eS tC ard CAMBRIDGE Mary Jones and Geoff Jones Cambridge IGCSE® Biology Coursebook Third editionMary Jones and Geoff Jones Cambridge IGCSE® Biology Coursebook Third edition CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCAMBRIDGE ori rating Hun, Camp CD ABS, Ut King tes the Une aonWySsaining one in te pr ‘cto lnngand cach ths hgh mera ee ee oman th tk: ion cmon © mig Utesy Pre 214 Ins pbleion capri Sct ory cp {nde pris of eet lectin ean erent Seren fap aw! rn i ple 202 ied nthe Unite Kinga atin ond Acta cad fr pubs ol fo Bh Ly ISIN 97-107 519-6 Faget wth CD-ROM fr Winn ad Mast ambi Unesty esis repute erence or sccy URLs fr ener rt ary cn ed pan, {dos parame thaty tet on hh wes or lea, ‘Sane or afro Irene geting pected Mad othr ‘Belin gen rnc he nt pag at Ueto erat une any natn Sone . Tsao epodac ay pro hs work era rs cing twp on secon ap) cpu eli ceaminece {0 whee yo esting sence geo ors an ‘Cent ecg ge (3) hee no mene xo bee 0 wk xed he tem f ence {youre ued ween pean of Cag ety es ‘a hr onal pecs tut emis de eon ‘Chaps ah Copia, Deg and set a coven ‘Sane eeepc of paw eta Nes tons, ‘hthogrentrpedtoa repugnant Meo gta then fm pgs oy min planner al othr mf tren ware sen by het nie npn saints es no repens fr te ele vet ‘Seton tan for pe un per wi teen hanContents Introduction ‘Acknowledgements 1 Classification 1.1 Characterstice af ivng things 12 Chsifiation 13: The kingdoms of living organisms 1A Viruses 115: Chasing animals 16 Classifying plants LT Keys 2 Cells 2 Cellstructae 22 Callsand organisms 3 Movement in and out of cells. 34 Difsion | 32. Onmesit 33 Active transport, 4 The chemicals of life AAA What ate you made off 42 Carbohydrates 43 Fas 444 Proteins 45 DNA 5 Enzymes 5. Biologia cata 5.2 Properies enzymes 6 Plant nutrition 61 Types of mutton 662 Photosynthesis 63 Leaves 64 Uses of luce 155 Testing eave for starch 6 Limiting facors 67 The importance of photosynthesis 7 Animal nutrition 7A Diet 172 Digestion 73 Teeth 74 ‘The alimentery canal 75 Awimilation 8 Transport in plants 81 Pant ransportsystems 82 Waterupale 83 Transpiration 84 Transport of manufactured food 9 Transport in animals 9. Circulatory systems 92 Theheart 93 Blood vestes 944 Blood 95 Lymph and issue uid 10 Pathogens and immunity 1041 Pathogens 102 Body defences 103 ‘The immune sytem 8 8 6 6 B a m a © 93 BeRe 106 108 109 us ur m 127 Ds 19 os.11 Respiration and gas exchange 140 19 Variation and natural selection 247 111 Respiration 141194 Variation 248 112 Gas exchange in humans 143192 Adaptive features 250 113 Breathing movements M6193 Sdecton 253, 12 Excretion 153 20 Organisms and their environment 264 121 xeretory products 154201 Ecology xs 122. Neogenous waste 154202 Energy flow 265 123 Thehuman excretory systern 156 203 Noten eyes 270 204 Populon size m 13 Coordination and response 161 131 Cooedzation in animals 12 21 Biotechnology 280 132 ‘hehuman nervous system 16221. Whatisbotechnology? 2a 133 Receptors 165212 Usingyeast 2a 134 The endocrine system 170 21.3 Makirg use ofenzymes 282 135 Coordination and response in plants 72214 Peniiin 284 215 Genetic engineering 26, 14 Homeostasis 178 41 Maintsiningtheintermalenvironment -179-« 22. Humans and the environment 292 142 Conta of body temperature 221 Food production 28 143 Control of blood glucose concentration 22.2 Habit destruction 26 223 Polluton 29 15 Drugs 188 224 Consavation x07 151 What isa drug? 139 152. Medicinal drugs 189 153 Misuse of drugs 190 Answers to questions 318 154 Tobacco smoking in Glossary 330 16 Reproduction in plants 197 161 Asexaa reproduction 198 Index 339 162 Serul reproduction 198 163 Sexual reproduction in lowering plants 200 Terms and Conditions of use for 164 Comparing sexualand asexual reproduction 208 the CD-ROM 347 17 Reproduction in humans 212 CD-ROM 17.1 Homan reprodactive ogene 213 Study and eevsion sls 172 Fertisaion and development 215 Maltplechice tests 173 The menstrual cyle 220 Practice example papers and marking schemes 174 Birth control 222 Glossary 175 Sexually tansmited infections 225 Notes on Acts for Teachers Technicians Selfastenret checklists 18 Inheritance 230 Activities 181 Chromosomes 231 AnswerstoCoursebook end-ofchaper questions 182 Cel division 231 Revision checks 183 Inheritance 235 Animations 184 DNA and protein synthesis 23 HEED seccisigIntroduction “This book has ben weriten to help you todo well in your Cambridge International Examinations GCSE Biology examination (0610). We ope that you enjoy ving “The book can also be used withthe Cambridge ‘0 level Biology syllabus (5030, Core and Supplement ‘Your teacher will ell you whether you are studying just the Core pat ofthe Biology slabus, or whether you are staying the Supplements well. IFyou sty the Core only, you wil be entered for Papers land 3 and. citer Paper Sor 6, and can get maximum of Grade C. you also study the Supplement, you may be entered for Papers 2and 4, and ether Paper 5 or 6, and vllbe hl to get maximum of Gade A*. The Supplement (© rostral in this book is marked by aleter''and brown bars in the margin ike this. Definitions “There ate quit alto dfntions in the IGCSE syllabus ‘hat yeu need to learn by ear. These real in this bok, st appropriate points in each chapter, inside boxes ‘nth heading Key definition! Make sure you learn ‘these caefally Questions Each chapter has several ses of Questions within it. Most thee eguire quite short answers and simply text ifyoa have understood what you ave just read (or vat you have jst bee taught) ‘Av the end of each chapter, ther are some longer questions testing ange of mater from the chapter. ‘Some of thes ate past questions from Cambridge exam papers orate ina simular syle to Cambridge questions Aatties Each chapter contain Activities. These wil help you to develop the practical sl that wil be tested in your GCSE Biology examination. There ate more Activites ‘onthe CD-ROM. These are marked wih this symbol yor “There ze two possible exams to test your practical bills called PaperS and Pape 6, Your teacher wil tl you which ofthe yu willbe entered for. They are ‘ually dificult, and you can get upto Grade A* on ‘ther fem. You shosld try to do the Activites no rater which of hese papers you are entered fo. Summary [the end of eac chapter, there isa short ist of the ‘main points covered inthe chapter. Remember, hough, ‘hat thes are only very short summaries, and youl sed to know more detail than histo do realy wellin the exam. The CD-ROM “There isa CD-ROM in the back of the book You also find the Summs on the CD-ROM. You can use the ‘vison checkiss onthe CD-ROM to check ff how far yo have got with earning and understanding each idea. ‘The CD-ROM aso contains a set of interactive rutile choice questions esting whether you know and understand he material from each chaps, ‘Youll find sone self assessment checklists onthe (CD-ROM too, which you can pein off and set assess yourself each tne you observe and awa specimen, ‘onstrct a resus cart, dra a graph fom set fof results oe pla an experiment These are all very Important kills nd by using these checklists you ‘should be able ta improve your performance until you ‘an do them alos perfectly every time “There are some siggetions on the CD-ROM about Iho you can give yourself the very best chance of doing ‘wellia your exams, by studying and revising careflly “There at lo seme practice exam papers. Workbook ‘There ie & workkook to go with thistextbook. Ifyou. have one, you wil nt ell elf in developing your sl suc as handling information and solving problems, aswel a some of the racial kl —~«Acknowledgements (Cover imagelFrans Lanting, Mint Image!SPL, p. Alamy; 2 Geof Jones pp. 74,7 ‘Alay; p. 11 Geof Jones; p.15 Geof Jones p. 1? Geof Jones p. 18 PL: pp. 201,206 ‘Heanor Jones; p. 21 Biophoto Asiocites!SPL;p 22h, 22H22br SPL; p. 26 SPL; p28 Alam; p34 Geoff Jones; p.40 SPL; p42 SPL: p. 48 SPL; p. 44 Alamysp45 SPL; 46, 468 SPL: p49 Alamy: p58 SPL:p. 6 Biophoto Assocates/SPL; p.6Lb SP p, 61r Andrew Syred/ SPL: p. 65 Nigel Catln/Alamy .67 Alum p. 73 SPLs p75 7.37.6 Gell ones 771 Alex Segre! Alamy: p.77r Images of Africa Photobank/Alamy; .87 Biophoto AssociteSPL; p. BA/SPL; p8Br SPL; p. 93 Alemy p. 94 Andtew SyreUSPLi p95 LC Revy$PLs p96t SPL: p96b SPL; p.106 Alans p. 10 Alamys 112 Alamy: 114 Janine Photoibrary Alamy; p. 115 Prof P Motta/Dept. of Anatomy/Universiy “La Sapienaa, Rome/SPL: pp 118,120, 121 PhototakeInc/Alamysp.127 lamyp.19¢ Alamys 1296 Alamy p 130 Alamy;p 131 Alamyp. 1521 Alay; p. 132r Alany p.136 Alamy, 137 Alamyrp. 40 Alamy; p 150 Rick Rickman/NewSportCorbis: p53 Alam, 1.161 SPL: p. 164 Wendy Le; p, 165 Visual Ideas/Nora/Corbis;p 173 SPL; p 178 Alay, ‘PABSISPL:p. 186rSPL; p 188 Alamys p,L89¢ CNRUSPL;p1896 Alam p. 1911 Zuma Press/Zuma/Corbis 191 t Bartholomew’ Hosptal/SPL; p. 182 SPL: pp 1941, 194r Biophoto Associates/SPL;p. 195 SPL: p. 197 Alan; p.201 Geoff Jones. 202 Alamy: 2026 Pctox/Alanysp. 204 SPL, 208 Alamy;p. 212¢ SPL; p 2126 PL: p 215 Alay: 1-219 Alay p 225 SPL; p.230 Alamy; p. 2311 Chery Power/SPL;231¢ CNRUSPE; .252 Leonard Lessin/FBPA/SPLzp. 239 Alamysp. 2471 Alany;p.247r Alanya p. 248 tr Wendy Ls; p 2481 Imagebroker/Alemy; p, 248b Sama Sangster Alamy: 251 Alay, 1p25ltr Alay; p.251br Geoff Jones 253! ayantaDeylepalCosbis;p253r Maty Evans Pictre Library Alamy: p.254 Pat & Torn Leeson/SPL; p, 255 Stephen Dikon/NHPA, .257 Agence Nature/NHPAs p. 259th Geoff Jones: p 259br Tetty Mathews/ Amys 262 Alamys p. 264 SPL; p.278 SPL; p. 280 SPL; p. 281 SPL p. 282 SPL; p.282r SP 289 SPLsp.287 SPL; p.292 Alamy;p. 2934 David South/Alamy; 2934 David Frazier Photollbrary,nciAlamys p, 294 SPL; p, 294 Alamy p. 294 PL; p. 2951 ‘Alanny:p295b Alamy: p. 296! Gideon Mendel fr Action Aid/Corbis 296 Alay, 1.2974 Alamy;297H1 Sylvia Cordiy Photo Lbrary Lu/Alamy,p. 2974 Geo Jones 1p237br Geoff ones; p. 3011 Lou Linwei/Alamyp.201r im West Alam; p. 303, ‘BlckwinkelAlamy;p. 305 Nigel Ctin/Alamys p. 306 Alamy; p. 308 Aly, p. 312, Alamy;p.313 Alamy; p14 Alans p.314tr Alay; p.314br Alan; 315 Alamy Abbreviations SPL= Seence Photo Library tp, b= bottom, = let. r= eight Layout and ilusration by Greenhill Wood Studios HEED ome csc tine1 Classification 4 the characterises oftving things {naming organisms using the binomial system 4 how ving organisms are casted (how tous dichotomous kes to identify organisms. ‘The puzale ofthe platypus In 1788, British seers arived in Australia, They ‘were amazed by many ofthe anima that they saw, anda steange animal with fr, webbed fet and a beak was among he most puzzling (Figure 1.1). ‘People had already boea living sn Australia for limos 50000 years, and dierent group ofthese Indigenous people had various names for this ‘animal, such sdalawaerung, But the British asvals were nt sted with as giving the animal a mame. “They wanted to cau to decide which group of snimals it belonged in. ‘And this was where the problem began. The saimal had a beak and webbed feet, ike a duck. It ‘nd ut, kes mole No-one knew whether id ‘eggs or gave bith to ve young. Sowa ita bird? Was ta mammal? No-one could decide 11795, dead specimen ofthis strange animal ‘vas taken to Eagland, where it was studied by Dr {George Shaw To begin with, he thought twas ‘hoax He looked very carefully tose ifsomeone haa stitched the beak onto the hes, bat 0 ~ it was clearly a genuine part ofthe anima ‘Dr Shaw gave the nina Latin name, Platypus natn Pltypus means at foted and ‘anatina’ ‘means lke «dick Howevee someone then pointed ‘ut tat the name Playpus had already been taken, ‘and belonged to species ofbetle. So another name ‘was ugestod by a German scents, who gave it the name Onvithorlynchusparadoss. The fist, ‘wor mean ‘noe ike bird and the second means “pusalng Tie ste Latin name that is sed forthe animal today. Although the atin name Platypus could no be ‘ed, people sila the animal platypus. In ‘he allowing years, prof was found that patypuses Jay eggs rather than ging beth ive young, However, the feed their young on milk, which isa characteristic feature of mammals. Scientists eventually decided to classy the platypus as ‘mammal despite its od beak and the fct hat it lays eggs It was atnto anew group of mammals called monotremes, which also includes the echnas (spiny anteaters) peeps esi ts owe: onto CI1.1 Characteristics of living things Biology isthe study of ving things, which ae offen called organises Living organisms ave seven features or characteristics which make them diferent from, Growl Al orgie bapa Mov salad ge rger bythe grow ‘fer cal and yang new Cele ther bode Commins ‘movement ~an action by an organism causing a change of postion or place "respiration ~the chemical reactions in cells that breakdown nutrient molecules and release energy seniity~ the ably to detect and respond to changes in he envionment sro ~a permanent incest in size (ED ose Al opis ar aie ove tosome cent Mosaic ove hr ble body fom plc to plc, prc Slow move parts of thant ee ——— ‘objects thatare nt alive (Figure 1.2). The definitions of ‘thes charatrsis ae shown in the boxes below and ‘on the oppsite page. You should lean these definitions ‘now but you wil ind out much more about each of ‘hem ater inthis Book. Sersicvigy_Al ons ik up lnormaton abut cana inch. ‘rvrnmenand acto Gechree ret down gare td ‘ter sone de the aco reene nary at Sey cane ronment se ero ron rag or matra ‘Srmate now ale reproduction the proceses that make more ofthe same kind of organism ‘excretion ~semoval from organisms of tox materials and substances in exces of requirements nutrition ~ taking in of material for energy, growth snd developmentPerena [© movement~an action by an organism or part sf nonin aug chang fposton corplhce respiration - the chemical reactions in els that ‘beak down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism senslivity~ the ally to detector sense still in theinteral or extemal evironmient and to make appropriate esponsct In ation to these seven characteristics ving organisms have another feature in common. When we study living organisms under a microscope, we can see ‘hat they reall made fells. These cell ll ve: cytoplasm cell membrane ¢ chemical called DNA, making up their genetic materi © & cbosomes, which are used for making proteins inside the cl | femme tata edo eect cay ot snacrobic respiration ‘You can find out more sboat the trcte of ells in Chapter 1.2 Classification (Clasifcation mens pting things into groups. There are many posible way in which we could group living organisms, For example, we could put all the organisms with legs into one group andl those without legs into nother, Or we could put al red organisms nto one group and allie ones into saother The frst of these ‘less would be much more useful to biologie than the second, “The main reason for lasting lving things isto make iteasier to ty ther. Fr example, we put humans, dogs horses and mice into one group (the mammals) because they share certain features (or ‘example, having hat) that are not foun in other groups We think that ll mammal share these etares because they haveall descended fom the same ancestor srowth ~a permanent increas in size and dry mass @) bby an increase incll number or el sie or both ‘excretion ~ emcvl from organisms of the waste rodts of metabolism (chemical reactions in calle including respiration, toxic materials and substances in exes of requirements nuteition aking ia of materi for energy growth and development plants require light, carbon oxide, water and ions; animals need organic ‘ompouaas and ons and usually need water ‘hat ved Jong ag. The ancestor that they all share scaled commen ancestor, The common ancestor that gave ie to al the mammals lived moe than 200, million years aga ‘Wie would therfore expect all mammals to have Iodies that have similar stractres and that workin simular ways we find «new animal that has hae and suckle its youngon mil, then we know that it belongs in the mammal group, We will already know alot sbost it even before wehave studied it tal Using DNA to help with classification ° Tn the past, the oaly ways that blologits could decide which orgnismswere most losely related to each other was to study the structure of their bodies. They Tooke carefully at ther morphology the overall form and shape oftheir bodies, such as whether they hd legs or wings) and thee anatomy (he detailed body structure, which could be dtermined by dissection), We sill use these methods of classification today. But we now have new tools ohelpto workout evolutionary relationships, 1nd one ofthe most powerful ofthese isthe study of DNA. DNA isthe chemical fom which our chromosomes se made: Its the genetic material, passed on rom ‘ne generation tothe next. You can reed mere about ins sructare in Chapter 4, where you il find out that ech DNA molecaleis made up of strings ofsmaler molecules, containing four diferent bases. These bass, called A, G,Gand T,can be serangedin any order Biologists can compare the sequence of bases oom ce CE© in the DNA of organisms from two diferent species. ‘The more similar the base sequences, the more closely related the species are to one another. They havea more recent common ancestor than species that have DNA tase sequences that are leas a. The snare in sequences of amino acdsin proteins canbe used inthe 1 same vay The classification system ‘The fret person to ey to clas ong in 2 scietic way was a Swedish natural called Linnseus. He introduced his stem of classification in 1738, edie all he different kinds of ving ings into groups called species. He reogalsed 12000 diferent species. Linnaeus species were groups of organisms ‘hat shared the same appearance and behaviour We tl ‘we this system today. Biologists do nt always aoe ‘on exactly how to define 2 species, but usualy we sy ‘hat organisms belong othe sae species if they can bred together succesfly, and the offspring tha they Fae 1h mig sen PD cnr roduc ar also bree Species ae grouped into lager group called genera (singular eous). Each genus contains several species ‘with similar characteristics (Figure 13). Several genera are then gruped int aly, families into orders, ‘orders into clase, clases into phyla and finally phyla {nto Kingdees, Some ofthe more important groups are described in thi chapter igure 13 shows ive animals tha al belong to the smarnmal order. You can se tha they all have hat which sa carctrisi esta of mammals, The animals hae been classified int two gro hose ike mammals and dog-ike mammals (What features do you thnk fer between these two groups?) “The horse. The mansmalsal belong the genus Equus. “The dog ke ones belong tothe genus Cans