DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bacolor, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Architecture

“COMPOSITE”

DELA CRUZ, AARON C.

BTECH 413 – RESEARCH NO.2
BSAR – 4A

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I. SHELL STRUCTURE
A shell structure, as the name suggests, is characterized by a curved, shell-like form. Unlike traditional framed
structures, which rely on beams and columns, shell structures derive their strength primarily from their form itself. The
curved surface area efficiently distributes external forces and loads across its entirety, qualifying them as methodical
load-bearing structures. Shell architecture offers a balance between aesthetics and structural stability, creating visually
striking spaces and expansive interior volumes.
Shell structure can refer to several different concepts depending on the context, but in the most common
sense, it refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule. This concept is primarily associated with the
field of chemistry and atomic physics. The shell structure of an atom or molecule is also known as the electron shell
structure or electron configuration.
A shell structure, in the context of architecture and engineering, refers to a structural system that utilizes a thin,
curved surface or shell to provide support and enclosure for a building or structure. These shells are typically made
from materials such as concrete, steel, or glass, and they are designed to distribute loads and stresses in an efficient
manner.
The origin of shell structures can be traced back to as early as the ancient Roman and Egyptian civilizations.
The dome of the Pantheon, Rome and the arched ceiling in Mastaba Tombs, Egypt are classic examples of early shell
architecture. Fast-tracking to the 20th century, renowned international architects and engineers such as Antoni Gaudí,
Buckminster Fuller, and Félix Candela brought about new approaches and technologies for shell construction. During
the mid-20th century, advancements in technologies and computation tools enabled more complex shell structures to
be designed and realized. Engineers and architects, including Heinz Isler, Frei Otto, and Jørn Utzon, further contributed
to the field. Today, shell architecture continues to be celebrated and realized in various forms worldwide, reflecting both
historical influences and contemporary innovations with the help of technology.
II. TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES
1. Geodesic Domes
Geodesic domes are iconic structures characterized by a network of interlocking geometric elements that form
a spherical or partially spherical shape. These domes have an excellent strength-to-weight ratio and a good ability to
enclose vast interior spaces with minimal quantities of materials. These structures find applications in various contexts,
including exhibition centers, greenhouses, stadiums, and even residential buildings.

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2. Barrel Vaults
Barrel vaults, also known as tunnel vaults, are curved structures consisting of a series of parallel arches placed
side by side, creating a continuous, elongated, and cylindrical shell shape. These were prevalent in ancient Roman
architecture and are still used today in applications such as tunnels, cathedrals, and large-span roofs. Their strength
lies in their ability to efficiently transfer loads along the curved profile, distributing forces and minimizing bending
moments.

3. Shell Roofs
Shell roofs encompass a broad category of shell structures designed to cover large areas without internal
supports. They are characterized by their curved, single-surface roofs that span over vast spaces, providing
unobstructed views and open interiors. Shell roofs can take various forms, including umbrella roofs, hyperbolic
paraboloids, or folded plate structures. These roofs are commonly found in airports, exhibition halls, stadiums, and
cultural centers, where their architectural elegance and spatial efficiency are showcased.

4. Folded Plate Structures

Folded plate structures feature flat plates that are folded or bent along predetermined lines to create a series of
interconnected facets. These folded plates work together to form a structural system capable of carrying loads
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efficiently. Folded plate structures are renowned for their visual appeal, geometric complexity, and structural strength.
They find applications in roofs, walls, and bridges where their distinctive forms create a strong architectural statement.

5. Shell Grid Structures

Shell grid structures combine the principles of shells and grids, forming an interconnected network of beams or
arches that create a three-dimensional grid pattern. These structures offer a balance between the benefits of shell
structures and the regularity of grid systems. They provide flexibility in adapting to various architectural forms and allow
for creative design possibilities. Shell grid structures are used in exhibition spaces, stadiums, and industrial buildings,
providing a harmonious blend of aesthetics and structural efficiency.

III. Types of Forms of Curvature

A shell is a 3d structure considered with a curved membrane acting as a stretched skin. Capable of transferring
loads in more than two directions to supports without bending or twisting. Thin membrane is made structurally possible
by providing restraint at edges against bending stresses.
a.) Single curvature shells - single curvature shells are curved on one linear axis and are part of a cylinder or cone e.g.,
1) Barrel vaults 2) Conoid shells.

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b.) Double curvature shells - Double curvature shells are either part of a Dome or a Hyperboloid or Revolution.

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IV. SUITABLE MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL STRUCTURE
Structural integrity and longevity are the primary considerations for selecting materials to build shell structures.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is the most widely used material for constructing shell architecture because of its
excellent strength and durability. Steel is also a preferred material for shell roof as it is lightweight, offers versatility, and
ease of assembly. Additionally, timber and bamboo are strong, durable, and environment-friendly materials used for
shell construction.
The material most suited for construction of shell structure is concrete because it is a highly plastic material
when first mixed with water that can take up any shape on centering or inside formwork. Small sections of reinforcing
bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells. Once the cement has set and the concrete has hardened the
RCC membrane or slab acts as a strong, rigid shell which serves as both structure and covering to the shell.
V. Construction of R.C.C. Barrel Vault
The barrel vault is the most straight forward. Single curvature shell construction. It is the part of a cylinder or
barrel with same curvature along its length. Any number of continuous barrels or continuous spans are possible except
that eventually provision is made for the expansion of the joints in a large structure. The barrel vaults are used as
parking, marketplace, assembly hall, etc.
Types of Barrel Vaults
1. Short Span Barrel Vault - Short span barrel vaults are those in which span is shorter than its width. It is used for
the width of the arch ribs between which the barrel vault span.
2. Long Span Barrel Vault - Long span barrel vaults are those in which span is larger than its width. Strength of
the structure lies at the right angles to the curvature to that span is longitudinal to the curvature. Usual span of
the longitudinal barrel vault is from 12-30 m with its width being about 1/2 the span and rise is 1/5 of the width.
To cover larger areas multibay, multi span roofs can be used where the roof is extended across the width of the
vault as a multibay.

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EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS:

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EXPANSION JOINTS:

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VI. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURE
Advantages:
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 1. Architectural Aesthetics: Shell structures often have unique and visually striking designs that can become iconic
landmarks. They provide architects with the freedom to create innovative, aesthetically pleasing buildings.
2. Large Clear Spans: Shell structures can cover large spans without the need for interior columns or support,
making them suitable for creating expansive, open spaces in buildings.
3. Efficient Use of Materials: Shell structures distribute loads efficiently along their curved surfaces, which can
lead to material savings compared to more traditional structural systems.
4. Structural Strength: When properly designed, shell structures can be very strong and durable, capable of
withstanding various loads and environmental conditions.
Disadvantages:
1. Complex Design: Designing shell structures can be complex and requires a deep understanding of geometry,
materials, and structural engineering. The design process often necessitates specialized software and
expertise.
2. Cost: The construction of shell structures can be more expensive than traditional building methods due to the
complex shapes and specialized materials required.
3. Limited Usability: The unique shapes of shell structures may limit their adaptability for various functions,
potentially making them unsuitable for certain applications.
4. Maintenance Challenges: Maintaining and repairing shell structures can be difficult and costly, especially if
access to the exterior surface is limited or complicated.
VII. FAMOUS SHELL STRUCTURE
DORTON ARENA NORTH CAROLINA

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REFERENCES:
https://www.novatr.com/blog/shell-structures
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-shell-structure-john-christner-dptaf?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_more-
articles_related-content-card
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/303185872/Shell-Structures
https://www.slideshare.net/shwetamodi23/shell-structures-advanced-building-construction
https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/mc00227-003-ff0070-000-001_0002#?c=&m=&cv=&xywh=-
3706%2C0%2C15730%2C5959

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