GeographyThe Origins of Rome (pages 263-265) Mainideay Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman Gvilization. Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It is shaped like a boot. The heel points toward Greece, the toe points toward the island of Sicily. The Alps cross the top of Italy and separate it from the rest of Europe. The Apennines Mountains run from north to south. These mountains could be crossed easily. This helped people in early Italy trade ideas and goods with each other. Italy has a mild climate and rich soil. Many of its lower mountains have flat tops that make good farms. Historians do not know much about the first people in Italy. People in Europe crossed the Alps between 1500 B.c. and 1000 B.c. These people included the Latins, or the Romans. The Romans built the city of Rome. Where Was Rome Located? Rome was built on the Tiber River. The river could be used for fresh water and transporta- tion. And because it was built on a spot that could be crossed easily, Rome became a trading stop. In addition, Rome was built 15 miles up the river from the Mediterranean Sea. That way, pirates could not attack the city. To protect it further, the Romans built Rome on seven hills. How Did Rome Begin? Historians think that the Romans tended. herds and grew crops on Rome's hills. Then around 800 B.C. to 700 B.C., they realized that they would be safer if they lived together. Their community grew into Rome. Early Influences After 800 B.c., the Greeks and the Etruscans came to Italy. The Greeks built many colonies in Italy between 750 B.c. and 550 B.c. They taught the Romans to grow olives and grapes, and to use the Greek alphabet. Romans also copied Greek sculpture and other art forms. The Etruscans were from Etruria, which was north of Rome. At that time, Rome was a village with straw huts. But that changed after 650 B.c. when the Etruscans con- quered Rome and enslaved its people. They had the ‘au soqueduioy THAD OL, 49 @ BEKOenslaved people build buildings, temples, streets, and public squares. The Etruscans introduced togas and short cloaks. A toga is like a sheet wrapped around your body, with one end thrown over your shoulder. Most important, the Etruscans showed the Romans how an army could work. Later the Romans copied the Etruscan army and conquered an empire. 4. How did geography help the Romans prosper? The Birth of a Republic (pages 265-267) Mainidea) The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power. The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than 100 years. The ruling family was named the Tarquins. Under them, i Rome grew very rich and strong. But they were very { cruel. So in 509 B.c., the Romans rebelled and set up a republic. A republic is a form of government in which i leaders are elected. Rome was still a small city when it became a republic. It had enemies all around it. Over the next 200 years, Rome fought war after war. In 338 B.c., the Romans beat nearby Latin cities. In 284 .c., the Romans beat the Etruscan cities. By 267 B.c., the Romans had taken over the Greek colonies in Italy. By 267 8.c., the Romans ruled almost all of Italy. Why Was Rome So Strong? The Romans were great soldiers. At the beginning of the republic, every male citizen who owned land had to join the army. Men who ran away, or deserted, were killed. This turned Romans into fighters who did not give up easily. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, IncRoman soldiers did not just fight. They thought of bet- ter ways to organize their army. For example, at first the Romans marched next to each other with shields together to block enemy arrows and spears. But this way of fight- ing was slow. ‘Then the generals divided their armies into smaller groups, called legions. Each legion had about 6,000 men Broken into groups of 60 or 120 men. These small groups could move quickly. Roman soldiers were called legionaries. They had a short sword called a gladius and a spear called a pilum. Each group.also had a standard. A standard was a tall pole with a symbol on top—sometimes an eagle or other ani- mal. The person who carried the standard was called the standard bearer. The standard bearer would hold up the standard so the group stayed together during battle. Shrewd Rulers The Romans were also smart planners. They built military towns everywhere they conquered. Then they built roads to these towns. Soon their armies trav- eled quickly across Italy. The Romans started the Roman Confederation. This meant that some of the people Rome conquered could become full citizens. They could vote and be in the government. They were also treated the same as other citizens by the law. The Romans made other people allies. Allies could run their own towns, but they had to pay taxes to Rome. Allies also had to fight in Rome’s armies. The Romans let the allies know that if the allies were loyal, they might become citizens. The Romans treated the people they conquered well. They did that because people who are treated well do not rebel. If an area did rebel, Rome squashed it. As a result, the Roman republic grew stronger. “Su sonedne MH-MEIOON BU ka @ NUK 5, How did Rome rule its new conquests?Name. Date. Class. Rome's Beginnings Directions: Filling in the Blanks Reading the section and completing the sentences below will help you learn more about Rome's beginnings. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks, Italy is in an important (1) ____________in the middle of the Mediterranean region. Although Italy's landscape is similar to that of Greece, Italy had better (2) (@) _____ played a major part in the location of Rome. The city was built on seven steep (4) ___________ that allowed Rome to be easily defended. Although various legends describe the origins of Rome, (5) _____ arennot sure how the city began. Two groups, the (6)_________and the (7) ____ played a major role in shaping Roman civilization. The Etruscans influenced the Romans in city planning and dress, and the Etruscan army would serve as ay a(n) (8) _________ for the mighty army the Romans would. eventually assemble. In 509 B.c,, the Romans rebelled against the Etruscans and set up a(n) (9) ______, a form of government where the citizens have the (10) ________ to vote. Over the next 200 years, the ‘Romans were able to conquer Italy because the Romans were (1) _____________ soldiers. Every male citizen who owned (a2) ________ had to serve in the army. The Romans showed themselves to be good planners. They built (13) ______ that allowed troops to travel swiftly to any place within their growing territory. To rule their new conquests, the Romans created the (14) _. Under this system, the Romans gave full (15)______ to some peoples. (16)____ were free to run their own local affairs as long as they paid taxes to the Romans and provided soldiers for the army. (Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, IneThe Roman Republic Directions: Outlining Reading the section and completing the outline below will help you learn more about the Roman Republic, Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. 1. Rome's Government A. Early Romans were divided into two classes: patricians and 1. Both patrician and plebeian men were Roman 2. Only ____ could serve in the government. B. Government Structure 1. The top government officials were called __ who were chosen every year to head the army and to run the 2. Other officials were praetors who interpreted the _____ and served as___in court cases. ia 3, Rome's most important legislative body was the 4, The Assembly of _____ elected consuls. 5, After a period of revolt, the plebeians were allowed to set up their own body i of representatives called the _____ of the ‘ c, ___, the best-known Roman dictator, was appointed by the Senate in a time of great t D. The Twelve________and the _____ of Nations set standards of justice that are still accepted today. I, Rome Expands A. The First ____ War was fought against Carthage for control of the island of B, The Second Punic War featured Carthage’s greatest general, _______, who was defeated by Scipio in 202 8.c. at the Battle of ____. C. By 129 n.c,, Rome had conquered Carthage and Greece and had gained its first province in my “sopueduiod UHH AID aL, 44.@ wYBEKAODGeography The Geography of Ancient Rome Ttaly is a rocky, mountainous peninsula 600 miles long and 150 miles wide. The Apennine Mountains form its “backbone” and stretch from north to south, with the Tiber River cutting through them in central Italy. Along the northem border, the Alps serve as a natural boundary. ‘The three major bodies of water surrounding Ialy are the Adriatic Sea, the Fonian Sea, and the Mediterranean See, Romans developed many trade routes to other regions in the Mediterranean region. Greece is only 50 miles away, across the Adriatic Sea, and Africa is only 100 miles from the west coast of Sicily. ‘Along the western coast of Italy, at the base of the Apennine mountain range, li three plains areas, Here are where most early people settled. The Tuscan Plains in the north, drained by the Po River, (rere & fertile farming region. The Latium Plains became the home of Alba Longa and Rome, bustling cities near the Tiber River and the seacoast, hub of the Roman Empire's trade business The The Ttalian peninsula was perfect for a consolidation of power within Italy and an expansion of power [rom Maly to other pars of the area. It was in the Latium Plains that an Indo-Europesn tribe calee Latins first settled. These people were the early ancestors of the Romans. ‘Their fret city, Alba Longa, as established around 1000 B.C. Their most important city. Rome. was founded in 733 B.C. by Romulus. AAA AR TARR EAM ARABS. Bag 8 ahanan ales Cc c 9576 Ancient Rome Io © Teacher Created Materials, IncGeography The Geography of Ancient Rome .....; What did the early settlers look for when deciding where to build their cities, and how did the site chosen for Rome fit these criteria? Fresh Water—Fresh water is essential for all life—people, animals, and crops. Rivers also provide a ‘means for trade and transportation, Sea Access—Ports are necessary to safely harbor the ships used for trade and military expansion into other lands. Good Land—For a city to flourish, it must be out of flood range and have land good for farming. grazing, and hunting. Protection—The site chosen for a major city must offer protection from invaders by land or by sea. It must also provide room for growth and expansion, Rome was built 15 miles inland on the crest of seven hills covered with forests of oak and chestnut. ‘Small streams ran through the valleys. and flanking the seven hills was the large Tiber River. whose steep banks served as additional natural protection. The Mediterranean climate of hor. dry summers nd wet, mild winters proved ideal for people. plants. and animals. The rich volcanic soil was perte: for raising crops. From Rome's vantage point the Roman Empire began and grew. Many large cities were established. but most of the people lived in farming communities and worked the land.- These communities consisted of small villages. farmsteads. and hamlets. Farm workers produced the food. materials. and fuel that the large cities needed. It was a difficult life of endless work for men, women. and children, The very rich in Ancient Rome owned vast estates of fertile farmland. Here they built magnificent villas to which they would flee to escape the heat and congestion of the cities where they conducted their business. The estates were cared for by slaves. whose lives were grindingly hard and far re: from the peaceful and luxurious country life their owners enjoyed. On farmland near the warm shores of the Mediterranean Sea farmers grew many grains, such as emmer wheat. which was made into bread and used in other foods. It was highly nutritious, almost twice as much protein as modem wheat today. But as the Roman Empire grew. it could not feed all oF is people alone. so wheat and other grains were imported from Egypt and other areas in northem Africa, 9 Feacher Created Materials, Ine "7 #576 Ancient RomeGeography c The Geography of Ancient Rome (or. The most prized crops were grapes and olives, both of which grew well in the rocky soil and warm climate. Grapes were fermented and made into wine. There were few other beverages available, so wine was widely consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and was therefore a valuable trade commodity. Olives were grown to be eaten and also to be processed for their oil. Olive oil became a basic essential for Mediterranean cooking. It was also used as fuel in lamps and for cleaning the body. Large ranches with pigs, cattle. goats. and sheep were able to thrive in regions unsuitable for pl Large cattle ranches provided meat. leather goods. and dairy products. Goats and sheep produ cheese, meat. and the wool used for clothing, Hunting wild animals such as boar and deer w favorite. though dangerous. sport for many Romans. In addition to offering good hunting. the forests were valuable for their wood for building and for fuel. Fish and waterfowl were plentiful. In short, because of Italy's natural resources—and its hard-working people—the Ancient Romans were able to. establish and maintain a far-reaching civilization that lasted nearly 2.000 years, lanting. d milk, #576 Ancient Rome Is © Teacher Created Materials. IneMake a Physical Feature Map of Ancient Rome Use the map on page 21 and the directions below to make a map showing the physical features of Ancient Rome. Locate. draw, and label the Apennine Mountains and the Alps. Color these two mountain ranges brown, Label the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Ionian Sea. Color the seas blue. Locate. draw, and label the Tiber River and the Po River. Color the rivers blue. Locate and label the islands of Corsica. Sardinia. and Sicily. Color the islands yellow Locate. draw, and label the Tuscan Plain. the Latium Plain. and Campanian Plain. Color the plains green. Color the rest of the Italian coastline yellow. Locate and label Northem Africa, Locate. indicate. and label the cities of Rome. Alba Longa, and Naples. Make a compass rose on your map showing north, south, east. and west Make a map key showing what each symbol and color represents on your map. Make a scale showing that 1 inch equals 100 miles. Cut out your map and glue it onto a sheet of colored construction paper. At the top clearly write The Geography of Ancient Rome and your na oyGeography Map of Ancient Rome g U o KeyA Map of the Roman Empire Can you figure out what countries the following ancient Roman provinces belong to today? Compare the map to a modern map. Then write in the correct answer(s) in the spaces provided: Regions: 1. Arabia: 6. Illyricum: 2: Armenia: 7. Judasa: 3. Aquitania:______________ 8, Mesopotamia: 4. Bithynia-Pontus:_____________ 9. Rhaetia: 5. Britannia: ______________ 10. TarraconensiChase Datex Home De curve READING: AM m-KEVIEW™ The-Roman Republic ' A. As You Read: we Directions: As you read Section 1, answer the following questions in the space provided. ant % 1. On which peninsula is Rome located? nai 2. When did people first settle in Rome? 3. Which mysterious people conquered the Romans around 600 B.c.? 4. What was the form of government established by the Romans after they drove out the last Etruscan king? 5. Which empire was destroyed as a result of Rome's invasion of North Africa? 6. Who became dictator of the Roman world in 44 B.c.? B. Reviewing Key Terms Directions: Complete each sentence by writing the correct term in the blank provided. 7. In Rome, ordinary citizens were called 8. In the senate, the power was held by men from the wealthy classes, called 9. In times of emergency, Romans could appoint a , who was given the powers of a king but could rule for only six months. 10. The word_____ comes from the Latin term meaning “I forbid it.” 11. In Rome, two men called ruled the government and had the power to veto each other's actions. 12 A form of government in which citizens elect leaders to rule in the name of the people isa erence » 118 Ml Chapter and Section Resources Ancient RomeNamew~: Date pC “el 7 Chapter’13; Lesson. 1,.Study. Guide: The Birth of Rome ‘What do legends.tell-us about these Roman kings? ROMULUS ‘NUMA POMPILUS 7 tn ‘What was the government of Rome like under the early kings? fe , Y Y ve How was Roman civilization influenced by the Etruscans? Y v o ee v Describe the geography of Rome, v Y ’ ’ ’ ° ‘How was the geography of Rome advantageous in the following areas? I ’ ’ . DEFENSE TRADE i 2 oe g 3 a Unit 6, Chapter 13,A Message of Ancient DaysUse the map to answer the following questions. 1. What river flowed through Rome? 2. Was most of Rome located east or west of the river? 3. Near what road were the Baths of Caracalla located? 4, In which direction would you travel if you wanted to go from the Circus Maximus to the Pantheon? 5. Between which of Rome's famous hills is the Colosseum located?Early Roman Cultures Enid the Etruscan Narrators 1-6 Pietre—patrician Narrator Enid, Lathe, and Tareme—Etruscans Harid—Carthaginian Claudius—Latin/Roman Theopompus, Tyre, and Hector—Greeks Narrator: The original ancestors of the Romans were the Latins. They were an Indo-European tribe ‘who settled in central Italy south of the Tiber River. The Latins were strongly influenced by the Greeks and Etruscans who also inhabited the peninsula. The Carthaginians from northern Africa helped to shape the culture of the future Romans as well. Travel to a cafe in modem-day Italy. Here, in a bustling place filled with many different types of people. descendants of these early people discuss their ancestors’ roles in creating the Roman Empire. Enid: It’s true that Rome profited greatly from all its neighbors. I'm glad that even back then her citizens had the insight to learn from the knowledge. customs, and beliefs of the various cultures they encountered. Of course, it was my ancestors. the Etruscans. who contributed the most. Tareme: Yes. our ancestors arrived on the Italian coast north of the Tiber River around 800 B.C. Most scholars believe they migrated ftom Asia Minor. They settled inland in an area known as Etruria. which today is known as the provinces of Tuscany and Umbria. Our people were hard and warlike and became a powerful force. They traded along the western coast and established cities all over northem and central Italy. from the Po Corsica River Valley to the Latium Plains. Eventually they developed codes of Jaw, built a profitable trade, and encouraged art. The Etruscans also established colonies on Corsica and Sardinia, where they set up trade with the Carthaginians. They are considered the first real civili people in Italy Sardinia d Lathe: In 575 B.C. the Etruscans expanded into the area of Rome, ‘carta overpowered the Romans, and ruled a Etruscans, ‘Stchy for the next 66 years. By this time J » Latins their navy dominated the seas and ul their culture was the most brilliant [_|ereeks ever seen in Italy. [_ Jesrinaginians © Teacher Creared Materials, Inc 2 #576 Ancient RomeEarly Roman Cultures Enid the Etrusean (..:) Enid: It was the Etruscans who actually taught the Romans how to build and spread the Empire, through architecture and engineering. They were the first to build the famous arches made of wedge- shaped stones held together only by the pressure of one stone against the other. They then passed this knowledge on to the Romans, who used them in their temples, bridges, and government buildings. The Etruscans also passed along their engineering skills by teaching the Romans how to build roads, bridges, homes, and aqueducts. The Romans took these skills and used them far more extensively than ever before. Tareme: It was also the Etruscans who helped the Romans develop a strong military. Etruria was rich in iron ore and the people were skilled at working with metals. Their weapons were far superior to those of their opponents, The Etruscans had armies of well-trained and disciplined soldiers. The Romans adopted Etruscan fighting techniques, weapons, and armor, becoming so proficient in their use that they were able to overpower the Etruscans in the 4th century B.C. Lathe: And don’t forget religion. The Etruscans were almost funatically religious people who spent a great deal of time making offerings to their primitive gods. examining entrails. or studying weather patterns for omens. It was through this influence that the Romans became a highly superstitious people, constantly seeking good or evil signs in everyday happenings. The Etruscans also built elaborate tombs and supplied them with the necessities and luxuries of life. much like the Egyptians did with their dead. They spent much time preparing for death so that their spirits could live on and enjoy their lavish lifestyle. Their sarcophagi were elaborately sculpted. and their funerary art styles continued to be developed by the Romans. oN Enid: Yes, their love of life was evident in their pleasure-seeking ways. The Romans adopted the Etruscans’ elegant lifestyle. Reclining on couches at banquets to watch dancers and other entertainers as slaves served course after course of fine food and drink at lavish dinner parties became a part of the life of wealthy Romans. Men and women dressed up in fancy clothes. jewelry. and make-up to enjoy these meals with neighbors. 49576 Ancient Rome M @ Teacher Created Muterials, IncEarly Roman Cultures s Enid the Etruscan ...., Theopompus: The Etruscans also developed women’s rights. They gave women much more freedom than my ancestors, the Greeks, dd, Etruscan women were considered equal to their men, ‘They eould £0 out alone. They ate with the men and learned how to read. Sometimes they owned property, and ihey had great influence over the men and their decision making. Roman women also enjoyed many of the same privileges. Although the Romans did not adopt many of the restrictive social customs of tre Greeks. they did base much of their culture on Greek ways, Hector: As early as 600 B.C. the Greeks had established colonies in southem Italy and on the island of Sicily. Since they were there to civilize the people and not to conquer them. they introduced the Latin {ries 10 the skills and fine craftsmanship of the East. The Greek influence grew even stronger when Rome conquered Greece. Tyre: The Greeks were considered outstanding in the arts, literature. and education. Greek statues and balntings were copied. Roman writers often tured to the Greeks for inspiration. admiring the works of their poets. playwrights. and authors of epic tales. Greek scholars were brought to Rome to edueate wealthy Roman youths, There has always been a question about the Roman alphabet. Many say it was brought by the Etruscans. but others say the Etruscuins adapted it from the Greek alphabet. I guess it could be considered a little of both. Theopompus: The Romans also borrowed heavily from Greek religion and architecture, They worshipped Greek gous. yet gave them Romain names. They adopted basic Greek forms in architecture. (nelutng the use of columns and the triangular pediment Harid: Lets not forget that there were others—people from North Africa and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. They were my ancestors, the Carthaginians. They were commercial rivals of Rome and they exercised control over a number of important city-states from their African capital city of Carthage. I ‘sas with them that the Romans fought the Punic Wars to establish control of the western Mediterra area, claudius: And it was the Latins, the Romans” original ancestors. who developed a unified language ‘or the Empire. Latin is still used today in such areas as medicine and law. So although the Latins Sere influenced by the Etruscans and Greeks in developing Roman culture. they also contributed mightily in making the Roman Empire so powertul a force for so long a time & Feacher Created Muateriats. Ine x “9 Amvient RomeUn a Greek and Roman Civilizations ‘The Etruscans and the Beginnings of Rome THE ETRUSCANS AND - THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME The peninsula of Italy was cen- trally located in the Mediterranean Sea and became the home of many peoples. Ithad fertile soil for cultivation as well as apleasant climate and a variety of metal ‘ores, such as copper and iron. Indo- European people migrated to Italy from the north in two successive waves. First, This bronze wolf is thought to have been made by an in about 2000 8.c. people who used Etruscan artist in about 500 s.c, bronze tools and weapons arrived. Then, about 1000 p.c. Iron Age people moved in, using superior iron tools and weapons. These were the ancestors of the different Italic tribes that inhabited most of Italy by the ninth century 8.c. Most notable of the Italic tribes were the Latins who lived near Rome in the area called Latium. Between 750 and 600s.c. the Greeks settled to the south of Rome in the area known as Magna Graecia. To the north of Rome, between the Tiber and Amo Rivers, the Etruscans settled (in the area known as Etruria). (See map on page 89.) The Etruscans were self-governed and lived in this region from the eighth centurys.c. until they were conquered by the Romans in the third century a.c. It is not known where the Etruscans came from. Some historians claim they migrated from Asia, while others claim they were native to Italy. It is known that they were not Indo-European, and they spoke an unknown language. The Etruscans have left behind numerous monuments and artifacts that attest to an advanced and flourishing civilization in pre-Roman Italy. ‘The Etruscans were organized into a confederation of twelve city-states, each with its own king. Some examples were Caere, Tarquinia, Chuisi, Populonia, Veii, and Volsinii Volsinii was the religious center, and a religious festival was held there annually. The city- states were built on low hilltops surrounded by strong fortifications. An extensive road system connected the city-states. The Etruscans were skilled bronze workers. They made bronze pots, tools, weap- ons, sculptures, and household items. In their artwork, they were greatly influenced by the Greeks in the south, who traded extensively with them. They also adopted the Greek alphabet to write their language and in tum passed it on to the Romans, who used it to write Latin. Extensive necropoli (cemeteries) scattered the landscape. The Etruscans buried their dead in monumental tombs. These tombs consisted of rock-cut chambers that were often covered by a large tumulus (mound of earth). The local rock was called “tufa,” a rock of volcanic origin that was very soft and easily cut. The Etruscans cut family tombs in the tufa cliffs that looked like the insides of their houses, with several chambers connected to a main chamber. On stone benches inside the chambers lay carved sarcophagi (stone caskets) in which the dead were laid to rest. In tombs found at Tarquinia, paintings with scenes of everyday life decorate the tombs and give valuable information to archaeologists. (© Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 37Greek and Roman Civilizations ‘The Etruscans and the Beginnings of Rome When the Etruscans were conquered by the Romans, they started cremating their dead and putting the ashes in carved stone urns. On many sarcophagi and ums, portraits of the dead were sculpted in stone, and a carving of the dead person’s name, family, and occupation was inscribed. The Etruscans were at their height of power between the seventh and fifth centuries .c. They expanded their territory beyond their homeland of Etruria to the north as far as Bologna and to the south into Campania. This included the settlement of Rome on the Tiber River. Rome was an aggregate of separate villages that had been united into one ‘community by the mid-eighth century e.c. The inhabitants of Rome, who were Latins, lived inprimitive huts made of thatch and mud. During the time of the Etruscan occupation, Rome grew into a city and flourished. A century later Rome took the lead and began, little by litle, to take over all the peoples of Italy: the Italic tribes, the Greeks, and the Etruscans. ‘According to legend, Rome was founded by the twins, Romulus and Remus, in 753 @.c. Titius Livius (known as Livy) describes the events of the early history of Rome and its foundation. He tells how after the sack of Troy by the Greeks, a Trojan prince, Aeneas, sailed around the Mediterranean and eventually landed in Italy, where he settled. Aeneas married the daughter of King Latinus, the king of the Latins, After Aeneas's son founded a new city, Alba Longa (near Rome), he and his descendants ruled the city for thirteen generations until Amulius seized the throne from the real king, Numitor. Numitor had twin grandchildren, Romulus and Remus, whom a servant, on Amullus's orders, was supposed to drown in the Tiber River. Instead, the servant left the twins in a basket on the river bank. A she-wolf nursed them until a shepherd found and raised them. When the boys reached manhood, they took revenge upon Amulius andkilled him. Together they foundeda new city ‘on the spot where they had been left behind as babies. After a quarrel, however, Romulus killed his brother and became the first king of the newly-founded city, which was named Rome after him. Abronze she-woll from about 500 a.c., a masterpiece made by an Etruscan artist, can still be seen in Rome today. Romulus was followed by six more kings. The fifth and seventh kings of Rome were Etruscan in origin. With the fifth king, Tarquinius Priscus, the period in which the Etruscans dominated Rome and the Latins began. During that time, Rome became a city surrounded by a defensive wall with a central marketplace (the Forum), public buildings, and temples. When Etruscan power began to decline in Latium and Campania during the sixth century a.c., the last king, Tarquinius Superbus, was expelled by the Roman aristocrats. The traditional date for the end of this period known as the “Monarchy,” which began in 753 with the founding of Rome, is 509 6.c. This date (509 .c.) also marks the beginning of Roman civilization, ‘The Etruscans are an important part of Roman history because the Romans adopted many customs from them. Examples include the arch and the layout of the temple in Roman architecture, the Etruscan alphabet (adopted from the Greeks) used to write Latin, the reading of the future by looking at the entrails of animals, the art of bronze making, and very importantly, some aspects of Roman government. The Romans were also influenced greatly by the Greek culture, which can be seen in their architecture, sculpture, science, and literature. ‘© Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 38 lanWho Contributed What? Religious Superstitions Religion — Gods & Worship Educating Youth Freedoms for WomenQuestions ‘Who were the original ancestors of the Romans? . What other people settled in and around Italy? . Why do you think a Greek might have been shocked to meet an Etruscan Women? The Romans developed a complex system of roads. From whom did they learn this skill? Why do you think the Romans adopted Greek religion and architecture rather than creating their own unique gods and style of building? Do you think adopting the etruscan social custom of lavish living and parties was wise? Or do you think the Romans should have adopted the Greek ways of simple living? . How did the Romans benefit from having the Cartheginians as rivals?Name lace the correct number of the definition in the correct box. If you do it correctly the rows and columns will id up to the same number 1. Legendary founder of Rome 2. The North African civilization that was Rome’s chief rival and fought Rome in the Punic wars. 3. Animal that nursed Romulus and Remus 4, Mountain Range that runs north to south along the Italian peninsula 5. The ancestors of the Romans that gave them their language 6. Island located to the east of the toe of the Italian peninsula 7. The year the city of Rome was founded 8 The river that runs next to the city of Rome 9. The civilization that gave the Romans their religion and influenced their architecture 10. The year the Roman's kicked out their last king and created a Republic /7\. The civilization conquered the Romans around 600 BC and taught them to use the arch 12, Two main agricultural exports of Rome 13, Mountain Range the forms the northern border of the Italian peninsula 14, The term meaning “Our Sea” the name the Roman’s used for the Mediterranean Sea 15. The river that forms the northem border of the Italian peninsula 16. The sea to the south of the heel of the Italian peninsula 753 BC Romulus 509 BC Tonian Btrascans ‘Alps ‘Apennine Sicily Mare Nostrum Grapes & Olives Latins Wolf, -"\rthage Tiber Po Greeks1. Which Number represents the Mediterranean Sea 2, Which number represents the island of Sardinia 3, Which number represents the Apennine Mountains 4, Which number represents the Tiber river 5. Which number represents the island of Sicily 6. Which number represents the Alps Mountains 7. Which number represents the lonian Sea 8. Which number represents the city of Rome 9. Which number represents the island of Corsica ¥ 10. Which number represents the Po river. 11. Which number represents the Adriatic Sea RNKKRAARA 7"148 Name Class Word Wise Words In Context For each question below, write an answer that shows your understanding of the boldfaced key term, ‘What are some activities that might take place in the forum of ancient Rome? @ How did Rome's government change when the republic replaced the monarchy? @ What advantages did a maniple have in battle? Approximately how many soldiers made up a legion, and what kind of soldiers were they? “panasoy SBI IY Sa¥ENWYe st 20 “DUI ‘uoneDNpa Uossead @ ay6UKdoDoS na Name Class Date Copyright © Pearson Education, inc, or its affiliates, All Rights Reserved. ake Notes Analyze Cause and Effect Both geography and previous cultures helped shape the Roman republic. As you read, record ways that each factor affected the Roman republic. Causes Effects Geography | Greek and Etruscan Cultures eee” veers Why did the Romans overthrow their king and form a new systam of150 Word Wise Vocabulary Quiz Show Some quiz shows ask a question and expect the contestant to give the answer. In other shows, the contestant is given an answer and must supply the question. If the blank is in the Question column, Write the question that would result in the answer in the Answer column. If the question is supplied, write the answer. QUESTION (A) What do you call the highest officials in the Roman republic? (2) What happens when one part of government stops or cancels the action of another part? What is the name for the garment that adult male Roman citizens wore? ANSWER @ @® constitution ® 5) magistrates Pape alee € agen a ¥ Py | aa fs 10 "241 ‘uoReanp3 vosieay @ 146 \ukdo> ansasay y6iy iy saIeH ye 5Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved. Take Notes Identify Main Ideas and Details In this section, you read about how ower was shared in the Roman government. In the web below, record details about each part or role in the Roman government. Tell about the responsibilities of this part of government and who can serve in it. \— Roman Government Quaestors and Aediles EYGovernment The Republic and Beyond ....., Robustus: Those of us in the middle and lower classes are the ordinary citizens of Rome. We are the farmers, laborers, soldiers, traders, and shopkeepers who do most of the work that sustains the Empire. Unlike in the days when Rome was ruled by the Republic, our status is determined by both birth and wealth. Therefore, people are occasionally able to improve their social status by gaining wealth, Sentus: This is true, but highly unlikely, for it is very difficult to greatly improve one's income. Most of us work on farms and are lucky to just serape-by each year, A-soldier may get a promotion and gain status during his military career, and a woman or man might “marry-up.” But itis rare that marriages are arranged outside one’s social class. Robustus: We plebeians actually lost privileges when we began the era of rule by ‘emperors. Laws and punishments vary depending on our social class. Brutus: Life has changed little for us slaves. We still have no legal rights but do have a chance to better ourselves and possibly be freed by our masters. Some estimate that slaves comprise as much as one-third of the Empire at this time, Although some people complain about slavery, most see it as a necessary part of the workforce. Phoencia: I do not see how anyone can complain! What other government in the world is willing to give full citizenship and protection to foreigners? I feel privileged to consider myself a Roman and am willing to make the few concessions needed to gain citizenship. This includes speaking Latin. the official language of Rome. worshipping in the manner the emperor chooses. and paying taxes, For some these are great sacrifices, but I don’t mind, because I am also allowed to worship in my way and speak my native tongue. You may say I am now a citizen of two lands! Narrator 6: As the government evolved, more and more people of Rome left the business of running the government to corrupt and greedy upper-class men, thus weakening it. With so many slaves. foreigners, and other factors combined, Rome could not maintain its government. In A.D. 1543. the Turks invaded and caused the fall of the great Roman Empire. #576 Ancient Rome 3a Government The Republic and Beyond ..... a Samson: Women may not have as many rights as men, but we slaves are not even considered citizens. ‘Therefore we have no rights at all. However, life in Rome is not necessarily harsh for all slaves; conditions vary widely. Most slaves work on the estates or in the homes of wealthy families. Trained G 7 slaves also work in mining, shipping, and the construction of roads and buildings. Servants are either slaves or ex-slaves. In our system we slaves ccan be set free, or buy our freedom. Angelo: For example, many Greeks are brought over to educate the youth in wealthy homes. These slaves are often considered “friends” and freed by their owners. although they continue to serve their former master. Some slaves are even treated as part of the family and not only freed. but adopted as heirs to estates. or may marry into the family. Samson: Angelo and I are fortunate to work in the home of a kind. wealthy family. ‘The slaves who work in the fields have a much harder life. Of course. we. like all slaves. are always at the mercy of our masters. who have the right to beat or torture us. Narrator 4: Even when the Republic came to an end in 27 B.C. and Augustus Caesar became the first emperor. the social classes in the Empire remained the same, and some strides made by the middle- class during the Republic were lost. As a long string of emperors ruled over the growing Empire. many things remained the same. Flavia: | feel fortunate to have married a man of wealth and power. for it is only those men in the upper class of Rome that can be appointed by the emperor to positions as government officials. Other jobs acceptable for men in the upper class are jobs in law and farm ownership. Although our elite upper class only makes up about two percent of the population, we are the most powerful and enjoy special legal rights. Narrator 5: Developing new ideas in law were some of the most lasting contributions of Ancient Rome. The Romans developed case law. in which individual cases are tried and judged based on changing public opinion. They also appointed a well-defined class of legal experts consisting of judges and lawyers. They carried out civil and criminal lawsuits and codified the laws in a series of written volumes. Roman law civilized the world because wherever the Romans conquered. they took their legal concepts with them. Many of the Roman concepts regarding law are still used today in much of the world. Some of these are the use of a professional lawyer, the rules of evidence. the rights of defendants. the use of legal precedents. and the concept that one is innocent until proven guilty. =m, © Teacher Created Materials. Ine 33 #576 Ancient RomeGovernment The Republic and Beyond ,.... Narrator 2: Plebians also gained more rights in the 300s B.C. A plebeian could be elected a member of the Senate, and one of the Consuls had to be a plebeian. Debt bondage was outlawed. and even the priesthood was opened to them. By 330 B.C. plebians could even be elected to the official positions of Aedile, Censor, and Praetor. Dimitri: Despite having plebians elected to official positions, we still had separate political bodies. The laws passed by the predominantly patrician Senate applied to everyone. The laws passed by our plebeian assembly, however, only applied to plebians. Eventually we had to demand that our laws be applied to everyone. Narrator 2: In 287 B.C.. the patricians finally gave in. Paolo: We are happy to say that now. after 200 years of struggle. plebeians and patricians are equal under Roman law! Narrator 2: Were the plebians and the patricians really considered equal? Although the Republic was supposedly balanced by a patrician and t plebeian Consul. the plebeian Tribunes. and other citizen assemblies. the Senate of 300 members was still mostly patrician and the most powerful group in the government. It was the Senate that controlled all foreign policy. the treasury holdings. and the state religion. Narrator 3: The Consuls did have power. but they were limited by design, A Consul wa elected for only one year and each Consul could veto the other Consul’s action. (The word “veto” is from the Latin word meaning “I forbid.") Senators were elected for life. In order for more plebeians to be elected to the Senate. they literally needed to wait for someone to die. Matters were different for the women and the slaves. Diedre: Women of the Republic are considered citizens. We are protected by the law and enjoy many freedoms that women in other regions are not allowed. A woman in Rome adopts the social class of her husband. and women can own land and their own businesses. But women are not active in the goverment. We cannot vote or hold office. However. we are able to have a voice in the government by discussing matters with our husbands and attempting to influence their decisions. We are lucky to be given this privilege; in most cultures the woman is not privy to such information. #576 Ancient Rome S Teacher Created Materias. IncGovernment The Republic and Beyond ~ Narrators 1-6 Pietre—patrician Paolo and Dimitri—plebeians Diedre and Flavia—women : Robustus—middle-class man Sentus—lower-class man Phoencia—foreigner Samson, Angelo, and Brutus—slaves i Narrator 1: In 509 B.C., the Romans finally revolted against their Etruscan kings, destroyed the monarchy, and replaced it with a Republic in which citizens elected the leaders to run their ‘government. Kings were replaced by two Consuls, who were in tum advised by a Senate of 300 ; members. As the Republic evolved. an attempt was made to put together a system of checks and balances, not only between lawmakers and officeholders, but also between the classes of citizens. Join these members of the Republic as they discuss the workings of their government. Pietre: During this mighty reign of the Republic. the citizens of Rome are divided into two classes: the patricians and the plebeians. We patricians area small class of wealthy families that include the Roman nobility. All other citizens are piebeians. The vast majority of these people are peasants. shopkeepers. craftsmen. and small traders. Although most of the plebeiuns are poor. a number of them have gradually gained wealth, and this has caused changes in our government. ; Dimitri: Yes. 1 am one of the fortunate plebeians to have become wealthy. and I feel itis important that I have the same rights as a patrician, Originally. both patricians and plebeians could vote on matters of the state. However. only patricians could hold important positions in the military. ae, : government. or religious sectors. Plebeians had fewer rights than the patricians. yet still had to pay taxes and serve in the army. This did not seem fair. Narrator 1: By 194 B.C... steps were taken by the plebians to withdraw from Rome and form their own assembly. They were called the Council of Plebeians. or Assembly of Tribes. Paolo: We elect our own officials. called Tribunes. The wealthy patricians know they cannot survive without their plebeian workforce. so they have negotiated. They allow us to keep our council and leaders. The Tribunes will help protect our plebeian rights. and we can vote against laws we feel are unjust. One of our first victories was to help reform laws and have them written down on 12 bronze plates called The Twelve Tablets. Narrator 1: The Twelve Tablets were written in 450 B.C.. and the laws were displayed in the Forum for all to see, No longer could a patrician judge interpret the law in any way he saw fit, aaven [exzgy] ue seu MAMA | Dec Fer | ENDLAM COUR | sonia 8 og ‘HISPAN EBR.O 1M! ‘seer || BANS | miman | MY NH Mi ¢ ) vA, | mare |i Coane TASFA ~ DECDIA | MAESDA‘!| RAT ATL | RIOPA oon MPF CONS Diy vw TrUPA “| © Teacher Created Materials, Inc. ar #576 Ancient Rome