmLx †n Avgvi `yt‡Li mxgv †bB|
G fiv fv`i gvn fv`i GB fiv el©v fv`ª gvm
k~b¨ gw›`i †gvi|Õ (-we`¨vcwZ) Avgvi gw›`i k~b¨|Õ (-we`¨vcwZ)
eªReywj  eªReywj n‡”Q— •gw_wj I evsjv wgwkÖZ gayi mvwnwZ¨K fvlv|
 •eòe c`vewji AwaKvskB iwPZ n‡q‡Q— eªReywj bv‡g GK K„wÎg wgkÖ Kwe fvlvq|
 eªReywj fvlvi c`vewj †_‡K RbmvaviY aviYv— e„›`ve‡bi ivavK…ò m¤¢eZ G fvlv‡ZB K_v ejZ|
 eª‡Ri eywj A‡_© eªReywj GB KvíwbK e¨vL¨v †`qv nq| ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ iwPZ— ms¯‥…Z fvlvq|
 PZz`©k kZ‡Ki †kl fv‡Mi Kwe| evsjv fvlvq c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv— PÐx`vm|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gvbeZvev`x Kwe— PÐx`vm| ‣PZb¨‡`e Zvui c`vewj ï‡b †gvwnZ n‡Zb|
 ev½vwj •eòe mvwn‡Z¨i im I Avb‡›`i msev` †c‡q‡Q— PÐx`v‡mi c`vewj †_‡K|
 PÐx`v‡mi weL¨vZ cO&w³—
ÒGgb wcixwZ Kfz bvwn †`wL ¯Íwb| `yûu †Kv‡i `yûu Kvu‡` we‡”Q` fvweqv
PÐx`vm civ‡b civY evÜv Avcbv Avcwb|Ó Ava wZj bv †`wL‡j hvq †h gwiqv|
Kj‡¼i Wvwj gv_vq Kwiqv ‡Zvgvi jvwMqv Kj‡¼i nvi
Avbj †fRvB N‡i| Mjvq cwi‡Z myL|
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ mB †Kg‡b awie wnqv
Zvnvi Dci bvB [21Zg wewmGm] Avgvi euayqv Avb evwo hvq
mB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvg| Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|

‣PZb¨ cieZ©x c`KZ©v

Ávb`vm mvaK PÐx`v‡mi Ôiƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y gb fi| Ômy‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evuwaby
(†lvok) fvewkl¨ wQ‡jb cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kv‡›`, cÖwZ A½ ‡gvi \ Ab‡j cywoqv †Mj|Õ
Ávb`vm| Zvui wnqvi cik jvwM wnqv †gvi Kv‡›`
weL¨vZ cO&w³- civY- wcixwZ jvwM w_i bvwn ev‡Ü|Õ
‡Mvwe›` P›`ª wZwb we`¨vcwZi Abymvix (fvewkl¨ hvunv hvunv wbKm‡q Zby Zby ‡R¨vwZ/
`vm (‡lvok) ejv nq) wQ‡jb| Zvui cO&w³- Zvunv Zvunv weRywi PgKgq ‡nvwZ|
c`vewji gymjgvb c`KZ©v : †kL Kwei (cÖ_g), AvdRvj †kL dqRyjøvn,•mq` gyZ©Rv, Kwei †kL, Avãyj Iqvwn`,
‡kL Rvjvj, Kig Avjx, •mq` myjZvb, AvjvIj, AvKei|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. we`¨vcwZ g~jZ ‡Kvb fvlvi Kwe wQ‡jb? [44Zg wewmGm] K. g½jKve¨ L. Abyev` mvwnZ¨
(K) gvivVv (L) wnw›` M. †ivgvÝag©x cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb
(M) ‣gw_wj (N) ¸RivU D: M N. •eòe c`vewj O. me¸‡jvB D: O
02. c` ev c`vewj ej‡Z wK eySvq? [22Zg wewmGm/ mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii 05. ‡Kvb Dw³wU wVK? [`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi †Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi : 94]
mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 06]
K. •eòe c`vewj ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi GK cÖKvi KvwnbxKve¨
K. jvPvox Q‡›` iwPZ c`¨ ev KweZvejx L. •eòe c`vewj •eòe a‡g©i †h․w³K e¨vL¨v
L. c`¨vKv‡i iwPZ ‡`e¯ÍywÍ Zg~jK iPbv M. •eòe c`vewj c‡`¨ iwPZ •PZb¨ †`‡ei Rxebx we‡kl
M. evDj ev gigx MxwZ N. •eòe c`vewj ivav I K…‡òi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi wewPÎ
N. ‡e․× ev •eòexq a‡g©i M~p wel‡qi we‡kl m„wó D: N Abyfw~ Z m¤^wjZ GK cÖKvi Mvb D: N
03. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kÖô wb`k©b †KvbwU? [9g †emiKvwi 06. k„½vi im‡K •eòe c`vewj‡Z Kx im e‡j? [37Zg wewmGm]
wkÿK wbeÜb : 13]
K. kÖxK…òKxZ©b L. Ph©vc` K. fveim L. gayi im
M. •eòe c`vewj N. bv_ mvwnZ¨ D: M M. †cÖgim N. jxjvim D: L
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ga¨hy‡Mi Kv‡e¨i cÖavb GKwU aviv? [‡mvbvjx 07. c`vewji cÖ_g Kwe †K? [22Zg wewmGm/ ¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj
Awa`߇ii Gw÷‡gUi : 18/ mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 06]
e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi : 10]
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 233 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
K. kÖx‣PZb¨ L. we`¨vcwZ M. AvjvIj N. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi DËi: L
M. PÐx`vm N. Ávb`vm DËi: L 20. ÔeªReywjÕ‡Z †Kvb Kwe c`vewj iPbv K‡ib? [cÂ`k †emiKvwi cÖfvlK
wbeÜb cixÿv (K‡jR/mgch©vq)/ mnKvix Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 12]
08. evsjv fvlvq •eòe c`vewji Avw` iPwqZv †K? [cÖwZiÿv
gš¿Yvj‡qi wgwjUvwi BwÄwbqvi mvwf©‡m‡mi †÷vig¨vb : 18 †hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb K. PÐx`vm L. Ávb`vm
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v 06/ †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi : 05]
M. we`¨vcwZ N. †Mvwe›``vm DËi: M
K. PÐx`vm L. we`¨vcwZ 21. Kv‡K we`¨vcwZi fvewkl¨ ejv nq? [‡ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix
M. Ávb`vm N. AvjvIj DËi: K cÖ‡KŠkjx : 17]
09. Ôwe`¨vcwZÕ †Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe wQ‡jb? [38Zg wewmGm 28Zg K. PÐx`vm L. Ávb`vm
wewmGm/ bvwm©s I wgWIqvBdvwi Awa`߇ii wmwbqi ÷vd bvm© 18/ RvZxq ivR¯^
†ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v : 15/ 6ô we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv :
M. †Mvwe›`P›`ª `vm N. K…ò`vm DËi: M
11] 22. ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`gÕ †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ? [cwi‡ek I eb gš¿Yvj‡qi wimvP©
K. †ivmv½ L. K…òbMi Awdmvi : 06/ ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
M. weµgcyi N. wgw_jv DËi: N K. cÖvPxb evsjv L. ms¯‥…Z
10. ‣eòe c`vewji AevOvwj Kwe †K? [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix Awdmvi : 05] M. eªReywj N. AenUn& DËi: L
K. †Mvwe›``vm L. Ávb`vm 23. ‣eòe c`KZ©v ÔPÐx`vmÕ KZ Rb? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Kviv ZË¡eavqK :
13]
M. PÐx`vm N. we`¨vcwZ DËi: N K. 3 Rb L. 2 Rb M. 4 Rb N. 5 Rb D: M
11. ‡Kvb Kwe evOvwj bv n‡qI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ¯^Zš¿ ¯’vb `Lj 24. Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dci bvBÕ- †K e‡j‡Qb?
K‡i Av‡Qb? [†hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v: 06] [21Zg wewmGm/ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 18/ cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK :
16/ WvK Awa`߇ii †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi: 16/ mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi : 15]
K.we`¨vcwZ L. Rq‡`e K. PÐx`vm L. we`¨vcwZ
M. †Mvwe›``vm N. G‡`i †KD bq DËi: K M. ivgK…ò cignsm N. we‡eKvb›` DËi: K
12. we`¨vcwZ †Kvb avivi Kwe? [Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wefv‡Mi Aax‡b 25. ÔmB †K ïbvBj k¨vg bvgÕ c`wUi iPwqZv †K? [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv
mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17]
gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13/ mnKvix RR wb‡qvM cixÿv: 08]
K. •eòe c`vewj L. †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb K. PÐx`vm L. wØR PÐx`vm
M. PwiZ mvwnZ¨ N. g½jKve¨ DËi: K M. Ávb`vm N. †Mvwe›``vm DËi: K
13. we`¨vcwZ †Kvb fvlvq c` iPbv K‡ib? [7g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) 26. ÔÔmB †Kg‡b awie wnqv / Avgvi eua~qv Avb evwo hvq
cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 12/ cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK (KvwiMwi) : 11]
K. dviwm L. eªReywj Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|Ó Kvi iPbv? [cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Aaxb mnKvix
cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 98]
M. gvivwV N. wnw›` DËi: L
K. PÐx`vm L. we`¨vcwZ
14. ‣eòe c`vewji m‡½ †Kvb fvlv m¤úwK©Z? [40Zg wewmGm]
M. Ávb`vm N. †Mvwe›``vm DËi: K
K. mܨvfvlv L. Awafvlv
27. wb‡Pi †Kvb Rb evsjv fvlvi Kwe? [AvBwmwe e¨vsK wj. Awdmvi/wmwbqb
M. eªReywj N. ms¯‥…Z fvlv DËi: M Awdmvi : 14]
15. ÔeªReywjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? [21Zg wewmGm/ civóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix K. myi`vm L. Kvwj`vm
mvBdvi Kg©KZ©v : 17/ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK Awdmvi : 15]
M. Ávb`vm N. Rq‡`e DËi: M
K. eªRav‡g Kw_Z fvlv L. GK iKg K…wÎg Kwefvlv
28. ‡K evsjv fvlvi Kwe bb? [Kviv Awa`߇ii Kviv ZË¡eavqK : 13]
M. evsjv I wnw›`i †hvMdj
K. Ávb`vm L. Rq‡`e
N. •gw_wj fvlvi GKwU Dcfvlv DËi: L
M. gyKz›`ivg N. PÐx`vm DËi: L
16. evsjv Ges •gw_jx fvlvi mgš^‡q †h fvlvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, Zvi
29. ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe bb †K? [34Zg wewmGm]
bvg wK? [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcmnKvix cwiPvjK : 18/ Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb
cÖwkÿY ey¨v‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK : 07] K. Rqb›`x L. eoy PÐx`vm
K. gvMax L. Amwgqv M. †Mvwe›``vm N. Ávb`vm DËi: K
M. eªReywj N. RMvwLPzwo DËi: M e¨vL¨v: Rqb›`x ÔPh©vc`Õ ev cÖvPxb hy‡Mi Kwe| wZwb Ph©vc‡`i 46bs c‡`i
17. eªRfvlv wK? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06/ wPd Bb÷ªv±i iPwqZv|
(bb‡UK) : 03] 30. Ômy‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evuwaby Avb‡j cywoqv †MjÕ-c`wUi
K. evsjv fvlv L. eªRfzwgi fvlv DËi: N iPwqZv †K? [26Zg wewmGm/ wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v : 18/KvwiMwi
M. e„›`ve‡bi fvlv N. wgw_jv I evsjvi wgkÖ fvlv wkÿv Awa`߇ii wewfbœ c`: 2021]
18. ÔeªReywjÕi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi fvlv? [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : K. Ávb`vm L. we`¨vcwZ
13] M. PÐx`vm N. †Mvwe›``vm DËi: K
K. Avmvg L. wgw_jv 31. ÔG fiv fv`i gvn fv`i/k~b¨ gw›`i †gvi|Õ- †K wj‡L‡Qb?
M. †M․o N. cwðge½ DËi: L [KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`߇ii wewfbœ c`: 2021]
19. ÔeªReywjÕi cÖeZ©K †K? [bvwm©s I wgWIqvBdvwi Awa`߇ii wmwbqi ÷vd bvm© K. PÐx`vm L. we`¨vcwZ
: 18/AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-‡iwR÷ªvi :16/ †emiKvwi mnKvix M. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg N. iex›`ªbv_ DËi: L
wkÿK wb‡qvM wbeÜb I cÖZ¨qb cixÿv : 06]
K. PÐx`vm L. we`¨vcwZ
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 234 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
g½j Kve¨
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡M we‡kl GK †kÖwYi ag©welqK AvL¨vb Kve¨B— g½jKve¨ (ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg
wb`k©b)| g½jKve¨ ‡jLvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY— ¯^‡cœ †`ex KZ…©K Av‡`k jvf|
 W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z G mvwnZ¨ avivi Kwe— 62 Rb|
 cÖKvi‡f`— g½jKve¨ cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| (‡c․ivwYK g½j I †j․wKK g½j)|
 g½jKv‡e¨i Ask— 5wU| h_v: e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ, gZ©¨LÐ, kÖæwZdj| ‡Kvb †Kvb g‡Z, g½j Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘
wef³— 4wU As‡k| h_v: e›`bv, AvZ¥cwiPq, †`eLÐ Ges biLÐ I AvL¨vwqKv|
 g½jKv‡e¨i cÖavb kvLv/g~javiv— gbmv, PÐx, Abœ`vg½j| Z‡e gbmv I PÐx †`eZvi cÖfve †ewk [7g we‡RGm]|
 AcÖavb kvLv— 2wU| h_v— ag©g½j, wkeg½j/ KvwjKvg½j|
gbmvg½j
Avw`Kwe Kvbv nwi`Ë| ‡kÖô Kwe ewikv‡ji weRq ¸ß| Ab¨Zg Kwe— bvivqY‡`e (c‡bi kZK)|
PwiÎ Pvu` mI`vMi (†`eZv-we‡ivax PwiÎ), †eûjv, jwL›`i, mbKv|
g‡b ivLyb : weRq¸ß iwPZ Kve¨— cÙvcyivY wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB— gbmvweRq Kvbv nwi`Ë— cÙvi mc©m¾v
ʘ g½jKv‡e¨i g‡a¨ cÖvPxbZg kvLv— gbmvg½j| iwPZ— mc© †`ex gbmv/cÙveZxi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b|
ʘ G Kve¨ avivi 22 Rb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| Kv‡e¨ iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q— gbmv †`exi c~Rv cÖPvi I †`exi ¸YKxZ©b|
ʘ gbmv †`exi Aci bvg— ‡KZKv I cÙveZx|
ʘ Kvbvnwi `‡Ëi Rb¥— gqgbwmsn †Rjvi bv›`vBj Dc‡Rjvi wms‣ij `Ëevwo‡Z|
ʘ weRq¸‡ßi Rb¥¯’vb— ewikv‡ji •Mjv| QÙbvg— iNybv_| wZwb †nv‡mb kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÙvcyivY iPbv K‡ib|
ʘ wØR eskx`vm— gbmvg½j Kve¨ avivi Kwe| wZwb wQ‡jb— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gwnjv Kwe P›`ªveZxi wcZv|
ʘ †ÿgvb›` wQ‡jb— gbmvg½‡ji RbwcÖq Kwe| Dcvwa— ‡KZKv`vm| Zvui Kv‡e¨ cÖfve i‡q‡Q— gyKz›`ivg I ivgvq‡Yi
Kvwnbxi| G avivi Kwe— wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB|

PÐxg½j
Avw`Kwe ‡P․Ï kZ‡Ki gvwbK `Ë ‡kÖô Kwe gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x (Dcvwa— Kwe K¼b)| wZwb †lvj kZ‡Ki
(AÜ I †Lvuov wQ‡jb) Kwe| Zvui iwPZ Kve¨— ÔkÖx kÖx PÐxg½jÕ|
cÖavb PwiÎ Kvj‡KZz, dyjøiv, fuvoy `Ë, abcwZ mI`vMi, jnbv, Lyjøbv| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g VM PwiΗ fvuoy`Ë|
 ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡e¨i ÔPÐxÕ— wk‡ei ¯¿x| [44Zg wewmGm]
 ga¨hy‡Mi gvbe i‡mi cÖ_g I GKgvÎ ¯ªóv me©vwaK RbwcÖq Kwe gzKz›`ivg Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib— ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgzb¨v
MÖv‡g| gyKy›`ivg PµeZ©x‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ Dcvwa †`b— †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi Aoiv MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi iNybv_ ivq|
 PÐxg½j iwPZ nq— PÐx bvgK †j․wKK †c․ivwYK †`exi c~Rv cÖPv‡ii Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z Kve¨|
 PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnbx `yB L‡Ð wef³— Av‡¶wUK LÐ I ewYK LÐ| Av‡¶wUK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q— e¨va `¤úwZ
Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi Kvwnwb| ewYK L‡Ð ewY©Z n‡q‡Q— bvqK abcwZ mI`vMvi I Zvi `yB ¯¿x- jnbv I Lyjøbvi Kvwnwb|
 ÔwccxwjKvi cvLv nq gwievi Z†iÕ Dw³Kvix— dyjøiv; PÐxg½‡j|
 Ô¯^fve KweÕ ejv nq— ‡Mvwe›`P›`ª `vm‡K| Z‡e PÐxg½‡ji ¯^fve Kwe ejv nq— wØR gvae‡K (b`xqv †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib)| Kg© Dcj‡ÿ¨ PÆMÖv‡g evm Kivi mgq wØR gave PÐxg½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
 G Kve¨ avivi Ab¨vb¨ Kwe— wØR ivg‡`e, nwiivg, gy³ivg †mb, jvjv RqbvivqY, AwKÂb PµeZ©x, fevbx ksKi `vm|

ag©g½j
Avw`Kwe gq~i fÆ (Zvui Kv‡e¨i ‡kÖô Kwe Nbivg PµeZ©x (Zvui Kv‡e¨i bvg— ÔkÖx ag©g½jÕ)| Nbivg PµeZ©x
bvg— ÔnvK›` cyivYÕ)| wQ‡jb— Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †kÖô Kwe| cÖ†YZv— iƒcivg PµeZ©x|
PwiÎmg~n jvD†mb, nwið›`ª, Kc©‚i †mb, gnvg` cvÎ| Kve¨ wef³— 2wU cvjvq (ivRv nwið‡›`«i Mí I jvD‡m‡bi Mí)|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 235 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
 DcRxe¨— ag©VvKyi bvgK cyiæl †`eZvi gvnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ iwPZ|
 Ab¨vb¨ Kwe— Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZ©x, k¨vg cwÐZ, Nbivg PµeZ©x, biwmsn emy, gvwbKivg, wØR cÖfzivg|
Abœ`vg½j
 cÖavb Kwe— AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi|
 fviZP›`ª wQ‡jb— ga¨hy‡Mi/g½jhy‡Mi me©‡kl/ cÖavb Kwe/ †kÖô Kwe Ges evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i— cÖ_g bvMwiK Kwe|
 Abœ`v †`exi gnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡i fevb›` gRyg`v‡ii Rxeb Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b— wZbwU L‡Ð iwPZ| h_v : wkevqb- Abœ`vg½j,
we`¨vmy›`i-KvwjKvg½j, gvbwmsn-Abœc~Y©g½j| PÐx I Abœ`v— Awfbœ GKB †`exi `zB bvg|
 cÖavb PwiΗ Ck¦ix cvUbx, nxiv gvwjbx|
 1752 mv‡j ivRv K…òP‡›`Öi c…ô‡cvlKZvq Zvui mfvKwe fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Gi Rb¨
gnvivR K…òP›`Ö Zvu‡K Dcvwa †`b— Ôivq¸YvKiÕ| fzimyU ciMYvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡i— 1712 wLª÷v‡ã| wZwb
g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib— 1760 wLª÷v‡ã|
 Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ, ÔbMv÷KÕ Ges ÔM½v÷KÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv— fviZP›`Ö ivq¸YvKi|
 iex›`Öbv_ VvKzi fviZP‡›`Öi Kve¨‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb— ÔivRK‡Éi gwYgvjvÕi mv‡_|
fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvK‡ii cO&w³
ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡ZÕ e‡j— Ck^ix cvUbx KZ…©K PÐx‡`eZv‡K ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ Kv†e¨ GB g‡bvevÃv cÖKvk
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
bMi cywo‡j wK †`evjq Govq? g‡š¿i mvab wKsev kix‡ii cvZb| Òeoi wcixwZ evwji euva!
ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Puv`Ó|

KvwjKvg½j
ʘ KvwjKvg½j ev we`¨vmy›`i Kve¨avivi Avw`Kwe— Kwe K¼|
ʘ mvwewi` Lvb wj‡L‡Qb— we`¨vmy›`i/ we`¨vmy›`iÕ Kve¨|
ʘ G avivi Kwe ivg cÖmv` †m‡bi Dcvwa— KweiÄb| be ivRv K…òP›`ª Zv‡K ÒKweiÄbÓ Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
ʘ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ kv³MxwZ avivi cÖeZ©K— ivgcÖmv` †mb|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡e¨i ÔPÐxÕ Kvi ¯¿x? [44Zg wewmGm] L. ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR e¨e¯’vi eY©bv
(K) RMbœv_ (L) weòz M. ag©welqK AvL¨vb N. cxi cuvPvjx DËi: M
(M) cÖRvcwZ (N) wke DËi : N 06. g½jKve¨ iPbvi g~‡j DwjøwLZ KviY wK? [MY‡hvMv‡hvM
Awa`߇ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi : 13]
02. 'Avgvi mšÍvb ‡hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡Z' GB g‡bvevÃvwU K. ivRv‡`i cÖvwß L.¯^‡cœ †`ex KZ…©K Av‡`k jvf
Kvi? [44Zg wewmGm] M. ivRv I mfvm‡`i g‡bviÄb Kiv
(K) fevb‡›`i (L) fvoy`‡Ëi N. ivRKwei `vwqZ¡ cvjb DËi: L
(M) Ck¦ix cvUbxi (N) dyjøivi DËi : M 07. g½jKv‡e¨ †Kvb `yB †`eZvi cÖvavb¨ †ewk? [7g we‡RGm
03. gbmv †`ex‡K wb‡q ‡jLv weRq¸‡ßi g½jKv‡e¨i bvg Kx? (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 12]
[43Zg wewmGm] K. wkevqb I ag©VvKzi L. gbmv I wkeg½j
(K) gbmvg½j (L) gbmvweRq M. PÐx I wkevqb N. gbmv I PÐx DËi: N
(M) cÙvcyivY (N) cÙveZx DËi : M 08. ‡Kv‡bv g½jKv‡e¨ KqwU Ask _v‡K? [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wj. wmwbqi
04. Ôg½jKve¨Õ †Kvb hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wb`k©b? [hye I µxov Awdmvi : 10]
gš¿Yvj‡qi hye Dbœqb Awa`߇ii K¨vwkqvi : 18] K. 3wU L. 5wU M. 7wU
K. DËi AvaywbK L. AvaywbK N. 8wU O. †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: L
M. ga¨hyM N. cÖvPxb hyM DËi: M 09. Ôg½jKv‡e¨Õi iPwqZv bb-[RvZxq ivR¯^ ‡ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^
05. Ôg½jKve¨Õ mg~‡ni welqe¯‘ g~jZ- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK Kg©KZ©v (gyw³‡hv×v I ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx) : 15]
(PUªMÖvg wefvM) : 06] K. fviZP›`ª L. eWz PÐx`vm
K. ‡jvKm½xZ M. gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x N. weRq ¸ß DËi: L
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 236 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
10. ‡KvbwU AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kve¨? [mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii mgvR‡mev K. nwi`Ë L. fviZP›`ª
Awdmvi : 10] M. gyKz›`ivg N. PÐx`vm DËi: L
K. gbmvg½j L. Abœ`vg½j 20. Ôgvbwmsn fevb›` DcvL¨vbÕ Kvi iPbv? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb
M. KvwjKvg½j N. mvi`vg½j DËi: N Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 10]
11. ‡Kvb †`exi Kvwnbx wb‡q Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kve¨ iwPZ? [wewfbœ K. Kvbvnwi `Ë L. weRq ¸ß
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix †cÖvMÖvgvi : 17/Kg©ms¯’vb cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK : 07] M. gyKz›`ivg N. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi D : N
K. j²x›`‡ii †`ex L. cÙveZx †`ex 21. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡ZÕ jvBbwU wb‡¤œv³
M. gbmv †`ex N. †eûjv I Pvu`my›`i DËi: M GKR‡bi Kv‡e¨ cvIqv- [17Zg wewmGm]
12. gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x †Kvb avivi Kwe? [f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`߇ii K. gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x L. fviZP›`ª ivq
mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
K. gbmvg½j L. kxZjvg½j M. g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj®‥vi N. Kvwgbx ivq DËi: L
M. PÐxg½j N. c`vewj DËi: M 22. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡a-fv‡ZÕ- evsjvi mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb
13. g½jKv‡e¨i †Kvb PwiÎwU Ô‡`eZv-we‡ivaxÕ e‡j cwiwPZ? Kv‡e¨ evOvwji G cÖvß aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q? [ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU©
[¯’vbxq miKvi, cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cÖ‡KŠgjx (wmwfj) : 17] Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 11/ ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 07]
K. abcwZ m`vMi L. jvD †mb K. Abœ`vg½j L. cÙveZx
M. Kvj‡KZz N. Pvu` mI`vMi DËi: N M. AkÖægvjv N. jvqjx-gRby D: K
14. ÔPvu` mI`vMiÕ evsjv †Kvb Kve¨avivi PwiÎ? [23Zg wewmGm/
23. Òeoi wcixwZ evwji evua!
mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii cÖ‡ekb Awdmvi : 18/ AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve- ÿ‡Y nv‡Z `wo, ÿ‡Y‡K Pvu`Ó PiY `yÕwU Kvi iPbv? [AvenvIqv
‡iwR÷ªvi : 12/ mgvR‡mev Awa`߇ii Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 08]
Awa߇ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe` : 04]
K. PÐxg½j L. gbmvg½j K. AvjvIj L. fviZP›`ª ivq
M. ag©g½j N. Abœ`vg½j DËi: L M. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N. †kL dRjj Kwig D: L
15. Ô‡eûjvÕ PwiÎwU †Kvb g½jKv‡e¨i m¤ú`? [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv 24. ÔAvgvi mšÍvb †hb _v‡K `y‡afv‡ZÕ G cÖv_©bvwU K‡i‡Q -[23Zg
wkÿv Awdmvi : 12] wewmGm/ MYc~Z© Awa`߇ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 11]
K. Abœ`vg½j L. PÐxg½j K. fuvo–`Ë L. Pvu` mI`vMi
M. ag©g½j M. gbmvg½j DËi: N M. Ck¦ix cvUbx N. bjKz‡ei D: M
16. ÔabcwZ mI`vMiÕ †Kvb bM‡ii Awaevmx wQ‡jb? [kÖg cwi`߇ii 25. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi †Kvb ivRmfvi Kwe? [26Zg wewmGm/ miKvwi
RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09]
gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 11]
K. weRqbMi L. DRvbxbMi K. AvivKvb ivRmfv L. K…òbMi ivRmfv D: L
M. wmsnj N. AvivKvb DËi: L M. ivRv M‡Y‡ki ivRmfv N. j²Y †m‡bi ivRmfv
17. Ôfvo–`ËÕ †Kvb Kv‡e¨i PwiÎ? [eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 95] 26. ga¨hy‡Mi †kl Kwe fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi KZ mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY
K. PÐxg½j L. gbmvg½j K‡ib? [36Zg wewmGm]
M. kÖxK…òKxZ©b N. Abœ`vg½j DËi: K K. 1756 L. 1752
18. fzimyU ciMbvi cvÐzqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib- [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb M. 1760 N. 1762 D: M
Awa`߇ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 14]
K. Kwe K¼b gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x 27. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨hy‡Mi †kl Kwe †K? [28Zg wewmGm/ wewfbœ
gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj): 12]
L. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi K. Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß L. fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi
M. gq~i fÆ N. Kvbvnwi `Ë DËi: L M. ivgivg emy N. kvn gyn¤§` mMxi D: L
19. ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ‡kÖô Kwe †K? [6ô we‡RGm (mnKvix RR)
cÖv_wgK cixÿv : 11/ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK mnKvix cwiPvjK : 04/ gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`߇ii mnKvix
cwiPvjK : 99/ AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-‡iwR÷ªv :92]

Rxebx mvwnZ¨
†Kvb weL¨vZ e¨w³i Rxebx‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯‘wZg~jK mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nq ZvB— RxebxmvwnZ¨| ga¨hy‡M kÖx •PZb¨‡`e I Zvi
KwZcq wk‡l¨i RxebKvwnbx Aej¤^‡b GB Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb— •PZb¨ Rxebx| ‣PZb¨†`e wQ‡jb—
•eòe a‡g©i cÖPviK| •PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx MÖš’‡K AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q— ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g|
 •PZb¨‡`‡ei cÖ_g Rxebx MÖš’ iwPZ— ms¯‥…Z fvlvq| cÖ_g Rxebx †jLK— gyivwi ¸ß| gyivwi ¸‡ßi ÔKoPvÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ Kv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg— ÔkÖx kÖx K…ò‣PZb¨ PwiZvg„ZÕ|
 evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZ‡b¨i cÖ_g RxebxKve¨ iPbv K‡ib— e„›`veb `vm| Kwe e„›`veb`vm‡K ejv n‡q‡Q— •PZb¨jxjvi
e¨vm| evsjvq •PZb¨ †`‡ei wØZxq RxebxMÖš’— †jvPb `v‡mi Ô•PZb¨g½jÕ|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 237 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
‣PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxwfwËK Rxebx MÖš’ Ab¨vb¨ Rxebx MÖš’
†jvPb `vm— •PZb¨ g½j †Mvwe›``v‡mi— KoPv nwiPiY `vm— A‣ØZg½j
Rqvb›`— •PZb¨ g½j K…ò`vm KweivR— ‣PZb¨PwiZvg„Z (1615) ‣mq` myjZvb- bex esk, ke-B-wgivR, imyj
Pzovgwb`vm— †M․iv½ weRq e„›`veb `vm— kÖx‣PZb¨fvMeZ weRq
Ckvb bvMi— A‣ØZcÖKvk
 evsjv fvlvq me©v‡cÿv Z_¨eûj kÖx‣PZb¨ Rxebx Kve¨ Ô‣PZb¨PwiZvg„ZÕ K…ò`vm KweivR KZ…©K iwPZ nIqvq Zvu‡K ejv
nq— •PZb¨ Kv‡e¨i †kÖô Kwe|
kÖx •PZb¨‡`e
kÖx •PZb¨‡`e 1486 wLª. 18B †deªæqvwi kwbevi beØx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1533 wLª. cyix‡Z
gviv hvb| •PZ‡b¨i evj¨ bvg ev wcZ… cÖ`Ë bvg wQj wbgvB| †`ne‡Y©i Rb¨ bvg nq †Mviv ev
†M․iv½| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Ôwek^¤¢iÕ| Zvui weL¨vZ Dw³— ÔgywP n‡q ïwP nq hw` K…ò f‡RÕ|
mbœ¨vm MÖn‡Yi ci kÖxK…ò•PZb¨ ms‡ÿ‡c cwiwPZ nb— Ô•PZb¨Õ bv‡g| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ ‡h
ag©cÖPviK-Gi cÖfve Acwimxg— kÖx •PZb¨‡`e| 24 ermi eq‡m wZwb Kv‡Uvqvi †Kke fviZxi
Kv‡Q mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡ib Ges L¨vZ nb— ÔkÖx‣PZb¨Õ bv‡g|

gwm©qv mvwnZ¨
o gwm©qv kãwU— Aviwe, hvi A_© †kvK cÖKvk Kiv| o D™¢e— Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ gwm©qvi D™¢e bvbv ai‡bi
o gwm©qv— GK ai‡bi †kvKKve¨ ev †kvKMxwZ|
o evsjv gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` Kwe— †kL dqRyjøvn|
wZwb iPbv K‡ib— ÔRqb‡ei †P․wZkvÕ (1570)|
o G avivi cÖavbZg Kwe— dwKi Mixeyjøvn|
o gwm©qv avivi wn›`y Kwe— ivavigY †Mvc|
o G avivi AvaywbK hy‡Mi Kwe— gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, Kvq‡Kvev`|
o Ab¨vb¨ Kwe— ‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb, gyn¤§` Lvb,
nvqvr gvgy`, nvwg`yjøvn Lvb, nvwg`, Rvdi cÖgyL| o
†kvKven NUbv †_‡K n‡jI c‡i Zv Kvievjv cÖvšÍ‡i
wbnZ Bgvg †nv‡mb I Ab¨vb¨ knx`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i
†jLv KweZv Ôgwm©qvÕ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ nq| Aviwe
mvwnZ¨ †_‡K gwm©qv Kve¨ dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb cvq|
fvi‡Z †gvNj Avgj kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j G‡`‡k
dviwm fvlvq gwm©qv cÖPwjZ nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq
evsjv fvlvq gwm©qv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖPjb|
‡`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb wQ‡jb— PÆMÖvg A‡ji|

gwm©qv avivi mvwnZ¨Kg©

mvwnZ¨Kg© Kwe mvwnZ¨Kg© Kwe
R½bvgv †`․jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb, nvqvr gvgy` R½bvgv, Avgxi nvgRv dwKi Mixeyjøvn
Rqb‡ei †P․wZkv ‡kL dqRyjøvn BgvgM‡Yi †K”Qv ivavigY †Mvc
bexesk ‣mq` myjZvb Kvwk‡gi jovB KvRx †kiivR
gnig kixd Kvq‡Kvev` g³zj †nv‡mb gyn¤§` Lvb
Kv‡kg ea nvwg` Avjx
o R½bvgv Kve¨— hy×-weMÖn/ Kvievjvi welv`gq hy×-weMÖn Gi welqe¯‘|
o g³zj †nv‡mb Kve¨ (1635) (me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb- R½bvgv) †kÖô Kvievjv m¤^Üxq MÖš’|
o ÔKvwk‡gi jovBÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv— KvRx ‡kiivR Ges Ônvwbdvi jovBÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv— Avãyj nvwKg|

bv_ mvwnZ¨
֍ bv_ a‡g©i HwZnvwmK hyM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ— `kg I GKv`k kZK| G mg‡qB bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i m~Pbv nq|
֍ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hy‡Mi bv_a‡g©i Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ AvL¨vwqKv Kve¨— bv_ mvwnZ¨|
֍ G ag©g‡Zi DrcwË— †e․× a‡g©i m‡½ •ke ag© wg‡k| bv_ mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖPwjZ— MxwZKv ev e¨vjvW wn‡m‡e|
֍ bv_ a‡g©i Avw`¸iæ— wke| wke n‡jb ÔAvw`bv_Õ Ges Zvi wkl¨ Ôgxbbv_ ev gr‡m¨›`ªbv_Õ n‡jb— bv_ a‡g©i cÖwZôvZv|
֍ bv_ A_©— cÖfz| DcRxe¨— Avw`bv_ wke, gxbbv_, cve©Zx, †MvcxP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx|
 Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ # 238 # evsjv mvwnZ¨
֍ bv_ mvwnZ¨— 2 cÖKvi| h_v: gxbbv_ I Zvui wkl¨ gr‡m¨›`ªbv‡_i Kvwnbx Ges ivRv †MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm|
֍ gymjgvb n‡qI bv_ mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib— †kL dqRyjøvn| wZwb wQ‡jb— bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` I cÖavb Kwe| Zvui Kve¨wU
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`|
֍ 1878 wLª. cÖ_gevi RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvimb iscyi †_‡K msM„nxZ GKwU MxwZKv— ÔgvwbKP›`ª ivRvi MvbÕ bvg w`‡q
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvk K‡ib|
Kwe Kve¨ (m¤úv`bv) Kwe Kve¨ (msMÖ‡ni GjvKv)
†kL dqRyjøvn †Mviÿ weRq (Ave`yj Kwig) fevbx `vm gqbvgwZi Mvb (c~e©vÂj)
fxg†mb ivq ‡MvL©weRq (W. cÂvbb gÐj) ïKzi gyn¤§` ‡MvcxP‡›`ªi mbœ¨vm (c~e©vÂj)
bv_ mvwn‡Z¨i AviI GKRb Kwe— k¨vg`vm †mb|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ÔBiography’ kãwUi A_©- [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv :07-08] 06. RxebxKve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ- [40Zg wewmGm]
K. MÖš’wb‡`©wkKv L. KoPv K. dwiK Mixeyjøvn L. binwi PµeZ©x
M. weeiY N. Av‡jvPbv D: L M. wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB N. e„›`veb `vm D: N
02. ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb ag©cÖPviK-Gi cÖfve 07. Ô‣PZb¨g½jÕ Gi iPwqZv- [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv : 07-08]
Acwimxg? [36Zg wewmGm/ MYc~Z© Awa`߇ii Dc-mnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx I K. iwe`vm L. †cÖg`vm
WªvdUmg¨vb : 18] M. ¸wc`vm N. †jvPb`vm D: N
K. kÖx‣PZb¨‡`e L. kÖxK…ò 08. ‣PZb¨ Rxebx Kv‡e¨i †kÖô Kwe †K? [f~wg I cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖgvmwbK
M. Avw`bv_ N. g‡bvni `vk D: K Kg©KZ©v : 13]
03. ÔKoPvÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- K. K…ò`vm KweivR L. Rqvb›`
K. †ivRbvgPv L. SMov M. e„›`veb `vm N. Kwe KY©cyi cigvb›` D: K
M. Lmov N. wbqwZ D: K 09. Ô‡MviÿweRqÕ Kve¨ †Kvb ag©g‡Zi Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b †jLv?
[37Zg wewmGm/ evsjv‡`k cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †ev‡W©i mnKvix mwPe : 17]
04. ‣PZb¨‡`e wQ‡jb-[Kviv Awa`߇ii Kviv ZË¡veavqK : 13/ f~wg I cÖwZiÿv
K. •keag© L. †e․× mnRhvb
gš¿YvY‡qi cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v : 13]
K. •eòe a‡g©i cÖPviK L. c`vewji iPwqZv M. bv_ ag© N. †KvbwU bq D: M
M. eªReywj fvlvi cÖeZ©K N. m½xZÁ D: K 10. Ôgwm©qvÕ k‡ãi A_© wK? [Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`߇ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U]
05. evsjv fvlvq kÖx‣PZb¨‡`‡ei RxebxwfwËK cÖ_g Kvwnbx Kve¨ K. ‡kvK ev AvnvRvwi L. `ytL
†K iPbv K‡ib? [kÖg cwi`߇ii RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v : 09/ M. ‡kvKKve¨ N. †e`bvwgwkÖZ Kve¨ D: K
miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 06] 11. Ôgwm©qvÕ k‡ãi DrcwË †Kvb fvlv †_‡K? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix
K. e„›`veb `vm L. †jvPb`vm mvBdi Kg©KZ©v : 17]
M. Rqvb›` N. civMj Lvu D: K K. D`©y L. dviwm
M. Aviwe N. ZzwK© D: M